Hassan II of Morocco

Hassan II (Arabic: ‫الحسن الثاني‬, romanized: al-Ḥasan aṯ-ṯhānī; 9 July 1929 –

23 July 1999) was King of Morocco from 1961 until his death in 1999. A Hassan II
member of the Alawi dynasty, he was the eldest son of King Mohammed V, and
‫الحسن الثاني‬
his second wife Princess Abla bint Tahar. Amir al-Mu'minin

He was named crown prince in 1957 and was the first commander-in-chief of
the Royal Armed Forces. He was enthroned as king in 1961 following his
father's death. His reign was marked by the start of the Western Sahara conflict
and the Sand War, as well as two failed coup attempts against him in 1971 and
in 1972. Hassan's conservative approach reportedly strengthened his rule over
Morocco and the Western Sahara.[1] He was accused of authoritarian practices,
as well as human rights and civil rights abuses, particularly during the Years of
Lead. A truth commission was set up after his death to investigate allegations of
human rights violations during his reign.

Early life and education

Mawlay al-Hassan bin Mohammed
bin Yusef al-Alawi was born on 9
July 1929 at the Dar al-Makhzen in
Rabat, during the French King Hassan II in 1983
protectorate in Morocco, as the King of Morocco
eldest son to Sultan Mohammed V Reign 26 February 1961 –
and his second wife, Lalla Abla bint 23 July 1999
Tahar, as a member of the 'Alawi
Predecessor Mohammed V
dynasty.[2][3][4]
Successor Mohammed VI
He first studied Islamic sciences at
the Dar al-Makhzen in Fez. He then Born 9 July 1929
became a student at the Royal Dar al-Makhzen, Rabat,
Hassan II studying at the Royal College French protectorate in
College in Rabat, where instruction
in 1943 Morocco
was conducted in Arabic and
French and a class was created for Died 23 July 1999 (aged 70)
him. Mehdi Ben Barka was notably his mathematics teacher for four years at Rabat, Morocco
the Royal College.[5][6][7] In June 1948, he obtained his baccalaureate from the Burial Royal Mausoleum, Rabat,
Royal College.[8] Morocco
Spouse Lalla Latifa Amahzoune
Hassan pursued his higher education at the Rabat Institute of Higher Studies, a ​
​(m. 1961)​
department of the University of Bordeaux, from where he received a law
degree in 1951.[9] In 1952, he earned a master's degree in public law from the Issue Princess Lalla Meryem
University of Bordeaux before serving in the French Navy on board the Jeanne Mohammed VI
d'Arc cruiser.[4][10][11][12] He was a doctoral student at the Faculty of Law of Princess Lalla Asma
Bordeaux in 1953, when his family's exile occurred.[13][14] After having Princess Lalla Hasna
ascended the throne, on 25 June 1963, Dean Lajugie presented him with the
Prince Moulay Rachid
insignia of Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Bordeaux.[14]
Names
Hassan bin Mohammed bin Yusef al-Alawi
‫الحسن بن محمد بن يوسف العلوي‬
Arabic ‫الحسن الثاني‬
Dynasty Alawi
 Father Mohammed V
Heir apparent Mother Lalla Abla bint Tahar
Religion Sunni Islam
In 1943, a twelve-year-old Hassan attended the Casablanca Conference at the
Signature
Anfa Hotel along with his father, where he met United States President
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and General Charles
de Gaulle.[15][16] In 1947, he attended his father's speech in what was then the Education Dar al-Makhzen
Tangier International Zone. In the speech, Sultan Mohammed wished for the
Royal College
French and Spanish protectorates and the Tangier International Zone to be
University of Bordeaux
unified into one nation.[17] The speech became a reference for Moroccan
nationalists and anti-colonial movements and later led to Morocco's Military career
independence.[18] Allegiance Morocco
France (1952)
Hassan later claimed that he had "profound resentment" towards the
Service / Royal Moroccan Armed
protectorate and that he felt "deep humiliation" from French colonialism.[19]
branch Forces
Despite paying hommage to Hubert Lyautey, the first resident-general of the
French Navy (1952)
French protectorate, he was highly critical of Lyautey's successors, noting their
"stubborn stupidity" and "total insensitivity".[19][6] Rank Field Marshal
Battles / Rif revolt
Hassan and his family were forced into exile by French authorities on 20 wars
Sand War
August 1953, being deported to Zonza in Corsica. Their deportation led to
October War
protests and further fueled the anti-colonial movement.[17] They moved to the
city of L'Île-Rousse and lived at the Napoléon Bonaparte hotel for five months Western Sahara War
before being transferred to Antsirabe, Madagascar in January 1954.[20][21]
During this time, Mohammed Ben Aarafa was named sultan in Morocco by the French
government.[a][22][23]

