jpUttjhu];jyk; - tPuehuhazGuk; (fhl;L kd;dhh; Nfhapy;)

jpUj;jfg;ghdhh; - <];tuKdpfs;;; jpUj;jhahh; - =uq;fehafp

jpUg;ghl;ldhh; - =ke; ehjKdpfs;
jpUf;Fkhuh; - jpUtuq;fg;ngUkhs; miuah;, nja;tj;Jf;fuR ek;gp,
gps;isauR ek;gp, nrhl;il ek;gp
jpUehkq;;fs; - ahKdhrhh;ah;, aKidj;Jiwth;, thjpkj;Njg ]pk;N`e;j;uh;,
Mste;jhh;, nghpaKjypahh;
Fyk; - nrhl;il
Mrhh;ah; - =ke; ehjKdpfs;,
GU\fhuh; - kzf;fhy;ek;gp (FUguk;giu thpirf;F ,th; Mrhh;ah;)
rp\;ah;fs; - nghpaek;gp, nghpa jpUiyek;gp, jpUf;Nfh\;bA+h; ek;gp,
jpUkhiyahz;lhd;, nja;tthhpahz;lhd;, thdkhkiyahz;lhd;,
<];tuhz;lhd;, [Pauhz;lhd;, Mste;jhuho;thd;, jpUNkh$ug;gd;, jpUNkh$h;
epd;whh;, Njtg;ngUkhs;, khwNdhp ek;gp, jpUfr;rp ek;gp,
jpUtuq;fg;ngUkhs; miuah;, jpUf;FU$h; jh]h;, tFshguz N]hkah[pahh;,
mk;kq;fp, Ms;nfhz;b, tlkJiuapy; gpwe;j Nfhtpe;jjh]h;, uh[GNuh`pjuhd
ehjKdpjh]h;, uq;f Nrhohdpd; uh[gj;dpahd jpUtuq;fj;jk;kd; Mf
,Ugj;jpUth; rp\;ah;fs; ,tUf;F.

,th; mUspr;nra;j f;ue;jq;fs; vl;L –

1. Mj;k]pj;jp
2. ]k;tpj;]pj;jp
3. <];tu]pj;jp vd;Dk; ]pj;jpj;uak; - Ntjhe;j jj;t tprhugukhd ,it
vk;ngUkhdhUf;F =gh\;ak; Kjyhdtw;iw mUspr;nra;tjw;Ff;
if nfhLj;jd.
4. =fPjhh;j;j ]q;fu`k; - ,J vk;ngUkhdhUila fPjhgh\;aj;jpw;F
mbg;gilaha; mike;jJ.
5. Mfk g;uhkz;ak; - ,J ghQ;ruhj;u Mfkj;jpd; g;uhkz;aj;ij
]kh;j;jpg;gjha;, ghQ;ruhj;uhhjpfuzk; Kjyhdtw;iw tpthpf;Fk; NghJ
=gh\;afhuh;f;F cjtpw;W.
6. k`hGU\eph;zak; - =ke; ehuhazdpd; guj;tj;ij ];jhgpf;Fk; f;ue;jkhd
,J, Ntjhh;j;j ]q;f;u`k; Kjyhd gy f;ue;jq;fis mUspr;nra;Ak; NghJ
vk;ngUkhdhUf;Fg; gad;gl;lJ.
7. ];Njhj;u uj;dk; - vk;ngUkhidg;gw;wpa jd;dpfhpy;yhj JjpEhy; ,J.
8. rJ:];NyhfP – kpfr; RUf;fkha;, kpf Mo;e;j nghUis cila
,j;JjpEhy; gpuhl;biag; gw;wpaJ.
,t;tpuz;L (7, 8) JjpEhy;fSk; cilatuhNy fj;ak; Kjyhdtw;wpy;
Mh;tj;NjhL ifahsg;gl;lit. ,tw;wpy; ]pj;jpj;uaj;jpy; xUgFjpAk;,
k`hGU\eph;zak; KOtJk; ,g;NghJ ekf;F fpilf;ftpy;iy. kw;iwit
cs.
];Njhj;u uj;dj;jpw;Fk; rJ:];Nyhfpf;Fk; nghpathr;rhd; gps;is kzpg;uths
t;ahf;ahdKk;, =Njrpfh; ]k;];f;Uj t;ahf;ahdKk; mUspAs;shh;.
rJ:];Nyhfpf;F ehadhuhr;rhd;gps;is tp];jhukhd kzpg;uths t;ahf;ahdk;
mUspr;nra;Js;shh;. =fPjhh;j;j ]q;fu`j;Jf;F =Njrpfh; tlnkhopAiu
mUspAs;shh;.

ek;kho;thh; tp\akhf Mste;jhh; mUspr; nra;Js;s jdpad;

khjh gpjh Atja]; jeaeh tpG+jp];

