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Static Seals
ENGR.MUNAM MUSHTAQ
MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE ENGINEER
EMAIL: Munammushtaq398@gmail.com
 Definition of Static Seal
• Part designed to seal between parts having no relative
motion

• Primarily to prevent leakages at joints and to withstand

harsh operating conditions of temperature, pressure loading
and relative physical movement of equipment.

• Mean of controlling leakage of a process where other

means are deemed to be less capable of performing the
task adequately

• The terms Joint, joining, gaskets, packing etc. are used to

describe the term Static Seals.
 Types of Static Seals

Following are the main types of Static

Seals

• Gasket
• Packing
• Sealing Pastes
GASKETS
 Gasket
A gasket is a mechanical seal which fills the space
between two or more mating surfaces, generally to
prevent leakage from or into the joined objects while
under compression and able to withstand the
application temperatures and pressures.
 How Gasket Seals
A seal is effected by the action of force which
compresses the gasket, causes it to flow into the
flange macro and micro imperfections. The
combination of contact stress, generated by the
applied force between the gasket and the flange
prevents the escape of the confined fluid from the
assembly.

A gasket is balance by the combination of forces

namely
• Compressive load / Bolts Load
• Hydraulic and Thrust
• Extrusion forces
• Assembly loads & Stresses
 Why Gaskets are Used
To prevent leakages which may lead to production loss, loss of product,
impact on the environment, danger of fire or personal injury.

If it were possible to have perfectly mated flanges and if it were possible to

maintain these mated flanges through out the extremes of operating
condition, a gasket would not be required. This is virtually impossible
because of;
1. The size of vessel or the flanges.
2. The difficulty in maintaining such extremely smooth flange finishes
during handling and assembling.
3. Corrosion and erosion of the flange surfaces during operation
 Why Gaskets are Used
• As a consequence, relatively in-expensive material (GASKETS) are used to provide
sealing element which under external force flow into the imperfection between
mating surfaces. It follows that in a properly designed gasket closure, following
major considerations must be taken into account for a satisfactory seal to be
achieved.

1. Sufficient force must be available to maintain gasket under operating condition

against blow or leakage from seating surfaces and to flow the gasket into the
imperfections of the gaskets seating surfaces. Corrosion and erosion of the flange
surfaces during operation
2. The gasket material should be such that it will with stand against entire range of
temperature, pressure for which closure will be exposed and will resist corrosive
attack of confined medium.
 Types of Gasket

Gasket may be broadly classified in to

three main types

• Non – Metallic
• Semi Metallic
• Metallic
NON –METALLIC
GASKETS
 Non – Metallic Gasket
Gasket made of soft material which is easily
compressed under a low bolt loads.

Non metallic gaskets are most widely used in process

industries.

Various materials used for non-metallic gaskets are

Natural Rubber, SBR, Neoprene, BUNA-N, VITON,
Silicones Rubber, EPDM, Ceramic fiber, GRAFOLL,
PTFE, Asbestos and non-asbestos etc…
 Rubber Gasket
• Rubber gasket has ability to deform substantially under stress
application and then snap back to original size
• Heat gradually but irreversibly
• Cooling causes to become rigid and brittle
• Prolonged deformation leading to compression set
• Physical operating boundaries governed by chemical makeup.
• It has versatile use, mainly used in Heat Exchangers.
 Compressed Asbestos Fiber
• It is bounded by elastomers
• Withstand up to temperature 550 oC
• Chemically inert
• Greater resistance to flow under heat and stress
• Better tensile strength and compressibility
 PTFE (Teflon) Gaskets
• PTFE gasket are able to withstand significantly more
aggressive chemical environments (including highly
oxidizing environments)
• PTFE has capability to remain unaffected by the majority of
chemicals used in industry.
• It is also classified as universal chemical resistant.
• There are three basic types of PTFE gasket materials.
1. Virgin PTFE
2. Filled PTFE
3. Expanded PTFE
 Non – Metallic Gaskets
STYRENE - BUTADIENE (SBR)
SBR is a synthetic rubber and has excellent abrasion resistance. It has good
resistance to weak organic acids. Poor resistance to strong acids, oils, greases,
hydrocarbon. Temperature Range -65F to 250F.