Prince Hassan acted as his father's political advisor during their exile. They returned
to Morocco on 16 November 1955.[4][24] He participated with his father in the
February 1956 negotiations for Moroccan independence.[4] Following Morocco's
independence from France, his father named him commander-in-chief of the newly
founded Royal Moroccan Armed Forces in April 1956.[4] The same year, he led army
contingents to victory after defeating rebel militias during the Rif revolt.[25] It was
during his tenure as commander-in-chief that he met General Mohamed
Oufkir,[26][27][4] who became Minister of Defense during his reign.[28] Oufkir would
later suspected of orchestrating a failed coup d'état to kill Hassan in 1972.[29]

After Mohammed V changed the title of the Moroccan sovereign from Sultan to King
in 1957, Hassan was proclaimed Crown Prince on 9 July 1957.[30][31] In this position,
he was the president of the organising committee of the International Meeting at the
monastery of Toumliline in 1957 and gave a welcome speech.[32] Hassan II and his father Sultan
Mohammed V, 1950

Reign
Hassan ascended the throne on 26 February 1961 on his father's death.[4][5][33] His enthronement took place at the Royal Palace of
Rabat on 3 March 1961, and he also inherited the position of prime minister.[10][4]

Domestic policy
In 1962, Hassan and his aides wrote Morocco's first constitution, defining the kingdom as a social and democratic constitutional
monarchy, making Islam the state religion, and creating the title of Amir al-Mu'minin and "supreme representative of the nation"
for the king, whose person was defined as "inviolable and sacred". The constitution also reaffirmed a multi-party political system,
the only one which existed in the Maghreb at that time.[34][5] The constitution provoked strong political protest from the UNFP
and the Istiqlal and other leftist parties that formed the opposition at the time.[35]
 Hassan's reign was infamous for a poor human rights record labeled as "appalling" by
the BBC.[36] It was, however, at its worst during the period from the 1960s to the late
1980s, which was labelled as the "years of lead"[37][38] and saw thousands of
dissidents jailed, killed, exiled or forcibly disappeared. The country would only
become relatively freer by the early 1990s under strong international pressure and
condemnation over its human rights record. Since then, Morocco's human rights
record has improved modestly and improved significantly during the reign of Hassan's
successor Mohammed VI. In 2004, the Equity and Reconciliation Commission was
created by Mohammed to investigate human rights abuses during his father's
Hassan II greeting the public on his way
reign.[39][40]
to Friday prayer in Marrakesh, 1966
Hassan imprisoned many members of the National Union of Popular Forces and
sentenced some party leaders, including Mehdi Ben Barka, to death.[5] A series of
student protests began on 21 March 1965 in Casablanca, and devolved into general riots the following day; the resulting violent
repression led to hundreds of deaths. In the aftermath, on 26 March, Hassan gave a speech that he concluded with: "There is no
greater danger to a country than a so-called intellectual; it would have been better if you had all been illiterate."[5][41][42]

In June, he dissolved parliament and suspended the constitution of 1962, declaring a state of exception that would last more than
five years, in which he ruled Morocco directly; however, he did not completely abolish the mechanisms of parliamentary
democracy.[43][44][5] An alleged report from the U.S. Secretary of State claimed that, during this period, "Hassan [appeared]
obsessed with the preservation of his power rather than with its application toward the resolution of Morocco's multiplying
domestic problems."[35]

In October 1965, Mehdi Ben Barka, a key political opponent and fierce critic of Hassan, was kidnapped and disappeared in
Paris.[5] In Rise and Kill First, Ronen Bergman points to cooperation between the Moroccan authorities and Israel's Mossad in
locating Ben Barka.[45]

