Dipesh Academy

Dipesh Naha (MSC in Zoology)

Introduction Breasts develop and enlarge

The word ‘adolescence’ comes from the Latin word Ovulation and menstruation start
‘adolescence’ which means ‘to grow’. Adolescence describes
the teenage years between 13 and 19 and can be considered the Hips become wider.
transitional stage from childhood to adulthood.
An increase in height occurs
However, the physical and psychological changes that occur in
adolescence can start earlier, during the preteen years (ages 9 Feelings and sexual drives associated with adulthood begin to
through 12). develop.

Adolescence can be a time of both disorientation and discovery. Hormones and Endocrine Glands
The transitional period can bring up issues of independence and
self-identity. What exactly are hormones and how are they different from
“non-hormones”?
Physiological changes in adolescence:
Hormones are chemical messengers secreted into the blood or
Enhanced growth and development extracellular fluid by one cell that affect the functioning of other
cells.
Changes in attitude, appearance, and personality
Most hormones circulate in the blood, coming into contact with
Hormonal changes inside the body Behavioural changes in essentially all cells. However, a given hormone usually affects
adolescence: only a limited number of cells, which are called target cells. A
target cell responds to a hormone because it bears receptors for
Enhancement of thinking ability encompassing future thinking. the hormone.

Sharing of social responsibilities

Actions are mostly driven by ideas but not reasons.

Transitioning from one period to another always is associated

with some problems. Adolescence is not an exception and it is
also associated with some problems.

Puberty and Adolescence

Puberty is the time in which a child’s sexual and physical

characteristics mature. It occurs due to hormone changes.
Adolescence is the period between puberty and adulthood.

Puberty is a period of physical transition; adolescence is about a

psychological and social transition. Puberty is the process of
What is a gland? A gland is an organ in the human or
physical changes by which adolescents reach sexual maturity,
animal body that secretes hormones or chemical discharge
i.e., become capable of reproduction.
internally or externally for different body activities.
The various changes which occur in boys during puberty:
There are two types of glands in our body: Endocrine gland and
Growth of hair on face and chest. Exocrine gland.

Deepening of voice Glands that do not have any ducts or tubes are called endocrine
glands. Endocrine glands secrete hormones, which are chemical
Spermatogenesis starts “messengers” that travel through the blood to regulate the
activity of a target organ.
The body becomes muscular with the rapid increase in height.
Examples: Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland, etc.
Feelings and sexual drives associated with adulthood begin to
develop. Glands that have ducts are called exocrine glands. The
secretions of exocrine glands reach their target by traveling
The various changes which occur in girls during puberty: through a duct (tube).
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Endocrine System And Adolescence

 Dipesh Academy

Dipesh Naha (MSC in Zoology)

Exocrine glands are not part of the endocrine system. Some and liver, thymus, skin, and placenta — also produce and
examples of exocrine glands are sweat glands and salivary release hormones.
glands. There are some glands that are both endocrine and
exocrine in nature. These are called mixed glands. Hypothalamus

Pancreas is a mixed gland. The endocrine part secretes major The hypothalamus, a collection of specialized cells that are
hormones of the body and the exocrine part creates pancreatic located in the lower central part of the brain, is the primary link
enzymes which are needed for digestion. between the endocrine and nervous systems.

Endocrine System Nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland by
producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone
The foundations of the endocrine system are the hormones and secretions from the pituitary.
glands. As the body’s chemical messengers, hormones transfer
information and instructions from one set of cells to another. Pituitary Gland

Although many different hormones circulate throughout the Although it is no bigger than a pea, the pituitary gland, located
bloodstream, each one affects only the cells that are genetically at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus, is
programmed to receive and respond to its message. considered the most important part of the endocrine system.

It’s often called the “master gland” because it makes hormones

that control several other endocrine glands.

The production and secretion of pituitary hormones can be

influenced by factors such as emotions and seasonal changes.

To accomplish this, the hypothalamus relays information sensed

by the brain (such as environmental temperature, light exposure
patterns, and feelings) to the pituitary.
Hormone levels can be influenced by factors such as stress, The tiny pituitary gland is divided into two lobes: the anterior
infection, and changes in the balance of fluid and minerals in the lobe and the posterior lobe.
blood.
The anterior lobe regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals,
The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are and reproductive glands. Among the hormones it produces are:
the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals,
pineal body, and reproductive glands. Growth hormone,
The pancreas is also part of this hormone-secreting system, even Prolactin
though it is also associated with the digestive system because it
also produces and secretes digestive enzymes. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),

Luteinizing hormone (LH),

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

The other lobe of the pituitary gland is called the posterior

pituitary which controls different physiological functions of the
body, it produces the following two hormones:

Oxytocin,

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin.

The pituitary also secretes endorphins, chemicals that act on the

Although the endocrine glands are the body’s main hormone nervous system to reduce sensitivity to pain. In addition, the
producers, some non-endocrine organs — such as the brain, pituitary secretes hormones that signal the ovaries and testes to
heart, lungs, kidneys, growth and the development of the brain
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Dipesh Naha (MSC in Zoology)

make sex hormones. The pituitary gland also controls ovulation vessels reaching the skin and kidneys constrict in order to
and the menstrual cycle in women. provide more blood to the heart and the brain.

The posterior lobe of the pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone, They also increase fat metabolism thereby synthesizing more
which helps control body water balance through its effect on the energy. The word adrenaline is used in common parlance to
kidneys and urine output; and oxytocin, which triggers the denote increased activation of the sympathetic system associated
contractions of the uterus that occur during labor. with the energy and excitement of the fight-or-flight response.

Pineal Gland Pancreas

The pineal body, also called the pineal gland, is located in the The pancreas produces (in addition to others) two important
middle of the brain. It secretes melatonin, a hormone that may hormones, insulin, and glucagon. They work together to
help regulate the wake-sleep cycle. maintain a steady level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood and to
keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and maintain stores
Thyroid and Parathyroids of energy.