]h;tk; aNjt epaNke kje;tahehk; /
Mj;a];a e: FygNjh; tFshgpuhkk;
=kj; jjq;f;hpAfsk; g;uzkhkp %h;j;eh //

= Mste;jhh; mUspAs;s ];Njhj;uuj;jdj;jpypUe;J

xU ];Nyhfj;ij ,q;Nf mDgtpg;Nghk; - Kjy; ];Nyhfk;

eNkh eNkh ahKeha ahKeha eNkh ek:

eNkh eNkh ahKeha ahKeha eNkh ek:

eNkhsrpe;j;ahj; Gjhf;yp\;l [;Qhe ituhf;auh]Na /

ehjha KeNasfhj gftj; gf;jp]pe;jNt //

,tiu Nghw;wpAiuf;Fk;; ghRuk; - ,uhkhE[Ehw;we;jhjp - 21Mk; ghRuk;

epjpiag; nghopAk; Kfpnyd;W. ePrh;jk; thry;gw;wpj;
Jjpfw;Wyfpy; Jts;fpd;wp Nyd; ,dpj.; Jha;newpNrh;
vjpfl;fpiwtd; aKidj; Jiwtd; ,izabahk;
fjpngw;Wila. ,uhkhDrndd;idf; fhj;jdNd.

=guhrugl;lh; =Mste;jhiu gw;wp mUspAs;s xU ];Nyhfk;

=uq;fuh];jtk; - 4Mk; ];Nyhfk;

tpjha itjpfk; khh;f;fk; mnfsj];Fjfz;lfk; /

Nejhuk; gftj; gf;Njh; ahKek; kethki` //

(Vd; Vd; vd;W Nfl;L tpjz;lhthjk; nra;Ak; thjpauhk; Kl;fs; ,y;yhjjhf

itjpf newpiar; nra;J mjpy; mioj;Jr; nry; gtuha; gfthdplk;
gf;jpiaj; jioj;Njhq;fr; nra;gtuhd Mste;jhiu jpahdpg; Nghkhf).
=Ntjhe;jNj]pfh; mUspAs;s ajpuh[ ]g;jjp – 8
tpfhN` ahKek; jPh;j;jk; ]hJ g;Ue;jh tNe];jpjk; /
epu];j[p`;kf];gh;N] aj;u f;U\;z: f;Ujhju: //

(1. ePf;fg;gl;l fhspadpd; njhlh;igAilajhd ve;j aKdh ejpapy;

fz;zgpuhd; md;G nra;jhNuh me;j ey;y g;Ue;jhtdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; aKdh
ejp jPh;jj;jpy; %o;FfpNwd;. 2. Nfhzy; topapy; nry;Yk; Fj;U\;bfspd;
njhlh;ig f;ue;jq;fshNy epu]pj;jtuhd ve;j ahKdhrhh;auhd Mste;jhhplk;
fz;zgpuhd; (my;yJ nghpathr;rhd; gps;is) Mfpw f;U \;zd; kpfTk;
md;GilatNuh, ghpRj;jpfuuhdtUk;, ]hJf;fspd; ]%fj;ij ur\pg;gjpy;
cWjpAs;s tUkhd me;j Mste;jhhpd; FzhEgt nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpNwd;).

=guhq;F] gQ;rtpk;]jp - Nfhapy; mz;zd; mUspaJ - 3Mk; ];Nyhfk;

=uq;fuh[ gjgq;f[ ]q;f]{yk;

];Nua: guk;KJuG+h;tfNtu G+h;tk;
ehjhh;a ah%e ajP]t ; u ghfNjak;
ehjk; Fy];a kkneskp guhq;F]hh;ak;

thopj;jpUehkk;

kr;rzpAk; kjpsuq;fk; tho;tpj;jhd; thopNa

kiwehd;F NkhUUtpy; kfpo;e;Jfw;whd; thopNa
gr;irapl;l uhkh;gjk; gfUktd; thopNa
ghbaj;NjhdPNlwg; ghh;itnra;Njhd; thopNa
fr;rpefh; khadpUfoy; gzpe;Njhd; thopNa
flf Tj;jpuhlj;Jf; fhYjpj;jhd; thopNa
mr;rkw kdkfpo;r;rp aize;jpl;lhd; thopNa
Mste;jhh; jhspizf sdtujk; thopNa.