NEOPRENE (CR) CHLOROPRENE

It is a synthetic rubber which is suitable for moderate acids, alkalies, salt solutions,
commercial oils, fuels. Temperature Range: -60F to 250F

BUNA-N RUBBER (NBR)

Synthetic Rubber having good resistance to oils, solvents, petroleum, oils, gasolines,
caustics and salts.
 Non – Metallic Gaskets
FLUOROCARBON (VITON)
VITON elastomer has good resistance to oils, fuel, chlorinated solvents, strong acids. It is not suitable for
steam. Temperature Range: 15F to 450F .

SILICONE RUBBER
Silicone Rubber have good resistance for hot air and are unaffected by sunlight. They are not suitable for
steam. Temperature Range: -65F to 500F.

ETHYLENE PROPYLENE (EPDM)

This synthetic material has good resistance to strong acids, alkalies, salts, chlorine solution. It has poor
resistance for oils, solvents. temperature Range: -70F to 350F.

GRAFOIL
This is an all graphite material containing no resins or inorganic fillers. It is also available with or without
metal insertion and in the force of adhesive with back tape. Grafoil has outstanding resistance to corrosion
against acids, alkalies, salts, organic compounds even at very high temperature (6000F). It is also used in
spiral wound gaskets as filler material.
SEMI –METALLIC
GASKETS
 Semi – Metallic Gasket
These are composite gaskets consisting of both metallic and non-
metallic materials.

The metal provides the strength and the resilience of the gasket and
the non-metallic component provides the conformable sealing
material.

These gaskets are suitable for low and high pressure and temperature
applications.

Typical type are Spiral Wound Gaskets, Cam profile Gaskets and Metal
Jacketed Gaskets.
 Spiral Wound Gasket
Spiral-wound gaskets comprise a mix of metallic
and filler material. Generally, the gasket has a
metal wound outwards in a circular spiral with
the filler material wound in the same manner.
This results in alternating layers of filler and
metal.

The filler material in these gaskets acts as the

sealing element, with the metal providing
structural support.

These gaskets have proven to be reliable in most

applications, and allow lower clamping forces
than solid gaskets, although with a higher cost.
 Construction of Spiral Wound Gasket
Filler
It is normally from 0.5 mm to 0.6 mm thick and hold by a metallic strip,
providing the gasket with mechanical resistance and resilience.
Flexible graphite 98%, PTFE, EPTFE, Ceramic, Micalit are type of filler materials
used.

Outer (Centering) ring

The centering ring does not come into direct contact with contained fluid. The
outer ring controls the compression and holds the gasket centrally within the
bolt circle.

Inner ring
Inner ring is used to avoid excessive compression due to high seating stress in
high-pressure service and it is also used to reduce turbulence in the flange
area. It is normally made of the same material as the gasket metallic strip.
Construction of Spiral Wound Gasket
 Types of Spiral Wound Gasket
Spiral-wound gaskets can be classified in to following
FOUR main Styles

1. SPW Gasket without inner and outer (Centering) ring

2. SPW Gasket with inner ring only
3. SPW Gasket with outer (Centering) ring only
4. SPW Gasket with inner and outer (Guide) ring
 SPW Gasket without inner & outer ring
These gaskets are composed of spiral windings only,
without inner and outer metal centering rings. Inner and
outer of the gasket are reinforced with several piles of
metal without filler to give greater stability better
compression and sealing characteristics.

These are available in round, round square, oval, diamond

and pear shape.

Standard gasket thickness is 3/16”. However 1/4” and

1/8” are also available.

These are normally used on tongue and groove, male and

female, groove to flat flange facing joints e.g. valve
bonnets, manhole covers, boilers manholes assemblies
and process lines .
 SPW Gasket with inner ring
Gaskets with this style have a metal ring on inner side of
spirals. Thickness of this metallic ring is less than spirals.
Inner rings are normally provided with same material as
the spiral wound component. Thickness 3/16” is normal.

Additional inner ring serves to strengthen the spiral

sealing elements. It fills the annular space between flange
bore and inside diameter to prevent accumulation of
solids and corrosion. By filling annular space it reduces
turbulence in flow.

These can be used for vacuum services and can protect

the plant if the gasket fails when broken component
otherwise could be drawn into the system.

These gaskets are mostly used on male and female flanges

or joints.
 SPW Gasket with outer ring
These gaskets have a metal ring on the outer of spirals,
which is used to:

• Centers the gasket in the joint.