The thyroid, located in the front part of the lower neck, is Gonads or Reproductive Glands
shaped like a bow tie or butterfly and produces the thyroid
hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The gonads are the main source of sex hormones. In males, they
are located in the scrotum. Male gonads, or testes, secrete
These hormones control the rate at which cells burn fuels from hormones called androgens, the most important of which is
food to produce energy. As the level of thyroid hormones testosterone.
increases in the bloodstream, so does the speed at which
chemical reactions occur in the body. These hormones regulate body changes associated with sexual
development and the appearance of other male secondary sex
Thyroid hormones also play a key role in the bone nervous characteristics such as the deepening of the voice and the
system in children. The production and release of thyroid increase in muscle growth and strength.
hormones is controlled by thyrotropin, which is secreted by the
pituitary gland. The female gonads, the ovaries, are located in the pelvis. They
produce eggs and secrete the female hormones estrogen and
Attached to the thyroid are four tiny glands that function progesterone. Estrogen is involved in the development of female
together called the parathyroids. They release parathyroid sexual features.
hormone, which regulates the level of calcium in the blood with
the help of calcitonin, which is produced in the thyroid. Both estrogen and progesterone are also involved in pregnancy
and the regulation of the menstrual cycle.
Adrenal Glands
Table of Endocrine glands, their hormones, and the action of the
The body has two triangular adrenal glands, one on top of each hormone
kidney. The adrenal glands have two parts, each of which
produces a set of hormones and have a different function.

The outer part, the adrenal cortex, produces hormones called

corticosteroids that influence or regulate salt and water balance
in the body, the body’s response to stress, metabolism, the
immune system, and sexual development and function.

The inner part, the adrenal medulla, produces catecholamines,

such as epinephrine, also called adrenaline.

Adrenaline is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla during

stress.

This is called emergency growth of facial and pubic hair, and

hormones because it initiates a quick reaction that makes the
individual think and respond quickly to stress.

The hormone increases metabolic rate. There occurs dilatation

of blood vessels going to the heart and the brain. The blood

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Dipesh Naha (MSC in Zoology)

2. Pituitary dwarfism: Pituitary dwarfism or growth hormone

deficiency is a condition in which the pituitary gland does not
make enough growth hormone. This results in a child’s slow
growth pattern and unusually small stature (below average
height).

Problems with The Endocrine System

Too much (hyperfunction) or too little (hypofunction) of any

hormone can be harmful to the body. For example, if the
pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone, a child may
grow excessively tall. If it produces too little, a child may be
abnormally short.

Endocrine disorders are typically grouped into two

categories:

An endocrine disease that results when a gland produces too

much or too little of an endocrine hormone, is called a hormone
imbalance.
3. Hyperthyroidism: Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which
Endocrine disease is due to the development of lesions (such as the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood are excessively high.
nodules or tumors) in the endocrine system, which may or may
Symptoms may include weight loss, nervousness, tremors,
not affect hormone levels.
excessive sweating, increased heart rate and blood pressure,
The following are just a few of the many disorders that can protruding eyes, and swelling in the neck from an enlarged
result from an improperly functioning endocrine system. thyroid gland (goiter).

1. Gigantism (acromegaly) and other growth hormone

problem: Acromegaly is a disorder in which the anterior
pituitary produces too much growth hormone (GH).

This causes an increased growth in bone and soft tissue,

especially in the extremities—nose, jaw, fingers, and toes. If the
disorder occurs in children who have not yet fully developed,
the increased levels of GH also result in the exceptional growth
of the long bones. This condition, a variation of acromegaly, is
known as gigantism. 4. Hypothyroidism: Hypothyroidism is when the levels of
thyroid hormones in the blood are abnormally low. Thyroid
hormone deficiency slows body processes and may lead to
fatigue, a slow heart rate, dry skin, weight gain, constipation,
and, in kids, slowing growth and delayed puberty.
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Dipesh Naha (MSC in Zoology)

rounded shape of the face that develops from a specific pattern

of fat distribution.

9. Precocious puberty: Body changes associated with puberty

may occur at an abnormally young age in some kids if the
pituitary hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex
hormones rise prematurely.

10. Polycystic ovary syndrome: Overproduction of androgens

interfere with the development of eggs and their release from the
female ovaries. PCOS is a leading cause of infertility.

Adolescent Development
5. Diabetes mellitus: Disorder in which the body’s cells cannot
absorb glucose, either because the pancreas does not produce A critical and rapid transition
enough insulin or the cells do not respond to the effects of
insulin that are produced. It has two types. WHO identifies adolescence as the period in human growth and
development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood,
Type-1 Diabetes: from ages 10 to 9.
When the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, type 1 It represents one of the critical transitions in the life span and is
diabetes (previously known as juvenile diabetes) occurs. Type 1 characterized by a tremendous pace of growth and change that is
diabetes can cause long-term complications, including kidney second only to that of infancy.
problems, nerve damage, blindness, early coronary heart disease,
and stroke. Biological challenges as young people transition from childhood
to adulthood. It can seem like teens have processes that drive
To control their blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of many aspects of this growth and development,
developing diabetes complications, kids need regular injections
of insulin. The onset of puberty marks the passage from childhood to
adolescence. The biological determinants of adolescence are
Type-2 Diabetes : fairly universal;
Unlike type 1 diabetes, in which the body can’t produce normal however, the duration and defining characteristics of this period
amounts of insulin, in type 2 diabetes the body is unable to may vary across time, cultures, and socioeconomic situations.
respond to insulin normally.
Key developmental experiences
Children and teens with this condition tend to be overweight,
and it is believed that excess body fat plays a role in the insulin The process of adolescence is a period of preparation for
resistance that characterizes the disease. adulthood during which time several key developmental
experiences occur.
6. Adrenal insufficiency: This condition is characterized by
decreased function of the adrenal cortex and the consequent Besides physical and sexual maturation, these experiences
underproduction of adrenal corticosteroid hormones. include movement toward social and economic independence,
and development of identity, the acquisition of skills needed to
The symptoms of adrenal insufficiency may include weakness, carry out adult relationships and roles, and the capacity for
fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, dehydration, and skin changes. abstract reasoning.
7. Addison’s disease: Disorder in which the adrenal cortex While adolescence is a time of tremendous growth and potential,
underproduces cortisol and aldosterone, resulting in the it is also a time of considerable risk during which social contexts
disruption of numerous bodily functions. exert powerful influences. one foot in childhood and one in
adulthood as they navigate the changes in their bodies and
8. Cushing syndrome: If the condition is due to a tumor in the
minds.
pituitary gland that produces excessive amounts of corticotropin
and stimulates the adrenals to overproduce corticosteroids, it’s Some of the normal changes going on for teens
known as Cushing’s disease.
1. With the onset of puberty, preteens and teenagers
Symptoms may take years to develop and include obesity, experience rapid growth and changes in their bodies,
growth failure, muscle weakness, easy bruising of the skin, acne,
high blood pressure, and psychological changes. Moon face- a
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Dipesh Naha (MSC in Zoology)

