Na’vi - English Dictionary v. 16.0.

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Compiled by Roland “Tìtstewan” R. S.
www.LearnNavi.org
Last updated: March 26, 2025

This is the authorized and definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul
Frommer for James Cameron’s film, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived
from, Dr. Frommer.
Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintained
throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loan
words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the official
corpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly useful.
Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated after it.
Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates grammatical
categorization: parentheses such as «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»on are
the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots to show
infix positions (for beginners), as in [ˈt·a.ɾ·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii). Transitivity
is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive. Most, if not all
transitive verbs can be used intransitively in the absence of a direct object. Known modal verbs
and verbs known to use modal syntax are marked with vim or vtrm, depending upon transitivity
according to the previous note. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes will be assumed.
Monosyllabic words are not noted for having a single primary stress in the IPA; if an enclitic is
added, the root will be assumed to have primary stress. Note also that variants, where specified,
are subject only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are
several useful appendices that hold further information.
Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary intj. = interjection

+ = leniting morpheme boundary inter. = interrogative
« » = infix morpheme n. = noun
adj. = adjective nfp. = not for people
adp. = adposition num. = number
adv. = adverb ofp. = only for people
conj. = conjunction part. = particle
c.w. = compound word ph. = phrase

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pn. = pronoun prop.n. = proper noun vtrm. = transitive modal verb
vtr. = transitive verb vim. = intransitive modal verb
vin. = intransitive verb sbd. = subordinated

An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are provided,
and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in Estonian, German,
Hungarian, Portugese and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations in other lan-
guages available.

Sources
We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after
the IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictionary
was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early
March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added
as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has
solicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical
Expansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the canon
lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive affixes
that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified semantic
meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:

• PF = Dr. Paul Frommer

• M = The Movie
• JC = James Cameron
• G = The Avatar Games
• C = The Comics
• ASG = The Survival Guide
• PND = Pandorapedia.com

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which are
illegal. However, the plant names and songs approved by Dr. Frommer are included in the dictio-
nary proper names section. James Cameron himself made up many words, which Dr. Frommer
then legalized. Dr. Frommer also legalized a few pronunciation errors made during filming:
these, like oìsss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved words created by other
sources for the Avatar franchise, like the Toruk show by Cirque du Soleil and the Pandora attrac-
tion at Disney World. Other words suggested by the LEP and language community have been
approved as well. These additional sources are indicated as follows: JC for James Cameron, CP
for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney
Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldaña, CM for Carla Meyer, CdS for Cirque du Soleil, D is for Disney (from
Pandora - The World of Avatar) and G for the Avatar Game. LN is for LearnNavi, specified when
the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.

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 Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always use
a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [ʊ]. There is no rule
for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [t͡s·un] or [t͡s·ʊn], but lu is
always [lu], never [lʊ]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [ɛj], [aj], [ɛw],
and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [ɛɪ ̯], [aɪ ̯], [ɛʊ̯], and [aʊ̯]. Concerning
syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions have been split in accordance with
the Maximal Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers can be difficult to differ-
entiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at’.ˈk’ɛ]. Please note the subtle
difference between the characters ’ for ejective, and ˈ for stress.

This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any, let
me know here or by email to titstewan@learnnavi.org, and I will correct them. As for version
number, I’ll change the first digit when there is a big change, .0x0 for a significant, but not large
change and the .00x number for tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for enlightenment.
The Na’vi language is a work in progress, with contributions by many people. Very early on,
the Na’vi Community was graciously invited by Dr. Paul Frommer to participate in the growth of
the language. This rapidly became an international effort, made possible only by the global reach
of the internet. To my knowledge, a constructed language has never evolved in this manner and
the rapid growth and maturing of Na’vi would not have been possible otherwise.
My role in the work of Na’vi is shepherd of the public face of the Na’vi language and support
of its fans. However, I would like to recognize some particular individuals who’s assistance has
been instrumental in the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First of course, is Dr. Paul
Frommer and his monumental effort in creating and expanding this amazing language. Eternal
thanks to Richard Littauer for originally creating this document, with the note that most of his
work is still included here. Thanks also to Tuiq who created the automation tools for the main-
tenance of this dictionary with its translations and variants. Finally, thanks to everyone in the
Learn Na’vi Community who are helping Na’vi to bloom!

- Roland R. S., et alia

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’ [ʔ] (tìftang, Apostrophe, Glottal Stop)

’ä’: [ʔæʔ] P F intj. oops! ’e’insey: [ʔɛ.ˈʔin.sɛj] P F n. drinking gourd (c.w.

’a’aw: [ˈʔa.ʔaw] P F adj. a few, several (for count- from ’e’in pod, gourd and sey cup or bowl
able nouns only) minimally modified from naturally occuring
’ak: [ʔak]̚ P F intj. ow, ouch resources)
’akra: [ˈʔak.̚ ɾa] P F n. soil (fertile) ’efu: [ˈʔ·ɛ.f·u] P F vtr. feel, sense, perceive
’aku: [ˈʔ·a.k·u] P F vtr. remove, take away, take ’eko: [ˈʔ·ɛ.k·o] P F vtr. attack
off ’ekong: [ˈʔɛ.koŋ] P F n. beat (rhythmic)
’al: [ʔ·al] P F vtr. waste ’ekxin: [ʔɛ.ˈk’in] P F adj. tight
’älek: [ˈʔæ.lɛk]̚ P F adj. determined ’ekxinum: [ʔɛ.ˈk’i.nʊm] P F n. degree of tight-
’ali’ä: [ʔa.ˈli.ʔæ] P F n. collar / choker ness, looseness (c.w. from ’ekxin tight and
’ampi: [ˈʔ·am.p·i] P F vtr. touch um loose)
’ana: [ˈʔa.na] P F n. hanging vine ’ekxinumpe: [ʔɛ.ˈk’i.nʊm.pɛ] P F inter. how
’ango: [ˈʔa.ŋo] P F adj. soft (of a sound) tight, loose? (derived from ’ekxinum degree
’anla: [ˈʔ·an.l·a] P F vtr. yearn for of tightness, looseness) variant of pekxinum
’em: [ʔ·ɛm] P F vtr. cook
’änsyem: [ʔæn.ˈsjɛm] P F adj. complete
’emyu: [ˈʔɛm.ju] P F n. cook, cooker (derived
’are: [ˈʔa.ɾɛ] P F n. poncho, cape, shawl
from ’em cook)
’ärìp: [ˈʔ·æ.ɾ·ɪp̚ ] P F vtr. move
’en: [ʔɛn] P F n. guess, informed guess, hunch,
’asap: [ˈʔa.sap̚ ] P F n. sudden shock
intuition
’asap si: [ˈʔa.sap s·i] P F vin. be shocked, be star-
’en si: [ˈʔɛn ˈs·i] P F vin. make an informed guess
tled (derived from ’asap sudden shock)
(derived from ’en guess, informed guess,
’avun: [ˈʔ·a.v·ʊn] P F vtr. save (time, food, etc.) hunch, intuition)
’aw: [ʔaw] P F num. one ’eng: [ʔɛŋ] P F n. beak of a bird or animal
’awkx: [ʔawk’] P F n. cliff ’engeng: [ˈʔɛŋ.ɛŋ] P F adj. level
’awlie: [ʔaw.ˈli.ɛ] P F adv. once (in the past) ’eoio: [ˈʔɛ.o.i.o] P F adj. ceremonious
’awlo: [ˈʔaw.lo] P F adv. once, one time (numer- ’etnaw: [ˈʔɛt̚ .naw] P F n. shoulder
ical, not more than once) ’evan: [ˈʔɛ.van] P F n. boy (colloquial) (derived
’awm: [ʔawm] P F n. camp from ’evengan boy)
’awnìm: [ˈʔ·aw.nɪm] P F vtr. avoid (c.w. from ’eve: [ˈʔɛ.vɛ] P F n. girl (colloquial) (derived
’ì’awn remain, stay and alìm far away, at a from ’evenge girl)
distance) ’eveng: [ˈʔɛ.vɛŋ] P F n. child
’awpo: [ˈʔaw.po] P F pn. one individual ’evengan: [ˈʔɛ.vɛ.ŋan] P F n. boy (derived from
’awsiteng: [ʔaw.si.ˈtɛŋ] P F adv. together (c.w. ’eveng child)
from ’aw one and teng same, equal) ’evenge: [ˈʔɛ.vɛ.ŋɛ] P F n. girl (derived from
’awstengyem: [ʔaw.stɛŋ.ˈj·ɛm] P F vtr. bind / ’eveng child)
bring two or more things together (ii) (c.w. ’evi: [ˈʔɛ.vi] P F n. kid (affectionate form of
from ’awsiteng together and yem put, place) ’eveng) (affectionate form of ’eveng child)
’awve: [ˈʔaw.vɛ] P F adj. first (ordinal) (derived ’ewan: [ˈʔɛ.wan] P F adj. young
from ’aw one) ’ewll: [ˈʔɛ.wḷ] P F n. plant
’e’al: [ˈʔɛ.ʔal] P F adj. worst ’ewrang: [ˈʔɛw.ɾaŋ] P F n. loom
’e’in: [ʔɛ.ˈʔin] P F n. pod, gourd ’eylan: [ˈʔɛj.lan] P F n. friend

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’eylanay: [ʔɛj.la.ˈnaj] P F n. acquaintance (with ’on: [ʔon] P F n. shape, form
the potential for becoming a friend) (derived ’on si: [ˈʔon s·i] P F vin. shape, give shape (to
from ’eylan friend) something) (derived from ’on shape, form)
’eylyong: [ˈʔɛjl.joŋ] P F n. pet (c.w. from ’eylan ’ong: [ʔ·oŋ] P F vin. unfold, blossom
friend and ioang animal, beast) ’onglawn: [ˈʔoŋ.lawn] P F n. exhilaration of first
’eyng: [ʔ·ɛjŋ] P F vin. answer, respond, respond bonding (c.w. from ’ong unfold, blossom and
to lawnol great joy)
’eyt: [ʔɛjt̚ ] P F n. the symbol 8 (not the value ’ongokx: [ˈʔo.ŋok’] P F vin. be born (c.w. from
eight) ’ong unfold, blossom and nokx give birth to)
’i’a: [ˈʔ·iʔ.·a] P F vin. end, conclude ’ongop: [ˈʔo.ŋ·op̚ ] P F vtr. design (c.w. from ’on
’ì’awn: [ʔ·ɪ.ˈʔ·awn] P F vin. remain, stay shape, form and ngop create)
’ia: [ˈʔ·i.·a] P F vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense) ’ongopyu: [ˈʔo.ŋop̚ .ju] P F n. designer (derived
’ìheyu: [ʔɪ.ˈhɛ.ju] P F n. spiral from ’ongop design)
’ìn: [ʔ·ɪn] P F vin. be busy, be occupied ’opin: [ˈʔo.pin] P F n. color
’ìp: [ʔ·ɪp̚ ] P F vin. disappear, vanish, recede from ’opinsung: [ˈʔo.pin.s·ʊŋ] P F vtr. color, color in
view (c.w. from ’opin color and sung add)
’ipu: [ˈʔi.pu] P F adj. humorous, funny, amusing
’opinvultsyìp: [ˈʔo.pin.vul.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. crayon
’it: [ʔit̚ ] P F n. bit, a small amount
(c.w. from ’opin color and vultsyìp stick)
’itan: [ˈʔi.tan] P F n. son
’ora: [ˈʔo.ɾa] P F n. lake
’ite: [ˈʔi.tɛ] P F n. daughter
’oratsyìp: [ˈʔo.ɾa.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. pond, pool (de-
’itetsyìp: [ˈʔi.tɛ.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. little daughter (term
rived from ’ora lake)
of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter)
’otxang: [ʔo.ˈt’aŋ] P F n. musical instrument
’llngo: [ˈʔḷ.ŋo] P F n. hip
(generic term)
’o’: [ʔoʔ] P F adj. bringing fun, exciting
’ok: [ʔok]̚ P F n. remembrance ’rrko: [ˈʔ·ṛ.k·o] P F vin. roll
’okrol: [ʔok.̚ ˈɾol] P F n. history (ancient) (c.w. ’rrpxom: [ˈʔṛ.p’om] P F n. thunder
from ’ok remembrance and rol sing) ’u: [ʔu] P F n. thing (object, fact, abstraction)
’oktrr: [ˈʔok.̚ tṛ] P F n. day of commemoration ’ul: [ʔ·ul] P F vin. increase
(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and trr day) ’umtsa: [ˈʔʊm.t͡sa] P F n. medicine
’okvur: [ʔok.̚ ˈvuɾ] P F n. history (non-ancient) ’uo: [ˈʔu.o] P F pn. something
(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and vur story) ’upe: [ˈʔu.pɛ] P F inter. what (thing) (derived
’om: [ʔom] P F adj. violet, purple, magenta from ’u thing (object, fact, abstraction))
’ompin: [ˈʔom.pin] P F n. violet, purple, magenta ’upxare: [ʔʊ.ˈp’a.ɾɛ] P F n. message
(derived from rimpin yellow) ’ur: [ʔʊɾ] P F n. sight, look, appearance

A [a]

a: [a] P F part. clause-level attributive marker (c.w. from krr time and maw after (time))
afpawng: [a.ˈfpawŋ] P F n. grief variant of mawkrra
afpawng si: [a.ˈfpawŋ s·i] P F vin. grieve (de- akrrta: [a.ˈkṛ.ta] P F conj. since (temporal) (c.w.
rived from afpawng grief ) from krr time and ta from (locative), from
aho: [·a.ˈh·o] P F vin. pray (temporal sense with other time words)) vari-
akrrmaw: [a.ˈkṛ.maw] P F conj. after (temporal) ant of takrra

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akum: [a.ˈkum] P F conj. that (as a result) atxkxe: [at’.ˈk’ɛ] P F n. land
(derived from kum result) this form follows atxkxerel: [at’.ˈk’ɛ.ɾɛl] P F n. map (c.w. from
the result, I.E. ”Poe yawne slolu oer akum, atxkxe land and rel image, picture)
nìftxan lu sevin” (She was so beautiful that I au: [a.ˈu] LA intj. exclamation of consternation
fell in love with her.); see also ’kuma’ au: [ˈa.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)
alaksi: [a.ˈlak.̚ si] P F adj. ready aungia: [a.ˈu.ŋi.a] P F n. sign, omen
alìm: [a.ˈlɪm] P F adv. far away, at a distance awnga: [aw.ˈŋa] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-
(derived from lìm be far) rived from ayoeng we, us (inclusive))
alo: [ˈa.lo] P F n. time, turn, instance, one of a ayfo: [aj.ˈfo] / [ˈaj.fo] P F pn. they (derived from
number of repeated or recurring actions po he, she)
alu: [ˈa.lu] P F conj. that is, in other words (de-
ayla: [aj.ˈla] P F pn. others, the others (animate
rived from lu be, am, is, are) (Used for appo-
or non-animate) (derived from aylahe others,
sitions)
the others (animate or non-animate)) variant
alunta: [a.ˈlun.ta] P F conj. because, from the
of aylahe
reason
aylahe: [aj.ˈla.hɛ] P F pn. others, the others (an-
am’a: [am.ˈʔa] P F n. doubt
imate or non-animate) (derived from lahe
am’ake: [am.ˈʔa.kɛ] P F adj. sure, confident (c.w.
other, else)
from am’a doubt and ke not)
am’aluke: [am.ˈʔa.lu.kɛ] P F adv. without a aynga: [aj.ˈŋa] P F pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived
doubt (derived from am’ake sure, confident) from nga you)
amay: [a.ˈmaj] P F n. brook ayoe: [aj.ˈo.ɛ] P F pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived
apxa: [a.ˈp’a] P F adj. large from oe I, me)
asim: [a.ˈsim] P F adv. nearby, at close range (de- ayoeng: [aj.ˈwɛŋ] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-
rived from sim be near) rived from oeng we two, us two (dual inclu-
asip: [ˈa.sip̚ ] P F n. tall thin mass or pile of some- sive), you and I ) (ayoenga– base for suffixes)
thing; tower aystampe: [aj.ˈstam.pɛ] P F inter. what men (de-
atan: [a.ˈtan] JC n. light rived from tutan man) variant of paystan
atanvi: [a.ˈtan.vi] P F n. light ray, light beam aystepe: [aj.ˈstɛ.pɛ] P F inter. what women (de-
(derived from atan light) rived from tuté woman) variant of payste
atanzaw: [a.ˈtan.zaw] P F n. forked lightning aysupe: [aj.ˈsu.pɛ] P F inter. what people (de-
(c.w. from atan light and swizaw arrow) rived from tute person) variant of paysu
atxar: [a.ˈt’aɾ] P F adj. smell of living animals, as ayu: [a.ˈju] P F n. things (derived from ’u thing
found around a watering hole (object, fact, abstraction)) (never plural u)