Mste;jhh; vd;W jpUehkk; tuf;fhuzk;

aKidj; Jiwth; k`h gh\;a gl;lh; vd;gthplk; rh];j;uk; fw;W te;jhh;.
mf;fhyj;jpy; uh[GNuh`pjdha; ,Ue;j Mf;fpaho;thd; vd;gtd; jd; tpj;ah
fh;tj;jhNy me;ehl;bNy cs;s vy;yh tpj;thd;fsplKk; fg;gk;
thq;fpte;jhd;. mtd; xU ehs; fg;gk; Nfl;L k`hgh\;a gl;lUf;F xiy
mDg;gpdhd;. gl;lh; fg;gk; nrYj;j topapy;yhky; jpifj;J epw;gijg; ghh;j;j
aKidj; Jiwth; mt;Nthiyiaf; fpopj;njwpe;J tpl;lhh;. mijf;Nfl;l
Mf;fpaho;thd; xiyiaf; fpopj;jtd; ntWk; ftpNah my;yJ je;j;uk;
fiufz;ltNdh? vd;W Nfl;L mDg;gpdhd;. mjw;F aKidj; Jiwth; ahk;
ftpfs; khj;jpuk; my;yhky; ahk; kPkhk;]h rh];j;uf;fliy khj;jpuk;
fiufz;lth;fs; my;Nyhk; vjph;thjk; GhpAkth;fshfpw ahidfspd; kpf;f
Mlk;gukhfpw kj;jfj;ijg; gpsf;f ty;yikAilNahKk; MNthk; vd;W gjpy;
vOjp mDg;gpdhh; ,th;. ,ijf;fz;L tpag;Gw;w murd; aKidj; Jiwtiu
clNd uh[]igf;F tur;nrhy;yp xiy mDg;gpdhd;. mt;NthiyiaAk;
aKidj; Jiwth; fpopj;Jtpl, mijf;Nfl;l murd;
,th; rhkd;auy;yh; vd;W mwpe;J ,th; tUtjw;Fg; gy;yf;if mDg;gpdhd;.

ahKNeaUk; mg;gy;yf;fpy; uh[rigf;F vOe;jUsp kiyaurd; kfshd

ghh;tjpapd; jspubitg;gpdhNy rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; jho;tiufisAila
,kakiy Kjy; muf;fdhy; mg`hpf;fg;gl;l rPjh gpuhl;bapd;
jpUKfj;jhkiu kyh;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhd N]J tiuapYk; re;jpu #h;ah;fs;
,UtiuAk; jiyayq;fhukhf cila cjafphpf;Fk; m];jkefphpf;F k;
eLtpYk; G+h;tkPkhk;i] cj;jukPkhk;i] vDk; ,uz;L rh];jpuj;jpYk;
tpNr\khd gapw;rpapdhNy kah;tw;w neQ;irAila vd;idg;Nghd;w
kw;nwhUtd; Njlg;gll;Lk; (NjbdhYk; fpilf;fkhl;lhd;) vd;Dk; nghUs;
cs;s ];Nyhfj;ij vOjpaDg;gpdhh;. mjw;Fg;gpd; Mf;fpaho;thDf;Fk;
aKidj;Jiwth;fF ; k; kj;a];jh;fshd tpj;thd;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; jh;f;fk;
ele;jJ.

mg;NghJ mq;F ]pk;`h]j;jpypUe;j uh[k`p\pAk; uh[hTk; xUth;f;nfhUth;

gpd;tUkhW rgjk; nra;J nfhz;ldh;.

ahKNeah; Njhw;whuhfpy; ehd; k`p\Pgjtpiaj; Jwe;J ckf;F

Ntiyf;fhhpahNtd; vd;whs; uh[k`p\p.

Mf;fpaho;thd; Njhw;whdhfpy; aKidj;Jiwth;fF

; ehd; ghjp uh[;ak;
jUNtd; vd;whd; murd;.

,sk; gps;isahd ,tiu rh];j;utpthjkpy;yhkNy nysfpf tp\aq;fspNy

Njhw;fbj;Jtplyhk; vd;W vz;zpa Mf;fpaho;thd;, nysfpfq;fspNy ePh;
,y;iy vd;gij ehd; cz;L vd;Ngd;. ePh; cz;L vd;gij ehd; ,y;iy
vd;Ngd;. ntd;wtd; Njhw;wtd; jiyapNy mbf;fNtz;baJ vd;W $wpdhd;.

mjw;F ,ire;j aKidj;Jiwth; (1) cd; jha; kybay;y (2) murd;

jhh;kpfd; (3) uh[gj;eP gjpt;uij vd;W %d;W thf;fpaq;fisr; nrhy;yp
mtid kWf;fr; nrhd;dhh;. mtd; mtw;iw kWf;f ,ayhky; nksdpaha;
,Ue;jhd;. gpd;G rh];j;utprhuKk; ele;jJ. mjpYk; Njhy;tpAw;whd;
Mf;fpaho;thd;.

ePh; nrhd;d %d;W nysfpf thf;aq;fisAk; ck;khy; kWf;f KbANkh?

vd;W aKidj;Jiwtiu uh[hTk; uh[k`p\pAk; Nfl;ldh;. KbAk; vd;W
nrhy;yp ahKNeah; gpd; tUkhW kWj;Jf; fhl;bdhh;.