develop sexually, and become increasingly aware of Moral and ethical choices are now possible and often guide
their body image. behavior.
2. Teens develop their own morals, values, and self-
direction; they test limits and try on different points of Development diversity leads to varying abilities to think and
view; they develop a conscience. reason.
3. Social skills continue to develop and include romantic
relationships. Cognitive ability is often affected by overall socialization.
4. Teens have an increased awareness of self, which can
include feeling self-conscious and fluctuating high or Perspectives about past, present and future developments that
low self-esteem, allow enhanced perspectives of time.
5. Teens continue to develop cognitively, with an
Language and overall verbalization skills increase, allowing
increased capacity for problem-solving, decision-
improved communication in both school and home situations.
making, and abstract thinking;
6. however, their thinking is still more impulsive than Significance of Adolescence Stage
adults; for example, the mere presence of peers can
encourage them to engage in risky behavior. Adolescence is a significant period because it is a period of:
Changes during Adolescence 1. Rapid physical development-It is a period of vital physical
as well as physiological changes and developments. At this
Physical stage, all the external and internal body parts and organs achieve
their full form and maturity.
Physical changes (e.g., growth spurt and skeletal and structural
changes) are rapid and visually apparent. 2. Rapid mental development-During the early adolescence
period, rapid mental development occurs. These give rise to the
Considerable diversity in physical developmental rates occurs
need for later mental adjustments and the necessity for
due to genetics, environmental factors, and health issues.
establishing new attitudes, values, and interests.
Distinct gender differences are evident in size, strength, and age
The adolescent is mentally alert at this stage. He not only
of growth spurt (e.g., girls around age 12 and boys around age
develops his intellectual power but also his capacity to critical
14).
thinking.
Self-esteem changes due to adolescents’ home and school lives.
3. Rapid social development-It is a period of social
Preoccupations with the self lead to critical self-examination development and adjustment. In this stage, the child enters a
and subsequently to the formation of self-perceptions. new field of social responsibility. The adolescents become
socially conscious, self-assertive, and loyal towards their group;
Argumentative and aggressive behaviors become evident and they develop cooperation and friendship and become
often disturb parents and teachers. responsible.

Psychosocial 4. Stage of emotional development-Traditionally adolescence

has been thought of as a period of heightened emotionality
Friendships form and social interactions increase, which have resulting from glandular and other changes. The heightening is
the potential for boosting self-esteem and reducing anxiety. characterized by a high degree of instability.

Distinct gender differences occur in socialization patterns (e.g., The adolescents also develop dependency and sometime
females tend to have smaller numbers of close friends and males independency. They also develop some special feelings like –
tend to have larger “social networks”). pride, humility, curiosity, guilt, hero-worshipping, etc.

Allegiance and affiliation shift from parents and teachers to All these emotions must be properly guided and they should be
friends and peers. provided knowledge to control their emotions at this stage.

Social tasks and situations are handled without adult supervision 5. Rapid sexual development-A number of internal and
and advice. external changes take place in the sexual characteristics of boys
and girls during the adolescence stage. In the later part of this
Cognitive stage, they achieve sexual maturity.

Higher levels of cognitive functioning (e.g., reasoning and 6. Rapid moral development-It is also a period of moral
higher-level thought processes) develop. development and changes in morality. Their moral outlook

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Dipesh Naha (MSC in Zoology)

becomes progressively more abstract. Moral convictions Question1. Along with the nervous system, the system
become more concerned with ‘what is right’ and justice emerges coordinates the various activities of body parts.-Digestive/
as a dominant moral force. Endocrine/Circulatory/Excretory

Their moral judgment becomes less egocentric at this stage. Answer: 2. Digestive
They develop an attitude towards service to mankind.
Question2. These are chemical messengers that are produced in
Problems of Adolescence Stage one body region but affect a different body region.-Hormones/
Enzymes/Endocrines/Vitamines
The problems of adolescence may be summarized in the
following manner: Answer: 1. Hormones

1. Sex Problems-We have read that all the aspects of adolescent Question3. Hormones are substances that fall into two basic
development are basically conditioned by physical changes. The categories.-Proteins and sugars/Male hormones and female
onset of puberty gives the physical excitement never hormones/Non-steroid and steroid hormones./Organic and
experienced before. inorganic

The adolescent reacting to these experiences is excited, often Answer: 3. Non-steroid and steroid hormones.
without realizing what is happening to him. Some react with
pleasure or excitement and some others experience shame, Question4. The hypothalamus regulates-Heart rate/Body
disgust, confusion, anxiety, and guilt. They may lead to sexual temperature/Both 1 and 2 correct/None of 1 and 2 are correct
maladjustment.
Answer: 3. Both 1 and 2 correct
2. Emotional Problem-Heightened emotionality is a major
problem of adolescence. Adolescents experience excessive Question5. The posterior pituitary secretes-ADH and
emotion and they do not have sufficient control over violence. oxytocin/Estrogen and testosterone/Adrenalin and
insulin/Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Excitability and anger may find expression in their destructive
form and may lead to law and order problems. The emotion of Answer: 1. Estrogen and testosterone
love, suspicion, jealousy, frustration, and revengefulness is very
common among adolescents. Thus emotional immaturity is a Question6. The function(s) of oxytocin is/are to-Cause the
major problem in adolescence. uterus to contract/Induce labor/Both and correct/None of and are
correct
3. Social Problem-Every society has its own customs and
traditions, which it wants to maintain. Every individual has to Answer: 3. Induce labor
follow these social values but often adolescents think all these
Question7. Hypothalamic releasing and release-inhibiting
are outdated and they are not willing to obey
hormones are transported from the hypothalamus to the anterior
This leads to conflicts. Physical development has many social pituitary by the way of-The general bloodstream/A portal
implications. Sexual development necessarily includes system of blood vessels directly connecting the two
heterosexual orientation and they want to take part in social organs/Direct contact between the two organs/Nervous system
activities with the opposite sex.
Answer: 2. A portal system of blood vessels directly connecting
The denial of this desire often makes them discontented and the two organs
restless. Drug addiction is a major social problem during
Question8. Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary that
adolescence.
have a direct effect on the body, rather than trigger another
Drugs are powerful chemicals that when taken into the body gland, are-TSH, ACTH, and gonadotropic hormones/GH,
change the functions of the body, influence the mind, and prolactin and MSH/Testosterone and estrogen/STH and lh
therefore, sometimes even change the behavior of the person.
Answer: 2. GH, prolactin and msh
Adolescent boys and girls should avoid drugs to maintain
Question9. GH does not promote.-Fatigue/Cell division/Protein
physical, mental and social well-being which are necessary to
synthesis/Lipid metabolism
live a purposeful, fruitful, and satisfying life in this world. Thus,
a number of social problems disturb adolescents. Answer: 1. Fatigue
Questions