Ä [æ]

äie: [æ.ˈi.ɛ] P F n. vision (spiritual) rived from äzan force, compulsion)

äo: [ˈæ.o] P F adp. under, below äzanluke: [æ.ˈzan.lu.kɛ] P F adv. voluntarily,
ätxäle: [æ.ˈt’æ.lɛ] P F n. request without force or compulsion (c.w. from äzan
ätxäle si: [æ.ˈt’æ.lɛ ˈs·i] P F vin. request (with force, compulsion and luke without)
tsnì clause for object) (derived from ätxäle re- äzantu: [æ.ˈzan.tu]
P F n. domineering person;
quest) one who is bossy, authoritarian, or dictatorial
äzan: [æ.ˈzan] P F n. force, compulsion (derived from äzan force, compulsion)
äzan si: [æ.ˈzan s·i] P F vin. force, compel (de-
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E [ɛ]

e: [ɛ] P F intj. oh, ah (interjection of realization) emrey: [ɛm.ˈɾ·ɛj] P F vin. survive

eampin: [ˈɛ.am.pin] P F n. blue, green emza’u: [ɛm.ˈz·a.ʔ·u] P F vtr. pass (a test), over-
ean: [ˈɛ.an] P F adj. blue, green come (derived from za’u come)
ehetx: [ɛ.ˈhɛt’] P F n. excuse eo: [ˈɛ.o] P F adp. before, in front of (place)
ehetx si: [ɛ.ˈhɛt’ s·i] P F vin. make an excuse, eolì’uvi: [ˈɛ.o.lɪ.ʔu.vi] P F n. prefix (derived from
make excuses (derived from ehetx excuse) lì’uvi affix)
ekxan: [ɛ.ˈk’an] P F n. barricade, obstruction ep’ang: [ɛp̚ .ˈʔaŋ] P F adj. complex
ekxan si: [ɛ.ˈk’an s·i] P F vin. exclude, keep out, epxang: [ɛ.ˈp’aŋ] P F n. stone jar used to hold
bar (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc- small toxic arachnid
tion)
etrìp: [ˈɛt̚ .ɾɪp̚ ] P F adj. favorable, auspicious
ekxtxu: [ɛk’.ˈt’u] P F adj. rough (in texture)
ewktswo: [ˈɛwk.̚ t͡swo] P F n. (sense of) taste (de-
eltu: [ˈɛl.tu] P F n. brain
rived from ewku taste (not intentionally))
eltu lefngap: [ˈɛl.tu lɛ.ˈfŋap̚ ] P F,P rr n. computer
ewku: [ˈ·ɛw.k·u] P F vtr. taste (not intentionally)
(derived from eltu brain)
eltu si: [ˈɛl.tu s·i] P F vin. pay attention, quit eyawr: [ɛ.ˈjawɾ] P F adj. correct, right
goofing off (derived from eltu brain) eyawrfya: [ɛ.ˈjawɾ.fja] P F n. right way (of do-
eltur tìtxen si: [ˈɛl.tuɾ tɪ.ˈt’ɛn s·i] P F ph. be inter- ing something), correct path (c.w. from eyawr
esting, intriguing (c.w. from eltu si pay atten- correct, right and fya’o path, way, manner)
tion, quit goofing off and tìtxen awakeness, eyk: [·ɛjk]̚ P F vtr. lead
the state of waking) eyktan: [ˈɛjk.̚ tan] JC n. leader (derived from
eltut heykahaw: [ˈɛl.tut̚ hɛj.ˈk·a.h·aw] P F ph. be eyk lead)
boring, bore eyktanay: [ɛjk.̚ ta.ˈnaj] P F n. deputy, general,
emkä: [ɛm.ˈk·æ] P F vtr. cross (c.w. from emza’u one step down from leader (derived from eyk-
pass (a test), overcome and kä go) tan leader)
emkäfya: [ɛm.ˈkæ.fja] P F n. ford, crossing (c.w. eykyu: [ˈɛjk.̚ ju] P F n. leader (typically tempo-
from emkä cross and fya’o path, way, man- rary, of a small group like a hunting party)
ner) (derived from eyk lead)

F [f] (Fä)

fa: [fa] P F adp. with, by means of (c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come)
fahew: [fa.ˈhɛw] P F n. smell fe’: [fɛʔ] P F adj. bad
fäkä: [fæ.ˈk·æ] P F vin. go up, ascend (c.w. from fe’lup: [ˈfɛʔ.lʊp̚ ] P F adj. tacky, in poor taste (c.w.
fäpa top and kä go) from fe’ bad and lupra style)
faoi: [ˈfa.o.i] P F adj. smooth (in texture) fe’pey: [fɛʔ.ˈp·ɛj] P F vin. feel dread, expect
fäpa: [ˈfæ.pa] P F n. top something bad to happen, fear (with tsnì for
fäpyo: [ˈfæp̚ .jo] P F n. roof (c.w. from fäpa top thing dreaded) (ii) (c.w. from fe’ bad and pey
and yo surface) wait, wait for) (with tsnì for thing dreaded)
fayluta: [faj.ˈlu.ta] P F sbd. these words (contrac- fe’ran: [ˈfɛʔ.ɾan] P F n. flawed nature, some-
tion of fay+lì’u–t a, patientive case) thing ill-conceived or inherently defective
fäza’u: [fæ.ˈz·a.ʔ·u] P F vin. come up, ascend (c.w. from fe’ bad and ran intrinsic character

8
 or nature, essence, constititution; basic nature fìtxan: [fɪ.ˈt’an] P F adv. so, to such an extent
of something resulting from the totality of its (derived from txan much)
properties; often best translated as personal- fìtxon: [fɪ.ˈt’on] P F adv., n. tonight (derived
ity) from txon night)
fe’ranvi: [ˈfɛʔ.ɾan.vi] P F n. blemish, deformity, fkan: [fk·an] P F vin. resemble in a sensory
stain, flawed feature (derived from fe’ran modality, come to the senses as
flawed nature, something ill-conceived or in- fkarut: [ˈfk·a.ɾ·ʊt̚ ] P F vtr. peel
herently defective) fkay: [fkaj] P F adj. hateful
fe’ul: [ˈfɛ.ʔ·ul] P F vin. worsen, get worse (c.w. fkew: [fkɛw] P F adj. mighty
from fe’ bad and ’ul increase) fkeytok: [ˈfkɛj.t·ok]̚ P F vin. exist (contraction
fekem: [ˈfɛ.kɛm] P F n. accident (c.w. from fe’ of kifkeyti tok)
bad and kem thing (action), deed) fkip: [fkip̚ ] P F adp. up among
fekum: [ˈfɛ.kum] P F n. disadvantage, drawback,
fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-
downside (c.w. from fe’ bad and kum result)
specified agent)
fekumnga’: [ˈfɛ.kum.ŋaʔ] P F adj. disadvan-
fkxake: [ˈfk’·a.k·ɛ] P F vin. itch
tageous (derived from fekum disadvantage,
fkxara: [ˈfk’a.ɾa] P F n. stress (mental or emo-
drawback, downside)
tional feeling)
few: [fɛw] P F adp. across, aiming for the oppo-
fkxaranga’: [ˈfk’a.ɾa.ŋaʔ] P F adj. stressful (de-
site side of
rived from fkxara stress (mental or emotional
fewi: [ˈf·ɛ.w·i] P F vtr. chase
feeling))
fewtusok: [ˈfɛw.tu.sok]̚ P F adj. opposite, on the
fkxen: [fk’ɛn] P F n. vegetable (food)
opposite side (derived from few across, aim-
ing for the opposite side of ) (In casual speech, fkxile: [ˈfk’i.lɛ] P F n. bib necklace
fewtsok (ˈfɛw.sok)̚ flä: [fl·æ] P F vin. succeed
fì’u: [fɪ.ˈʔu] P F pn. this (thing) (derived from ’u flawkx: [flawk’] P F n. leather
thing (object, fact, abstraction)) flawm: [flawm] P F n. cheek
fìfya: [fɪ.ˈfja] P F adv. this way, like this (derived flel: [fl·ɛl] P F vtr. trick (someone), fool (some-
from fya’o path, way, manner) one)
fìkem: [fɪ.ˈkɛm] P F pn. this (action) (derived fleltrr: [ˈflɛl.tṛ] P F n. April Fool’s Day (c.w. from
from kem thing (action), deed) flel trick (someone), fool (someone) and trr
fil: [fil] P F n. child’s toy, plaything day)
fìpo: [ˈfɪ.po] P F pn. this one person or thing (de- fleltu: [ˈflɛl.tu] P F n. fool, sucker, mark, someone
rived from po he, she) easily tricked (derived from flel trick (some-
fìtrr: [fɪ.ˈtṛ] P F adv. today (derived from trr one), fool (someone))
day) flew: [flɛw] P F n. throat
fìtsap: [fɪ.ˈt͡sap̚ ] P F adv. each other (c.w. from flì: [flɪ] P F adj. thin (in size, nfp)
fìpo this one person or thing and tsapo that flìnutx: [flɪ.ˈnut’] P F n. thickness (in size) (c.w.
one (for people only)) from flì thin (in size, nfp) and nutx thick (in
fìtseng: [fɪ.ˈt͡sɛŋ] P F adv., n. here, this place (de- size))
rived from tseng place) flrr: [flṛ] P F adj. gentle, mild, tender (people or
fìtsenge: [fɪ.ˈt͡sɛ.ŋɛ] P F adv., n. here, this place things)
(derived from tseng place) fmal: [fm·al] P F vtr. sustain

9
fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to re- way, manner)
port fpivìl: [fpi.ˈvɪl] P F intj. hmm, let’s see, let me
fmawnta: [ˈfmawn.ta] P F sbd. that news (con- think
traction of fmawn–it a) fpom: [fpom] P F n. well-being, peace, happiness
fmetok: [ˈfm·ɛ.t·ok]̚ P F vtr. test fpomron: [fpom.ˈɾon] P F n. health or well-being
fmi: [fm·i] P F vtrm. try, attempt (mental) (c.w. from fpom well-being, peace,
fmokx: [fmok’] P F n. jealousy, envy happiness and ronsem mind)
fmong: [fm·oŋ] P F vtr. steal, rob fpomronga’: [fpom.ˈɾo.ŋaʔ] P F adj. healthy,
fmongyu: [ˈfmoŋ.ju] P F n. thief (derived from healthful (mentally, nfp) (derived from
fmong steal, rob) fpomron health or well-being (mental))
fnan: [fn·an] P F vtr. be good at fpomtokx: [fpom.ˈtok’] P F n. health (physical)
fnawe’: [fna.ˈwɛʔ] P F adj. cowardly (c.w. from fpom well-being, peace, happiness
fnawe’tu: [fna.ˈwɛʔ.tu] P F n. coward (derived and tokx body)
from fnawe’ cowardly) fpomtokxnga’: [fpom.ˈtok.̚ ŋaʔ] P F adj. healthy,
fnel: [fnɛl] P F n. kind, type healthful (physically, nfp) (derived from
fnelan: [ˈfnɛ.lan] P F n. male (derived from fnel fpomtokx health (physical))
kind, type) fpxäkìm: [ˈfp’·æ.k·ɪm] P F vin. enter
fnele: [ˈfnɛ.lɛ] P F n. female (derived from fnel fpxamo: [ˈfp’a.mo] P F adj. terrible, horrible, aw-
kind, type) ful
fnepe: [ˈfnɛ.pɛ] P F inter. which kind (derived fra’u: [ˈfɾa.ʔu] P F pn. everything (derived from
from fnel kind, type) variant of pefnel ’u thing (object, fact, abstraction))
fnetxum: [fnɛ.ˈt’ʊm] P F n. allergen (derived frafya: [ˈfɾa.fja] P F adv. in every way (derived
from txum poison) from fya’o path, way, manner)
fngä’: [fŋ·æʔ] P F vin. relieve oneself; (on Earth) frakrr: [ˈfɾa.kṛ] P F adv. always, all the time (de-
use the restroom, go to the bathroom rived from krr time)
fngä’tseng: [ˈfŋæʔ.t͡sɛŋ] P F n. restroom (on fralo: [ˈfɾa.lo] P F adv. every time, every in-
Earth) (c.w. from fngä’ relieve oneself; (on stance, each time (derived from alo time, turn,
Earth) use the restroom, go to the bathroom instance, one of a number of repeated or recur-
and tseng place) ring actions)
fngap: [fŋap̚ ] P F n. metal frapo: [ˈfɾa.po] P F pn. everyone (derived from
fngo’: [fŋ·oʔ] P F vtr. require, demand po he, she)
fnu: [fn·u] P F vin. quiet, be quiet frato: [ˈfɾa.to] P F part. superlative marker than
fo: [fo] P F pn. they (short plural of ayfo) all
fpak: [fp·ak]̚ P F vin. hold off, suspend action fratrr: [fɾa.ˈtṛ] P F adv. daily, every day (derived
fpap: [fp·ap̚ ] P F vtr. pound from trr day)
fpe’: [fp·ɛʔ] P F vtr. send fratseng: [ˈfɾa.t͡sɛŋ] P F adv. everywhere (de-
fpeio: [fpɛ.ˈi.o] P F n. challenge (ceremonial) rived from tseng place)
fpi+: [fpi] P F adp. for the sake of, for the benefit fratxon: [fɾa.ˈt’on] P F adv. every night (derived
of from txon night)
fpìl: [fp·ɪl] P F vtr. think fraw: [fɾaw] P F pn. everything
fpìlfya: [ˈfpɪl.fja] P F n. thought pattern, way of frawzo: [fɾaw.ˈzo] P F intj. all is well, everything
thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path, is fine or OK (c.w. from fraw everything and

10
 zo be well, be intact, be as it should be, work ftxozä si: [ft’o.ˈzæ s·i] P F vin. celebrate (derived
correctly or as nature intended) from ftxozä celebration, happy occasion)
frìp: [fɾ·ɪp̚ ] P F vtr. bite ftxulì’u: [ft’·u.ˈlɪ.ʔu] P F vin. orate, give speech
frir: [fɾiɾ] P F n. layer (c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word)
frrfen: [ˈf·ṛ.f·ɛn] P F vtr. visit ftxulì’uyu: [ft’u.ˈlɪ.ʔu.ju] P F n. orator, (pub-
frrtu: [ˈfṛ.tu] P F n. guest, visitor (derived from lic) speaker (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give
frrfen visit) speech)
fta: [fta] P F n. knot fu: [fu] P F conj. or
fta si: [fta s·i] P F vin. knot, make or tie a knot fuke: [fu.ˈkɛ] P F conj. or not (c.w. from fu or
(derived from fta knot) and ke not)
ftang: [ft·aŋ] P F vim. stop fula: [ˈfu.la] P F sbd. that (derived from fì’u
ftanglen: [ft·aŋ.ˈl·ɛn] P F vtr. prevent (c.w. from this (thing)) (contraction of fì’u–l a, agentive
ftang stop and len happen, occur) case)
fura: [ˈfu.ɾa] P F sbd. that (derived from fì’u this
ftär: [ftæɾ] P F adj. left (not right)
(thing)) (contraction of fì’u–r a, dative case)
ftärpa: [ˈftæɾ.pa] P F n. left side (c.w. from ftär
furia: [ˈfu.ɾi.a] P F sbd. that (derived from fì’u
left (not right) and pa’o side)
this (thing)) (contraction of fì’u–ri a, topical
ftawnemkrr: [ftaw.ˈnɛm.kṛ] P F n. past (c.w.
case)
from ftem pass by (something) and krr time)
futa: [ˈfu.ta] P F sbd. that (derived from fì’u this
fte: [ftɛ] P F conj. so that, in order to
(thing)) (contraction of fì’u–t a, patientive
fteke: [ˈftɛ.kɛ] P F conj. so that not, lest (c.w. case)
from fte so that, in order to and ke not) (with fwa: [fwa] P F sbd. that (subordinate clause
subjunctive verb in dependant clause) marker) (derived from fì’u this (thing)) (con-
ftem: [ft·ɛm] P F vtr. pass by (something) traction of fì’u a)
ftia: [ft·i.ˈ·a] P F vtr. study fwal: [fw·al] P F vtr. wipe
ftu: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction) fwang: [fwaŋ] P F adj. savory, umami, rich
ftue: [ˈftu.ɛ] P F adj. easy, simple fwefwi: [ˈfw·ɛ.fw·i] P F vin. whistle
ftumfa: [ˈftum.fa] P F adp. out of, from inside fwel: [fwɛl] P F adj. broken
(derived from mìfa inside) fwem: [fwɛm] P F adj. dull, blunt (as a point)
ftuopa: [ˈftu.o.pa] P F adp. from behind fwep: [fwɛp̚ ] P F n. dust (on a surface)
ftxavang: [ˈft’a.vaŋ] P F adj. passionate fwew: [fw·ɛw] P F vtr. look for, seek, search
ftxey: [ft’·ɛj] P F vtr. choose fwi: [fw·i] P F vin. slip, slide
ftxey: [ft’ɛj] P F conj. whether, or fwìng: [fwɪŋ] P F n. humiliation, embarrass-
ftxì: [ft’ɪ] P F n. tongue ment, loss of face
ftxìlor: [ft’ɪ.ˈloɾ] P F adj. delicious, good tast- fwìng si: [fwɪŋ s·i] P F vin. humiliate (derived
ing (c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful, from fwìng humiliation, embarrassment, loss
pleasant to the senses) of face)
ftxìvä’: [ft’ɪ.ˈvæʔ] P F adj. bad tasting (c.w. from fwopx: [fwop’] P F n. dust (in the air) (c.w. from
ftxì tongue and vä’ unpleasant to the senses, fwep dust (on a surface) and pìwopx cloud)
noisome) fwum: [fw·um] P F vin. float (on the surface of
ftxozä: [ft’o.ˈzæ] P F n. celebration, happy occa- a liquid)
sion fya’o: [ˈfja.ʔo] P F n. path, way, manner

