Pharma quizzes:

D (This is direct non-medical)

 C

.p
.
probably D
you can compare treatment with no-treatment
016 Past papers:

8
80
015 Past papers:

Wrong about scarcity: no resources at all

All economic problems come from: scarcity

If numbers are from the past (retrospective) they need to be ? And if they are projected
to future they need to be ?: adjusted, discounted

A term used to refer to the commonly charged or prevailing fees for health services that
the patients pay: U&C charge

Measurement unit in CUA is: QALY

QALY of 1 means: perfect health

QALY: humanistic

ICER: economic

CBA is the most common type of PE evaluation: false

Different areas: CBA

Always valid on monetary: CBA

One generic unit: CUA

Costing elements: quantity and unit cost

Broadest economic evaluation: societal perspective

Example of dominance: high effectiveness and low cost

Efficacy term in CEA is related to: randomized trials

Definition of PE

Identify types of costs

Identify perspectives

Description of ICER

QUESTION 1:
Which of the following statements represents the best definition of
pharmacoeconomics?
A. Description and analysis of the costs of drug therapy to healthcare systems and to
society
B. Process of identifying, measuring, and comparing the costs, risks, and benefits of
programs, services, or therapies and determining which alternative produces the best
health outcomes for the resources invested
C. Putting principles, methods, and theories into practice to quantify the value of
pharmacy products and services used in the real world
D. Studies that attempt to identify, measure, and evaluate the results of healthcare
services in general
QUESTION 2:
There are various categories of healthcare costs. Which of the following best
represents a direct medical cost and an indirect nonmedical cost, respectively?
A. Pain and transportation
B. Drugs and suffering
C. Mortality and morbidity
D. Medical professional time and lost productivity

QUESTION 3:
Which of the following statements is true regarding the perspective (point of view) of a
pharmacoeconomic analysis?
A. Should be conducted from a single perspective
B. Should be conducted from multiple perspectives
C. Costs and consequences should be identified and measured relative to the
perspective(s) selected
D. Societal perspective is the only relevant and valid perspective for a local
pharmacoeconomic analysis

QUESTION 4:
The appropriate use of cost-minimization analysis requires which of the following to be
true?
A. Costs must include measures of lost productivity
B. Outcomes must be adjusted for quality of life
C. Data must be obtained from similar sources
D. Consequences for each alternative must be equivalent

QUESTION 5:
Which of the following are distinguishing characteristics of a "full" economic
evaluation?
A. Comparison of two or more treatment options
B. Determination of the least expensive treatment alternative
C. Both costs and consequences of the treatment alternatives are examined
D. A and C
E. A and B

QUESTION 6:
Which of the following is not a common strategy for incorporating pharmacoeconomics
into practice?
A. Modeling
B. Determining the cheapest alternative with respect to drug acquisition cost
C. Conducting a local pharmacoeconomic evaluation
D. Evaluating and applying the literature

QUESTION 7:
The economic evaluation method, cost-effectiveness analysis, would be best applied in
which of the following cases?
A. When comparing two or more treatment alternatives that differ in humanistic
outcome
B. When comparing two or more treatment alternatives that are equal in clinical
outcome
C. When comparing two or more treatment alternatives that differ in clinical outcome
D. When comparing two or more treatment alternatives that differ in cost
QUESTION 8:
Which of the following statements best describes "economic outcomes"?
A. Medical events that occur as a result of a disease or treatment
B. Direct, indirect, and intangible costs compared with the consequences of medical
treatment alternatives
C. Consequences of disease or treatment on patient functional status or quality of life
D. Cost savings associated with a disease or treatment alternative

QUESTION 9:
Which of the following statements about the application of pharmacoeconomics to
pharmacy decision-making is false?
A. Pharmacoeconomics can be a powerful tool for determining the value of drug-use
guidelines
B. Pharmacoeconomics should be the only consideration when making a drug therapy
decision
C. Pharmacoeconomics can assist pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T) committees in
incorporating clinical, economic, and humanistic outcomes of drug therapy into
formulary management decisions
D. Pharmacoeconomics can provide data to support resource allocation decisions