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Dipesh Naha (MSC in Zoology)

Question10. Which hormone dramatically affects physical Answer: 4. The inner medulla and the outer cortex
appearance?-Gonadotropin-releasing hormone/Growth/Steroid/
None of these Question20. The adrenal medulla secretes under conditions of
stress.-Norepinephrine/Epinephrine/Norepinephrine and
Answer: 2. Growth epinephrine/Aldosterone

Question11. In humans, MSH (melanocyte-stimulating Answer: 3. Norepinephrine and epinephrine

hormone).-Regulates primary skin color/Causes the thyroid to
produce thyroxin/Concentration is very low/Is not found Question21. Which one of the following is an endocrine
gland?-Salivary/Sweat/Mammary/Parathyroid
Answer: 2. Causes the thyroid to produce thyroxin
Answer: 4. Parathyroid
Question12. An overproduction in adults causes a condition
called.-Hyperthyroidism/Acromegaly/A pituitary giant/Diabetes Question22. ACTH controls the secretion of-Cortisol/
Aldosterone/Epinephrine/Oxytocin
Answer: 3. A pituitary giant
Answer: 1. Cortisol
Question13. The parathyroid glands are located-Below the
thyroid, hence the name “para”/Above the thyroid, hence the Question23. Low levels of adrenal cortex hormones result in-
name “para”/Embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid Addison disease/Cushing syndrome/Diabetes/Virilism
gland/Infront of thyroid
Answer: 1. Addison’s disease
Answer: 3. Embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid
gland Question24. A person with Addison’s disease-Is unable to
replenish blood glucose levels under stressful
Question14. It is lacking in the diet, and the thyroid gland conditions/Develops dramatically more male features/Develops
enlarges, producing goiter.-Thyroxin/Iodine/Iron/Vitamin c a rounded face and edema/Develops lethargy and coma

Answer: 2. Iodine Answer: 1. Is unable to replenish blood glucose levels under

stressful conditions
Question15. If the thyroid fails to develop properly from
childhood, a condition called results.-Goiter/Poly Question25. In the blood, hormones are present in the form of-
dips/Acromegaly/Cretinism Polymer/Dimer/Monomer/All of these

Answer: 4. Cretinism Answer: 4. All of these

Question16. Hypothyroidism in adults produces a condition Question26. The pancreatic islets produce-Insulin and
called.-Myxedema/Goiter/Acromegaly/Cretinism glucagon/Pancreatin/ACTH and aldosterone/ADH and lH

Answer: 1. Myxedema Answer: 1. Insulin and glucagon

Question17. In addition to thyroxine and triiodothyronine, the Question27. Insulin functions too.-Promote the storage of
thyroid gland produces-TSH/ACTH/Calcitonin/Gluco corticoid nutrients/Lower the blood glucose level by stimulating liver, fat,
and muscle cells to metabolize glucose/Stimulate uptake of
Answer: 3. Calcitonin glucose by cells/Promote the transformation of liver glycogen
into glucose
Question18. If the insufficient path is produced, the blood
calcium level drops, resulting in-Reduced growth in childhood Answer: 3. Stimulate uptake of glucose by cells
or parathyroid dwarfism/Tetany, where the body shakes from
continuous muscle contraction/Exophthalmic goiter/Virilism Question28. In diabetes, the pancreas is not producing insulin.-
Type I/Type ii/Type iii/None of these
Answer: 2. Tetany, where the body shakes from continuous
muscle contraction Answer: 1. Type I

Question19. The adrenal glands consist of-The inner and outer Question29. These are the male sex hormones.-
layers of the kidney/The inner cortex and the outer Progesterone/Estrogens/Aldosterones/Androgens
medulla/Lower adrenal and upper pararenal sections/The inner
medulla and the outer cortex Answer: 4. Androgens

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Dipesh Naha (MSC in Zoology)

Question30. Hormones are released by-Endocrine glands/ Question39. When an adolescent’s facial hair starts growing, or
Heterocrine glands/Apocrine glands/Both 1 and 2 acne develops, or breasts start to grow, or the genitals start to
change, which organ in the body are these changes directly
Answer: 4. Both 1 and 2 caused by?-The hypothalamus/The adrenal glands/The
brain/The ovaries or testicles
Question31. The produces the hormone melatonin.-Pituitary
gland/Pineal gland/Thyroid gland/Parathyroid gland Answer: 4. The ovaries or testicles

Answer: 2. Pineal gland Question40. A man suddenly sees a tiger. His heart beat goes
up, his blood pressure increases, etc. Which hormone is released
Question32. When a hormone name ends in “tropic,” what does at this time in the body?-Corticoid/Parathormone/
this mean?-The hormone stimulates the metabolism of the cell it Adrenaline/Thyroxine
contacts/It means the hormone affects another “target”
endocrine gland/It means it is a posterior pituitary hormone/The Answer: 2. Parathormone
hormone is self-destructive in nature
Question41. Muscle growth during puberty occurs-Only in
Answer: 2. It means the hormone affects another “target” males/Only in females/In both genders/In none of the genders
endocrine gland
Answer: 1. Only in males
Question33. Which endocrine glands are stimulated?-Thyroid/
Testes/ovaries/Adrenal medulla/Pituitary Question42. A late development in the pubertal sequence of
females is-Breast development/Growth of pubic
Answer: 2. Testes/ovaries hair/Menarche/Oogenesis

Question34. Exophthalmos of the eyes is a characteristic sign Answer: 3. Menarche

of-Myxedema/Cretinism/Graves’ disease/Dwarfism
Question43. The possible causes of eating disorders among
Answer: 3. Graves’ disease adolescents include all of the following except-Lack of control
over attractions to certain food/Genetic predispositions/Family
Question35. A “moon face,” and heavy fat deposition over the dysfunction/All of these
scapula, “buffalo hump” suggests that a person has chronically
high levels of-Insulin/GH/Cortisol/Epinephrine Answer: 1. Lack of control over attractions to certain food