11
fyalì’u: [ˈfja.lɪ.ʔu] P F n. adverb (c.w. from fya’o fyel: [fj·ɛl] P F vtr. seal, make impervious
path, way, manner and lì’u word) fyeng: [fjɛŋ] P F adj. steep
fyan: [fjan] P F n. constructed device for keeping fyengkekin: [ˈfjɛŋ.kɛ.kin] P F intj. no need to use
something off the ground and clean honorific language (c.w. from lì’fyeng hon-
fyanyì: [ˈfjan.jɪ] P F n. shelf (for keeping things orific language and kelkin unnecessary)
off the ground) (c.w. from fyan constructed fyep: [fj·ɛp̚ ] P F vtr. hold in the hand, grasp, grip
device for keeping something off the ground fyeyn: [fjɛjn] P F adj. ripe, mature, adult
and clean and yì shelf, ledge, level, step, rung) fyeyntu: [ˈfjɛjn.tu] P F n. adult person (derived
fyanyo: [ˈfjan.jo] P F n. table, elevated utilitar- from fyeyn ripe, mature, adult)
ian surface (c.w. from fyan constructed de- fyin: [fjin] P F adj. simple (not complex)
vice for keeping something off the ground and fyinep’ang: [fjin.ɛp̚ .ˈʔaŋ] P F n. degree of com-
clean and yo surface) Note: colloquially, yo plexity (c.w. from fyin simple (not complex)
can be used in place of fyanyo. and ep’ang complex)
fyape: [ˈfja.pɛ] P F inter. how (derived from fyinep’angpe: [fjin.ɛp̚ .ˈʔaŋ.pɛ] P F inter. how
fya’o path, way, manner) variant of pefya complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree of
fyawìntxu: [fja.w·ɪn.ˈt’·u] P F vin. guide (with complexity) variant of pefyinep’ang
dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o path, fyìp: [fjɪp̚ ] P F n. tendril, tentacle
way, manner and wìntxu show) (with dative fyole: [ˈfjo.lɛ] P F adj. sublime, beyond perfection
of thing guided) fyolup: [ˈfjo.lʊp̚ ] P F adj. exquisite, sublime in
fyawìntxuyu: [fja.wɪn.ˈt’u.ju] P F n. guide (de- style (c.w. from fyole sublime, beyond per-
rived from fyawìntxu guide (with dative of fection and lupra style)
thing guided)) fyufye: [ˈfj·ʊ.fj·ɛ] P F vin. splash

H [h] (Hä)

ha: [ha] P F conj. so, in that case hapxìtu: [ha.ˈp’ɪ.tu] P F n. member (derived
ha’: [h·aʔ] P F vin. fit, suit, complement, inher- from hapxì part)
ently enhance hasa’: [ha.ˈsaʔ] P F n. orphan
ha’ngir: [haʔ.ˈŋiɾ] P F n. afternoon hasey: [ha.ˈsɛj] P F adj. done, finished
hafyon: [ha.ˈfjon] P F n. wisdom hasey si: [ha.ˈsɛj ˈs·i] P F vin. accomplish, bring
hafyonga’: [ha.ˈfjo.ŋaʔ] P F adj. wise (nfp) (de- to a conclusion (derived from hasey done, fin-
rived from hafyon wisdom) ished)
hahaw: [ˈh·a.h·aw] P F vin. sleep haway: [ˈha.waj] P F n. lullaby
ham: [ham] P F adj. previous hawl: [h·awl] P F vtr. prepare
hamalo: [ha.ˈma.lo] P F adv. last time (c.w. from hawmpam: [ˈhawm.pam] P F n. noise. sound
ham previous and alo time, turn, instance, one that is excessive, unnecessary, inappropriate,
of a number of repeated or recurring actions) unexpected or startling (c.w. from hawng
han: [h·an] P F vtr. lose (to not gain/keep) overabundance and pam sound)
hän: [hæn] P F n. net, web hawng: [hawŋ] P F n. overabundance
hangham: [ˈh·aŋ.h·am] P F vin. laugh hawngkrr: [ˈhawŋ.kṛ] P F adv. late (c.w. from
hangvur: [ˈhaŋ.vuɾ] P F n. joke, funny story hawng overabundance and trr day)
(c.w. from hangham laugh and vur story) hawntsyokx: [hawn.ˈt͡sjok’] P F n. glove (c.w.
hapxì: [ha.ˈp’ɪ] P F n. part from hawnu protect, shelter and tsyokx

12
 hand) hì’ang: [ˈhɪ.ʔaŋ] P F n. insect (c.w. from hì’i
hawntu: [ˈhawn.tu] P F n. one under someone’s small, little (in size) and ioang animal, beast)
protection (derived from hawnu protect, shel- hì’i: [ˈhɪ.ʔi] P F adj. small, little (in size)
ter) hifwo: [ˈh·i.fw·o] P F vin. flee, escape
hawnu: [ˈh·aw.n·u] P F vtr. protect, shelter hìkrr: [ˈhɪ.kṛ] P F n. second, very short time (c.w.
hawnven: [hawn.ˈvɛn] P F n. shoe (c.w. from from hì’i small, little (in size) and krr time)
hawnu protect, shelter and venu foot) hìm: [hɪm] P F adj. small (in quantity)
hawre’: [haw.ˈɾɛʔ] P F n. hat (c.w. from hawnu hìmpxì: [hɪm.ˈp’ɪ] P F n. minority, least, small
protect, shelter and re’o head) part (derived from hìm small (in quantity))
hawtsyìp: [ˈhaw.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. nap (derived from hìmtxampe: [hɪm.ˈt’am.pɛ] P F inter. how much
hahaw sleep) (derived from hìmtxan amount) variant of
hay: [haj] P F adj. next pìmtxan
hayalo: [ha.ˈja.lo] P F adv. next time (c.w. from hìmtxan: [hɪm.ˈt’an] P F n. amount (c.w. from
hay next and alo time, turn, instance, one of hìm small (in quantity) and txan much)
a number of repeated or recurring actions) hìmtxew: [hɪm.ˈt’ɛw] P F n. minimum (c.w.
hayalovay: [ha.ˈja.lo.vaj] P F intj. until next from hìm small (in quantity) and txew edge,
time (derived from hayalo next time) brink, limit, border, end)
he’a: [ˈh·ɛ.ʔ·a] P F vin. cough hìmtxewvay: [hɪm.ˈt’ɛw.vaj] P F adv. mini-
hefi: [ˈh·ɛ.f·i] P F vtr. smell (not intentionally) mally (derived from hìmtxew minimum)
hefitswo: [ˈhɛ.fi.t͡swo] P F n. (sense of) smell (de- hìno: [hɪ.ˈno] P F adj. fine, detailed, precise, in-
rived from hefi smell (not intentionally)) tricate (of things)
hek: [h·ɛk]̚ P F vin. be curious, odd, strange, un- hìpey: [ˈhɪ.p·ɛj] P F vin. hesitate, hold back for a
expected short time (c.w. from hì’i small, little (in size)
hena: [ˈh·ɛ.n·a] P F vtr. carry and pey wait, wait for)
henga: [ˈhɛ.ŋa] P F n. formally polite behavior hipx: [h·ip’] P F vtr. control
henga si: [ˈhɛ.ŋa s·i] P F vin. act in a formally hìtxoa: [hɪ.ˈt’o.a] P F intj. excuse me (small apol-
polite or honorific way (derived from henga ogy) (c.w. from hì’i small, little (in size) and
formally polite behavior) txoa forgiveness)
hermeyp: [hɛɾ.ˈmɛjp̚ ] P F n. snow flurry (c.w. hiup: [ˈh·i.·ʊp̚ ] P F vtr. spit, spit out
from herwì snow and meyp weak) hiyìk: [ˈhi.jɪk]̚ P F adj. funny, strange
hertxayo: [ˈhɛɾ.t’a.jo] P F n. snow field (c.w. hoan: [ˈho.an] P F n. comfort
from herwì snow and txayo field, open ter- hoet: [ˈho.ɛt̚ ] P F adj. vast, broad, expansive
rain, plain) hol: [hol] P F adj. few
herwì: [ˈhɛɾ.wɪ] P F n. snow holpxay: [hol.ˈp’aj] P F n. number (c.w. from
herwìva: [ˈhɛɾ.wɪ.va] P F n. snowflake (derived hol few and pxay many (can be used on sin-
from herwì snow) gular and plural nouns))
hewne: [ˈhɛw.nɛ] P F adj. soft (of an object) holpxaype: [hol.ˈp’aj.pɛ] P F inter. how many
heyn: [h·ɛjn] P F vin. sit (derived from holpxay number) variant of
heynyì: [hɛjn.jɪ] P F n. lap, the flat surface cre- polpxay
ated when sitting (c.w. from heyn sit and yì hona: [ˈho.na] P F adj. endearing, adorable, cute
shelf, ledge, level, step, rung) horenleykekyu: [ho.ˌɾɛn.lɛj.ˈkɛk.̚ ju] P F n. law
heyr: [hɛjɾ] P F n. chest enforcer, police officer (c.w. from koren rule,

13
 guideline and leykek enforce) hultstxem: [h·ʊl.ˈt͡st’·ɛm] P F vtr. hinder
hrrap: [ˈhṛ.ap̚ ] P F n. danger hum: [h·ʊm] P F vin. leave, depart
hu: [hu] P F adp. with (accompaniment)
hupx: [h·up’] P F vtr. miss, not hit a target
hufwa: [hu.ˈfwa] P F conj. although, though
hufwe: [hu.ˈfwɛ] P F n. wind huru: [ˈhu.ɾu] P F n. cooking pot
hufwetsyìp: [hu.ˈfwɛ.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. breeze, light huta: [ˈhu.ta] P F adj. unexpected (usually for
wind (derived from hufwe wind) positive outcomes)

I [i]

i’en: [ˈiʔ.ɛn] JC n. stringed instrument ing of mystery or incomprehension and tsim

ikut: [ˈi.kʊt̚ ] P F n. large pestle (grinding tool); source)
meal-mashing pole ingyentsyìp: [ˈiŋ.jɛn.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. trick, sleight
il: [·il] P F vin. bend of hand, clever/special methodology (derived
inan: [·i.ˈn·an] P F vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gain from ingyen feeling of mystery or incompre-
knowledge from sensory input (stress moves hension)
to first syllable with infixation) io: [ˈi.o] P F adp. over, above
inanfya: [i.ˈnan.fja] P F n. sense (means of per- ioang: [i.ˈo.aŋ] P F n. animal, beast
ception) (c.w. from inan read (e.g. the forest), ioi: [i.ˈo.i] P F n. adornment, or ceremonial ap-
gain knowledge from sensory input and fya’o parel (item of)
path, way, manner) ioi säpi: [i.ˈo.i sæ.ˌp·i] P F vin. adorn oneself (de-
ingyen: [ˈiŋ.jɛn] P F n. feeling of mystery or in- rived from ioi si adorn)
comprehension ioi si: [i.ˈo.i s·i] P F vin. adorn (derived from ioi
ingyenga’: [ˈiŋ.jɛ.ŋaʔ] P F adj. mysterious, puz- adornment, or ceremonial apparel (item of))
zling, enigmatic (derived from ingyen feeling ionar: [ˈi.o.naɾ] P F n. banshee rider visor
of mystery or incomprehension) irayo: [i.ˈɾa.jo] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks
ingyentsim: [ˈiŋ.jɛn.t͡sim] P F n. mystery, riddle, irayo si: [i.ˈɾa.jo ˈs·i] P F vin. thank, give thanks
enigma, conundrum (c.w. from ingyen feel- (derived from irayo thank you, thanks)

Ì [ɪ]

ìì: [ɪ:] P F intj. um, er ìley: [ɪ.ˈlɛj] LA intj. war cry

ìlä+: [ˈɪ.læ] / [ɪ.ˈlæ] P F adp. by, via, following, ìlva: [ˈɪl.va] P F n. flake, drop, chip
according to ìpxa: [ɪ.ˈp’a] P F n. fern

K [k] (KeK)

kä: [k·æ] P F vin. go of a sail (derived from kafi sail)

ka: [ka] P F adp. across, covering thoroughly kafiuran: [ˈka.fi.u.ɾan] P F n. sailboat (c.w. from
kä’ärìp: [kæ.ˈʔ·æ.ɾ·ɪp̚ ] P F vtr. push (c.w. from kafi sail and uran boat)
kä go and ’ärìp move) variant of kärìp
kahena: [ka.ˈh·ɛ.n·a] P F vtr. transport (c.w.
kafi: [ˈka.fi] P F n. sail from ka across, covering thoroughly and hena
kafi si: [ˈka.fi s·i] P F vin. to sail, move by means carry)