1)xU kuKk; Njhg;gy;y. xU gps;isAk; gps;isay;y vd;fpw cyf

tof;fpd;gb epiyaw;wjhd ,t;Tyfpy; xU gps;isiag; ngw;w xU jha;
,g;gps;is ekf;Fj; jf;fNtZNk ek;ik ur\pf;f NtZNk vd;W
fyq;fpf;nfhz;NlapUg;ghs; Mifahy; mts; gps;is ngw;Wk; kybNaahths;.
,k;Kiwapy; xU gps;i s ngw;w Mf;fpaho;thDila jhahh; kybNa
ahifahy; Kjy; thf;fpak; kWf;fg;gl;lJ.

2) Fbfs; nra;Ak; ghgk; muridr; NrUkhifahNy guk jhh;kpfdhd

,t;turDk; Fbfs; nra;Ak; ghgj;jpNy gq;F ngWfpwhd; MifahNy
,uz;lhtJ thf;aKk; kWf;fg;gl;lJ.

3) N]hk: g;ujNkhtptpNj fe;jh;Nth tptpj cj;ju: j;UjPnah mf;ep\;Nl gjP:

JhPah];Nj jD\;a[h: (N]hkd; Kjy;ehs; cd;id kzk; GzUfpwhd;.
fe;jh;td; mLj;j ehs; cd;id kzk; GdUfpwhd;. %d;whtJ ehs;
mf;epahdts; cdf;Fg; gjpahfpwhs;. ehyhtJ ehspNyNa ifg; gpbj;j
kdpjd; cdf;Ff; fztdhfpwhd;) vd;fpw Ntj thf;aj;jpd;gb itjpf
Kiwapy; kzk; nra;Jnfhz;l vy;yh ];jphPfSf;FNk kzkhd Kjy; %d;W
ehl;fspy; NjtijNahL njhlh;G cz;L. Mifahy; gjpt;uaj;jpy; FiwAz;L.
mf;Fiw gukitjpfkhd Kiwapy; muridf; ifg;gpbj;j uh[gj;dpf;Fk;
cz;L. MifahNy %d;whtJ thf;aKk; kWf;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;tz;zk; nysfpf thjj;jpYk; rh];j;u thjj;jpYk; Mf;fpaho;thid

ntw;wpnfhz;l gpd;Gk;, uh[GNuh`pjDkha;, gpuhaj;jpy; (tajpy;)
Kjph;e;jtDkhd Mf;fpaho;thid Kjypy; gz;zpd g;ujp[;iQg;gb
jiyapNy mbg;gjw;F kWj;Jtpl;lh; aKidj;Jiwth;.

,tUila gz;igAk; rh];j;ug; GyikiaAk; Nyhf mDgtj;ijAk; fz;L

tpag;Gw;w tpj;thd;fs; midtUk; ,tUf;F g;u`;kujk; gz;zpg;
ngUikg;gLj;jpdh;. uh[ k`p\pAk; vd;id Mste;jPNuh vd;W
aKidj;Jiwtiuj; jd; gps;isiag;NghNy vLj;J mizj;Jf;nfhz;L jd;
gh;j;jhTld; muz;kidf;Fs; GFe;jhs;. murDk; jd; g;ujp[;iQg;gb
,tUf;Fg; ghjp uh[;ak; nfhLj;jhd;. md;W Kjy; ,tiu Mste;jhh; vd;W
vy;NyhUk; mioj;jdh;. ,tUk; jk; gj;jpdpNahL$b murhl;rp
nrYj;jpf;nfhz;L mur Nghfj;jpy; Mo;e;jpUe;jhh;.

kzf;fhy; ek;gp Mste;jhiuj; jpUj;jpg; gzpnfhz;ltpjk;

Mf;fpaho;thid thjj;jpy ntd;w Mste;jhh; murd; ntFkjpahf nfhLj;j

ghjp uh[;aj;ij Mz;L te;jhh;.