Answer: 3. Cortisol Question44. Which of the following endocrine glands does 49?
Not occur as a pair in the human body?-
Question36. The development of primary sex characteristics is Adrenal/Pituitary/Testis/Ovary
evidenced by-A rapid change in height and weight/Growth and
development of the ovaries/Growth and development of the Answer: 2. Pituitary
breasts/Modulation of voice
Question45. While adolescence is naturally a very healthy 50.
Answer: 3. Growth and development of the breasts Period of life, many adolescents experience health problems due
to-Genetic defects/Hormonal dysfunction/Lifestyle choices/
Question37. As opposed to primary sexual characteristics, Immature brain development
changes in secondary sexual characteristics are mostly evident
changes in-Reproductive capacity/The skeletal system/External Answer: 3. Lifestyle choices
appearance/Endocrine system
Question46. Which group of adolescents evidence the highest
Answer: 3. External appearance rates of drug and alcohol use in early adolescence?-Late
maturing males/Average maturing males/Early maturing
Question38. If an adolescent was exposed to an external males/None of these
stimulus that artificially raised the level of sex hormones in the
body, how would the hypothalamus likely to respond?-By Answer: 3. Early-maturing males
changing the instructions it sends to the pituitary gland/By
altering the instructions it sends to the gonads/By ignoring the Question47. Which one is a mixed gland?-Kidney/Thyroid/
artificial levels of sex hormones in the body/Becoming dormant Sweat/Pancreas

Answer: 1. By changing the instructions it sends to the pituitary Answer: 4. Pancreas

gland

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Dipesh Naha (MSC in Zoology)

Question48. Which hormone(s) is/are known as the fright and Answer: Adolescence
flight hormone?-Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline/Oxytocin and
vasopressin/TSH and ACTH/Insulin and glucagon Question9. The word ‘adolescence’ comes from the Latin word
_________ which means ‘to grow’.
Answer: 1. Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline
Answer: Adolescere
Question49. The chemical structure of a hormone enables it to
combine with a receptor in the cells of its-Target/ Question10. _________ is the time in which a child’s sexual
Gland/Organ/All of these and physical characteristics mature.

Answer: 1. Target Answer: Puberty

Question50. Life skill education is needed for-Early Question11. During puberty, various endocrine glands produce
identification and intervention of problem/Development of _________ that cause body changes
psycho-social capacity/Building self-image/All of these
and the development of secondary sex characteristics.
Answer: 4. All of these
Answer: Hormones
Question1. Acromegaly and gigantism are the results of
_________ of growth hormone. Question12. Hormones are _________ messengers secreted into
the blood.
Answer: Hypersecretion
Answer: Chemical
Question2. The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the
_________. Question13. A given hormone usually affects only a _________
limited number of cells, which are called cells.
Answer: Thyroid
Answer: Target
Question3. Alpha islet cells of the pancreas produce _________,
an extremely potent hyperglycemic hormone. Question14. A target cell responds to a hormone because it
bears _________ for the hormone.
Answer: Glucagon
Answer: Receptors
Question4. The _________ gland may influence our day/ night
cycles and even regulate the onset of sexual maturity. Question15. The endocrine system is composed of _________
glands.
Answer: Pineal
Answer: Ductless
Question5. The _________ gland is especially large in early
childhood; then declines in size and function with age. Question16. Nerve cells in the control the pituitary gland by
producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone
Answer: Thymus secretions from the pituitary.

Question6. Hypersecretion of growth hormone after epiphyseal Answer: Hypothalamus

plate closure can result in a condition called _________
Question17. The pituitary is often called the _________
Answer: Acromegaly because it makes hormones that control several other endocrine
glands.
Question7. As a result of stress the adenohypophysis releases
which stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal Answer: Master gland
_________ cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood
sugar and begin breaking down fats. Question18. The tiny _________ gland is divided into two parts:
the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe.
Answer: ACTH
Answer: Pituitary
Question8. _________ describes the teenage years between 13
and 19 and can be considered the transitional stage from Question19. _________ is referred to as vasopressin, this
childhood to adulthood. hormone helps to regulate water balance in the body.

Answer: ADH
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Question20. _________ gland secretes melatonin, a hormone Question31. Who identifies _________ as the period in human
that may help regulate the wake-sleep cycle. growth and development that occurs after childhood and before
adulthood, from ages 10 to l9.
Answer: Pineal
Answer: Adolescence
Question21. The _________ located in the front part of the
lower neck, is shaped like a bow tie or butterfly and produces Question32. Adolescence is a time of rapid change and many
the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. challenges as young people transition from childhood to
_________.
Answer: Thyroid
Answer: Adulthood
Question22. The body has two triangular adrenal glands, one on
top of each _________. Question33. _________ adolescence extends roughly from
12/13 to 16 / 17 years.
Answer: Kindly
Answer: Early
Question23. The inner part, the _________ produces
catecholamines, such as epinephrine. Question34. _________ adolescence covers the period from 17
years to 18 / 19 years.
Answer: Adrenal medulla
Answer: Late
Question24. The pancreas produces two important hormones,
insulin and _________. Question1. What is adolescence?

Answer: Glucagon Answer: Adolescence describes the teenage years between 13

and 19 and can be considered the transitional stage from
Question25. The _________ are the main source of sex childhood to adulthood.
hormones.
Question2. Write the origin of the word ‘adolescence’.
Answer: Gonads
Answer: The word ‘adolescence’ comes from the Latin word
Question26. The female gonads, _________ are located in the ‘adolescence’ which means ‘to grow’.
pelvis.
Question3. What is puberty?
Answer: Ovaries
Answer: Puberty is the time in which a child’s sexual and
Question27. _________ is a disorder in which the anterior physical characteristics mature.
pituitary produces too much growth hormone (GH).
Question4. What is the main reason behind puberty?
Answer: Acromegaly
Answer: During puberty, various endocrine glands produce
Question28. _________ is an autoimmune disorder in which hormones that cause body changes and the development of
specific antibodies produced by the immune system stimulate secondary sex characteristics.
the thyroid gland to become overactive.
Question5. What are hormones?
Answer: Graves’ diseases
Answer: Hormones are chemical messengers secreted into the
Question29. Diabetes _________ is a disorder in which the blood or extracellular fluid by one cell that affect the
body’s cells cannot absorb glucose, either because the pancreas functioning of other cells.
does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond to
the effects of insulin that are produced. Question6. What is meant by target cells of hormones?