QUESTION 10:
When quantifying the value of a clinical pharmacy service, your goal is to express the
benefits associated with this service in a dollar value. Which economic evaluation
method would you employ?
A. Cost-benefit analysis
B. Cost-effectiveness analysis
C. Cost-minimization analysis
D. Cost-utility analysis

QUESTION 11:
Which of the following statements provides the best description of an incremental cost
effectiveness ratio?
A. A summary measurement of efficiency
B. The cost per benefit of a new strategy, independent of other treatment alternatives
C. The extra cost to obtain an extra benefit realized from switching from one alternative
to another
D. The cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained

QUESTION 12:
Which of the following potential advantages could also be considered a potential
disadvantage of using the literature as a strategy to apply pharmacoeconomics to "real
world" decision-making?
A. Study results can be from a randomized clinical trial
B. Strategy is inexpensive
C. A variety of results might be available for consideration
D. Strategy is relatively quick and inexpensive
QUESTION 13:
Which of the following criteria are commonly used for evaluating the quality of a
published pharmacoeconomic study?
A. Evaluate if the perspective of the analysis is relevant to the study objective
B. Evaluate what the study design is and if it is appropriate given the scope of the
problem
C. Evaluate the researchers' credentials and assess if they have sufficient experience to
conduct a pharmacoeconomic evaluation
D. Evaluate how costs and consequences associated with treatment alternatives are
valued

QUESTION 14:
Which of the following is true regarding the use of modeling as an application strategy?
A. A disadvantage of modeling is that it can confuse efficacy with effectiveness
B. Modeling can be used to assess efficacy but not effectiveness
C. Modeling is a relatively inexpensive method for obtaining pharmacoeconomic
information specific to an organization or patient population
D. An advantage of modeling is that it is an inexpensive method; a disadvantage is that it
is much more time-consuming than other strategies for obtaining pharmacoeconomic
data

QUESTION 15:
Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of conducting a local
pharmacoeconomic evaluation and a reason for assessing the impact of a local
decision of cost and quality of care?
A. It is expensive and time-consuming
B. Unable to interpret and generalize results
C. Able to produce organization-specific results
D. Decreased chance of patient selection bias

QUESTION 16:
The development and use of pharmacoeconomics models is very prevalent today.
Which of the following are common modeling techniques employed?
A. Markov modeling
B. Monte Carlo simulation
C. Decision analysis
D. A and C
E. All of the above

From the perspective of a provider, which one of the following is a direct cost of health
care?

A. The amount paid out-of-pocket by patients directly to their physicians for a clinic visit.

B. The patient charge for a visit to an emergency department.

C. The prescription cost of insulin at the community pharmacy.

D. The salary of the clinical pharmacist who monitors a patient’s therapy.

From the perspective of an employer, indirect costs are best described by which one of
the following?

A. Hospitalization costs borne by the patient.

B. Drug effects on patient functioning.

C. Loss of patient income associated with missed workdays.

D. Family caregiving costs.

The costs and consequences of health care can be different depending on the
perspective of the evaluation. Costs from a patient’s perspective are best described as
which one of the following?

A. Essentially, what patients are charged for a product or service.

B. Essentially, the true cost of providing a product or service, regardless of the charge.

C. Essentially, the charges allowed for a health care product or service.

D. Essentially, the cost of giving and receiving medical care, including patient morbidity
and mortality.

Which one of the following constitutes a full economic evaluation?

A. Two antibiotics are compared and relative cure rates are determined.

B. The costs for treatment of hypertension by general practice physicians, versus

pharmacists, are considered in light of the blood pressure control achieved.

C. The costs and efficiency of treatment of hypercholesterolemia with a new HMG-CoA

reductase inhibitor are determined.

D. The acquisition costs of two therapeutically equivalent antihypertensive agents are

compared.

Which one of the following is an example of a partial economic evaluation?

A. A comparison of the costs and consequences of two alternatives.

B. A cost-utility analysis.

C. A comparison of the costs of two equally effective alternatives.

D. A quality of life comparison of multiple treatment alternatives.

Which one of the following is true of partial economic evaluations?

A. Partial evaluations should be performed as components of full economic evaluations.

B. Partial evaluations assess all important components necessary for a complete

economic analysis.

C. Partial evaluations may provide a description of the costs, or consequences, of

competing alternatives.