ca;af;nfhz;lhh; epakdj;jhNy aKidj; Jiwtiu jh;rd g;uth;j;jfuhf;f

Mirnfhz;l kzf;fhy; ek;gp fl;Lk; fhtYkha; ,Ue;j muz;kidf;Fs;
nrd;W Mste;jhiuf; fhzKbatpy;iy. jpUkilg;gs;spapy; gzpGhpNthh;
,lkpUe;J J}Jisf; fPiuNa Mste;jhh; tpUk;gp mKJ nra;Ak; fwpaKJ
vd;W mwpe;J kilg;gs;spf;F MWkhj fhyk; J}Jisf; fPiuia
mspj;Jte;jhh;. mg;NghJk; ,tiug;gw;wp Mste;jhh; tprhhpf;fhikahNy
tUe;j, ehYehs; J}Jisiaf; nfhLg;gijj; jtph;j;jpUe;jhh;. Mste;jhh;
mKJnra;Ak;NghJ ehY ehshfj; J}Jis ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gNjd;? vd;W
Nfl;lUs mth;fSk; MW khjhkhf taJ Kjph;e;j xUth; mspj;Jte;jhh;.
ehY ehshf mspf;ftpy;iy vd;W $wpdhh;fs;. Mste;jhUk; Nfl;L
tpag;Gw;W mLj;jgb mth; te;jhy; ekf;Fj; njhptpAq;fs; vd;W
epakpj;Jtpl;lhh;.

kWehs; kzf;fhy; ek;gpAk; ,d;dKk; Kaw;rp nra;J ghh;g;Nghk; vd;W

J}Jis vLj;Jte;J jpUklg;gs;spapy; nfhLj;jhh;. mth;fSk; ek;gpia
Mste;jhhplk; mioj;Jr; nrd;wdh;. Mste;jhUk; mtiuf;fz;L tzq;fp
M]dkpl;L ePh; ,j;jid ehSk; J}Jis nfhz;L te;J ,LfpwJ vjw;fhf?
ckf;F Ntz;ba jejhe;aq;fis mspf;fpNwhk; vd;W ek;gpiaf; Nfl;f
ek;gpAk; ekf;F ,it nahd;Wk; Ntz;lh. ckJ ghl;ldhh; Njbitj;j epjp
xd;W vd;dplk; ,Uf;fpwJ. mij ck;kplk; mspg;gjw;F ehd; ,q;F te;J
Nghtijj; jilnra;ahky; ,Uf;Fk;gb cj;jputplNtZk; vd;W mUspr;nra;a
Mste;jhh; mjd;gbNa muz;kidr; Nrtfh;fsplk; fl;lisapl; lhh;. md;W
Kjy; jpde;NjhWk; ek;gp muz;kidf;F vOe;jUsp fPijapd; nrk;ikg;
nghUs; njhpAk;gb 18 mj;jpahaKk; mUspr; nra;a xU ehisf; nfhU ehs;
Mh;j;jp kpQ;rg; ngw;w Mste;jhh; ,t;ntk;ngUkhid milAk; cghak; vJ?
vd;W ek;gpiaf; Nfl;f ek;gpapAk; jdpNa mtiu mioj;Jr; nrd;W
nka;ikg; ngUthh;j;ijahd ruk];Nyhfj;jpd; nghUis mtUf;F
mUspr;nra;J mtid miltjw;F mtNd cghak; vd;Dk; cWjpia
mtUf;F cz;lhf;fpdhh;. mUspr;nray;fisAk; mtw;wpd;
mUk;nghUs;fisAk; mtUf;F cgNjrpj;jUspdhh;.
mjw;Fk; gpd; jpUtuq;fk; jpUg;gjpf;F mtiu mioj;Jr; nrd;W nghpa
ngUkhisj; jpUtb njhor; nra;J cq;fSil ghl;ldhh; Njbitj;j ngU
epjp ,JNt fhZk; vd;W fhl;bnfhLj;jhh;. nghpa ngUkhsplk; <Lgl;l
Mste;jhh; uh[;ak; Kjyhd vy;yhtw;iwAk; Jwe;J rd;ahr M];ukj;ij
Vw;Wf;nfhz;L =uq;fj;jpy; jh;]d eph;th`k; nra;J te;jhh;. me;jpkjrapy;
kzf;fhy; ek;gp Mste;jhhplk; NjthPUila ghl;ldhuhd ehjKdpfs;
m\;lhq;fNahf u`];aj;ijf; FUiff;fhtyg;gdplk; Nrkpj;J itj;Js;shh;.
mthplk; me;epjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; vd;W epakpj;jUsp ca;af;nfhz;lhh;
nfhLj;j gtp\;ajhrhhpa tpf;u`j;ij mthplk; xg;gilj;jhh;.