Answer: Mellitus Answer: A given hormone usually affects only a limited number
of cells, which are called target cells.
Question30. Excessive amounts of glucocorticoid hormones in
the body can lead to _________ syndrome. Question7. How does a target cell response to a hormone?

Answer: Cushing Answer: A target cell responds to a hormone because it bears

receptors for the hormone.
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Question8. What are endocrine glands? Answer: Thyroxin.

Answer: Endocrine glands: Question21. Which hormone stimulates the adrenal gland?

Glands that do not have tubes. They secrete hormones. Answer: ACTH.
Example- the pituitary gland.
Question22. Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland?
Question9. What are exocrine glands?
Answer: TSH.
Answer: Glands that have ducts are called exocrine glands.
They generally secrete enzymes. Example- salivary gland. Question23. Name a hormone produced by the testes.

Question10. Why endocrine responses are generally slow? Answer: Testosterone.

Answer: Endocrine responses are slow because hormones must Question24. Which hormone helps in the regulation of blood
travel through the blood to reach their target organs. pressure?

Question11. Name two mixed glands, other than the pancreas. Answer: Vasopressin.

Answer: Testes and ovaries are mixed glands. Question25. Deficiency of which hormone causes an increase in
blood glucose level?
Question12. Which endocrine gland is situated above the
kidney? Answer: Insulin.

Answer: Adrenal (Hence it is also known as supra renal gland). Question26. Name the hormone antagonistic to insulin.

Question13. Which hormone has iodine as its component? Answer: Glucagon.

Answer: Thyroxin Question27. What is hyperglycemia?

Question14. Deficiency of which hormone causes diabetes Answer: Increase in blood glucose level.
insipid?
Question28. Name a local hormone.
Answer: Antidiuretic hormone or ADH.
Answer: Gastrin, secreted from the stomach.
Question15. Deficiency of which hormone causes diabetes
mellitus? Question29. Which hormone helps in milk secretion?

Answer: Insulin. Answer: Prolactin.

Question16. Which endocrine gland is considered a master Question30. Name two steroid hormones.
gland?
Answer: Estrogen and progesterone.
Answer: Pituitary.
Question31. What is the other name for pituitary?
Question17. Deficiency of which hormone causes cretinism?
Answer: Hypophysis.
Answer: Thyroxin.
Question32. What causes tetany?
Question18. Deficiency of which hormone causes dwarfism?
Answer:Tetany:
Answer: Somatotrophic hormone or STH.
Deficiency of parathormone.
Question19. Excess of which hormone causes gigantism?
Question33. Which endocrine gland produces gonadotrophic
Answer: Somatotrophic hormone or STH. hormones?

Question20. Hyper-function of which hormone causes Answer: Anterior part of the pituitary.
exophthalmic goiter?

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Question34. Which hormone is considered an emergency Answer: Uncontrolled burning of crackers Excessive honking
hormone? Drug addiction etc.

Answer: Adrenalin. Question1. What is adolescence?

Question35. What causes pimples and acne? Answer: Adolescence describes the teenage years between 13
and 19 and can be considered the transitional stage from
Answer: Hormonal changes. childhood to adulthood.

Question36. State a symptom of fear. However, the physical and psychological changes that occur in
adolescence can start earlier, during the preteen years (ages 9
Answer: Palpitation. through 12)t Adolescence can be a time of both disorientation
and discovery.
Question37. Which education helps in decision-making, critical
thinking, etc? Question2. Distinguish between the terms ‘puberty’ and
‘adolescence’.
Answer: Skill education.
Answer: Distinguish between the terms ‘puberty’ and
Question38. What is emotion management? ‘adolescence’:
Answer: Emotion management: Puberty is the time in which a child’s sexual and physical
characteristics mature. It occurs due to hormone changes.
Identifying our emotions and learning to express them.
Adolescence is the period between puberty and adulthood.
Question39. Name the smallest endocrine gland of the human
Puberty is a period of physical transition; adolescence is about a
body.
psychological and social transition.
Answer: Pineal body is attached to the roof of the third ventricle
Puberty is the process of physical changes by which adolescents
of the brain.
reach sexual maturity, i.e. become capable of reproduction.
Question40. What do you mean by life skill education?
Question3. How do hormones act in our bodies? Which of the
Answer: Life skill education is a special behavior that helps us two has a smaller voice box: grown-up boys or grown-up girls?
to face various needs and challenges boldly.
Answer: Most hormones circulate in the blood, coming into
Question41. Name the hormone which develops secondary contact with essentially all cells. However, a given hormone
sexual characteristics : usually affects only a limited number of cells, which are called
target cells. A target cell responds to a hormone because it bears
Answer: In females (girls)- Estrogen receptors for the hormone.-Estrogen and Testosterone

In males (boys)- Testosterone Grown-up girls.

Question42. Which of the two has a smaller voice box: grown- Question4. Mention a few feelings associated with adolescence.
up boys or grown-up girls?
Answer: Fear, anger, crying, depression, offense, etc.
Answer: Grown-up girls.
Question5. What do you mean by emotion management?
Question43. Mention a few feelings associated with
adolescence. Answer: Emotion management refers to controlling the
uncontrolled expression of happiness, anger, or sorrow which
Answer: Fear, anger, crying, depression, offense, etc. would otherwise affect our physical and mental health.

Question44. What do you mean by emotion management? Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Answer: Emotion management refers to controlling the Locate and give one function of the following endocrine glands
uncontrolled expression of happiness, anger, or sorrow which in man:
would otherwise affect our physical and mental health.
Thyroid,
Question45. Mention a few examples of risky behaviors
associated with the adolescent period. Adrenal gland.
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Thyroid: Location—On either side of the upper border of the Question10. Name a hormone secreted by each of the glands
trachea, just below the larynx. adrenal, testis, and ovaries, and mention one important function
of each of these hormones.
Function—It secretes thyroxine which increases BMR by
stimulating the metabolism of carbohydrates, fat, and protein in Answer: Adrenaline—It increases the metabolic rate of the body.
the body. Testis—Its hormone is testosterone which causes the growth of
accessory sex organs and the development of secondary sex
Adrenal gland: Location-On the upper pole of each kidney. characteristics in males.

Function—It secretes corticoid and catecholamine hormones Ovary—It’s one hormone is estrogen which causes the growth
which control the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, fat, of accessory sex organs and the development of secondary sex
mineral, and water and also help to fight against stress. characteristics in females.