D. Partial evaluations compare the costs and consequences of two treatments.

Which one of the following statements is not true about cost-minimization analysis?

A. Cost-minimization analysis is a tool used to compare the costs of two or more

treatment alternatives.

B. Cost-minimization analysis shows only a cost- savings of one treatment alternative

over another.

C. Cost-minimization analysis measures costs of treatment alternatives in dollars and a

assumes comparable efficacy.

D. Cost-minimization analysis is a method to be used when no evidence exists to support

the therapeutic equivalence of two or more treatment alternatives.

When conducting a cost-benefit analysis (CBA), the results are best expressed as which
one of the following?

A. Cost-benefit ratio.

B. Average cost per utility.

C. cost-savings.

D. Incremental cost ratio.

When quantifying the value of a clinical pharmacy service, which one of the following
economic evaluation methods is the best to use?

A. Cost-benefit analysis.

B. Cost-effectiveness analysis.

C. Cost-minimization analysis.

D. Cost-utility analysis.
Which one of the following statements does not describe a cost-effective treatment
alternative?

A. Less expensive and less effective, where the lost benefit was worth the extra cost.

B. Less expensive and at least as effective.

C. More expensive with an additional benefit worth the additional cost.

D. Less expensive and less effective, where the extra benefit is not worth the extra cost.

C. Psychological well being and psychological distress

Which of the following would not be considered a commonly measured dimension of
health-related quality of life?

A) Physical health and functioning

B) Psychological health and functioning

C) Social and role functioning

D) Sexual functioning

E) Perceptions of general well-being

Generic measures of health-related quality of life are not intended to

A) be applicable across all diseases or conditions .

B) replace disease-specific instruments in all situations.

C) be applicable across different medical interventions.

D) be applicable across a wide variety of populations.

The following are examples of preference-based measures of health-related quality of

life except

A) QWB.

B) SF-36.

C) HUI.

D) EQ-5D.

E) All the above are preference-based measures.

The following statements are true about quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) except

A) QALYs can result from increasing length of life.

B) QALYs can result from enhancing quality of life.

C) QALYs gained is the most common outcome measure in cost-utility

analysis.

D) QALYs can only result from increases in both length and quality of life.
In regard to the SF-36, the following statements are true except

A) it is considered a health profile.

B) it is a disease-specific instrument.

C) there is limited evidence supporting its validity.

D) data from it can produce mental and physical component summary scores.

E) it is one of the most commonly used health-related quality-of-life

instruments

Health-related quality of life is most important in helping to determine the value of

pharmacotherapy in which of the following situations?

A) Chronic disease

B) Curative treatments

C) Acute conditions

D) Palliative treatments

E) Both a and d are correct.

018 collection:

1-There are various categories of healthcare costs. Which of the following best represents a
direct medical cost and an indirect nonmedical cost, respectively?
A. Pain and transportation
B. Drugs and suffering
C. Mortality and morbidity
D. Medical professional time and lost productivity
Answer: D
2-The appropriate use of cost-minimization analysis requires which of the following to be
true? *
A. Costs must include measures of lost productivity
B. Outcomes must be adjusted for quality of life
C. Data must be obtained from similar sources
D. Consequences for each alternative must be equivalent
Answer: D
3-Which of the following are distinguishing characteristics of a "full" economic evaluation?
A. Comparison of two or more treatment options
B. Determination of the least expensive treatment alternative
C. Both costs and consequences of the treatment alternatives are examined
D. A and C
E. A and B
Answer: D
4-The economic evaluation method, cost-effectiveness analysis, would be best applied in
which of the following cases?
A. When comparing two or more treatment alternatives that differ in humanistic outcome
B. When comparing two or more treatment alternatives that are equal in clinical outcome
C. When comparing two or more treatment alternatives that differ in clinical outcome
D. When comparing two or more treatment alternatives that differ in cost
Answer: C
5-When quantifying the value of a clinical pharmacy service, your goal is to express the
benefits associated with this service in a dollar value. Which economic evaluation method
would you employ?
A. Cost-benefit analysis
B. Cost-effectiveness analysis
C. Cost-minimization analysis
D. Cost-utility analysis
Answer: A
6-Which of the following statements provides the best description of an incremental cost-
effectiveness ratio?
A. A summary measurement of efficiency
B. The cost per benefit of a new strategy, independent of other treatment alternatives
C. The extra cost to obtain an extra benefit realized from switching from one alternative to
another
D. The cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained
Answer: C
7-Which of the following is wrong regarding scarcity? *
A. It is a relative term
B. The state of no resources at all
C. It depends on the requirements
D. Economics is interested in scarcity
Answer: B
8-All problems in economic studies stem from:
A. Unnecessary wants
B. Scarcity
C. Lack of knowledge
D. Miscommunication
Answer: B
9-The measurement unit in cost-utility analysis (CUA) is:
A. Physical units
B. Dinars
C. QALYs
D. No unit because the outcomes are always equal
Answer: C
10-A QALY of 1 means*
A. Perfect health
B. Fair health
C. Coma
D. Death
Answer: A
11-Which if the following is true?
-Using QALY is more humanistic while ICER is economic