14
kakan: [ˈka.kan] P F adj. rough (in behavior or from kan aim, to intend; aim, to direct a
treatment) weapon or other object at a target and tseng
kakmokri: [kak.̚ ˈmok.̚ ɾi] P F adj. mute (derived place)
from mokri voice) kanu: [ˈka.nu] P F adj. smart, intelligent (ofp)
kakpam: [kak.̚ ˈpam] P F adj. deaf (derived from käpxì: [kæ.ˈp’ɪ] P F n. rear (part or section) (de-
pam sound) rived from hapxì part)
kakrel: [kak.̚ ˈɾɛl] P F adj. blind (derived from rel kar: [k·aɾ] P F vtr. teach
image, picture) kara: [k·a.ˈɾ·a] P F vin., vtr. resist
kalin: [ka.ˈlin] P F adj. sweet to the taste kärìp: [ˈk·æ.ɾ·ɪp̚ ] P F vtr. push variant of kä’ärìp
kalintu: [ka.ˈlin.tu] P F n. sweet person (term of karyu: [ˈkaɾ.ju] P F n. teacher
endearment, less intimate or affectionate than karyunay: [kaɾ.ju.ˈnaj] P F n. apprentice teacher
paskalin) (derived from karyu teacher)
kaltxì: [kal.ˈt’ɪ] P F intj. hello käsatseng: [kæ.ˈsa.t͡sɛŋ] P F adv. out there (c.w.
kaltxì si: [kal.ˈt’ɪ ˈs·i] P F vin. say hello, greet from kä go and tseng place)
(derived from kaltxì hello) käsrìn: [kæ.ˈsɾ·ɪn] P F vtr. lend (c.w. from kä
kalweyaveng: [kal.ˈwɛj.a.vɛŋ] P F n. son of a go and srìn temporarily transfer from one to
bitch (vulgar) (c.w. from kali’weya species of another (rarely used without prefix))
venomous arachnid and ’eveng child)
käteng: [ˈk·æ.tɛŋ] P F vin. spend time with, hang
kam: [kam] P F adp. ago out with
kämakto: [kæ.ˈm·ak.̚ t·o] P F vin. ride out (c.w.
katìng: [ˈka.t·ɪŋ] P F vtr. distribute
from kä go and makto ride)
katir: [ˈka.tiɾ] P F n. rainbow
kame: [ˈk·a.m·ɛ] P F vtr. see, see into, under-
kato: [ˈka.to] P F n. rhythm
stand, know (spiritual sense)
kavan: [ˈk·a.v·an] P F vtr. support (physically)
kämunge: [kæ.ˈm·ʊ.ŋ·ɛ] P F vtr. take (c.w. from
kä go and munge take, bring) kavuk: [ka.ˈvʊk]̚ P F n. treachery
kan: [k·an] P F vtrm. aim, to intend; aim, to di- kavuk si: [ka.ˈvʊk̚ ˈs·i] P F vin. betray (derived
rect a weapon or other object at a target from kavuk treachery)
kan’ìn: [ˈk·an.ʔ·ɪn] P F vtr. focus on, specialize kaw’it: [kaw.ˈʔit̚ ] P F adv. not at all, not a
in, be particularly interested in (c.w. from kan bit (used with ke; see ke kaw’it not...at all in
aim, to intend; aim, to direct a weapon or other phrases) (contraction of ke ’aw and ’it)
object at a target and ’ìn be busy, be occupied) kawkrr: [ˈkaw.kṛ] P F adv. never (contraction
kanfpìl: [ˈk·an.fp·ɪl] P F vin. concentrate, focus of ke ’aw and krr)
one’s attention (c.w. from kan aim, to intend; kawkxan: [kaw.ˈk’an] P F adj. free, unblocked,
aim, to direct a weapon or other object at a unobstructed, clear (contraction of ke ’aw
target and fpìl think) and ekxan)
kangay: [ka.ˈŋaj] P F adj. valid kawl: [kawl] P F adv. hard, diligently
kangay si: [ka.ˈŋaj s·i] P F vin. validate, confirm kawlo: [ˈkaw.lo] P F adv. not once
(derived from kangay valid) kawng: [kawŋ] P F adj. bad, evil
kangkem: [ˈkaŋ.kɛm] P F n. work (colloquial kawngkem: [ˈkawŋ.kɛm] P F n. evil deed, crime
form of tìkangkem) kawnglan: [ˈkawŋ.lan] P F adj. malicious, bad
kanom: [ˈk·a.n·om] P F vtr. acquire, get hearted (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and
kantseng: [ˈkan.t͡sɛŋ] P F n. destination (c.w. txe’lan heart)

15
kawngsar: [ˈkawŋ.s·aɾ] P F vtr. exploit (c.w. and lefpomtokx healthy (physically, ofp))
from kawng bad, evil and sar use) kelha’: [kɛl.ˈhaʔ] P F adj. inappropriate (c.w.
kawngtu: [ˈkawŋ.tu] P F n. bad person, ”bad from ke not and leha’ appropriate, suitable,
guy” (derived from kawng bad, evil) fitting)
kawnomum: [kaw.ˈno.mʊm] P F adj. unknown kelhoan: [kɛl.ˈho.an] P F adj. uncomfortable (de-
(c.w. from ke not and omum know) rived from hoan comfort)
kawtseng: [ˈkaw.t͡sɛŋ] P F adv. nowhere (con- kelkin: [kɛl.ˈkin] P F adj. unnecessary
traction of ke ’aw and tseng) kelku: [ˈkɛl.ku] P F n. home, house
kawtu: [ˈkaw.tu] P F pn. no-one, nobody (con- kelku si: [ˈkɛl.ku ˈs·i] P F vin. live, dwell (derived
traction of ke ’aw and tute) from kelku home, house)
kay: [kaj] P F adp. from now (in the future) kelpxìmrun: [kɛl.ˈp’ɪm.ɾun] P F adj. rare (c.w.
kaym: [kajm] P F n. evening (before twilight), from ke not and lepxìmrun common, often
late afternoon found)
ke: [kɛ] P F adv., part. not kelsar: [kɛl.ˈsaɾ] P F adj. useless, in vain (c.w.
ke’aw: [kɛ.ˈʔaw] P F adj. divided, torn apart, from ke not and lesar useful)
strife-ridden keltrrtrr: [kɛl.ˈtṛ.tṛ] P F adj. unusual (c.w. from
ke’u: [ˈkɛ.ʔu] P F pn. nothing ke not and letrrtrr ordinary)
kea: [ˈkɛ.a] P F adj. no (before a noun) keltsun: [kɛl.ˈt͡sʊn] P F adj. impossible (c.w.
kefpomronga’: [kɛ.fpom.ˈɾo.ŋaʔ] P F adj. un- from ke not and tsun can, be able)
healthy, unhealthful (mentally, nfp) (c.w. kem: [kɛm] P F n. thing (action), deed
from ke not and fpomronga’ healthy, health- kem si: [ˈkɛm ˈs·i] P F vin. do (derived from kem
ful (mentally, nfp)) thing (action), deed)
kefpomtokxnga’: [kɛ.fpom.ˈtok.̚ ŋaʔ] P F adj. kemlì’u: [ˈkɛm.lɪ.ʔu] P F n. verb (c.w. from kem
unhealthy, unhealthful (physically, nfp) (c.w. thing (action), deed and lì’u word)
from ke not and fpomtokxnga’ healthy, kemlì’uvi: [ˈkɛm.lɪ.ʔu.vi] P F n. infix (derived
healthful (physically, nfp)) from kemlì’u verb)
keftxo: [kɛ.ˈft’o] P F adj., intj. unhappy, upset, kempe: [ˈkɛm.pɛ] P F inter. what (action) (de-
”How sad!” rived from kem thing (action), deed) variant
kefyak: [kɛ.ˈfjak]̚ P F,P rr part. isn’t it?, right? of pehem
(contraction of ke fya and srak) kemuia: [kɛ.ˈmu.i.a] P F n. dishonor (c.w. from
kehe: [ˈkɛ.hɛ] P F part., intj. no ke not and meuia honor)
kekem: [ˈkɛ.kɛm] P F pn. no action or activity kemuia si: [kɛ.ˈmu.i.a s·i] P F vin. dishonor (de-
(c.w. from ke not and kem thing (action), rived from kemuia dishonor)
deed) kemuianga’: [kɛ.ˈmu.i.a.ŋaʔ] P F adj. dishonor-
kelemweypey: [kɛ.lɛm.ˈwɛj.pɛj] P F adj. impa- able (c.w. from ke not and meuianga’ honor-
tient (c.w. from ke not and lemweypey pa- able)
tient) kemum: [kɛ.ˈmʊm] P F ph. I don’t know (c.w.
kelfpomron: [kɛl.fpom.ˈɾon] P F adj. unhealthy from ke not and omum know)
(mentally, ofp) (c.w. from ke not and lefpom- kemwiä: [kɛm.ˈwi.æ] P F adj. improper, un-
ron healthy (mentally, ofp)) fair, wrong, unjustified (c.w. from ke not and
kelfpomtokx: [kɛl.fpom.ˈtok’] P F adj. un- muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
healthy (physically, ofp) (c.w. from ke not ken: [kɛn] P F adp. despite, inspite of

16
ken’aw: [kɛn.ˈʔaw] P F adv. not only (c.w. from kewan: [ˈkɛ.wan] P F n. age (c.w. from koak old,
ke not and nì’aw only, just) aged (for living things) and ’ewan young)
keng: [kɛŋ] P F adv. even, so much as kewong: [ˈkɛ.woŋ] P F adj. alien
kenong: [ˈk·ɛ.n·oŋ] P F vtr. model, represent, ex- key: [kɛj] P F n. face
emplify (ii) keyawr: [kɛ.ˈjawɾ] P F adj. incorrect, wrong, not
kenzen: [kɛn.ˈzɛn] P F adv. not necessarily (c.w. right (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct,
from ke not and nìzen necessarily) right)
kerusey: [ˈkɛ.ɾu.sɛj] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke keye’ung: [kɛ.ˈjɛ.ʔʊŋ] P F n. insanity
not and rey live) keyn: [k·ɛjn] P F vtr. put down
kesätarenga’: [kɛ.sæ.ˈta.ɾɛ.ŋaʔ] P F adj. irrele- keynven: [k·ɛjn.ˈvɛn] P F vin. step (c.w. from
vant (c.w. from ke not and sätare connection, keyn put down and venu foot)
relationship) keyrel: [ˈkɛj.ɾɛl] P F n. facial expression (c.w.
kesran: [kɛ.ˈsɾan] P F adj. so-so, mediocre (c.w. from key face and rel image, picture)
from ke not and sran yes (colloquial)) kezemplltxe: [kɛ.zɛm.pḷ.ˈt’ɛ] P F adv. of
ketartu: [kɛ.ˈtaɾ.tu] P F n. outcast (c.w. from ke course, needless to say (contraction of
not and tare connect, relate to, have a rela- ke+zene+pivlltxe)
tionship with) kezin: [ˈkɛ.zin] P F adj. untangled (c.w. from ke
keteng: [ˈkɛ.tɛŋ] P F adj. different (c.w. from ke not and zin tangled)
not and teng same, equal) ki: [ki] P F conj. but rather, but instead
ketrìp: [ˈkɛt̚ .ɾɪp̚ ] P F adj. unfortunate, inauspi- kì’ong: [kɪ.ˈʔoŋ] P F adj. slow
cious (c.w. from ke not and etrìp favorable, kian: [k·i.ˈ·an] P F vtr. blame
auspicious) kiantu: [ki.ˈan.tu] P F n. blameworthy person
ketsran: [kɛ.ˈt͡sɾan] P F adj., conj. no matter, no (derived from kian blame)
matter what, whatever (c.w. from ke not and kifkey: [ki.ˈfkɛj] P F n. world (physical, solid)
tsranten matter, be of importance) kilvan: [kil.ˈvan] P F n. river
ketsukanom: [kɛ.t͡sʊ.ˈka.nom] P F adj. unavail- kìm: [k·ɪm] P F vtr. spin, to spin (something) Pol
able, unobtainable (derived from kanom ac- rumit kolìm He spun the ball
quire, get) kìmar: [kɪ.ˈmaɾ] P F adj. in season (of foods, veg-
ketsuklewn: [kɛ.t͡sʊk.̚ ˈlɛwn] P F adj. intolera- etable or animal)
ble, unacceptable (derived from lewn endure, kin: [k·in] P F vtr. need
stand, tolerate) kinä: [ˈki.næ] P F num. seven
ketsuktiam: [kɛ.t͡sʊk.̚ ˈti.am] P F adj. uncount- kinam: [ki.ˈnam] P F n. leg
able, infinite (derived from tiam count) kinamtil: [ki.ˈnam.til] P F n. knee (c.w. from ki-
ketsuktswa’: [kɛ.t͡sʊk.̚ ˈt͡swaʔ] P F adj. unforget- nam leg and til joint, hinge)
table (derived from tswa’ forget) kìng: [kɪŋ] P F n. thread
ketuwong: [ˈkɛ.tu.woŋ] P F n. alien kintrr: [ˈkin.tṛ] P F n. week (c.w. from kinä
keve’o: [kɛ.ˈvɛ.ʔo] P F n. chaos, disorder seven and trr day)
keve’otu: [kɛ.ˈvɛʔ.o.tu] P F n. troublemaker, kintrram: [kin.tṛ.ˈam] P F n. last week (derived
one who habitually creates chaos and disorder from kintrr week)
(c.w. from keve’o chaos, disorder and tute kintrray: [kin.tṛ.ˈaj] P F n. next week (derived
person) from kintrr week)
kew: [kɛw] P F num. zero kip: [kip̚ ] P F adp. among

17
kipxì: [ki.ˈp’ɪ] P F n. one-seventh (c.w. from kinä koaktan: [ˈko.ak.̚ tan] P F n. old man (derived
seven and hapxì part) from koak old, aged (for living things))
kìte’e: [kɪ.tɛ.ˈʔɛ] P F n. service koakte: [ˈko.ak.̚ tɛ] P F n. old woman (derived
kìte’e si: [kɪ.tɛ.ˈʔɛ ˈs·i] P F vin. serve (derived from koak old, aged (for living things))
from kìte’e service) koaktu: [ˈko.ak.̚ tu] P F n. old person (derived
kive: [ˈki.vɛ] P F adj. seventh (ordinal) from koak old, aged (for living things))
kllfro’: [kḷ.ˈfɾ·oʔ] P F vin. be responsible kolan: [ko.ˈlan] P F intj. I mean, rather (self-
kllkä: [kḷ.ˈk·æ] P F vin. go down, descend (c.w. correcting) (derived from kan aim, to intend;
from kllpa bottom and kä go) aim, to direct a weapon or other object at a
kllkulat: [kḷ.ˈk·u.l·at̚ ] P F vtr. dig up target)
kom: [k·om] P F vim. dare
kllkxem: [kḷ.ˈk’·ɛm] P F vin. stand
komum: [ko.ˈmʊm] P F ph. don’t know (c.w.
kllpä: [kḷ.ˈp·æ] P F vin. land, reach the ground
from ke not and omum know)
(c.w. from kllte ground and pähem arrive)
kop: [kop̚ ] P F conj. and also
kllpa: [ˈkḷ.pa] P F n. bottom
kop: [kop̚ ] P F adv. too, also, additionally
kllpxìltu: [kḷ.ˈp’ɪl.tu] P F n. territory
koren: [ko.ˈɾɛn] P F n. rule, guideline
kllrikx: [kḷ.ˈɾik’] P F n. earthquake (c.w. from
koren ayll: [ko.ˈɾɛn a.ˈjḷ] P F n. law, societal rule
kllte ground and rikx move, shift position)
(derived from koren rule, guideline)
kllte: [ˈkḷ.tɛ] P F n. ground kosman: [ko.ˈsman] P F adj. wonderful, terrific,
klltseng: [ˈkḷ.t͡sɛŋ] P F n. position (c.w. from fantastic
kllte ground and tseng place) koum: [ˈko.ʊm] P F adj. rounded, curved
klltxay: [kḷ.ˈt’·aj] P F vin. lie on the ground (c.w. krr: [kṛ] P F n. time
from kllte ground and txay be horizontal, lie krra: [ˈkṛ.a] P F conj. when, at the time that (de-
flat) rived from krr time)
klltxeykay: [kḷ.t’ɛj.ˈk·aj] P F vtr. lay (something) krrka: [ˈkṛ.ka] P F adp. during (derived from krr
on the ground (c.w. from kllte ground and time)
txay be horizontal, lie flat) transitive form of krrlik: [ˈkṛ.lik]̚ P F n. point in time (c.w. from
klltxay krr time and lik point, spot, particular place
kllvawm: [ˈkḷ.vawm] P F adj. brown (c.w. from or position in some area)
kllte ground and vawm dark) krrlikpe: [ˈkṛ.lik.̚ pɛ] P F inter. what time? (de-
kllwo: [kḷ.ˈw·o] P F vin. alight, land (process of) rived from krrlik point in time) variant of
(c.w. from kllte ground and wo reach for) pehrrlik
kllyem: [kḷ.ˈj·ɛm] P F vtr. bury (c.w. from kllte krrnekx: [kṛ.ˈn·ɛk’] P F vin. take/consume time
ground and yem put, place) (ii) (c.w. from krr time and nekx burn, con-
kllza’u: [kḷ.ˈz·a.ʔ·u] P F vin. come down, descend sume)
(c.w. from kllte ground and za’u come) krro krro: [ˈkṛ.o ˈkṛo] P F ph. at times, on occa-
ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement sion
ko’on: [ˈko.ʔon] P F n. ring, oval, closed shape krrpe: [ˈkṛ.pɛ] P F inter. when (derived from krr
roughly circular (c.w. from koum rounded, time) variant of pehrr
curved and ’on shape, form) ku’up: [ˈku.ʔʊp̚ ] P F adj. heavy (physical weight)
koak: [ˈko.ak]̚ P F adj. old, aged (for living kulat: [ˈk·u.l·at̚ ] P F vtr. reveal, bring forth, un-
things) cover (literally and metaphorically)