Mste;jhh; m\;lhq;fNahf u`];aj;ij FUiff;fhtyg;gdplkpUe;J

ngwhky; NghdJ vq;qdk;

kzf;fhy; ek;gpapd; epakdg;gb Mste;jhh; FUiff;fhtyg;gd; Nahfk;

nra;Ak; ,lj;jpw;F nrd;whh;. Mste;jhUk; mtUila Nahfj;ijf;
fiyf;ff;$lhJ vd;Dk; jpUTs;sj;jhy; xirg;gLj;jhky; RtUf;Fg; gpd;Gwk;
Ngha; epw;f mg;gDk; gpd;Gwk; jpUk;gpg; ghh;j;J ,q;F nrhl;ilf; Fyj;jhh;
vtNuDk; te;jJz;Nlh? vd;W Nfl;lUs Mste;jhUk; mbNad;
aKidj;Jiwtd; te;J ,Uf;fpNwd; vd;W tzq;fp epd;W mbNad; te;jJ
NjthPh;f;F vg;gb njhpe;jJ? vd;W Nfl;f gpuhl;bNahL Nghfu]j;ij
mDgtpg;gijf;fhl;bYk; vd;NdhL fye;jpUg;gij tpUk;Gk; vk;ngUkhd;
vd;idAk; cNgr\pj;Jg; gpd;Gwk; jpUg;gpg; ghh;j;jdhy; ehjKdp tk;]j;jhh;
xUth; te;jpUf;fNtZk; vd;W czh;e;Njd; vd;W mUspr;nra;jhh;.
Mste;jhUk; Nahf u`];aj;ij mUspr;nra;aNtZk; vd;W gpuhh;j;jpj;jhh;.
mg;gDk; jhk; gukgjk; nry;ytpUf;Fk; ehisf;Fwpg;gpl;L mjw;F Kd;
te;jhy; cgNjrpf;fpNwhk; vd;W jpUKfk; vOjpf;nfhLj;J Mste;jhiu
=uq;fj;jpw;F mDg;gpdhh;.

Mste;jhh; jpUtde;jGuk; vOe;jUSjy;

=uq;fk; Nfhapypy; jh;rdk; eph;t`pj;J tUk;NghJ ek;ngUkhs;

jpUtj;aaNdhj;]tj;jpNy miuah; Nritapy; nfLkplh; Manty;yhk; Nfrt
vd;d (jpUtha;nkhop 10Mk; gj;J 2Mk; jpUtha;nkhop gjpfk;) vd;fpw
jpUtha;nkhopg; ghRuj;ij mgpeapj;Jg; ghbtUfpwNghJ jpUtuq;fg;
ngUkhsiuah; Mste;jhh; jpUKf kz;lyj;ijg; ghh;j;J elkpNdh
ekh;fSs;sPh; ehKkf;F mwpar;nrhd;Ndhk; (jpUtha;nkhop 10Mk; gj;J 2Mk;
jpUtha;nkhop 8Mk; ghRuk;) vd;W thpia gyfhYk; ghb mUs,
Mste;jhUk; nghpa ngUkhSila epakdk; ngw;Wj; jpUte;jGuj;jpw;F
vOe;jUspdhh;.

mq;F mee;jgj;kehgidj; jpUtbnjhOjhh;. mg;nghOJ FUiff;fhtyg;gd;

vOjpf;nfhLj;j jpUKfk; epidTf;F tUifahNy mij vLf;fr; nra;J
ghh;f;ifapy; mg;gd; gukgjk; nry;Yk; jpdk; md;NwahapUf;ff;fz;L xU
G\;gf tpkhdk; ngw;wpNyhNk vd;W kpf tUe;jp =uq;fj;Jf;F vOe;jUspdhh;.
,jdhy; Mste;jhuhy; FUiff;ftyg;gdplkpUe;J Nahf u`];aj;ijg;
ngwKbatpy; Ngha;tpl;lJ.

Mste;jhhpd; mtjhu tpNr\\Kk; mth; mUspAs;s f;ue;jq;fspd;

ngUikfSk;

ek;Kila jhprdj;jpy; Mste;jiug; Nghd;w tpj;tj; ]hh;tngskh;

,jw;FKd;G Njhd;wpdJ kpy;i y ,dpj; Njhd;wg; NghfpwJkpy;iy vd;W
jpz;zkhfr; nrhy;yyhk;. `e tak; fta];J Nftyk; e tak; Nftyje;j;u
ghuhfh:’ vd;W ,th; jhNk mUspr;nra;jgb, ftpj;jpwj;jpy; te;jhYk;, eheh
rh];j;u itJ\;aj;jpy; xj;jhUk; kpf;fhUfpd;wpf;Nf mj;tpjjPauhd t;af;jp
,tnuhUtNu. ];thkp vk;ngUkhdhh; ,t;thrhhpaiu Nehpy; N]tpj;J ,th;
jpUtbfspNy ghprh;iafisg; gz;zp mh;j;j tpNr\q;fis f;u`pf;f g;uhg;
jpaw;wtuhdhYk;, `Mk; Kjy;dptd;’ vd;W ,th; tpNr\ flh\k;
nra;jUspdNj N`Jthf, mth; tpsf;fpy; nfhSj;jpd jPtl;bNghNy
k`hNj[];tpahf tpsq;fp cyFf;F xUapuhfp epd;whh;. ,t;tp\aj;ij
];thkp jhNk jk;Kila jpUthf;fpdhy; xUthW fhl;baUspdhh;.
fpjhgh\;aj;jpd; cgf;ukj;jpy; `aj;gjhk;NghU`j;ahe tpj;t];jhNr\fy;k\:
t];JjhKgah Njh`k; ahKNeak; ekhkp jk;’ vd;wUspr;nra;j ];Nyhfk;
,q;F mE]e;jpf;fThpaJ. ,jpy; Mste;jhh; jk;ikf; flhr\j;jUspdJ
jhNd N`Jthfj; jhk; rPh;ik ngw;wjhf mUspr; nra;ahky;, jhk;
mtUila jpUtbj; jhkiufisNa rpe;jpj;J mjdhy; rPh;ik ngw;wjhfr;
nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhh;. ,jDila cl;fUj;J ahnjdpy; , Mste;jhh; vd;idf;
flhr\pj;jUspd jd; gadhfNt ehd; mtuJ jpUtbkyiur; rpe;jpf;Fk;
ghf;fpak; ngw;Nwd; vd;gjhk;. `FUghjhk;G[k; j;ahNaj;’ vd;fpw
rh];j;utpjpiag; gpd; gw;wpaUspr; nra;jthW.