• Provide extra radial strength to prevent gasket blow
out.
• Resists atmospheric condition.
• Helps to prevent over compression of the sealing
element and acts as compression gauge.

Standard gasket thickness is 3/16”. However 1/4” and 1/8”

are also available. Thickness of metal ring is less than
spirals.

This is the most common style and are used on flat face
and raise face flanges e.g. process lines flanges, steam line
flanges, manholes of vessels.
 SPW Gasket with inner & outer ring
These gaskets have metal ring on inside and outside of the
spirals with thickness less than spirals.

It has the combined advantages of SPW gaskets with inner

and outer ring.

It provides a barrier of heat and corrosion and prevent

flange face from erosion. It gives additional compression
stop.

Standard gasket thickness is 3/16”. However 1/4” & 1/8”

are also available.

Suitable for use with flat face and raised face flanges and
specified for high pressure/temperature service or where
corrosive or toxic media are present.
 Kammprofile Gasket
Kammprofile gasket consists of a solid grooved
metal core with soft conformable facing materials
bonded on both sealing surface faces.

Precise machining of the grooves produces

consistent & repeatable gasket stresses.

The soft conformable facings (usually graphite or

PTFE) require initial low stress for gasket seating,
and the facing material is trapped within the
grooves minimizing flow or extrusion.

The gasket cores are reusable reducing cost and

eliminating gasket disposal problems
 Metal Jacketed Gasket
Metal Jacketed Gaskets consist of a metallic outer shell
with either a metallic or non-metallic compressed fiber
filler.

The filler material gives the gasket resilience, while the

metal jacket protects the filler and resists pressures,
temperatures and corrosion.

These are traditionally used for heat exchanger

applications, pumps, and valves, however the resilience
and recovery properties of these gaskets are limited.

Metal Jacketed Gaskets require smooth flange surface

finishes, high bolt loads, and flange flatness in order to
seal effectively.
Types of Metal Jacketed Gasket
Single Jacket: The most basic form of jacketed gasket, with coverage on one face and both
edges
Single Jacket with Overlap: Where full coverage is needed and flange is narrow relative to
gasket ID.

Double Jacket: Where full coverage is needed and flange is wide relative to gasket ID.

Double Jacket with Double Shell: Stronger and more rigid than double jacket gasket.

Double Gasket Corrugated: Corrugations create a labyrinth seal across the gasket face.

French Style Jacket: Provides coverage on one side only (inside or outside) and both faces.
Flange is narrow relative to gasket ID.
French Style Jacket, two and three piece construction: For wide or irregular shapes. Available
with coverage on either inside or outside edge and both surfaces.
French Style Jacket, two and three piece construction: For wide or irregular shapes. Available
with coverage on either inside or outside edge and both surfaces.
 Double Metal Jacketed Gasket
Primary and secondary seals in double
jacketed gaskets are inner and outer
laps of gaskets. These must be under
compression to achieve sealing.

It is the most commonly used style used

in heat exchangers applications. Any
sheet of 26 gauge may be used
according to service applications.
Standard Shapes of Metal Jacketed Gasket for HE
METALLIC
GASKETS
 Metallic Gasket
 Metallic Gaskets are used for sealing higher temperature and pressure
applications, where non-asbestos materials will fail.

 Manufactured from one metal or a combination of metals in a variety of

shapes and sizes for high temperature or pressure use.

 Due to the high pressures involved, the seating stresses are necessarily
large to give sufficient gasket deformation to overcome any flange surface
imperfections and to overcome

 Typical applications are for heat exchangers, compressors, condensers,

pumps, and valves.
 Types of Metallic Gasket
There are many types of metallic gasket, some of them
are as under:

 Solid Metal Flat Gasket

 Ring Type Joint Gasket
 Lens Type Gasket
 Diamond Shape Gasket
 Helicoflex Gasket
 Bridgeman Gasket… etc.
 Solid Metal Flat Gasket
 Solid metal flat gasket for use on high
pressure/temperature applications.
 Requires smooth flange faces and high compressive
surface pressures
 They can be used where sufficient clamping force is
available so that gasket metal can flow into the
imperfections of the seating surface.
 The hardness of gasket must be less than the hardness of
the flange to prevent damage to seating surface.
 These can be produced from any material available in
sheets.
 Flat metal gaskets are best suited for valve bonnets,
Ammonia fittings, Heat Exchangers, hydraulic presses,
tongue and groove joints.
 Ring Type Joint (RTJ) Gasket
 Ring type joint gaskets are suitable for high
pressure and high temperature
applications and are fitted in ring groove
type flanges.
 It plastically deform and flow into the
irregularities of the flange groove under
axial compressive load. The seal is
maintained by the action of axial load
upon the gasket.
 These gaskets are solid metal have poor
recovery characteristics.
 These are used for very high pressures up
to 5000 psi.
Types of Ring Type Joint Gasket
Following are the main type of Ring Type Joint gasket.