Question6. Name the hormones secreted by the posterior Question11. What is diabetes mellitus?
pituitary.
Answer: A disorder in which the body’s cells cannot absorb
Answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin and glucose, either because the pancreas does not produce enough
Oxytocin. insulin or the cells do not respond to the effects of insulin that
are produced in the body.
Question7. Name two hormones secreted by the anterior
pituitary gland in man. Question12. Which hormone is called emergency hormone and
why?
Answer: ACTH or Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Answer: The adrenal medullary hormone adrenaline is called
TSH or Thyroid stimulating hormone. emergency hormone because it helps the body to fight against
(or to adjust to) emergency conditions by increasing circulation
Question8. 1. What is glucagon? 2. From which gland and and respiration along with the activity of skeletal muscles, eyes,
which cells is it secreted? 3. What is its function? etc.
Answer: Glucagon is a polypeptide hormone. Question13. Differentiate between Exocrine Gland and
Endocrine Glands.
It is secreted from the pancreas gland.
Answer:
Functions of glucagon—

It stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver to add glucose to blood

i.e., it increases blood sugar levels,

It stimulates neo-glucogenesis in the liver to convert amino

acids to glucose and glycogen.

Question9. 1. What do you mean by master gland? 2. Where is

it situated in the human body? 3. Mention the different parts, 4.
Name two trophic animal hormones.

Answer: The master gland means the pituitary gland.

It is situated at the base of the brain, within a cup-shaped cavity

of sphenoid bone called sella turcica.

The pituitary gland has two main parts—

anterior pituitary

posterior pituitary

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid stimulating

hormone (TSH).

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Question15. Which hormones are responsible for the changes in

human bodies in the adolescent period?

Answer: The rise in the level of sex hormones is responsible for

the changes in the bodies of adolescent boys and girls at puberty.

The tastes make the male sex hormones called testosterone. The
ovaries make female sex hormones called estrogen. The
production of these sex hormones is under the control of another
hormone called gonadotropic hormone (GTH) secreted by the
pituitary gland.

Question16. People are advised to use iodized salt for cooking

food so as to prevent goiter disease- why?

Answer: People are advised to use iodized salt for cooking food
so as to prevent goiter disease:

The thyroid gland needs a constant supply of iodine in order to

produce thyroxine hormone. This iodine normally comes from
the diet we eat.

Since iodine is necessary for the making of thyroxine hormone,

therefore, a deficiency of iodine in the diet can cause a
deficiency of thyroxine hormone in the body.

The deficiency of thyroxine causes a disease known as goiter.

Iodized salt can provide all the iodine needed by the thyroid
gland to make sufficient thyroxine hormone for our body. Hence
iodized salt prevents goiter disease.

Question17. Gland G is located just below the stomach in the

human body.

Answer: It is a mixed gland that secretes the hormone H.

The deficiency of hormone H in the body causes a disease D in

which the blood sugar level of a person rises too much. What
are G, H, and D?
.
Gland G is the pancreas which is a mixed (heterochrony) gland.
Question14. Differentiate between Anterior Pituitary and Pancreas secretes hormone H called insulin. A deficiency of
Posterior Pituitary. insulin leads to disease D known as Diabetes mellitus.

Answer: Question18. Name the hormones which are responsible for the
following symptoms:

Answer: Unnatural growth of body, growth of bones.

The face becomes rounded by swelling, skin becomes rough and

pale, and wounds take more time to heal.

Swelling of glands, eyes bulge out, body temperature increases.

Gigantism: Hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH).

Cushing syndrome: Hypersecretion of corticosteroids.

Goiter: Hypersecretion of thyroxine.

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Question19. Mention the problem associated with the Answer: Pituitary Gland:
adolescence stage. What are the steps of problem-solving?
Although it is no bigger than a pea, the pituitary gland, located
Answer: The problems of the adolescence stage are: at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus, is
considered the most important part of the endocrine system.
sex problem
It’s often called the “master gland” because it makes hormones
emotional problem that control several other endocrine glands.

social problem including drug abuse Problem solving The production and secretion of pituitary hormones can be
incorporates the identification of the root cause of the problem influenced by factors such as emotions and seasonal changes.
and searching for a suitable way to overcome it.
To accomplish this, the hypothalamus relays information sensed
Four basic steps in problem-solving are: by the brain (such as environmental temperature, light exposure
patterns, and feelings) to the pituitary.
Defining problems
The tiny pituitary gland is divided into two lobes: the anterior
Brainstorming about alternatives lobe and the posterior lobe.
Evaluating and selecting the best alternative The anterior lobe regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals,
and reproductive glands. Among the hormones it produces are:
Implementation of solution.
Growth hormone,
Question1. What is chemical coordination? Why are hormones
called chemical messengers? Name the hormone secreted by the Prolactin
human heart.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),
Answer: Chemical Coordination:-
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
The animal body has two levels of coordination: nervous
coordination and chemical coordination. Luteinizing hormone (LH),

Chemical coordination occurs through the endocrine system by Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
secreting hormones that stimulate or inhibit one or more
physiological processes for the welfare of the body. The other lobe of the pituitary gland is called the posterior
pituitary which controls different physiological functions of the
Chemical coordination aims to maintain the balance of the body, it produces the following two hormones:
internal chemical environment of the body. Hormones are
informational molecules that carry the message of metabolic Oxytocin,
changes from the endocrine glands to the target cells or organs.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin.
Hormones play a major role in maintaining the balance of the
internal chemical environment through their integrated action The pituitary also secretes endorphins, chemicals that act on the
throughout the body. nervous system to reduce sensitivity to pain. In addition, the
pituitary secretes hormones that signal the ovaries and testes to
These are secreted at one part of the body and then transported make sex hormones. The pituitary gland also controls ovulation
by the blood to another part for stimulating or inhibiting one or and the menstrual cycle in women.
more physiological processes.
The posterior lobe of the pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone,
Since the function of the hormone is chemically at sites far away which helps control body water balance through its effect on the
from their places of origin, they are known as chemical kidneys and urine output; and oxytocin, which triggers the
messengers. contractions of the uterus that occur during labor.

The atria of the heart secrete the hormone called Atrial Question3. In a tabular form mention the hormones of the
natriuretic peptide (ANP). anterior pituitary, adrenal gland, and ovary and- state their
functions.
Question2. How many lobes are there in the Pituitary gland?
Name the hormones secreted by it. Answer: Read it yourself from this note.

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Question4. Write notes on gigantism and dwarfism. With the onset of puberty, preteens and teenagers experience
rapid growth and changes in their bodies, develop sexually, and
Answer: Read it yourself from this note. become increasingly aware of their body image.