];thkp vk;ngUkhdhh; Mste;jhhplj;jpy; Nehpy; mh;j;j tpNr\q;fs;

Nfl;fg;ngwhj FiwjPu mtUila jpUtbfspy; Mr;uapj;J
ca;e;jth;fnsy;yhiuAk; jhk; Mr;uapj;J xt;nthUthplj;jpYk; mh;j;j
tpNr\q;fis ajpfhpj;jJ `gQ;rhrhh;agjhr;hpj:’ vd;Dk; tpUJngw;whh;.
Mste;jhNuhL ehd;; $bapUe;Njdhapd; gukgjj;jpw;Fg; gbfl;bapUg;Ngd;, vd;W
];thkp vk;ngUkhdhh; ]hjpj;jjhf g;u]pj;jkhd thh;j;ijNa ,tUila
xg;Gah;tw;w ngUikia tpsf;fhepd;wJ. epj;a tpG+jpAk; yPyh tpG+jpAk;
Nrh;e;J xU tpG+jpahfNt Ma;tpl;lhy; cgatpG+jpehjd; vd;W jhd; t`pf;Fk;
tpUJf;Ff;;Fiw tpise;jpLNknad;fpw vz;zj;jpdhNyNa vk;ngUkhd;
,t;thrhhpaiu $l;b itf;ftpy;iyNghYk;.

cga Ntjhe;j u`];a g;u];jheq;fspy; ,g;NghJ ehk; mEgtpj;J tUk;

mh;j;j tpNr\q;fSf;nfy;yhk; Mfhuk; Mste;jhNu vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy.
,tuUspr; nra;j ]pj;jpj;uak; Kjyhd cj;Jq;f rh];j;u f;ue;jq;fs;
,Uf;fl;Lk;, Mste;jhh; ];Njhj;uk; vd;W toq;Ffpd;w ];Njhj;u f;ue;jkhdJ
k`htpj;thd;fSf;Fk; gf;jh;fSf;Fk; `vdf;Fj; NjNd ghNy fz;zNy
aKNj’ vd;W cs;Fioe;J NgRk; gbahf mike;J , cl;GFe;J Nehf;f
Nehf;f cgaNtjhe;j u`];ahh;j;jq;fs; midj;ijAk; mofhfTk;
vspjhfTk; njspayhk;gb kN`hgfhuk; nra;jpUf;fpw khz;G thrhk;
mNfhruk;. ,jw;F ];Njhj;u uj;ek; vd;W jpUehkk; rhj;jpAs;shh;fs;.

]k;g;ujhak; ty;y nghpahh;fs; %d;Wuj;dq;fs; vd toq;Ffpwh;fs;. (1)

=tp\;ZGuhzj;ijg; Guhz uj;enkd;gh;fs; (,J Mste;jhh; ];Njhuj;jpy;
ehd;fhtJ RNyhfj;jpy; fhzj;jf;fJ). (2) j;tak; vd;fpw ke;j;uj;ij ke;j;u
uj;enkd;gh;fs; (,J =tutuKep jperh;iaapy; `ke;j;u uj;ehE ]e;jhe ]e;jj
]Ghpjhjuk;’ vd;gjpy; fhzj;jf;fJ). (3) ,dp %d;whtJ uj;dk;; ];Njhj;uuj;e
nkd;W toq;fg;gLfpw ,tUila ];Njhj;uNk ahFk;. ,jd; vspikAk;
,dpikAk; thrhkNfhruk;. Mo;thd; gl;lh; Kjyhd Mrhh;ah;fs; gzpj;j
];jtq;fSf;F ,e;j ];Njhuuj;eNk topfhl;bahapUe;jhYk; ,jDila
Nghf;aij kw;w vjw;Fk; mikatpy;iy.