18
kum: [kum] P F n. result ground and clean)
kuma: [ˈkum.a] P F conj. that (as a result) (de- kurfyavi: [ˈkʊɾ.fja.vi]
P F n. hook (for hanging or
rived from kum result) suspending an item) (derived from kurfyan
kung: [kʊŋ] P F adj. putrid, fetid, rotten hamper or suspended rack)
kur: [k·ʊɾ] P F vin. hang
kurakx: [k·u.ˈɾ·ak’] P F vtr. drive out kurkung: [ˈkuɾ.kʊŋ] P F n. asshole (vulgar) (c.w.
kurfyan: [ˈkʊɾ.fjan] P F n. hamper or suspended from kuru neural queue and kung putrid,
rack (c.w. from kur hang and fyan con- fetid, rotten)
structed device for keeping something off the kuru: [ˈku.ɾu] P F n. neural queue

KX [k’] (KxeKx)

kxa: [k’a] P F n. mouth kxap si: [k’ap s·i] P F vin. threaten (derived
kxakx: [k’·ak’] P F vin. break, snap in two from kxanì forbidden)
kxam: [k’am] P F n. middle, midpoint kxapnga’: [ˈk’ap̚ .ŋaʔ] P F adj. threatening (nfp)
kxamlä: [ˈk’am.læ] P F adp. through (via the (derived from kxanì forbidden)
middle of) (derived from kxam middle, mid- kxawm: [k’awm] P F adv. perhaps, maybe
point) kxayl: [k’ajl] P F adj. high
kxamtrr: [ˈk’am.tṛ] P F n. mid-day, noon (c.w. kxaylyì: [ˈk’ajl.jɪ] P F n. high level (c.w. from
from kxam middle, midpoint and trr day) kxayl high and yì shelf, ledge, level, step,
kxamtrrmaw: [ˈk’am.tṛ.maw] P F n. the time rung)
immediately after noon, early afternoon (c.w. kxeltek: [ˈk’·ɛl.t·ɛk]̚ P F vtr. pick up, lift
from kxamtrr mid-day, noon and maw after kxem: [k’·ɛm] P F vin. be vertical
(time)) kxemyo: [ˈk’ɛm.jo] P F n. wall, vertical surface
(c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface)
kxamtseng: [ˈk’am.t͡sɛŋ] P F n. center, place in
kxener: [ˈk’ɛ.nɛɾ] P F n. smoke
the middle (c.w. from kxam middle, midpoint
and tseng place) kxetse: [ˈk’ɛ.t͡sɛ] P F n. tail
kxeyey: [ˈk’ɛ.jɛj] P F n. error, mistake
kxamtxomaw: [ˈk’am.t’o.maw] P F n. after mid-
kxì: [k’ɪ] P F intj. hi, hiya, hey (derived from
night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and
kaltxì hello) colloquial, shortened form of
maw after (time))
kaltxì
kxamtxon: [ˈk’am.t’on] P F n. midnight (c.w.
kxìm: [k’·ɪm] P F vtr. command, order, assign a
from kxam middle, midpoint and txon night)
task
kxamyì: [ˈk’am.jɪ] P F n. intermediate level (c.w. kxìmyu: [ˈk’ɪm.ju] P F n. commander, one with
from kxam middle, midpoint and yì shelf, authority over another (derived from kxìm
ledge, level, step, rung) command, order, assign a task)
kxänäng: [ˈk’æ.næŋ] P F adj. smell of decaying kxitx: [k’it’] P F n. death
animal/flesh, rotting, putrid kxll: [k’ḷ] P F n. charge, running attack
kxangangang: [ˈk’aŋ.aŋ.aŋ] P F intj. boom (ono- kxll si: [ˈk’ḷ ˈs·i] P F vin. charge (derived from
matopoeic) kxll charge, running attack)
kxange: [ˈk’·a.ŋ·ɛ] P F vin. yawn kxon: [k’on] P F n. internal organ
kxanì: [ˈk’a.nɪ] P F adj. forbidden kxor: [k’oɾ] P F n. a wall or bank of powerful wa-
kxap: [k’ap̚ ] P F n. threat terfalls noted for its deafening roar and deadly

19
 force (countable, but only rarely) (c.w. from kxum viscous, gelatinous, thick
kxu: [k’u] P F n. harm and pay water, liquid)
kxu si: [k’u s·i] P F vin. harm (derived from kxu kxumpaysyar: [ˈk’ʊm.paj.sjaɾ] P F n. glue (c.w.
harm) from kxumpay viscous liquid, gel and syar
kxuke: [ˈk’u.kɛ] P F adj. safe (c.w. from kxu stick, stick to, adhere)
harm and ke not) kxutslu: [ˈk’u.t͡slu] P F n. risk (c.w. from kxu
kxukx: [k’·uk’] P F vtr. swallow harm and tìtsunslu possibility)
kxum: [k’ʊm] P F adj. viscous, gelatinous, thick kxutu: [ˈk’u.tu] P F n. enemy (derived from kxu
kxumpay: [ˈk’ʊm.paj] P F n. viscous liquid, gel harm)

L [l] (LeL)

la’a: [ˈla.ʔa] P F n. physical separation, distance latsi: [l·a.ˈt͡s·i] LA vin. keep up with someone
between two places or objects lätxayn: [l·æ.ˈt’·ajn] P F vtr. defeat in battle, con-
la’ang: [ˈla.ʔaŋ] P F n. pile of stinking, rotting quer
animal matter law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain
la’ape: [ˈla.ʔa.pɛ] P F inter. how near, how far, law si: [ˈlaw ˈs·i] P F vin. make clear (derived
what distance (derived from la’a physical sep- from law clear, certain)
aration, distance between two places or ob- lawk: [l·awk]̚ P F vtr. discourse on, talk about,
jects) variant of pela’a say something concerning
la’um: [ˈl·a.ʔ·ʊm] P F vin. pretend (use with tsnì) lawnol: [ˈlaw.nol] P F n. great joy
lafyon: [la.ˈfjon] P F adj. wise (derived from lawnoltsim: [ˈlaw.nol.t͡sim] P F n. source of
hafyon wisdom) (great) joy (c.w. from lawnol great joy and
lahe: [ˈla.hɛ] P F adj. other, else tsim source)
lak: [lak]̚ P F n. shell, hard covering of a plant or lawr: [lawɾ] P F n. melody
animal layl: [lajl] P F adj. innocent
lal: [lal] P F adj. old (opposite of new) layompin: [la.ˈjom.pin] P F n. black (derived
lam: [l·am] P F vin. seem, appear from layon black)
lamaytxa: [la.maj.ˈt’a] P F n. flood layon: [la.ˈjon] P F adj. black
lan: [lan] P F n. resin layro: [ˈlaj.ɾo] P F adj. free (from oppression)
lang: [l·aŋ] P F vtr. investigate, explore le’al: [lɛ.ˈʔal] P F adj. wasteful (derived from ’al
lante: [ˈl·an.t·ɛ] P F vin. wander waste)
lanutral: [ˈla.nut̚ .ɾal] P F n. dandetiger (c.w. le’aw: [lɛ.ˈʔaw] P F adj. only (derived from ’aw
from lan resin and utral tree) one)
lapo: [ˈla.po] P F pn. other one person or thing le’awtu: [lɛ.ˈʔaw.tu] P F adj. alone, on one’s own,
(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she) by one’s self; lonely (c.w. from le’aw only and
lapx: [l·ap’] P F vtr. regret tute person)
lare: [ˈl·a.ɾ·ɛ] P F vin. be watchful, alert le’en: [lɛ.ˈʔɛn] P F adj. speculative, intuitive (de-
laro: [ˈla.ɾo] P F adj. clean rived from ’en guess, informed guess, hunch,
laro si: [ˈla.ɾo s·i] P F vin. clean, make free of dirt intuition)
(derived from laro clean) le’Ìnglìsì: [lɛ.ˈʔɪŋ.lɪ.sɪ] P F adj. English, of the En-
latem: [ˈl·a.t·ɛm] P F vin. change (l«eyk»atem glish language (derived from ’Ìnglìsì English
vtr. change) language)

20
lefkeytongay: [lɛ.fkɛj.to.ˈŋaj] P F adj. real (c.w. from hoan comfort)
from tìfkeytok state, condition, situation and lehrrap: [lɛ.ˈhṛ.ap̚ ] P F adj. dangerous (derived
ngay true) from hrrap danger)
lefkrr: [lɛ.ˈfkṛ] P F adj. current (derived from krr leioae: [lɛ.i.o.ˈa.ɛ] P F n. respect
time) leioae si: [lɛ.i.o.ˈa.ɛ s·i] P F vin. to respect (de-
lefnelan: [lɛ.ˈfnɛ.lan] P F adj. male (derived rived from leioae respect)
from fnelan male) leiokoaktan: [lɛ.i.o.ˈko.ak.̚ tan] P F n. respected
lefnele: [lɛ.ˈfnɛ.lɛ] P F adj. female (derived from male elder (c.w. from leioae respect and
fnele female) koaktan old man)
lefngap: [lɛ.ˈfŋap̚ ] P F adj. metallic (derived leiokoakte: [lɛ.i.o.ˈko.ak.̚ tɛ] P F n. respected fe-
from fngap metal) male elder (c.w. from leioae respect and
lefpom: [lɛ.ˈfpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joy- koakte old woman)
ous, pleasant (derived from fpom well-being, leiokoaktu: [lɛ.i.o.ˈko.ak.̚ tu / lɛj.o.ˈko.ak.̚ tu] P F
peace, happiness) n. respected elder (c.w. from leioae respect
lefpomron: [lɛ.fpom.ˈɾon] P F adj. healthy (men- and koaktu old person)
tally, ofp) (derived from fpomron health or lek: [l·ɛk]̚ P F vtr. heed, obey
well-being (mental)) lekin: [lɛ.ˈkin] P F adj. necessary (derived from
lefpomtokx: [lɛ.fpom.ˈtok’] P F adj. healthy kin need)
(physically, ofp) (derived from fpomtokx lekoren: [lɛ.ko.ˈɾɛn] P F adj. lawlike (derived
health (physical)) from koren rule, guideline)
lefrir: [lɛ.ˈfɾiɾ] P F adj. layered (derived from frir lekve’o: [lɛk.̚ ˈvɛ.ʔo] P F adj. chaotic
layer) lekxan: [lɛ.ˈk’an] P F adj. blocked, obstructed;
leftxozä: [lɛ.ft’o.ˈzæ] P F adj. celebratory (de- frustrated (derived from ekxan barricade, ob-
rived from ftxozä celebration, happy occa- struction)
sion) lekxutslu: [lɛ.ˈk’u.t͡slu] P F adj. risky (derived
leha’: [lɛ.ˈhaʔ] P F adj. appropriate, suitable, fit- from kxutslu risk)
ting (derived from ha’ fit, suit, complement, lekye’ung: [lɛk.̚ ˈjɛ.ʔʊŋ] P F adj. insane, crazy
inherently enhance) (derived from keye’ung insanity)
lehawmpam: [lɛ.ˈhawm.pam] P F adj. noisy (de- lelewng: [lɛ.ˈlɛwŋ] P F adj. shameful (ofp) (de-
rived from hawmpam noise. sound that is rived from lewng shame)
excessive, unnecessary, inappropriate, unex- lelì’fya: [lɛ.ˈlɪʔ.fja] P F adj. concerning language,
pected or startling) regarding language (derived from lì’fya lan-
lehawng: [lɛ.ˈhawŋ] P F adj. excessive (derived guage)
from hawng overabundance) lemrey: [lɛm.ˈɾɛj] P F adj. surviving (e.g. of en-
lehawngkrr: [lɛ.ˈhawŋ.kṛ] P F adj. late (derived tities from a group some of whom have died)
from hawngkrr late) (derived from emrey survive)
leheng: [lɛ.ˈhɛŋ] P F adj. formally polite (derived lemweypey: [lɛm.ˈwɛj.pɛj] P F adj. patient (de-
from henga formally polite behavior) rived from maweypey be patient (ii))
lehìpey: [lɛ.ˈhɪ.pɛj] P F adj. hesitant, in a state of len: [l·ɛn] P F vin. happen, occur
hesitation (derived from hìpey hesitate, hold leNa’vi: [lɛ.ˈnaʔ.vi] P F adj. having to do with
back for a short time) the Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the
lehoan: [lɛ.ˈho.an] P F adj. comfortable (derived People, indigenous Pandoran sentient race)

21
leno: [lɛ.ˈno] P F adj. thorough, detail-orientated letokx: [lɛ.ˈtok’] P F adj. bodily, physical (de-
(of a person) rived from tokx body)
lenomum: [lɛ.ˈno.mʊm] P F adj. curious (de- letrr: [lɛ.ˈtṛ] P F adj. daily (derived from trr day)
rived from newomum be curious, want to letrrtrr: [lɛ.ˈtṛ.tṛ] P F adj. ordinary (derived
know) from trr day)
lenrra: [lɛ.ˈnṛ.a] P F adj. proud (derived from letsaktap: [lɛ.ˈt͡sak.̚ tap̚ ] P F adj. violent (derived
nrra pride, feeling of pride) from tsaktap violence)
lepay: [lɛ.ˈpaj] P F adj. watery (derived from letsim: [lɛ.ˈt͡sim] P F adj. original, unique, not de-
pay water, liquid) rived from another source (derived from tsim
lepwopx: [lɛp̚ .ˈwop’] P F adj. cloudy (derived source)
from pìwopx cloud) letskxe: [lɛ.ˈt͡sk’ɛ] P F adj. stony, of stone (de-
lepxìmrun: [lɛ.ˈp’ɪm.ɾun] P F adj. common, of- rived from tskxe rock, stone)
ten found (c.w. from pxim erect, upright and letsranten: [lɛ.ˈt͡sɾan.tɛn] P F adj. important (de-
run find, discover) rived from tsranten matter, be of importance)
ler: [lɛɾ] P F adj. steady, smooth (for motion) letsunslu: [lɛ.ˈt͡sʊn.slu] P F adj. possible (derived
lereyfya: [lɛ.ˈɾɛj.fja] P F adj. cultural (derived from tsunslu may, be possible)
from reyfya way of living, culture) letswal: [lɛ.ˈt͡swal] P F adj. powerful (any sense,
lerìk: [lɛ.ˈɾɪk]̚ P F adj. leafy (derived from rìk ofp) (derived from tswal power)
leaf ) letut: [lɛ.ˈtʊt̚ ] P F adj. constant, continual (weak
lerìn: [lɛ.ˈɾɪn] P F adj. wooden, of wood (derived form) (derived from tut continuation marker)
from rìn wood) letwan: [lɛt̚ .ˈwan] P F adj. dodgy, sneaky (of
leronsrel: [lɛ.ˈɾon.sɾɛl] P F adj. imaginary (de- a person) (derived from tìwan obfuscation,
rived from ronsrel something imagined) cover up)
lertu: [ˈlɛɾ.tu] P F n. colleague letxi: [lɛ.ˈt’i] P F adj. hurried, frenzied (derived
lesar: [lɛ.ˈsaɾ] P F adj. useful (derived from sar from txi hurry, hurriedness, frenzy)
use) letxiluke: [lɛ.ˈt’i.lu.kɛ] P F adj. unhurried (c.w.
lesar si: [lɛ.ˈsaɾ s·i] P F vin. be useful, be of use, from letxi hurried, frenzied and luke with-
come in handy (derived from lesar useful) out)
leskxir: [lɛ.ˈsk’iɾ] P F adj. wounded (derived lew: [lɛw] P F n. cover, lid
from skxir wound) lew säpi: [ˈlɛw sæ.ˌp·i] P F vin. cover oneself (de-
lesngä’i: [lɛ.ˈsŋæ.ʔi] P F adj. original, existing at rived from lew si cover)
or from the start, first in a series (derived from lew si: [ˈlɛw ˈs·i] P F vin. cover (derived from
sngä’i begin, start) lew cover, lid)
lesnonrra: [lɛ.sno.ˈnṛ.a] P F adj. full of self- lewäte: [lɛ.wæ.ˈtɛ] P F adj. disagreeable, argu-
pride (derived from snonrra self-pride (neg- mentative (of an agent) (derived from wäte
ative connotation)) argue, dispute)
leso’ha: [lɛ.ˈsoʔ.ha] P F adj. enthusiastic, keen leweopx: [lɛ.wɛ.ˈop’] P F adj. wave-like (derived
(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about, from weopx wave (of water))
show enthusiasm for, be excited about) lewn: [l·ɛwn] P F vtr. endure, stand, tolerate
let’eylan: [lɛt.ˈʔɛj.lan] P F adj. friendly (ofp) lewng: [lɛwŋ] P F n. shame
letam: [lɛ.ˈtam] P F adj. sufficient (derived from lewnga’: [ˈlɛw.ŋaʔ] P F adj. shameful (nfp) (de-
tam that will suffice, that will do, OK) rived from lewng shame)