R – Type RTJ Gasket

RX- Type RTJ Gasket

BX – Type RTJ Gasket

SRX – Type RTJ Gasket

SBX – Type RTJ Gasket

 Lens Type Gasket
 Lens ring gaskets have spherical sealing
faces designed to fit mating flanged
recesses, providing a high pressure and
temperature metal to metal seal.

 Lens cross section is a spherical (convex)

gasket surface and require special
machining on the flanges.

 These gaskets will seat with small bolt load

since the contact area is very small and
gasket seating pressures are very high.
 Metallic Gasket Materials
Some of the common metallic gasket materials are as under:

CARBON STEEL
Commercial quality steel sheets are used. Max. temperature limit is 1000F. It is
not suitable for handling crude acids or aqueous solutions of salts in the neutral or
acidic range.
Brinell Hardness is about 120.

304 STAINLESS STEEL

It is 18-8 (Chromium 18-20%, Nickel 8-10%) Stainless Steel with maximum
recommended working temperature of 1400F. At least 80% of non-corrosive
applications can use 304 stainless steel in the temperature range of 320F to
1000F. It can subject to stress corrosion cracking and inter-granular corrosion
between temperatures of 800F to 1500F.
 Metallic Gasket Materials
304L STAINLESS STEEL
Carbon contents are maintained max. up to 0.03 %. Recommended max.
temperature is 1400F. Excellent corrosion resistance as type 304. Low
Carbon contents tends to reduce the precipitation of carbides along grain
boundaries. Less subject to intergranular corrosion than type 304. Brinell
hardness is approximately 140.

316 STAINLESS STEEL

An 18-20 Chromium-Nickel with 2% Molybdenum which increases its strength
at elevated temperature and results in some what improved corrosion
resistance. This material has the highest creep strength at elevated
temperatures. Not suitable for extended services within the carbide
precipitation range of 800F to 1650F. Maximum temperature range is
1400F. Brinell Hardness is 160 .
 Metallic Gasket Materials
316L STAINLESS STEEL
Maximum temperature range is 1400 F - 1500F. Carbon contents are
controlled up to 0.03 % which results less degree of stress corrosion
cracking and inter-granular corrosion than 316 type.
Brinell Hardness is about 140.

321 STAINLESS STEEL

It is 18-10 Chromium - Nickel steel with a Titanium addition. Recommended
working temperature is 1400F to 1500F. Type 321 has same
characteristics as type 347.
Brinell Hardness is approximately 150
 Metallic Gasket Materials
347 STAINLESS STEEL
An 18-10 Chromium Nickel steel with the addition Columbium.
Recommended working temperature is 1400 F to 1500F. At some time
may be used for even 1700F. It does not subject to inter-granular corrosion
as type 304. It can suffer stress corrosion.
Brinell hardness is about 160.

410 STAINLESS STEEL

A 12% Chromium steel with a maximum temperature range of 1200F to
1300F. It is not recommended where severe corrosion is encountered.
Used for applications where good resistance to sealing at elevated
temperature is required.
 Metallic Gasket Materials
COPPER
Nearly pure Copper with traces of Silver are added to increase working
temperature. Recommended max. working temperature is 500F.
Brinell Hardness is about 80.

INCONEL – 600
Recommended working temperature up to 2000F to 2150F. It contain 77% Nickel,
15% Chromium and 7% Iron. Excellent high temperature strength and resistance to
stress corrosion. Excellent Mechanical properties at the Cryogenic temperature
range. Brinell Hardness is about 150.

INCLOY – 800
Contains 32.5 % Nickel, 46% Iron, 21% Chromium. Resistant to elevated
temperatures, oxidation, and carbonization. Maximum service temperature
1600F. Brinell Hardness is about 150.
 GASKET
INSTALLATION
 Installation of Gasket
We often hear the “Gasket Leaks”. This is not strictly true. It is the joint that leaks
and gasket is one component of the several parts that make up the joint.