Mste;jhUila epakj;jpdhy; vk;ngUkhdhiu aPLgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf;

fhQ;rPGuj;jpw;F nfOe;jUspd nghpa ek;gp rhyf;fpzw;wpy; epd;Wk; jpUkQ;rd
jPh;j;j nkOe;jUsg; gz;zpf;nfhz;L Nghuhepd;w vk;ngUkhdhiur; rhh;e;J
gpd;Gwj;jpNy ,e;j ];Njhj;uuj;ej;jpy; xU r;Nyhfj;ijr; nrtpf;fpdpjhf
mE]e;jpj;J tUifapy; vk;ngUkhdhh; jpUk;gpg;ghh;j;J ,J ahUila
jpt;a]{f;jp? vd;W ek;gpia Nehf;fpf; Nfl;lhh;. mtUk; ,J Mste;jhUila
jpt;a]{f;jp vd;W ciuf;f, Mfpy; mtiu mbNad; N]tpf;fNtZNk vd;W
vk;ngUkhdhh; $w, Mfyhk; ek;NkhNl te;J N]tpf;fhyhk; vd;W ek;gpfs;
gzpj;jhh;.
mg;NghNj jpUf;fr;rpek;gpaplk; tpilngw;Wf;nfhz;L nghpa ek;gpfSld;
NfhapYf;Fg; Gwg;gl;lUspdjhff; fhz;fpwJ. ,g;gb vk;ngUkhdhh;
jpUTs;sj;ijf; nfhs;is nfhz;l =]{f;jpapd; ngUikia ehNkh gfh;tJ.

(fhQ;rP = cNt PBA ];thkp mUspAs;s jpUtj;aaNdhj;]t itg

jPgpifapypUe;J NkNy $wpa itgtk; vLf;fg;gl;lJ)

gpd; mofpa ngUkhs; [Pah; mUspAs;s thh;j;jhkhiy 394 tptuzk;

Mste;jhh; xU ehs; ngUkhisj; jpUtbnjhof; NfhapYf;Fs; Nghfh epw;f ,

g;uNah[ ehe;jugiuahd xUj;jp fz;Dk; fz;zPUkhfr; Nriyahy; fOj;ijg;
Nghh;j;Jf; nfhz;L g;ujr\pzk; gz;Ztijf; fz;lhh;. clNd NfhapYf;Fs;
Nghfhky; ntspapNyNa epd;W `g;uNah[dhe;jugiu Ngha;tpl;lhsh’ vd;W
tprhhpj;J mts; nrd;w gpd;Ng cs;Ns nrd;whh;. rp\;ah;fs; mjw;Ff; fhuzk;
Nfl;f, `mts; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ ehk; jpUtb njhor;nrd;why; ,uz;L
tpNuhjq;fs; Vw;gLk;. mts; g;uNah[dhe;jugiu; ehk; mee;ag;uNah[dh;fs;.
,J mjpfhhp tpNuhjkhfpw Kjy; Kuz;ghL. mtSf;F Ia;th;ak; Kjyhd
kw;wit gyk;; ekf;F vk;ngUkhNd gyk;. ,J gy tpNuhjkhfpw ,uz;lhtJ
Kuz;ghL’ vd;W mUspr;nra;jhh;. kw;w gad;fis tpUk;Gkth;fSld;
Nrh;e;jhy; mee;ag;uNah[dh;fSf;Fk; mth;fSila Njh\k; jl;Lk; vd;W
fUj;J.

=Mste;jhiug; gw;wpa kq;fs ];Nyhfq;fs;

vk;ngUkhdhh; mUspAs;s fPjhgh\;a kq;fs ];Nyhfk;

aj;gjhk;NghU`j;ahe tpj;t];jhN]\fy;k\: /
t];JjhKgahNjhs`k; ahKNeak; ehkpjk; //

(vtUila jpUtbj;jhkiufis jpahdpg;g jhy; vy;yh Njh\Kk; ePq;fg;ngw;W

ahd; xU nghUshf MNdNdh mj;ijfa aKidj;Jiwtiu
tzq;FfpNwd;).

vk;ngUkhdhh; mUspAs;s Ntjhh;j;j ]q;fu`k; ,uhz;lhtJ kq;fs

];Nyhfk;

guk; g;;u`ik th[;Qk; g;ukghpfjk; ]k;]ujp jj;

gNuhghj;ahyPlk; tpt]k]{g ];ah];gjkjp /
];Ujpe; ahahNgjk; [fjptpjjk; Nkh`ekpjk;
jNkh Naehgh];jk; ]`p tp[aNj ahKeKep: //