In 1990, following riots in Fez, Hassan set up the Consultative Human Rights Council to look into allegations of abuse by the
State.[46] In 1991, he pardoned two thousand prisoners, including political prisoners and people held in secret prisons including in
Tazmamart.[47] In 1998, the first opposition-led government was elected.[48]

During his reign, Morocco was labeled as "partly free" by Freedom House, except for a "not free" ranking in 1992.[49]

Attempted coups d'état

In the early 1970s, Hassan survived two assassination attempts. The first occurred on 10 July 1971 during his forty-second
birthday party at his palace in Skhirat, near Rabat.[50] The attempted coup was carried out by up to 1,400 army cadets from the
Ahermoumou military training academy led by General Mohamed Medbouh and Colonel M'hamed Ababou. Hassan was reported
to have hidden in a bathroom whilst grenades were thrown and rapid shots were fired.[4][5] The rebels also raided and took over
the offices of the RTM, Morocco's state-owned broadcasting company, broadcasting propaganda claiming that the king had been
murdered and that a republic had been founded.[5] Ababou gave orders to rebels through Radio-Maroc, ordering the execution of
everyone in the palace by asking that "dinner be served to everyone by 7 pm" on air.[51] The coup ended the same day when
royalist troops took over the palace in combat against the rebels.[50][52] After firing died down, Hassan ended up face-to-face with
one of the rebel commanders; he reportedly intimidated the leader of the rebel troops by reciting a verse of the Quran, and the
commander knelt and kissed his right hand.[4] An estimated 400 people were killed by rebels during the attempted coup; loyal
troops within the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces under the command of Hassan killed more than 150 and detained 900 people in
connection with the coup.[4][5] It was subsequently claimed by Moroccan authorities that the young cadets had been misled by
senior officers into thinking that they were acting to protect the king.[50][52] Hassan himself had claimed that the coup was
supported by Libya, raising tensions between the two countries.[53][54] The next day, Hassan attended the funerals of royalist
soldiers killed during the attempted coup.[50]

On 16 August 1972, during a second coup attempt, six F-5 military jets from the Royal Moroccan Air Force opened fire on the
king's Boeing 727 while flying at a 3 km (1.9 mi) altitude over Tétouan on the way to Rabat from Barcelona,[55][56] killing eight
people on board and injuring fifty. A bullet hit the fuselage but they failed to take the plane down despite it being badly
damaged.[57][58][5] The military jets were loaded with practice ammunition rather than missiles, severely impacting the coup's
effectiveness.[59] Hassan hurried to the cockpit, took control of the radio, and reportedly shouted: "Stop firing, the tyrant is
dead!";[59][60][4] however, conflicting reports state that he posed as a mechanic and stated that both pilots died and the king was
badly injured, convincing the pilots to stop.[57][55]
220 members of the Air Force were arrested for partaking in the coup plot, 177 of whom were
acquitted, 32 were found guilty, and 11 people were sentenced to death by a military
tribunal.[61][62] After making an emergency landing at Rabat–Salé International Airport, Hassan
escaped to his palace in Shkirat in an unmarked car.[50] Mohamed Amekrane, a colonel
suspected to be a main part of the coup, attempted to flee to Gibraltar; however, his asylum
application was declined and he was sent back to Morocco. He was later sentenced to death by
firing squad.[63][56][62] General Mohamed Oufkir, Morocco's defense minister at the time, was
suspected to have led the coup; he was later found dead from multiple gunshot wounds, with his
death officially determined to be a suicide.[64][29][62] Hassan declared that he "must not place
[his] trust in anyone" after what he perceived as treason from Oufkir.[50] The attempted coups
reportedly reinforced his rule over Morocco.[65]

Foreign policy
Hassan II's damaged Boeing
Hassan's first official foreign visit as King was to 727 after the 1972 coup
attend the 1st Summit of the Non-Aligned attempt
Movement, which took place in September 1961 in
Belgrade.[66][67]