22
ley: [l·ɛj] P F vin. be of value, have some positive olo’ clan)
value, be worth something lì’fyaolo’tu: [lɪʔ.fja.o.loʔ.tu] P F n. member of
leyapay: [lɛ.ˈja.paj] P F adj. foggy, misty (de- the speaker community (of a language) (de-
rived from yapay mist, fog, steam) rived from lì’fyaolo’ language group, lan-
leyayl: [lɛ.jajl] P F adj. nonsensical (derived guage users)
from yayl nonsense, gibberish) lì’fyavi: [ˈlɪʔ.fja.vi] P F n. expression, bit of lan-
leye’krr: [lɛ.ˈjɛʔ.kṛ] P F adj. early (derived from guage (derived from lì’fya language)
ye’krr early) lì’fyeng: [lɪʔ.ˈfjɛŋ] P F n. honorific language (c.w.
leyewla: [lɛ.ˈjɛw.la] P F adj. disappointing (de- from lì’fya language and leheng formally po-
rived from yewla disappointment, emotional lite)
let-down, failed expectation) lì’fyeng si: [lɪʔ.ˈfjɛŋ s·i] P F vin. use hon-
leykek: [lɛj.ˈk·ɛk]̚ P F vtr. enforce (derived from orific language (derived from lì’fyeng hon-
lek heed, obey) orific language)
leykekyu: [lɛj.ˈkɛk.̚ ju] P F n. law enforcer, police lì’kong: [ˈlɪʔ.koŋ] P F n. syllable (c.w. from lì’u
officer (colloquial, short for horenleykekyu) word and ’ekong beat (rhythmic))
(derived from leykek enforce) variant of lì’u: [ˈlɪ.ʔu] P F n. word
horenleykekyu lì’ukìng: [ˈlɪ.ʔu.kɪŋ] P F n. sentence (c.w. from
leym: [l·ɛjm] P F vin. call, cry out, exclaim (can lì’u word and kìng thread)
take quotes using ”san”) lì’ukìngvi: [ˈlɪ.ʔu.kɪŋ.vi] P F n. phrase (derived
leymfe’: [l·ɛjm.ˈfɛʔ] P F vin. complain (c.w. from from lì’ukìng sentence)
leym call, cry out, exclaim (can take quotes lì’upam: [ˈlɪ.ʔu.pam] P F n. accent, pronuncia-
using ”san”) and fe’ bad) tion (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)
leymkem: [l·ɛjm.ˈkɛm] P F vin. protest (c.w. lì’upe: [ˈlɪ.ʔu.pɛ] P F inter. what (word, ut-
from leym call, cry out, exclaim (can take terance) (derived from lì’u word) variant of
quotes using ”san”) and kemwiä improper, pelì’u
unfair, wrong, unjustified) lì’uvan: [ˈlɪ.ʔu.van] P F n. pun, word-play (c.w.
leyn: [l·ɛjn] P F vtr. repeat, do again from lì’u word and uvan game)
leyr: [lɛjɾ] P F adj. frozen lì’uvi: [ˈlɪ.ʔu.vi] P F n. affix (derived from lì’u
leyr si: [ˈlɛjɾ s·i] P F vin. freeze (something) (de- word)
rived from leyr frozen) lie: [ˈli.ɛ] P F n. experience
leytslam: [ˈlɛj.t͡sl·am] P F vtr. appreciate (c.w. lie si: [ˈli.ɛ s·i] P F vin. experience (derived from
from ley be of value, have some positive value, lie experience)
be worth something and tslam understand) lik: [lik]̚ P F n. point, spot, particular place or
lezeswa: [lɛ.ˈzɛ.swa] P F adj. grassy (derived position in some area
from zeswa grass) lìktap: [ˈlɪk.̚ tap̚ ] P F adj. crooked
li: [li] P F adv. already lìm: [l·ɪm] P F vin. be far
lì’fya: [ˈlɪʔ.fja] P F n. language limang: [li.ˈmaŋ] P F n. moot
lì’fyafnel: [ˈlɪʔ.fja.fnɛl] P F n. dialect, variety of a lìmsimpe: [ˈlɪm.sim.pɛ] P F inter. how near, how
language (c.w. from lì’fya language and fnel far (c.w. from lìm be far and sim be near)
kind, type) variant of pelìmsim
lì’fyaolo’: [ˈlɪʔ.fja.o.ˈloʔ] P F n. language group, lìng: [l·ɪŋ] P F vin. float in the air, hover
language users (c.w. from lì’fya language and lìngtskxe: [ˈlɪŋ.t͡sk’ɛ] P F n. unobtanium (c.w.

23
 from lìng float in the air, hover and tskxe lonusye: [l·o.ˈn·u.sjɛ] P F vin. exhale; blow (c.w.
rock, stone) from lonu release, let go and syeha breath)
lini: [ˈli.ni] P F n. young of an animal, bird, fish, lopx: [l·op’] P F vin. panic
insect lor: [loɾ] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses
lipx: [l·ip’] P F vin. drip loran: [ˈlo.ɾan] P F n. elegance, grace (c.w. from
lisre+: [ˈli.sɾɛ] P F adp. by, before, up to but not lor beautiful, pleasant to the senses and ran
after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before intrinsic character or nature, essence, consti-
(time)) titution; basic nature of something resulting
liswa: [li.ˈswa] P F n. nourishment from the totality of its properties; often best
liswa si: [li.ˈswa s·i] P F vin. nourish, pro- translated as personality)
vide nourishment (derived from liswa nour- lortsyal: [ˈloɾ.t͡sjal] P F n. shimmyfly
ishment) lrrtok: [ˈlṛ.tok]̚ P F n. smile
litsi: [ˈli.t͡si] P F adj. thin, lean, lithe lrrtok si: [ˈlṛ.tok̚ ˈs·i] P F vin. smile (derived from
lrrtok smile)
litx: [lit’] P F adj. sharp (as a blade)
lu: [l·u] P F vin. be, am, is, are
lo’a: [ˈlo.ʔa] P F n. totem, amulet
luan: [ˈl·u.·an] P F vtr. owe
loho: [ˈl·o.h·o] P F vin. be surprising (experiencer luke: [ˈlu.kɛ] P F adp. without
in dative) lukftang: [luk.̚ ˈftaŋ] P F adj. constant, continual
loi: [ˈlo.i] P F n. egg (strong form) (c.w. from luke without and
lok: [l·ok]̚ P F vtr. approach ftang stop)
lok: [lok]̚ P F adp. close to lukpen: [luk.̚ ˈpɛn] P F adj. without clothing,
lom: [lom] P F adj. missing, missed (as an absent naked (c.w. from luke without and pxen
person who is longed for) functional clothing (item of))
lomtu: [ˈlom.tu] P F n. missed person (derived lumpe: [ˈlum.pɛ] P F inter. why (derived from
from lom missing, missed (as an absent per- lun reason) variant of pelun
son who is longed for)) lun: [lun] P F n. reason
lonu: [l·o.ˈn·u] P F vtr. release, let go lupra: [ˈlʊp̚ .ɾa] P F n. style

M [m] (MeM)

ma: [ma] P F part. vocative marker used to in- animals. and ’itan son)
dicate whom the speaker is addressing. Can maite: [ma.ˈi.tɛ] P F ph. my daughter (form of
be used with a name (e.g. ma Neytiri) or an- address) (c.w. from ma vocative marker used
other noun (e.g. ma karyu). Optional with to indicate whom the speaker is addressing.
animals. used to indicate whom the speaker Can be used with a name (e.g. ma Neytiri) or
is addressing. Can be used with a name (e.g. another noun (e.g. ma karyu). Optional with
ma Neytiri) or another noun (e.g. ma karyu). animals. and ’ite daughter)
Optional with animals. makto: [ˈm·ak.̚ t·o] P F vtr. ride
maitan: [ma.ˈi.tan] P F ph. my son (form of ad- mäkxu: [m·æ.ˈk’u] P F vtr. interrupt, throw
dress) (c.w. from ma vocative marker used to out of harmonious balance (derived from kxu
indicate whom the speaker is addressing. Can harm)
be used with a name (e.g. ma Neytiri) or an- mal: [mal] P F adj. trustworthy, trust-inspiring
other noun (e.g. ma karyu). Optional with mam: [m·am] P F vtr. wrap

24
man: [m·an] P F vin. belong mawuptsyìp: [ˈma.wup̚ .t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. turtle (de-
manawmtu: [ma.ˈnawm.tu] P F intj. excuse me rived from mawup turtapede)
sir, excuse me madam (c.w. from ma vocative may’: [m·ajʔ] P F vtrm. taste, try, sample, eval-
marker used to indicate whom the speaker is uate, check out, test-drive
addressing. Can be used with a name (e.g. ma me’em: [mɛ.ˈʔɛm] P F adj. harmonious
Neytiri) or another noun (e.g. ma karyu). Op- mefo: [mɛ.ˈfo] P F pn. they, those two (derived
tional with animals. and nawmtu great per- from po he, she)
son, noble person) mei: [ˈmɛ.i] P F adj. wet
manga: [ma.ˈŋa] P F intj. hey, hey you (c.w. meitayo: [mɛ.i.ˈta.jo] P F n. wetlands (c.w. from
from ma vocative marker used to indicate mei wet and txayo field, open terrain, plain)
whom the speaker is addressing. Can be used mek: [mɛk]̚ P F adj. empty, or metaphorically:
with a name (e.g. ma Neytiri) or another noun having no value
(e.g. ma karyu). Optional with animals. and mekre: [ˈmɛk.̚ ɾɛ] P F n. supplies
nga you) mektseng: [ˈmɛk.̚ t͡sɛŋ] P F n. gap, breach (c.w.
masat: [ˈma.sat̚ ] P F n. breastplate (armor) from mek empty, or metaphorically: having
matu: [ma.ˈtu] P F intj. excuse me, hey (conver- no value and tseng place)
sation starter) (c.w. from ma vocative marker melo: [ˈmɛ.lo] P F adv. twice (derived from alo
used to indicate whom the speaker is address- time, turn, instance, one of a number of re-
ing. Can be used with a name (e.g. ma peated or recurring actions)
Neytiri) or another noun (e.g. ma karyu). Op- menari: [mɛ.ˈna.ɾi] P F n. eyes (two) (derived
tional with animals. and tute person) from nari eye)
mauti: [ˈma.u.ti] P F n. fruit meoauniaea: [ˌmɛ.o.a.u.ni.a.ˈɛ.a] P F n. har-
maw: [maw] P F adp. after (time) mony, living at one with nature
mawey: [ma.ˈwɛj] P F adj. calm merki: [ˈmɛɾ.ki] P F n. ground rack (for smoking
maweypey: [ma.ˈwɛj.p·ɛj] P F vin. be patient (ii) meats)
(c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait, wait mesrram: [mɛ.sṛ.ˈam] P F adv., n. the day be-
for) fore yesterday, two days ago (derived from trr
maweypeyyu: [ma.ˈwɛj.pɛj.ju] P F n. One who is day)
patient (derived from maweypey be patient mesrray: [mɛ.sṛ.ˈaj] P F adv., n. the day after to-
(ii)) morrow, two days from now (derived from trr
mawftxele: [maw.ft’ɛ.lɛ] P F adv. belatedly, in day)
hindsight, after the fact, as an afterthought mestampe: [mɛ.ˈstam.pɛ] P F inter. what two
mawfwa: [ˈmaw.fwa] P F conj. after (temporal) men (derived from tutan man) variant of
(c.w. from maw after (time) and fwa that pemstan
(subordinate clause marker)) mestepe: [mɛ.ˈstɛ.pɛ] P F inter. what two women
mawkrr: [ˈmaw.kṛ] P F adv. after, afterwards, (derived from tuté woman) variant of pem-
later (c.w. from maw after (time) and krr ste
time) mesupe: [mɛ.ˈsu.pɛ] P F inter. what two people
mawkrra: [maw.ˈkṛ.a] P F conj. after (temporal) (derived from tute person) variant of pemsu
(c.w. from maw after (time) and krr time) meuia: [mɛ.ˈu.i.a] P F n. honor
variant of akrrmaw meuia si: [mɛ.ˈu.i.a s·i] P F vin. honor (derived
mawl: [mawl] P F n. half from meuia honor)

25
meuianga’: [mɛ.ˈu.i.a.ŋaʔ] P F adj. honorable moe: [ˈmo.ɛ] P F pn. we two, us two (exclusive)
(derived from meuia honor) (derived from oe I, me)
meyam: [m·ɛ.ˈj·am] P F vtr. hug, embrace, hold mok: [m·ok]̚ P F vtr. suggest
in one’s arms mokri: [ˈmok.̚ ɾi] P F n. voice
meyp: [mɛjp̚ ] P F adj. weak momek: [ˈmo.mɛk]̚ P F adj. hollow, not solid
meyptu: [ˈmɛjp̚ .tu] P F n. weakling (derived mong: [m·oŋ] P F vtr. depend on, rely on, trust
from meyp weak) for protection
mi: [mi] P F adv. yet, still, as before mowan: [mo.ˈwan] P F adj. pleasing, enjoyable
mì+: [mɪ] P F adp. in, on (physically, sexually)
mìfa: [ˈmɪ.fa] / [mɪ.ˈfa] P F adv., n. inside mowar: [mo.ˈwaɾ] P F n. advice, bit or piece of
mìftxele: [mɪ.ˈft’ɛ.lɛ] P F adv. by the way, in this advice
regard, related to this matter mowar si: [mo.ˈwaɾ s·i] P F vin. advise (derived
mìkam: [mɪ.ˈkam] P F adp. between from mowar advice, bit or piece of advice)
miklor: [mik.̚ ˈloɾ] P F adj. pleasant sounding, mowarsiyu: [mo.ˈwaɾ.si.ju] P F n. advisor (de-
beautiful sounding (c.w. from mikyun ear rived from mowar advice, bit or piece of ad-
and lor beautiful, pleasant to the senses) vice)
miktsang: [ˈmik.̚ t͡saŋ] P F n. earring (c.w. from mrr: [mṛ] P F num. five
mikyun ear and tsang a piercing) mrrpxì: [mṛ.ˈp’ɪ] P F n. one-fifth (c.w. from mrr
mikvä’: [mik.̚ ˈvæʔ] P F adj. bad-sounding (c.w. five and hapxì part)
from mikyun ear and vä’ unpleasant to the mrrtrr: [ˈmṛ.tṛ] P F n. five day work week (c.w.
senses, noisome) from mrr five and trr day)
mikyun: [ˈmik.̚ jun] JC n. ear mrrve: [ˈmṛ.vɛ] P F adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived
mìn: [m·ɪn] P F vin. turn, rotate on an axis Mìn from mrr five)
ne ftärpa Turn to the left mu’ni: [ˈm·uʔ.n·i] P F vtr. accomplish, achieve
mip: [mip̚ ] P F adj. new muiä: [mu.ˈi.æ] P F adj. proper, fair, right, justi-
mìso: [mɪ.ˈso] P F adv. away (position) fied
mll’an: [m·ḷ.ˈʔ·an] P F vtr. accept mun’i: [m·ʊn.ˈʔ·i] P F vtr. cut
mllte: [m·ḷ.ˈt·ɛ] P F vin. agree mune: [ˈmu.nɛ] P F num. two
mo: [mo] P F n. space, hollow, enclosed open area munge: [ˈm·ʊ.ŋ·ɛ] P F vtr. take, bring
mo a fngä’: [ˈmo a ˈfŋæʔ] P F n. restroom (on mungsye: [ˈm·ʊŋ.sjɛ] P F vin. inhale (c.w. from
Earth) (derived from mo space, hollow, en- munge take, bring and syeha breath)
closed open area) mungwrr: [mʊŋ.ˈwṛ] P F adp. except
mo a hahaw: [ˈmo a ˈha.haw] P F n. bedroom mungwrrtxo: [mʊŋ.ˈwṛ.t’o] P F conj. unless, ex-
(on Earth) (derived from mo space, hollow, cept if (usually used with subjunctive ) (c.w.
enclosed open area) from mungwrr except and txo if )
mo a yom: [ ˈmo a ˈjom] P F n. dining room (on munsna: [ˈmun.sna] P F n. pair (c.w. from
Earth) (derived from mo space, hollow, en- mune two and sna’o set, group, pile, clump,
closed open area) stand)
mo letrrtrr: [ˈmo lɛ.ˈtɾ̣.tɾ̣] P F n. living room (on muntrr: [ˈmun.tṛ] P F n. weekend (c.w. from
Earth) (derived from mo space, hollow, en- mune two and trr day)
closed open area) muntrram: [mun.tṛ.ˈam] P F n. last weekend
mo’ara: [mo.ˈʔa.ɾa] P F n. gathering place (derived from muntrr weekend)