12-Which of the following is false regarding cost-benefit evaluation?

A. It can be highly biased
B. It is the most common type of health economic evaluation
C. It is the most comprehensive method of economic evaluation
D. The perceived needs impact the results
Answer: B
13-Both benefits and costs are quantified in monetary terms in*
A. CBA
B. CUA
C. CEA
D. None of the above
Answer: A
14-Which of the following can be easily used in different areas of economics?*
A. CBA
B. CUA
C. CEA
D. CMA
Answer: A
15-The broadest perspective in economic evaluation is:
A. Payer perspective
B. Societal perspective
C. Provider perspective
D. Patient perspective
Answer: B
16-The outcome is described as one generic unit in*
A. CBA
B. CUA
C. CEA
D. CMA
Answer: B
17-Which of the following is an example of dominance?*
A. High effectiveness and high cost
B. Low effectiveness and low cost
C. High effectiveness and low cost
D. A+B
Answer: C
18-From the perspective of a provider, which one of the following is a direct cost of health
care?
A. The amount paid out-of-pocket by patients directly to their physicians for a clinic visit.
B. The patient charge for a visit to an emergency department.
C. The prescription cost of insulin at the community pharmacy.
D. The salary of the clinical pharmacist who monitors a patient’s therapy.
Answer: D
19-From the perspective of an employer, indirect costs are best described by which one of the
following?
A. Hospitalization costs borne by the patient.
B. Drug effects on patient functioning.
C. Loss of patient income associated with missed workdays.
D. Family caregiving costs.
Answer: B
20-The costs and consequences of health care can be different depending on the perspective
of the evaluation. Costs from a patient’s perspective are best described as which one of the
following?
A. Essentially, what patients are charged for a product or service.
B. Essentially, the true cost of providing a product or service, regardless of the charge.
C. Essentially, the charges allowed for a health care product or service.
D. Essentially, the cost of giving and receiving medical care, including patient morbidity
and mortality.
Answer: A
21-Which one of the following constitutes a full economic evaluation?
A. Two antibiotics are compared and relative cure rates are determined.
B. The costs for treatment of hypertension by general practice physicians, versus pharmacists,
are considered in light of the blood pressure control achieved.
C. The costs and efficiency of treatment of hypercholesterolemia with a new HMG-CoA
reductase inhibitor are determined.
D. The acquisition costs of two therapeutically equivalent antihypertensive agents are
compared.
Answer: B
22-Which one of the following is an example of a partial economic evaluation?
A. A comparison of the costs and consequences of two alternatives.
B. A cost-utility analysis.
C. A comparison of the costs of two equally effective alternatives.
D. A quality of life comparison of multiple treatment alternatives.
Answer: D
23-Which one of the following is true of partial economic evaluations?
A. Partial evaluations should be performed as components of full economic evaluations.
B. Partial evaluations assess all important components necessary for a complete economic
analysis.
C. Partial evaluations may provide a description of the costs, or consequences, of competing
alternatives.
D. Partial evaluations compare the costs and consequences of two treatments.
Answer: C
24-Which one of the following statements is not true about cost-minimization analysis?
A. Cost-minimization analysis is a tool used to compare the costs of two or more treatment
alternatives.
B. Cost-minimization analysis shows only a cost- savings of one treatment alternative over
another.
C. Cost-minimization analysis measures the costs of treatment alternatives in dollars and
assumes comparable efficacy.
D. Cost-minimization analysis is a method to be used when no evidence exists to support the
therapeutic equivalence of two or more treatment alternatives.
Answer: D
25-When conducting a cost-benefit analysis (CBA), the results are best expressed as which
one of the following?
A. Cost-benefit ratio.
B. Average cost per utility.
C. cost-savings.
D. Incremental cost ratio.
Answer: A
26-When quantifying the value of a clinical pharmacy service, which one of the following
economic evaluation methods is the best to use?
A. Cost-benefit analysis.