In the Cold War era, Hassan allied Morocco with the West generally, and with the
United States and France in particular. His obituary in The New York Times described
him as "a monarch oriented to the west".[4] There were close and continuing ties
between the royal government and the CIA, who helped to reorganize Morocco's
security forces in 1960.[68] During Hassan's tenure as prime minister, Morocco
Hassan II being interviewed by Hugh
controversially accepted Soviet military aid and made overtures towards Moscow.
Downs for Today on NBC, 1963 During an interview, he stated that "as an Islamic people, [Morocco has] the right to
practice bigamy. We can wed East and West and be faithful to both".[4]

In 1975, he created the Al-Quds Committee, a non-governmental organization aimed to "preserve the Arab-Muslim character" of
Jerusalem. It works on the restoration of mosques and the creation of hospitals and schools in the city.[69][70] The committee also
gives out scholarship to students living in the city, as well as donating equipment to schools and kindergartens.[71][72] Hassan also
admitted Norbert Calmels, a French member of the Holy See and one of his personal friends, to the Academy of the Kingdom of
Morocco. Calmels was responsible for bringing about a rapprochement between Islam and Christianity.[73][74]

Hassan was alleged to have covertly cooperated with the State of Israel and Israeli intelligence.[75][76] In what was termed
Operation Yachin, he negotiated for the migration of over 97,000 Moroccan Jews to Israel from 1961 to 1964 in exchange for
weapons and training for Morocco's security forces and intelligence agencies.[75] The Moroccan Jewish community was
historically among the largest in the Muslim world.[77] In an arrangement financed by the American Hebrew Immigrant Aid
Society (HIAS), Hassan was paid a sum of $500,000 along with $100 for each of the first 50,000 Moroccan Jews to be migrated
to Israel, and $250 for each Jewish emigrant thereafter.[78][79]

Hassan served as a mediator between Arab countries and Israel. In 1977, he served as a key backchannel in peace talks between
Egypt and Israel, hosting secret meetings between Israeli and Egyptian officials; these meetings led to the Egypt–Israel peace
treaty.[75]

According to Shlomo Gazit, during an interview with Yedioth Ahronoth, then-leader of the Military Intelligence Directorate,
Hassan invited Mossad and Shin Bet agents to bug the Casablanca hotel hosting the 1965 Arab League summit to record
conversations of participating Arab leaders. This information was instrumental in Israel's victory in the Six-Day War.[80][75]
Ronen Bergman claimed in his book, Rise And Kill First, that Israeli intelligence then supplied information leading to Mehdi Ben
Barka's capture and assassination.[81] Bergman also alleged that the Moroccan DST and Mossad collaborated in a 1996 plot to
assassinate Osama bin Laden. The plot involved a woman close to bin Laden who was an informant for the DST; however, the
mission was aborted due to rising tensions between Morocco and Israel.[75][82]

Relations with Mauritania remained strained due to Moroccan claims to the entirety of Mauritanian territory, with Morocco only
recognizing Mauritania as a sovereign state in 1969, nearly a decade after the latter's declaration of independence.[83] In 1984, as
a result of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) joining the Organisation of African Unity two years prior, Hassan
declared the suspension of Morocco's membership of the organisation.[84][85] Morocco entered into a diplomatic crisis with
Burkinabé President Thomas Sankara following his decision to recognize the SADR.[86]
Hassan was close to Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran, even hosting him in 1979 when he was exiled.[87]

Armed conflicts
On 14 October 1963, the Sand War was declared as a result of failed negotiations over borders inherited from French colonialism
between Hassan and Algeria's newly elected president Ahmed Ben Bella.[5][88] The war heavily damaged both countries'
economies, and the king ordered his citizens to call off Eid al-Adha festivities in part due to the economic recession caused by the
war.[89] A peace treaty and armistice ended the war on 15 January 1969.[90][88] Hassan later claimed that the war was "stupid and
a real setback".[5]

Hassan sent 11,000 troops, one infantry brigade to Egypt and one armored regiment to Syria during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, in
which six Moroccan troops were captured.[5][91][92] During Hassan's reign, Morocco recovered the Spanish-controlled area of Ifni
in 1969, and gained control of two-thirds of what was formerly Spanish Sahara through the Green March in 1975.[93] The
nationalist Polisario Front subsequently engaged in a war for control of the territory, with support from Algeria, and relations
between the two countries deteriorated further as a result.[94]

