Transformation of

Sentences, Prepositions
and Degree of Comparison
 AGENDA
Sentence Transformation: Changing sentence structure while
retaining meaning.
Prepositions: Words that show the relationship between a noun or
pronoun and another word.
Degree of Comparison: Comparing one or more objects, people, or
actions.
Exercise Questions to help you improvise.
This presentation will help you understand the importance of
transforming sentences, using prepositions correctly, and
understanding degrees of comparison. 2
TRANSFORMATION OF
SENTENCES
Understanding Sentence Transformations
Definition: Sentence transformation is the process of changing the form
of a sentence without altering its meaning.
Purpose: It helps in improving writing style, clarity, and making
communication more effective.
Types:
Affirmative to Negative
Assertive to Interrogative
Direct to Indirect Speech
Active to Passive Voice
Exclamatory to Assertive
Definition: Sentence transformation is the process of changing the form
of a sentence without altering its meaning.
Purpose: It helps in improving writing style, clarity, and making
communication more effective.
Types:
Affirmative to Negative
Assertive to Interrogative
Direct to Indirect Speech
Active to Passive Voice
Exclamatory to Assertive
 AFFIRMATIVE TO NEGATIVE
Rule: To change an affirmative sentence into a negative one, use
words like "not," "no," "never," "none," etc., without changing the
meaning.
Examples 1:
Affirmative: She can solve this complex equation.
Negative: She cannot fail to solve this complex equation.
Examples 2:
Affirmative: He is very confident about his decision.
Negative: He is not confident about his decision.
 LET’S CHECK
Exercise: (Convert the sentences into negative form)
1. She believes that he will help her in difficult times.
2. I think that they have completed their work.
3. He knows that she is telling the truth.
4. It is certain that they will arrive on time.
5. We hope that the weather will be pleasant tomorrow.
6. She agreed that the plan was successful.
 ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE
Rule: Convert a statement into a question using "Do/ Does/ Did," "Is/
Are/ Was/ Were," or by using question words.
Examples 1:
Assertive: She has completed her research successfully.
Interrogative: Has she not completed her research successfully?
Examples 2:
Assertive: The novel was written by a famous author.
Interrogative: Was the novel not written by a famous author?
 LET’S CHECK
Exercise: (Convert into interrogative form)
1. She can solve this problem if she tries hard.
2. They are playing football because they love the sport.
3. He speaks English fluently since he has practiced a lot.
4. The dog is barking loudly as it senses danger.
5. She has completed her homework before going out.
6. They will visit us next week if they get time.
 DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH
Rule: Change the tense, pronouns, and time expressions while
reporting speech.
Examples 1:
Direct: He said, "I will submit the report tomorrow."
Indirect: He said that he would submit the report the next day
Examples 2:
Direct: He said, "I will come tomorrow."
Indirect: He said that he would come the next day.
 LET’S CHECK
Exercise: (Convert into indirect speech)
1. She said, "I know that he is lying."
2. He said, "I believe that she will succeed."
3. They said, "We are sure that he has completed his work."
4. She said, "I hope that you will understand my situation."
5. He said, "It is true that they made a mistake."
6. The teacher said, "I think that this topic is important
for the exam."
 ACTIVE TO PASSIVE VOICE
Rule: Move the object to the subject position and use the appropriate
form of "be" past participle of the verb.
Examples 1:
Active: The jury found the accused guilty of fraud.
Passive: The accused was found guilty of fraud by the jury.
Examples 2:
Active: The scientist discovered a new planet last year.
Passive: A new planet was discovered by the scientist last year.
 LET’S CHECK
Exercise: (Convert into passive voice)
1. She believes that he has completed the project.
2. They said that the manager will announce the results soon.
3. The teacher informed us that she would check the
assignments tomorrow.
4. Scientists claim that climate change is affecting global
weather patterns.
5. The police confirmed that they had arrested the suspect.
6. Experts suggest that regular exercise improves mental
health.
 EXCLAMATORY TO DECLARATIVE
Rule: Remove exclamatory words like "What," "How," "Wow!" "Oh!"
"Alas!" and rewrite the sentence as a simple statement without
strong emotion.
Examples 1:
Exclamatory: How irresponsible it was of him to forget the deadline!
Declarative: It was very irresponsible of him to forget the deadline.
Examples 2:
Exclamatory: What an extraordinary achievement he has made!
Declarative: He has made an extraordinary achievement.
 LET’S CHECK
Exercise: (Convert into declarative sentence)
1. How wonderful it is that she won the competition!
2. What a surprise that they arrived early!
3. How amazing it is that he solved such a difficult problem!
4. What a pity that they lost the match!
5. How unfortunate it is that she missed the opportunity!
6. What a relief that the storm has passed!
 TYPES OF SENTENCES..
A simple sentence (sometimes called an independent clause) is a sentence that
contains one subject and one verb. It has only one clause. It must also express a
complete thought. This follows the rules of syntax in English grammar.A simple
sentence or independent clause is one that has a meaning to a reader or listener. If
the sentence does not complete the thought, it may be a dependent clause. A
dependent clause is one that does not express a complete thought.By itself it is a
sentence fragment. It may look like a simple sentence, but it will not make sense on
its own.
"BILL READS". AGAIN, A SIMPLE SENTENCE. BILL (A NOUN FOR A SUBJECT)
READS (THE ACTION THAT COMPLETES THE THOUGHT).
"BECAUSE BILL WANTS TO LEARN MORE." WHAT HAPPENS BECAUSE BILL
WANTS TO LEARN MORE? WE DO NOT KNOW, SO THAT IS NOT A SENTENCE. IT
IS A DEPENDENT CLAUSE.
 COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence has two or more clauses. These clauses are joined with conjunctions,
punctuation, or both. The dog is happy, but the cat is sad.