B. Cost-effectiveness analysis.
C. Cost-minimization analysis.
D. Cost-utility analysis.
Answer: A
27-Which one of the following statements does not describe a cost-effective treatment
alternative?
A. Less expensive and less effective, where the lost benefit was worth the extra cost.
B. Less expensive and at least as effective.
C. More expensive with an additional benefit worth the additional cost.
D. Less expensive and less effective, where the extra benefit is not worth the extra cost.
Answer: A
28-Which of the following would not be considered a commonly measured dimension of
health-related quality of life?
A. Physical health and functioning
B. Psychological health and functioning
C. Social and role functioning
D. Sexual functioning
E. Perceptions of general well-being
Answer: D
29-The following are examples of preference-based measures of health-related quality of life
except:
A. QWB.
B. SF-36.
C. HUI.
D. EQ-5D.
Answer: B
30-The following statements are true about quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) except
A. QALYs can result from increasing length of life.
B. QALYs can result from enhancing quality of life.
C. QALYs gained is the most common outcome measure in cost-utility analysis.
D. QALYs can only result from increases in both length and quality of life.
Answer: D
31-In regard to the SF-36, the following statements are true except
A. it is considered a health profile.
B. it is a disease-specific instrument.
C. data from it can produce mental and physical component summary scores.
D. it is one of the most commonly used health-related quality-of-life Instruments
Answer: B
32-When comparing treatment alternatives, which one of the following is the most correct
application of cost-utility analysis?
A. Alternatives that are life-extending with serious side effects.
B. Alternatives that differ in cost.
C. Alternatives that differ in efficacy and safety.
D. Alternatives that are similar in clinical and humanistic outcomes.
 Answer: A
33-ICER has to be calculated if the new drug is located in …….. in the cost-effect difference
graph.*
A. Northeast quadrant
B. Northwest quadrant
C. Southeast quadrant
D. None of the above
Answer: A
34-An example of direct medical cost is:
A. Transportation cost
B. Hospital stay cost
C. Missed days at work
D. Pain
Answer: B
35-An example of direct medical cost is:
A. Cost of treatment time
B. Suffering
C. Transportation cost
D. None of the above
Answer: A
36-Define the following:
Price: the amount of money needed to buy a product -including profit-
ICER: the cost needed for an extra benefit gained from switching from option A to B
Economic evaluation: to identify, measure, and value the costs of alternatives to get the most
effective outcome with the available resources
Total cost: total resources used multiplied by unit cost

37-Which of the following is a mismatch?

A. Cost-benefit analysis – comparing costs and willingness to pay for two alternatives
B. Cost-utility analysis – Comparing costs and QALYs gained from two alternatives
C. Cost-minimization analysis – two alternatives having different outcomes
D. All of the above are correct
Answer: C
38-In the cost-effectiveness plane, a drug in the southeastern quadrant should be approved*
A. True
B. False
Answer: True
39-When comparing two alternatives, incremental cost excludes the common fixed costs
A. True
B. False
Answer: True
40-Indirect costs include**
A. Cost of lost hours or loss of productivity
B. Cost of prescribed drugs
C. Travelling cost
D. Hospital parking
Answer: A
41-The indirect cost is most likely to be paid by the payer
A. True
B. False
Answer: False
42-The direct medical cost can be paid by the payer
A. True
B. False
Answer: True
43-Lab tests costs are*
A. Direct medical
B. Direct non-medical
C. Indirect
D. None of the above
Answer: A
44-Days missed are paid by the provider
A. True
B. False
Answer: False
45-Rent of a room for establishing a clinic is:
A. Variable cost
B. Fixed cost
C. Intangible cost
D. Indirect medical costs
Answer: B
46-Which one of the following statements regarding the perspective of economic evaluations
is true?
A. Economic evaluations are valid only if conducted from a single perspective
B. Economic evaluations can be conducted from multiple perspectives.
C. Economic evaluations should only be conducted from the perspective of the patient.
D. Society is the only valid perspective for economic evaluations