Economy
Hassan adopted a market-based economy, where agriculture, tourism, and phosphates mining industries played a major role.[95] In
1967, he launched an irrigation project consisting of over a million hectares of land.[96]

The king eventually came to develop very good relations with parts of the French media and financial elite. In 1988, the contract
for the construction of the Great Mosque of Casablanca, a considerable project in scale, financed through compulsory
contributions, was awarded to a civil engineering firm owned by Francis Bouygues, one of the most powerful businessmen in
France and a personal friend of Hassan's. His image in France was tarnished, however, following the publication in 1990 of Gilles
Perrault's Our Friend the King, describing detention conditions in Tazmamart, the repression of left-wing opponents and
Sahrawis, political assassinations, and the poor socioeconomic conditions in which the majority of Moroccans lived.[97]

On 3 March 1973, Hassan announced a policy of "Moroccanization", in which state-held assets, agricultural lands, and businesses
that were more than fifty percent foreign-owned were taken over and transferred to local companies and businessmen.[98][99][5]
This economic policy affected thousands of businesses, and the proportion of locally-owned industrial businesses in Morocco
immediately increased from 18% to 55%.[5] Two-thirds of the wealth of the "Moroccanized" economy were concentrated in 36
Moroccan families.[5]

In 1988, he also adopted a privatization policy. Beginning in 1993, more than a hundred public companies were privatized.[100] It
was primarily carried out by the king and his advisor, André Azoulay. Subsequently, the French group Accor was able to acquire
six hotels from the Moroccan chain Moussafir and the management of the Jamaï Palace in Fez. This privatization operation
enabled notables close to the Moroccan government to control the most prominent public companies, and French companies to
make a strong comeback in the country's economy. The royal family also acquired the mining group Monagem.[101]

Death and funeral

On 23 July 1999, Hassan was admitted to the CHU Ibn Sina Hospital in Rabat for acute interstitial pneumonitis; at 16:30 (GMT),
he was pronounced dead from a myocardial infarction at the age of 70.[102][103][104]

The Moroccan government ordered forty days of mourning, while entertainment and cultural events were cancelled, and public
institutions and many businesses were closed upon news of the king's death.[105] Several world leaders expressed their
condolences, and days of mourning were also declared in several other countries, the majority being Arab states.[b] He was
succeeded by his eldest son, Mohammed VI, whose enthronement ceremony was held a week later.[109][110]

Hassan was buried on 25 July at the Mausoleum of Mohammed V in Rabat, following an Islamic funeral ceremony.[4] His coffin,
which was covered in a cloth depicting Islamic calligraphy, was carried by his two sons, King Mohammed VI and Prince Moulay
Rachid.[111][112]
Personal life
Hassan was described in an official royal palace biography after his death as "well
versed in the fields of architecture, medicine and technology" and that he gave his
children a "strong commitment to the search for learning and a dedication to uphold
the values of their country and their people".[10] Hassan was fluent in Arabic and
French and spoke "capable English".[4] He often quoted verse 29:46 (Al-Ankabut) of
the Quran.[73]

In 1956, then-prince Hassan began a relationship with French actress Etchika

Choureau, whom he met in Cannes in 1956.[113] The relationship ended in 1961 after
Hassan's ascension to the throne.[114][115] Later that year, on 9 November, he married
Lalla Latifa Amahzoune, an ethnic Zayane and a granddaughter of Berber chief
Mouha ou Hammou Zayani, during a double nuptial ceremony with his brother Prince
Moulay Abdallah.[116][117] Hassan and Amahzoune had five children:

Princess Lalla Meryem (born 26 August 1962); King Hassan II with his son, Crown
King Mohammed VI (born 21 August 1963); Prince Sidi Mohammed, later King
Mohammed VI
Princess Lalla Asma (born 29 September 1965);
Princess Lalla Hasna (born 19 November 1967);
Prince Moulay Rachid (born 20 June 1970).