A compound sentence, according to the Cambridge Dictionary, is defined as “a sentence made

from two independent sentences joined by ‘and’, ‘or’, or ‘but’, as in Mary read and Tom slept.”

To identify a compound sentence:-Since coordinating conjunctions can be used to combine

individual words, phrases and clauses, you should first try to pick out the words, phrases or
clauses that are linked by a particular conjunction. Only if they combine two or more independent
clauses can they be said to be a compound sentence. 2
COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence is one which consists of at least a minimum of one
dependent clause and one independent clause, combined by a subordinating
conjunction.
A complex sentence follows a particular structure. It should have at least one independent
clause and one subordinate clause.
When forming a complex sentence, make sure you use a subordinating conjunction to link
them together. If the subordinating conjunction is used in between the two clauses, you need
not use a comma before the conjunction. In case the subordinating conjunction appears in the
beginning of a sentence forming a dependent clause, use a comma after it.
You can also make use of relative pronouns to form relative clauses which are also subordinate
clauses. That means, a sentence with a relative clause and an independent clause can also pass
off as a complex sentence. When using a relative clause, make sure you enclose them within
commas. They are mostly some extra information about the subject or object in the sentence.
IDENTIFY WHETHER EACH SENTENCE IS SIMPLE, COMPOUND, OR COMPLEX.
1. She loves to read books.
2. I wanted to go to the park, but it started raining.
3. Although he was tired, he continued working.
4. The sun was shining, and the birds were chirping.
5. Because she studied hard, she passed the exam.
6. The dog barked loudly.
7. I called my friend, and we talked for hours.
8. If you work hard, you will succeed.
9. She enjoys painting and often visits art galleries.
10. We went to the beach, but it was too cold to swim.
11. He was happy because he won the match.
12. The teacher explained the lesson, but the students still had questions.
13. While I was cooking, my brother was watching TV.
14. The cat slept on the sofa.
15. She read the book, and then she wrote a summary.
Answers:-
1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Complex
4. Compound
5. Complex
6. Simple
7. Compound
8. Complex
9. Simple
10. Compound
11. Complex
12. Compound
13. Complex
14. Simple
15. Compound
PREPOSITONS
 WHAT ARE PREPOSITIONS?
Definition: A preposition is a
word that shows the
relationship between a noun (or
pronoun) and another word in
the sentence.

Function: Prepositions are used

to express time, place, direction,
cause, manner, and instrument.

Examples: in, on, at, under, over,

between, with, for, etc.
PREPOSITION OF TIME
Definition: Prepositions that
indicate time relationships.