Answer: B

47- Generally, to compare the two interventions (use of painkillers) and (In-vitro fertilization)
we can use:
A. CBA
B. CUA
C. CMA
D. A+B
Answer: D
48-Cost of using a special diet as the patient gets the intervention is considered:
A. Direct medical
B. Direct non-medical
C. Indirect
D. Intangible
Answer: B
49-The cost related to returning early to work or being able to work for longer time is:
A. Direct medical
B. Direct non-medical
C. Indirect
D. Intangible
Answer: C
50-Two hypertension treatments are being compared on a national level in terms of total cost
and lives saved by using them.
Drug A: cost = 40 thousand Dinars, lives saved = 5.
Drug B: cost = 140 thousand Dinars, lives saved = 10.
Calculate the cost-effectiveness ratio of drug A.
A. 20
B. 100
C. 8
D. 14
Answer: C
51-Calculate the ICER from the previous question.
A. 20
B. 100
C. 8
D. 14
Answer: A
52-The costs and consequences of health care can be different depending on the perspective
of the evaluations. Costs from a patient's perspective are best described as which one of the
following?
A. What patients are charged for a product or service.
B. Essentially, the true cost of providing a products or service, regardless of the charge.
C. Essentially, the charges allowed for a health care product or service.
D. The cost of giving and receiving medical care, including patient morbidity and mortality.

Answer: A
014 exam:

Health economics

- Cost – total resources used multiplied by unit cost (or none of the above)
- Direct medical cost – hospital stay cost
- Direct medical cost – cost of treatment time
- None of the above – cost of transportation
- Price – the amount of money needed to buy a product (including profit)
- ICER is best described as – the extra cost needed for an extra benefit gained from switching from
option B to A
- Cost analysis – comparing cost of two alternatives
- None of the above – describing the cost and outcome of one product
- Cost benefit analysis – comparing cost and willingness to pay of two alternatives
- Cost utility analysis – comparing costs and QALYs gained of two alternatives
- Cost minimisation analysis is used when – two alternatives with equivalent costs and effect on life
- Economic evaluation is – to identify, measure and value costs of alternatives to get the most effective
outcome with the available resources
- Probabilistic sensitivity analysis gives more certain results about sensitivity compared to multiway
analysis – true (mostly)
- You can plot the CEAC in multiway sensitivity analysis – false
- In CEAC the y axis is the cost effectiveness thresholds and the x axis is the probability of cost
effectiveness – false
- In this cost-effectiveness plane, true – drug D should be approved (the one in the SE not sure which
letter)
- In this cost-effectiveness plane, drugs that will need ICER – A and B
- True about perspectives – all of above
- True about cost benefit analysis – costs and benefits are expressed in monetary value
- Inflation is related to unit price while discounting is related to total cost – true (maybe)
- Discounting is only related to costs – false
- Study in 4 years follow up, prices were weighed according to 2018, this will need – Discounting
- Study over 4 years, patients are followed over 2 years, hospital bills taken from each year – will need
both inflation and Discounting
- Study over 6 months with 6 months follow up will need – neither
- The alternative with best QALYs gained – C > D > B > A
- Alternative with best cost per QALY gained – C
- Indirect cost – the cost of work hours lost or loss of productivity
- The indirect cost is most likely to be paid by the payer – false
- The direct medical cost can be paid by the provider – true
- True about QALY – the quantity of life adjusted for the quality of life
- Economic evaluation involves choosing alternatives based on the cost-effectiveness threshold
regardless to the community need
- Discounting reflects the preference of receiving an income today rather than the future – true
- We need to calculate ICER – if drug is located in the NE quadrant
- Incremental cost of two alternatives excludes common fixed costs - true

Good Luck