Honors and decorations

Royal styles of
National orders
King Hassan II of Morocco
Grand Master of the Order of Muhammad
Grand Master of the Order of the Throne
Grand Master of the Order of the Independence
Reference style His Majesty
Grand Master of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite
Grand Master of the Order of Fidelity Spoken style Your Majesty
Grand Master of the Order of Military Merit
Grand Master of the National Order of Merit
Grand Master of the National Order of Prosperity

Foreign orders
Grand Star of the Order of Merit of the Austrian Republic
Grand Collar of the Order of al-Khalifa of Bahrain
Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold of Belgium
Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia
Knight of the Order of the Elephant of Denmark
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile of Egypt
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France
Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer of Greece
Grand Collar of the Order of Pahlavi of Iran
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Two Rivers of Iraq
Knight Grand Cross with Collar of Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali of Jordan
Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great of Kuwait
Extraordinary Grade of the Order of Merit of Lebanon
Grand Cordon of the Order of Idris I of Libya
Grand Cross of the National Order of Mali of Mali
 Grand Cordon of the Order of National Merit of Mauritania
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Special Class of the Order of Oman
Grand Cross of the Order of Pakistan, First Class
Grand Collar of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword of Portugal
Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry of Portugal
Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword of Portugal
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Independence of Qatar
Order of Abdulaziz al Saud of Saudi Arabia, 1st Class
Collar of Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise of Spain (1989)[118]
Collar of the Order of Charles III of Spain
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Two Niles of Sudan
Wissam of the Order of Oumayid of Syria
Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (Sweden)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic of Tunisia
Grand Collar of the Order of the Seventh of November of Tunisia
Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath of the United Kingdom
Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order of the United Kingdom
Collar of the Order of Etihad (Order of the Federation) of UAE
Yugoslav Great Star

Honorary prizes
Honorary Doctorate by Georgetown University (1995)[119]
On 1 November 2022, Hassan was posthumously awarded the Pan-African Prize for his contributions to the
establishment of the African Union and Pan-Africanism.[120][121]

Ancestry
Ancestors of Hassan II of Morocco
8. (=12.) Hassan I of Morocco

4. Yusef of Morocco
9. (=13.) Lalla Oum al-Khair
2. Mohammed V of Morocco

5. Lalla Yacout

1. Hassan II of Morocco
12. (=8.) Hassan I of Morocco

6. Moulay Mohammed Tahar ben Hassan

13. (=9.) Lalla Oum al-Khair
3. Lalla Abla bint Tahar

Bibliography
Hassan II, King of Morocco (1976). Le défi : [mémoires] (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2877242). Paris: Albin
Michel. ISBN 2-226-00317-7. OCLC 2877242 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2877242).
Hassan II, King of Morocco (1993). La mémoire d'un roi : entretiens avec Eric Laurent (https://www.worldcat.org/o
clc/28547610). Éric Laurent. Paris: Plon. ISBN 2-259-02596-X. OCLC 28547610 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/
28547610).
Hassan II, King of Morocco (2000). Le génie de la modération : réflexions sur les vérités de l'islam (https://www.wo
rldcat.org/oclc/45064335). Éric Laurent. Paris: Plon. ISBN 2-259-19321-8. OCLC 45064335 (https://search.worldc
at.org/oclc/45064335).
See also
History of Morocco
List of rulers of Morocco

Notes
a. Mohammed Ben Arafa's title is not recognized by the Moroccan government.
b. The United Arab Emirates[106] declared forty days of mourning and closure of offices for three days; Bahrain[106]
declared seven days of mourning and ordered public offices closed on Saturday; Mauritania[107] declared seven
days of mourning; Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Palestine, Qatar, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen all
declared three days of mourning.[108]

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News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221101210702/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/11/3521
71/ethiopia-awards-pan-african-prize-to-moroccos-late-king-hassan-ii) from the original on 1 November 2022.
Retrieved 2 November 2022.
121. "Ethiopia awards Pan-African Prize to late King Hassan II for his dedication to African emancipation, Pan-
Africanism" (https://northafricapost.com/62251-ethiopia-awards-pan-african-prize-to-late-king-hassan-ii-for-his-ded
ication-to-african-emancipation-pan-africanism.html). The North Africa Post. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20221102072054/https://northafricapost.com/62251-ethiopia-awards-pan-african-prize-to-late-king-hassan-ii-for-
his-dedication-to-african-emancipation-pan-africanism.html) from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved
2 November 2022.

External links
History of Morocco (https://web.archive.org/web/20070329073127/http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/generalities/
history/history.html) (archived 29 March 2007)

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