Gasket is designed to make up for all deficiencies like improper installation

procedures and to compensate all flange movements due to thermal changes,
pressure changes, vibrations etc.

Only if careful attention is given to all the aspects of selection, design and
installation then gasket will do these jobs.

Experience in investigating leaking joints has indicated that most common cause
of leaking joint is improper installation procedure being followed.
 Gasket installation Procedure
1. Inspect the gasket seating surface carefully. Look for tool marks, cracks, surfaces or
pitting by corrosion and make sure that the gasket seating surface is proper for the type
of gasket being used. Every attempt should be made to minimize the marks on sealing
faces, like machining of faces.
2. Make sure that the material is as specified, look for any possible defect or damage in the
gasket.
3. Inspect and clean stud, bolt, washers. If any of these items is damaged beyond repair
replace that item.
4. Lubricate all threads contact areas and nut facings. Importance of proper lubrication can
not be ignored. For high temperatures anti seize compound should be used. Lubricants
assist to provide low coefficient of friction. Actual bolt stress can be achieved easily with
proper lubrication.
5. For raised face and flat face loosely install the stud bolts on lower half and insert the
gasket between the flange facing to center the gasket on the assembly. Then install the
balance of the stud bolts & nuts and bring all to hand tight position.
 Gasket installation Procedure
6. May use Hydraulic Bolt Tensioning equipment where possible for bolt diameters 1¼” and
above.
7. If the gasket is to be installed in a recess or a groove, center the gasket with some
grease, adhesive compound, compatible with the service.
8. Torque bolts in minimum of three stages.
9. Torque bolts up to a maximum of 30% of the final torque value, and follow the bolt
torqueing sequence.
10. Number the bolts so that torquing requirements can be followed. With any gasket
material, it is extremely important to follow a proper bolting sequence. If this sequence
is not followed the flanges can be cocked then flanges can not be brought back parallel.
11. Repeat step 9 increasing the torque to approximately 60% and then increase the torque
to final torque value required.
12. On high pressure and high temperature applications flanges should be retighten to the
required stress after 24 hours at operating pressure and temperature to compensate for
any relaxation or creep that may have occurred.
Bolting Procedure
 Troubleshooting
One of the best available tools to determine the cause of leakage is careful examination of the
gasket in use when leakage occurred.
Gasket badly corroded
Select replacement material with improved corrosion resistance.
Gasket extruded excessively
Select replacement material with better cold flow properties and better load carrying
capacity.
Gasket grossly crushed
Select replacement material with better load carrying capacity.
No apparent gasket compression achieved
Select softer gasket material or select thicker gasket material. Reduce select area for higher
unit sealing load
Gasket unevenly compressed around circumference.
Improper bolting up procedure followed. Make certain proper sequential bolt up procedure
are followed.
 Maintenance Tips
1. Flanges Problem
In many flange assemblies torqueing force causes the flanges to bow enough that a potential
leakage path is created at the maximum bow points. To resolve this problem we can;
• Use thicker flange.
• Stronger material can be used.
• Number of bolts can be increased.
• Seating area can be decreased.
• Select material which can be compressed easily.
• Thicker gasket material can be used.
• Rebolting with proper bolting sequence.
• Machining of distorted flange
• Lubricate the bolts. It was found that a non lubricated bolt has an efficiency of about 50
percent of a well lubricated.
 Maintenance Tips
2. Stud bolts replacement
Some times leakage can be removed by replacing the stud bolts. The reason to use this
practice increase the flange pressure with same torque. A new well lubricated, rust free,
clean bolt can produce more stress on the joint as compared to a rusty, non lubricated and
dirty one. While doing this exercise do not replace more than one bolt at a time.
3. Precautions during joint boxup
• Install specified material & size gasket according to temperature and pressure of service.
• Align flanges such a way that center line of both flanges be same.
• Use recommended dia studs. Smaller dia bolts will not allow the gasket to align.
• Bolt length should be 2 or 3 threads above the nut otherwise nut threads will be over
loaded and may slip.
• Use a thicker, softer gasket where rough faces can not be machined smooth.
• For non metallic gasket, cut bolt holes slightly larger than bolts so that gasket would not
bulge around bolt and prevent proper seating.
 Maintenance Tips
• Do not make gasket by hammering on material against flange. That “lumps”
material, may prevent flanges from seating.
• Make gasket I.D. just slightly more than I.D. of line. This keeps hydrostatic end force
to minimum; flow would not be obstructed by gaskets squeezing into line.
• Do not over tighten bolts, this might damage the gasket.
• Always replace old non-metallic gaskets.
• Metallic gaskets like ring joint and lens may be re-used.
• Do not re-use spiral wound gaskets because filler material will not seat properly and
leakage will occur.
• Use hard grease on ring joint gasket for alignment of gasket.
• Use hard grease on low temperature services. It will help to remove the old gasket
during gasket replacement.
 Gasket Leakage Rectification
• Check weather bolts are loose, if so tight them properly.
• Check gap between the flanges all along the periphery.
• Tight joint from the more gap side for leakage rectification.
• Partially loose bolts from the less gap side to adjust the misalignment.
• Partial looseness can help to eliminate any solid particle on the gasket surface.
• Attend the leakage as soon as it is detected. Otherwise it may aggravate due to
material removal from leakage path.
• If leakage persists replace well lubricated new bolts one by one.
• If joint has tightened maximum and leakage persists slightly hammer on flanges
and tight the bolts, it will press the gasket and leakage may be eliminated.
• If leakage persists install clamp and fill sealing compound
 Gasket Storage