Examples:
1. at (specific time): She will
arrive at 5 PM.
2. in (months, years, seasons): He
was born in July.
3. on (specific day or date): The
meeting is on Monday.
 PREPOSITION OF PLACE
Definition: Prepositions that show
the location of something.

Examples:
1. at (specific point): She is at the door.
2. in (enclosed space): The keys are in
the box.
3. on (surface): The book is on the table
PREPOSITION OF DIRECTIONS
Definition: Prepositions
that show direction or
movement.
Examples:
1. to: She is going to the
market.
2. into: He walked into the
room.
3. towards: They are moving
towards the park.
 QUESTIONS
1. My father has been working in this 1. The new law applies only ___ foreign citizens.
company ___ 2015. 2. She is very skilled ___ painting portraits.
2. She is good ___ Mathematics. 3. He was ashamed ___ his behavior at the party.
3. The cat is sitting ___ the table. 4. He is quite familiar ___ the rules of the game.
4. He was punished ___ his mistakes. 5. The principal congratulated the students ___ their
5. The train arrived ___ time. success.
6. We must complete this project ___ 6. The lawyer argued ___ behalf of his client.
Monday. 7. His parents were disappointed ___ his exam results.
7. The child hid ___ the curtain. 8. She always reminds me ___ my mother.
8. He is married ___ my cousin. 9. The new policy comes into effect ___ 1st April.
9. She borrowed a book ___ the library. 10. The teacher was annoyed ___ the students for not
10. We have been waiting here ___ an hour. doing their homework.
11. The manager is responsible ___ handling 11. He took the test ___ the hope of passing this time.
customer complaints. 12. He sat ___ his desk and started working.
12. She is envious ___ her sister’s success. 13. She insisted ___ paying the bill herself.
 ANSWERS
1. My father has been working in this company 1. The new law applies only to foreign citizens.
since 2015. 2. She is very skilled at painting portraits.
3. He was ashamed of his behavior at the party.
2. She is good at Mathematics.
4. He is quite familiar with the rules of the game.
3. The cat is sitting on the table.
5. The principal congratulated the students on their
4. He was punished for his mistakes. success.
5. The train arrived on time. 6. The lawyer argued on behalf of his client.
6. We must complete this project by Monday. 7. His parents were disappointed with his exam
7. The child hid behind the curtain. results.
8. He is married to my cousin. 8. She always reminds me of my mother.
9. The new policy comes into effect on 1st April.
9. She borrowed a book from the library.
10. The teacher was annoyed with the students for
10. We have been waiting here for an hour.
not doing their homework.
11. The manager is responsible for handling 11. He took the test in the hope of passing this time.
customer complaints. 12. He sat at his desk and started working.
12. She is envious of her sister’s success. 13. She insisted on paying the bill herself.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Adjectives can be used to compare the qualities possessed by people or
things.

Very few kings were as great as Ashoka.

Ashoka was greater than most other kings.
Ashoka was one of the greatest kings.

The base adjective “great” is said to be in the positive degree.

The word warmer is used in the comparative degree.
The adjective warmest is used in the superlative degree.
No other playwright in the world is as famous as Shakespeare.
No other playwright in the world is more famous than Shakespeare.
Shakespeare is the most famous playwright in the world.

No other metal is as valuable as gold.

Gold is more valuable than any other metal.
Gold is the most valuable of all the metals.
 CHANGING THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON

CHANGING THE POSITIVE DEGREE TO COMPARATIVE

When we change the positive degree to comparative, we shift the adjective/adverb from
the positive to comparative. We leave “as...as” in the sentence and use “more...than”. If the
sentence is affirmative, it is changed to negative and vice versa.

Examples:
Ritika is as sensible as her brother.
=> Ritika’s brother is not more sensible than she is.

I like pasta more than pizza.

=> I don’t like pizza as much as pasta.
 CHANGING THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON

CHANGING THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE TO SUPERLATIVE

When we change the comparative degree to superlative, we change the adjective/adverb
from the comparative to superlative. We leave out the words “more than” in the sentence

Examples:
This dress is more gorgeous than any other dress in your closet.
=> This is the most gorgeous dress in your closet.

This building is taller than any other building in the city.

=> This is the tallest building in the city.