Question5. Mention the characteristic features of hormones. Teens develop their own morals, values, and self-direction; they
What do you mean by calorigenic hormones? test limits and try on different points of view; they develop a
conscience.
Answer: The general characteristics of hormones are as follows:
Social skills continue to develop and include romantic
Hormones are secreted by ductless endocrine glands directly relationships.
into the blood. These are never stored in any other place of the
animal or human body for future use except the secreting glands. Teens have an increased awareness of self, which can include
feeling self-conscious and fluctuating high or low self-esteem,
Chemically hormones are either proteins or nan proteinous in
nature. Teens continue to develop cognitively, with an increased
capacity for problem-solving, decision-making, and abstract
The secretion of 6f hormones Is regulated by the nervous system thinking;
through a feedback mechanism.
however, their thinking is still more impulsive than adults; for
Most hormones are highly soluble ‘in water ’and are conducted example, the mere presence of peers can encourage them to
freely in the bloodstream. soluble hormones are conducted In a engage in risky behavior.
bound state with transport protein.
Question9. Describe the psychological and cognitive changes
Hormones can not act on the secretory cells ‘from where these occurring during adolescence.
are secreted. They generally act at a Site remote from their place
of production after being transported through the circulatory Answer: Changes during Adolescence:
system.
Physical-Physical changes (e.g., growth spurt and skeletal and
Hormones are destroyed and excreted immediately after their structural changes) are rapid and visually apparent.
functions are over. Thyroid hormones (Thyroxine and
Triiodothyronine) are known as calorigenic hormones because Considerable diversity in physical developmental rates occurs
they increase oxygen uptake and tissue metabolism of the due to genetics, environmental factors, and health issues.
human body.
Distinct gender differences are evident in size, strength, and age
Question6. What are the types of diabetes mellitus? Describe of growth spurt (e.g., girls around age 12 and boys around age
them. 14).

Answer: Read this yourself from this note. Self-esteem changes due to adolescents’ home and school lives.

Question7. What is an anti-diabetic hormone? What happens Preoccupations with the self lead to critical self-examination
due to the hyposecretion of the hormone? What is the full form and subsequently to the formation of self-perceptions.
of ADH?
Argumentative and aggressive behaviors become evident and
Answer: Insulin secreted from the pancreas is known as an often disturb parents and teachers.
antidiabetic hormone. Hyposecretion of insulin leads to
Diabetes mellitus type I. Psychosocial-Friendships form and social interactions increase,
which have the potential for boosting self-esteem and reducing
It used to be called juvenile-onset diabetes because it often anxiety.
begins in childhood. As a result movement of glucose from the
blood to the cell is hampered. Distinct gender differences occur in socialization patterns (e.g.,
females tend to have smaller numbers of close friends and males
The person becomes weak. The functional power of the kidney, tend to have larger “social networks”).
heart, and eye is reduced. ADH stands for Antidiurectic
hormone. Allegiance and affiliation shift from parents and teachers to
friends and peers.
Question8. Write about some of the normal changes going on
for teens. Social tasks and situations are handled without adult supervision
and advice.
Answer: Some of the normal changes going on for teens:
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Cognitive-Higher levels of cognitive functioning (e.g., The denial of this desire often makes them discontented and
reasoning and higher-level thought processes) develop. restless. Drug addiction is a major social problem during
adolescence.
Moral and ethical choices are now possible and often guide
behavior. Drugs are powerful chemicals that when taken into the body
change the functions of the body, influence the mind, and
Development diversity leads to varying abilities to think and therefore, sometimes even change the behavior of the person.
reason.
Adolescent boys and girls should avoid drugs to maintain
Cognitive ability is often affected by overall socialization. physical, mental and social well-being which are necessary to
live a purposeful, fruitful, and satisfying life in this world. Thus,
Perspectives about past, present and future developments that a number of social problems disturb adolescents.
allow enhanced perspectives of time.
Question11. Describe the various aspects of life skill education.
Language and overall verbalization skills increase, allowing
improved communication in both school and home situations. Answer: Various aspects of life skill education:

Question10. Write briefly about the problems of the The various aspects of life skill education are as follows:
adolescence stage.
“Self-awareness c A person needs to identify his/her likes,
Answer: Problems of Adolescence Stage: dislikes, success, and failures and learn to control them,
effectively.
The problems of adolescence may be summarized in the
following manner: Critical thinking involves proper analysis of problems and
behavior.
1. Sex Problems- We have read that all the aspects of
adolescent development are basically conditioned by physical Decision makingiProper decision needs to be taken by
changes. The onset of puberty gives the physical excitement overcoming the confused thinking pattern.
never experienced before.
Creative thinking: A person should participate in various
The adolescent reacting to these experiences is excited, often creative arts like drama, painting, song, or other cultural
without realizing what is happening to him. Some react with activities to gain gradual control over emotions.
pleasure or excitement and some others experience shame,
disgust, confusion, anxiety, and guilt. They may lead to sexual Problem-solving: It encompasses quick identification of the root
maladjustment. cause of the problem and its solution.

2. Emotional Problem- Heightened emotionality is a major Interpersonal communication: A person has to be a patient
problem of adolescence. Adolescents experience excessive listener. Simultaneously a person should also learn to speak and
emotion and they do not have sufficient control over violence. communicate properly.

Excitability and anger may find expression in their destructive Interpersonal relationship: It is important to make good and
form and may lead to law and order problems. The emotion of healthy relationships with family members and friends to
love, suspicion, jealousy, frustration, and revengefulness is very balance personal and working life.
common among adolescents. Thus emotional immaturity is a
major problem in adolescence. Empathy: It is important to treat others’ problems as own one
after a proper .. understanding of others’ feelings.
3. Social Problem- Every society has its own customs and
traditions, which it wants to maintain. Every individual has to Stress management: Areas of mental pressure need to be
follow these social values but often adolescents think all these identified and suitable measures …. should be practiced to
are outdated and they are not willing to obey reduce them.

This leads to conflicts. Physical development has many social Emotion management: It is necessary to control the uncontrolled
implications. Sexual development necessarily includes expressions of happiness, anger, or sorrow that would otherwise
heterosexual orientation and they want to take part in social affect somebody’s health and increase unnecessary mental stress.
activities with the opposite sex.
Question12. Why pancreas or pancreatic gland is called mixed
gland?

Answer:
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Question13. Write difference between hormones and enzymes.

Answer:

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