• Follow manufacturer advice for the type of material being handled.

• Store in a dry and cool place. Avoid sunlight, moisture, oils, chemicals.
• Avoid hanging gaskets, distortion may develop.
• Consult manufacturer for aging factor.
• Always cover ring joint and lens gaskets with Teflon tape or coarse cloth to
protect from corrosion / damage.
 Gasket Standards

• Following are the main two standards are being followed in the world.

• ANSI/ASME B-16.20
• ANSI/ASME B-16.21
PACKING
 Stuffing Box Packing
A stuffing box is a seal in which packing is compressed
and adjusted (re-composed) from time to time.

The purpose of valve packing in a valve is to prevent the

leakage of the media, either liquid or gas, in the valve to
the exterior atmosphere past the stem of the valve.

The packing is woven or of pleated form, for example,

asbestos, cotton, Teflon, rubber etc., and if necessary is
impregnated with a lubricant. The porosity of the
packing and the surface roughness of the shaft or
spindle are of great importance for the life of the
packing and that of the shaft or spindle. The surface
roughness should not exceed 0.4 m. The porosity
allows the packing to absorb liquid for lubricating and
cooling the shaft or spindle.
 Stuffing Box Packing
To exceed the cross section and number of rings recommended is unnecessary and can be
detrimental.

Too many rings of too large a section means:

Excessive area of packing/shaft contact with excessive heat generation.
Possible loss of packing thermal conductivity efficiency.

As the stuffing box increases so does:

The difficulty of installing/dismantling and adjusting the packing rings properly:
The chance of shaft misalignment with its inherent adverse effect on packing sealing
performance.
 Stuffing Box Packing

Shafts diameter Packing section Stuffing box Number of

(mm) (mm) pressure (bar) rings
Up to 16 3 Up to 35 4

Above 16 to 25 5 Above 35 to 70 6

Above 25 to 50 6.5 Above 70 to 140 8

Above 50 to 90 8 Above 140 10

Above 90 to 150 10

Above 150 12.5

SEALING PASTES
 Silicone Sealant (RTV 732)
 This silicone sealant can be used to produce FIP (Formed In Place) gaskets either
by semi-automatic equipment. FIP gaskets reduce large stock holding of
different types and sizes of conventional gaskets.
 This silicone sealant is able to withstand thermal cycling, vibration and
mechanical shock ensuring a high performance seal.
 Machining costs can be reduced due to its excellent gap filling properties.
Typical applications include crankshaft housings, sumps, gearboxes and water
pumps.
 Silicone sealants remains flexible when fully cured and have large gap filling
capabilities. This makes them ideal for sealing applications.
 The high strength yet flexible nature of silicones make them ideal for bonding
applications. They are particularly suitable for high temperature or large gap
filling and where joint movement is prevalent.
 This kind of sealant is mostly used at our DAP plant for man-ways and fan
casings.
THANK YOU…!