26
muntrray: [mun.tṛ.ˈaj] P F n. next weekend (de- muntxate: [mun.ˈt’a.tɛ] P F n. wife, female
rived from muntrr weekend) spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
muntxa: [mun.ˈt’a] P F adj. mated, married muntxatu: [mun.ˈt’a.tu] P F n. spouse (derived
muntxa si: [mun.ˈt’a ˈs·i] P F vin. mate from muntxa mated, married)
(with someone), marry (derived from muntxa muve: [ˈmu.vɛ] P F adj. second (ordinal) (derived
mated, married) from mune two)
muntxatan: [mun.ˈt’a.tan] P F n. husband, male muwìntxu: [mu.w·ɪn.ˈt’·u] P F vtr. introduce,
spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse) present (derived from wìntxu show)

N [n] (NeN)

na: [na] P F adp. like, as nawmtu: [ˈnawm.tu] P F n. great person, noble

na’rìng: [ˈnaʔ.ɾɪŋ] P F n. forest person (derived from nawm great, noble)
naer: [na.ˈɛɾ] P F n. drink, something able to be nawri: [ˈnaw.ɾi] P F adj. talented
drunk nayn: [najn] P F n. the symbol 9 (not the value
nafì’u: [na.fɪ.ˈʔu] P F adj. such (c.w. from na nine)
like, as and fì’u this (thing)) ne: [nɛ] P F adp. to, towards (direction)
nafpawng: [na.ˈfpawŋ] P F adv. grievingly, with ne’ìm: [nɛ.ˈʔɪm] P F adv. back (direction)
grief (derived from afpawng grief ) nefä: [nɛ.ˈfæ] P F adv. up (direction)
näk: [n·æk]̚ P F vtr. drink nekll: [nɛ.ˈkḷ] P F adv. down (direction)
nam’ake: [nam.ˈʔa.kɛ] P F adv. confidently (de- nekx: [n·ɛk’] P F vtr. burn, consume
rived from am’ake sure, confident) nemfa: [ˈnɛm.fa] P F adp. into, inside (c.w. from
nän: [n·æn] P F vin. decrease ne to, towards (direction) and mìfa inside)
nang: [naŋ] P F part. surprise, exclamation, en- nemrey: [nɛm.ˈɾɛj] P F adv., intj. in a fashion as
couragement (mirative) if one’s life were at stake (derived from emrey
nari: [ˈna.ɾi] P F n. eye survive)
nari si: [ˈna.ɾi s·i] P F vin. watch out, be careful neni: [ˈnɛ.ni] P F n. sand
(derived from nari eye) neto: [nɛ.ˈto] P F adv. away (direction) (c.w.
narlor: [naɾ.ˈloɾ] P F adj. beautiful visually (c.w. from ne to, towards (direction) and to com-
from nari eye and lor beautiful, pleasant to parative marker than (behaves like an adp.))
the senses) netrìp: [ˈnɛt̚ .ɾɪp̚ ] P F adv. luckily, happily
narvä’: [naɾ.ˈvæʔ] P F adj. ugly, unsightly new: [n·ɛw] P F vtrm. want
(c.w. from nari eye and vä’ unpleasant to the newomum: [n·ɛw.ˈo.mʊm] P F vin. be curious,
senses, noisome) want to know (c.w. from new want and
natkenong: [nat̚ .ˈkɛ.noŋ] P F conj. for exam- omum know)
ple, as an example (c.w. from na like, as and neympin: [ˈnɛjm.pin] P F n. light color (derived
tìkenong example) from neyn light colors, shades of white)
natxu: [n·a.ˈt’·u] P F vtr. disapprove of neyn: [nɛjn] P F adj. light colors, shades of white
nawang: [ˈn·a.w·aŋ] P F vin. merge, become one nì’al: [nɪ.ˈʔal] P F adv. wastefully (derived from
with ’al waste)
nawfwe: [naw.ˈfwɛ] P F adj. fluent (for speech) nì’älek: [nɪ.ˈʔæ.lɛk]̚ P F adv. determinedly,
(contraction of na hufwe) with determination (derived from ’älek deter-
nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble mined)

27
nì’aw: [nɪ.ˈʔaw] P F adv. only, just (derived from nìfkeytongay: [nɪ.fkɛj.to.ˈŋaj] P F adv. actually,
’aw one) as a matter of fact (c.w. from tìfkeytok state,
nì’awtu: [nɪ.ˈʔaw.tu] P F adv. alone (as one per- condition, situation and ngay true)
son) (c.w. from nì’aw only, just and tute per- nìfkrr: [nɪ.ˈfkṛ] P F adv. lately, currently (de-
son) rived from krr time)
nì’awve: [nɪ.ˈʔaw.vɛ] P F adv. first (derived nìflä: [nɪ.ˈflæ] P F adv. successfully (derived
from nì’aw only, just) from flä succeed)
nì’en: [nɪ.ˈʔɛn] P F adv. making an informed nìflrr: [nɪ.ˈflṛ] P F adv. gently, tenderly (de-
guess, acting on intuition (derived from ’en rived from flrr gentle, mild, tender (people or
guess, informed guess, hunch, intuition) things))
nì’eng: [nɪ.ˈʔɛŋ] P F adv. equally, on the same nìfmokx: [nɪ.ˈfmok’] P F adv. jealously, envi-
level (derived from ’engeng level) ously (derived from fmokx jealousy, envy)
nì’eoio: [nɪ.ˈʔɛ.o.i.o] P F adv. ceremoniously (de- nìfnu: [nɪ.ˈfnu] P F adv. silently (derived from
rived from ’eoio ceremonious) fnu quiet, be quiet)
nì’eveng: [nɪ.ˈʔɛ.vɛŋ] P F adv. like a child, im- nìfpxamo: [nɪ.ˈfp’a.mo] P F adv. horribly, ter-
maturely (derived from ’eveng child) ribly, awfully (derived from fpxamo terrible,
nì’eyng: [nɪ.ˈʔɛjŋ] P F adv. back, in response, in horrible, awful)
answer (derived from ’eyng answer, respond, nìfrakrr: [nɪ.ˈfɾa.kṛ] P F adv. as always (derived
respond to) from frakrr always, all the time)
nì’i’a: [nɪ.ˈʔiʔ.a] P F adv. finally, at long last (de- nìfrir: [nɪ.ˈfɾiɾ] P F adv. in layers (derived from
rived from ’i’a end, conclude) frir layer)
nì’Ìnglìsì: [nɪ.ˈʔɪŋ.lɪ.sɪ] P F adv. in English (de- nìftär: [nɪ.ˈftæɾ] P F adv. to the left (derived from
rived from ’Ìnglìsì English language) ftär left (not right))
nì’it: [nɪ.ˈʔit̚ ] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (ab- nìftue: [nɪ.ˈftu.ɛ] P F adv. easily (derived from
stract) (derived from ’it bit, a small amount) ftue easy, simple)
nì’o’: [nɪ.ˈʔoʔ] P F adv. in a manner which is en- nìftxan: [nɪ.ˈft’an] P F adv. so, to such an extent
joyable, enjoyably (derived from ’o’ bringing (derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)
fun, exciting) nìftxavang: [nɪ.ˈft’a.vaŋ] P F adv. passionately,
nì’ul: [nɪ.ˈʔul] P F adv. more (derived from ’ul with all heart (derived from ftxavang pas-
increase) sionate)
nì’ul’ul: [nɪ.ˈʔul.ʔul] P F adv. increasingly, more nìfwefwi: [nɪ.ˈfwɛ.fwi] P F adv. by whistling,
and more (derived from ’ul increase) in a whistling manner (derived from fwefwi
niä: [n·i.ˈ·æ] P F vtr. grab whistle)
nìawnomum: [nɪ.aw.ˈno.mʊm] / [naw.ˈno.mʊm] nìfya’o: [nɪ.ˈfja.ʔo] P F adv. in a manner (de-
P F adv. as you know, as is known (casual rived from fya’o path, way, manner)
speech naw-NO-mum) (derived from omum nìfyeyntu: [nɪ.ˈfjɛjn.tu] P F adv. like an adult,
know) maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult per-
nìayoeng: [nɪ.aj.ˈwɛŋ] / [naj.ˈwɛŋ] P F adv. like son)
us, as we do (casual speech nay-WENG) (de- nìhawmpam: [nɪ.ˈhawm.pam] P F adv. noisily
rived from ayoeng we, us (inclusive)) (derived from hawmpam noise. sound that
nìfe’: [nɪ.ˈfɛʔ] P F adv. badly (derived from fe’ is excessive, unnecessary, inappropriate, unex-
bad) pected or startling)

28
nìhawng: [nɪ.ˈhawŋ] P F adv. too, excessively tient)
(derived from hawng overabundance) nìklonu: [nɪk.̚ lo.ˈnu] P F adv. firmly, steadfastly,
nìhay: [nɪ.ˈhaj] P F adv. next (derived from hay faithfully (lit. ”without releasing it”) (derived
next) from lonu release, let go) (contraction of ke
nìhek: [nɪ.ˈhɛk]̚ P F adv. strangely, oddly (de- lonu not release) lit.: ’without releasing it’
rived from hek be curious, odd, strange, un- nìkmar: [nɪk.̚ ˈmaɾ] P F adv. in the right season,
expected) (sentence, not manner, adverbial) opportunely (derived from kìmar in season
nìhìpey: [nɪ.ˈhɪ.pɛj] P F adv. hesitantly (derived (of foods, vegetable or animal))
from hìpey hesitate, hold back for a short nikre: [ˈnik.̚ ɾɛ] P F n. hair
time) nikroi: [nik.̚ ˈɾo.i] P F n. hair adornment (c.w.
nìhoan: [nɪ.ˈho.an] P F adv. comfortably (de- from nikre hair and ioi adornment, or cere-
rived from hoan comfort) monial apparel (item of))
nìhoet: [nɪ.ˈho.ɛt̚ ] P F adv. widely, pervasively nìksman: [nɪk.̚ ˈsman] P F adv. wonderfully (de-
(derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive) rived from kosman wonderful, terrific, fan-
nìhol: [nɪ.ˈhol] P F adv. few, not many (derived tastic)
from hol few) nìksran: [nɪk.̚ ˈsɾan] P F adv. in a mediocre man-
nìhona: [nɪ.ˈho.na] P F adv. endearingly, sweetly ner (derived from kesran so-so, mediocre)
(derived from hona endearing, adorable, niktsyey: [ˈnik.̚ t͡sjɛj] P F n. food wrap (food items
cute) wrapped in edible leaves or vines) (c.w. from
nik: [nik]̚ P F adj. convenient, usable without nik convenient, usable without much expendi-
much expenditure of effort ture of effort and tsyey snack, light meal)
nìk’ärìp: [nɪk.̚ ˈʔæ.ɾɪp̚ ] P F adv. steadily (lit. nìktungzup: [nɪk.̚ tʊŋ.ˈzup̚ ] P F adv. carefully,
”without letting it move”) (derived from ’ärìp firmly (lit. ”without letting it fall”) (de-
move) (contraction of ke ’ärìp not move) lit.: rived from tungzup drop) (contraction of ke
’without letting it move’ tungzup not drop) lit.: ’without letting it fall’
nìk’ong: [nɪk.ˈʔoŋ] P F adv. slowly (derived nìkx: [nɪk’] P F n. gravel
from kì’ong slow) nìkxap: [nɪ.ˈk’ap̚ ] P F adv. threateningly (de-
nìkakan: [nɪ.ˈka.kan] P F adv. roughly (in be- rived from kxap threat)
havior or treatment) (derived from kakan nìkxem: [nɪ.ˈk’ɛm] P F adv. vertically (derived
rough (in behavior or treatment)) from kxem be vertical)
nìkakmokri: [nɪ.kak.̚ ˈmok.̚ ɾi] P F adv. mutely nìlam: [nɪ.ˈlam] P F adv. apparently (derived
(derived from kakmokri mute) from lam seem, appear)
nìkanu: [nɪ.ˈka.nu] P F adv. intelligently, in a nìlaw: [nɪ.ˈlaw] P F adv. clearly (derived from
smart way (derived from kanu smart, intelli- law clear, certain)
gent (ofp)) nìlayl: [nɪ.ˈlajl] P F adv. innocently (derived
nìkeftxo: [nɪ.kɛ.ˈft’o] P F adv. unfortunately, from layl innocent)
sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy, upset, nìler: [nɪ.ˈlɛɾ] P F adv. steadily (derived from ler
”How sad!”) steady, smooth (for motion))
nìkelkin: [nɪ.kɛl.ˈkin] P F adv. unnecessarily nìli: [nɪ.ˈli] P F adv. in advance (derived from li
(derived from kelkin unnecessary) already)
nìkemweypey: [nɪ.kɛm.ˈwɛj.pɛj] P F adv. im- nìlkeftang: [nɪl.kɛ.ˈftaŋ] P F adv. continuously,
patiently (derived from kelemweypey impa- incessantly, without stopping (derived from

29
 ftang stop) (contraction of luke ftang with- puzzling fashion (derived from ingyen feel-
out stop) ing of mystery or incomprehension)
nìloho: [nɪ.ˈlo.ho] P F adv. surprisingly (derived nìno: [nɪ.ˈno] P F adv. in detail, expansively,
from loho be surprising (experiencer in da- thoroughly
tive)) nìnrra: [nɪ.ˈnṛ.a] P F adv. proudly, with pride
nìltsan: [nɪl.ˈt͡san] P F adv. well (derived from (derived from nrra pride, feeling of pride)
sìltsan good (of its kind), well done) nìnu: [nɪ.ˈnu] P F adv. failingly, falteringly, in
nìlun: [nɪ.ˈlun] P F adv. of course, logically, fol- vain, fruitlessly, not achieving the desired or
lowing common sense expected end (derived from nui fail, falter, go
nim: [nim] P F adj. timid, shy astray, not obtain expected or desired result)
nìmal: [nɪ.ˈmal] P F adv. trustingly, without hes- nìolo’: [nɪ.o.ˈloʔ] P F adv. (together) as members
itation (derived from mal trustworthy, trust- of a clan (derived from olo’ clan)
inspiring) nip: [n·ip̚ ] P F vin. become stuck, get caught in
nìmeyp: [nɪ.ˈmɛjp̚ ] P F adv. weakly, loosely (de- something
rived from meyp weak) nìprrte’: [nɪ.ˈpṛ.tɛʔ] P F adv. pleasurably, gladly,
nìmip: [nɪ.ˈmip̚ ] P F adv. anew with pleasure (derived from prrte’ pleasur-
nìmun: [nɪ.ˈmun] P F adv. again able (of an activity))
nìmwey: [nɪm.ˈwɛj] P F adv. calmly, peacefully nìpxay: [nɪ.ˈp’aj] P F adv. many, manily (de-
(derived from mawey calm) rived from pxay many (can be used on sin-
nìmweypey: [nɪm.ˈwɛj.pɛj] P F adv. patiently gular and plural nouns))
(derived from maweypey be patient (ii)) nìpxi: [nɪ.ˈp’i] P F adv. especially, pointedly, un-
nìn: [n·ɪn] P F vtr. look at ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp (as a
nìNa’vi: [nɪ.ˈnaʔ.vi] P F adv. like the Na’vi, point))
Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People, in- nìpxim: [nɪ.ˈp’im] P F adv. erectly, rightly (de-
digenous Pandoran sentient race) rived from pxim erect, upright)
nìnäk: [nɪ.ˈnæk]̚ P F adv. by drinking, in a liquid nìpxul: [nɪ.ˈp’ul] P F adv. formidably, impos-
way (derived from näk drink) ingly (derived from pxul formidable, impos-
nìnän: [nɪ.ˈnæn] P F adv. less (derived from nän ing)
decrease) nìran: [nɪ.ˈɾan] P F adv. basically, fundamen-
ninan: [ˈni.nan] P F adv. by reading (derived tally, in essence (derived from ran intrin-
from inan read (e.g. the forest), gain knowl- sic character or nature, essence, constititution;
edge from sensory input) basic nature of something resulting from the
nìnänän: [nɪ.ˈnæn.æn] P F adv. decreasingly, totality of its properties; often best translated
less and less (derived from nän decrease) as personality)
nìnew: [nɪ.ˈnɛw] P F adv. voluntarily, willingly, nìrangal: [nɪ.ˈɾaŋ.al] P F adv. wish (contrary to
by desire (derived from new want) fact, with perfective or imperfective subjunc-
nìngay: [nɪ.ˈŋaj] P F adv. truly (derived from tive) (derived from rangal wish)
ngay true) nìräptum: [nɪ.ɾæp̚ .ˈtʊm] P F adv. coarsely, vul-
nìngong: [nɪ.ˈŋoŋ] P F adv. lethargically, lazily garly (derived from räptum coarse, vulgar,
(derived from ngong lethargic, lacking suffi- socially unacceptable)
cient energy, lazy) nìrìkxi: [nɪ.ɾɪ.ˈk’i] P F adv. shakily, tremblingly
ningyen: [ˈniŋ.jɛn] P F adv. mysteriously, in a (derived from rìkxi tremble, shake, shiver)

30
nìronsrel: [nɪ.ˈɾon.sɾɛl] P F adv. in imagination, tam that will suffice, that will do, OK)
by imagination (derived from ronsrel some- nìteng: [nɪ.ˈtɛŋ] P F adv. too, also, as well, like-
thing imagined) wise (derived from teng same, equal)
nìsay: [nɪ.ˈsaj] P F adv. loyally (derived from nìtengfya: [nɪ.ˈtɛŋ.fja] P F adv. as, same way
say loyal) as (similar action) (derived from tengfya as,
nìsìlpey: [nɪ.sɪl.ˈpɛj] P F adv. hopefully (derived same way as (situational similarity))
from sìlpey hope (with tsnì for thing hoped, nìtkan: [nɪt̚ .ˈkan] P F adv. purposefully, deliber-
unless in independent clause) (ii)) ately (derived from tìkan aim, goal, purpose,
nìskien: [nɪ.ˈski.ɛn] P F adv. to the right (derived target)
from skien right (not left)) nìtkanluke: [nɪt̚ .ˈkan.lu.kɛ] P F adv. acciden-
nìslele: [nɪ.ˈslɛ.lɛ] P F adv. by swimming (de- tally, unintentionally (c.w. from nìtkan pur-
rived from slele swim) posefully, deliberately and luke without)
nìsngä’i: [nɪ.ˈsŋæ.ʔi] P F adv. originally, at first nìtokat: [nɪ.ˈto.kat̚ ] P F adv. guiltily (derived
(derived from sngä’i begin, start) from tokat guilty)
nìsngum: [nɪ.ˈsŋum] P F adv. worryingly, fret- nitram: [nit̚ .ˈɾam] P F adj. happy (of people)
fully (derived from sngum worry) nìtrea: [nɪt̚ .ˈɾɛ.a] P F adv. in spirit, ”spirit-ly”
nìso’ha: [nɪ.ˈsoʔ.ha] P F adv. enthusiastically (derived from tirea spirit)
(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about, nìtrrtrr: [nɪ.ˈtṛ.tṛ] P F adv. on a daily basis, reg-
show enthusiasm for, be excited about) ularly (derived from trr day)
nìsoaia: [nɪ.so.ˈa.i.a] P F adv. (together) as mem- nìtsim: [nɪ.ˈt͡sim] P F adv. originally, in an orig-
bers of a family (derived from soaia family inal way, with originality (derived from tsim
(irregular genitive form soaiä)) source)
nìsok: [nɪ.ˈsok]̚ P F adv. recently (derived from nìtsìsyì: [nɪ.ˈt͡sɪ.sjɪ] P F adv. by whispering, in a
sok recent) whisper (derived from tsìsyì whisper)
nìsteng: [nɪ.ˈstɛŋ] P F adv. similarly (derived nìtsleng: [nɪ.ˈt͡slɛŋ] P F adv. falsely (derived
from steng similar) from tsleng false)
nìsti: [nɪ.ˈsti] P F adv. angrily (derived from sti nìtson: [nɪ.ˈt͡son] P F adv. dutifully, as an obliga-
anger (intransitive), be angry) tion (derived from tson obligation, duty, im-
nìsung: [nɪ.ˈsʊŋ] P F adv. besides, additionally, posed requirement (from superiors))
furthermore (derived from sung add) nìtstew: [nɪ.ˈt͡stɛw] P F adv. bravely, coura-
nìswey: [nɪ.ˈswɛj] P F adv. optimally, best (de- geously (derived from tstew brave, coura-
rived from swey best) geous (ofp))
nìsyayvi: [nɪ.ˈsjaj.vi] P F adv. by chance or coin- nìtsyìl: [nɪ.ˈt͡sjɪl] P F adv. by climbing (derived
cidence (derived from syayvi luck, chance) from tsyìl climb, scale (pulling entire body
nìsyen: [nɪ.ˈsjɛn] P F adv. lastly (derived from up))
syen last, final (in a sequence)) nìtut: [nɪ.ˈtʊt̚ ] P F adv. continually (derived
nìsyep: [nɪ.ˈsjɛp̚ ] P F adv. tightly, in an iron grip from tut continuation marker)
(lit. ”like a trap”) (derived from syep trap) nìtxan: [nɪ.ˈt’an] P F adv. much (abstract), very
nìt’iluke: [nɪt̚ .ˈʔi.lu.kɛ] P F adv. never-endingly, (derived from txan much)
forever (derived from tì’iluke endless, nev- nìtxankeltrrtrr: [nɪ.ˈt’an.kɛl.tṛ.tṛ] P F adv. ex-
erending (in a temporal sense)) traordinarily (derived from txankeltrrtrr ex-
nìtam: [nɪ.ˈtam] P F adv. enough (derived from traordinary)

31
nìtxay: [nɪ.ˈt’aj] P F adv. horizontally (derived line)
from txay be horizontal, lie flat) nìyll: [nɪ.ˈjḷ] P F adv. communally, in a commu-
nìtxi: [nɪ.ˈt’i] P F adv. hurriedly, in a fren- nal manner (derived from yll communal)
zied way (derived from txi hurry, hurried- nìyo’: [nɪ.ˈjoʔ] P F adv. perfectly, flawlessly (de-
ness, frenzy) rived from yo’ be perfect, flawless)
nìtxiluke: [nɪ.ˈt’i.lu.kɛ] P F adv. unhurriedly, nìyol: [nɪ.ˈjol] P F adv. briefly, shortly (of time)
leisurely (c.w. from nìtxi hurriedly, in a fren- (derived from yol short (of time))
zied way and luke without) nìyrr: [nɪ.ˈjṛ] P F adv. naturally, without tam-
nìtxukx: [nɪ.ˈt’uk’] P F adv. deeply (derived pering with or changing the nature (derived
from txukx deep) from yrr wild, natural (something in its orig-
nivi: [ˈni.vi] P F n. sleeping hammock (general inal, unmodified, untampered-with natural
term) state))
nìvingkap: [nɪ.ˈviŋ.kap̚ ] P F adv. by the way, nìzawnong: [nɪ.ˈzaw.noŋ] P F adv. safely (de-
incidentally (derived from vingkap occur to rived from zong save, defend)
one, pop into one’s mind) nìzen: [nɪ.ˈzɛn] P F adv. necessarily (derived
nìwä: [nɪ.ˈwæ] P F adv. on the contrary, con- from zene must)
versely (derived from wä+ against (as in: nìzevakx: [nɪ.ˈzɛ.vak’] P F adv. cruelly (derived
fight against)) from zevakx cruel (ofp))
nìwan: [nɪ.ˈwan] P F adv. secretly, in hiding, by nokx: [n·ok’] P F vtr. give birth to
hiding (derived from wan hide) nong: [n·oŋ] P F vtr. follow, proceed after
nìwäte: [nɪ.wæ.ˈtɛ] P F adv. disagreeably, be- nongspe’: [n·oŋ.ˈsp·ɛʔ] P F vtr. pursue with an
grudgingly (derived from wäte argue, dis- intent to capture
pute) nopx: [n·op’] P F vtr. put away, store
nìwawe: [nɪ.wa.ˈwɛ] P F adv. meaningfully, sig- nrr: [n·ṛ] P F vin. glow, be luminous
nificantly (derived from wawe meaning, im- nrra: [ˈnṛ.a] P F n. pride, feeling of pride
portance, significance (emotional)) nuä+: [ˈnu.æ] P F adp. beyond
nìwin: [nɪ.ˈwin] P F adv. fast, quickly (derived nui: [ˈn·u.·i] P F vin. fail, falter, go astray, not
from win fast) obtain expected or desired result
nìwok: [nɪ.ˈwok]̚ P F adv. loudly (derived from nulkrr: [nul.ˈkṛ] P F adv. longer (time) (derived
wok loud) from krr time)
nìwotx: [nɪ.ˈwot’] P F adv. all (of), in toto, com- nulnew: [nul.ˈn·ɛw] P F vtrm. prefer (ii) (de-
pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole) rived from new want)
nìyawr: [nɪ.ˈjawɾ] P F adv. correctly, rightly (de- nume: [ˈn·u.m·ɛ] P F vin. learn
rived from eyawr correct, right) numeyu: [ˈnu.mɛ.ju] P F n. student (derived
nìyewla: [nɪ.ˈjɛw.la] P F adv. in a disappoint- from nume learn)
ing fashion, in a way failing to meet expec- numtseng: [ˈnum.t͡sɛŋ] P F n. school (c.w. from
tations (derived from yewla disappointment, nume learn and tseng place)
emotional let-down, failed expectation) numtsengvi: [ˈnum.t͡sɛŋ.vi] P F n. classroom, di-
nìyey: [nɪ.ˈjɛj] P F adv. directly, straight to the vision of a school (derived from numtseng
point, just (derived from yey straight) school)
nìyeyfya: [nɪ.ˈjɛj.fja] P F adv. straight ahead, in numultxa: [nu.mʊl.ˈt’a] P F n. class (for instruc-
a straight line (derived from yeyfya straight tion) (c.w. from nume learn and ultxa meet-

32
 ing) time) (c.w. from nun long (of time) and yol
numultxatu: [nu.mʊl.ˈt’a.tu] P F n. classmate, short (of time))
member of a class (derived from numultxa nunyolpe: [ˈnun.jol.pɛ] P F inter. what length,
class (for instruction)) how long (of time) (derived from nunyol du-
nun: [nun] P F adj. long (of time) ration, length (of time)) variant of penunyol
nunyol: [ˈnun.jol] P F n. duration, length (of nutx: [nut’] P F adj. thick (in size)

NG [ŋ] (NgeNg)

nga: [ŋa] P F pn. you ngeyn: [ŋɛjn] P F adj. tired

nga’: [ŋ·aʔ] P F vtr. contain ngian: [ŋi.ˈan] P F adv. however
ngä’än: [ŋ·æ.ˈʔ·æn] P F vin. suffer mentally or ngim: [ŋim] P F adj. long (physical length)
emotionally, be miserable ngimpup: [ŋim.ˈpʊp̚ ] P F n. length (c.w. from
nga’lini: [ŋ·aʔ.ˈli.ni] P F vin. be pregnant (for an- ngim long (physical length) and pup short
imals) (c.w. from nga’ contain and lini young (physical length))
of an animal, bird, fish, insect) ngimpuppe: [ˈŋim.pʊ.pɛ] P F inter. what length,
nga’prrnen: [ŋ·aʔ.ˈpṛ.nɛn] P F vin. be preg- how long (of physical extension) (derived
nant (for people) (c.w. from nga’ contain and from ngimpup length) variant of pengimpup
prrnen infant, baby) ngip: [ŋip̚ ] P F n. space, open or borderless area
ngam: [ŋam] P F n. echo ngoa: [ˈŋo.a] P F n. mud
ngampam: [ˈŋam.pam] P F n. rhyme (c.w. from
ngong: [ŋoŋ] P F adj. lethargic, lacking suffi-
ngam echo and pam sound)
cient energy, lazy
ngampam si: [ˈŋam.pam s·i] P F vin. rhyme
ngop: [ŋ·op̚ ] P F vtr. create
(Also used metaphorically in the sense of
ngopyu: [ˈŋop.ju] P F n. creator (derived from
”fit together well”) (derived from ngampam
ngop create)
rhyme)
ngäng: [ŋæŋ] P F n. stomach ngrr: [ŋṛ] P F n. root
ngatsyìp: [ˈŋa.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F pn. little you, you little ngrrfpìl: [ˈŋṛ.fpɪl] P F n. key assumption (c.w.
(derived from nga you) from ngrr root and fpìl think)
ngawng: [ŋawŋ] P F n. worm ngrrpongu: [ˈŋṛ.po.ŋu] P F n. grassroots move-
ngay: [ŋaj] P F adj. true ment (c.w. from ngrr root and pongu a group
ngaytxoa: [ŋaj.ˈt’o.a] P F intj. sorry, my apolo- or party of people)
gies (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) ngul: [ŋul] P F adj. grey, drab
(c.w. from ngay true and txoa forgiveness) ngulpin: [ˈŋul.pin] P F n. grey (derived from
ngäzìk: [ˈŋæ.zɪk]̚ P F adj. difficult, hard ngul grey, drab)
ngenga: [ŋɛ.ˈŋa] P F pn. you (honorific form) ngungung: [ˈŋ·ʊ.ŋ·ʊŋ] P F vtr. rub
ngep: [ŋɛp̚ ] P F n. navel nguway: [ˈŋu.waj] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry
nget: [ŋɛt̚ ] P F adj. smell of decaying wood and (derived from way song (ancient, ceremo-
leaves, dank (non-animal decay) nial))

33
O [o]

oare: [o.ˈa.ɾɛ] P F n. moon leader (c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan
oe: [ˈo.ɛ] P F pn. I, me leader)
oeng: [o.ˈɛŋ] P F pn. we two, us two (dual inclu- olo’eyktan: [o.lo.ˈʔɛjk.̚ tan] JC n. clan leader
sive), you and I (c.w. from oe I, me and nga (c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)
you) olo’eykte: [o.lo.ʔɛjk.̚ ˈtɛ] P F n. female clan leader
oetsyìp: [ˈwɛ.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F pn. little me, little I (de- (c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)
rived from oe I, me) olo’tu: [o.ˈloʔ.tu] P F n. clan member, member of
oeyk: [o.ˈɛjk]̚ P F n. cause a community (derived from olo’ clan)
oeyktìng: [o.ˈɛjk.̚ t·ɪŋ] P F vtr. explain (ii) (c.w. ompu: [ˈom.pu] P F adj. fat, corpulent
from oeyk cause and tìng give) omum: [·o.ˈm·ʊm] P F vtr. know (stress moves
ohakx: [o.ˈhak’] P F adj. hungry to first syllable with infixation)
ohe: [ˈo.hɛ] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial onlor: [on.ˈloɾ] P F adj. good-smelling (c.w. from
form) ontu nose and lor beautiful, pleasant to the
oìsss: [o.ˈɪsss] LA intj. angry snarl, ”watch it!” senses)
oìsss si: [o.ˈɪsss s·i] P F vin. hiss (derived from ontsang: [ˈon.t͡saŋ] P F n. nose ring (c.w. from
oìsss angry snarl, ”watch it!”) ontu nose and tsang a piercing)
okup: [ˈo.kʊp̚ ] P F n. milk ontu: [ˈon.tu] JC n. nose
okupsyu: [ˈo.kup̚ .sju] P F n. dairy product onvä’: [on.ˈvæʔ] P F adj. bad-smelling, smelly,
olo’: [o.ˈloʔ] P F n. clan stinky (c.w. from ontu nose and vä’ unpleas-
olo’eyktan: [o.lo.ʔɛjk.̚ ˈtan] P F n. male clan ant to the senses, noisome)

P [p] (PeP)

pa’o: [ˈpa.ʔo] P F n. side manner)

pähem: [ˈp·æ.h·ɛm] P F vin. arrive pamrelsiyu: [pam.ˈɾɛl.si.ju] P F n. writer (de-
pak: [pak]̚ P F part. disparagement rived from pamrel writing)
palang: [ˈp·a.l·aŋ] P F vtr. contact (in a social pamrelvi: [pam.ˈɾɛl.vi] P F n. letter (phonetic
sense), communicate with symbol) (derived from pamrel writing)
palon: [ˈp·a.l·on] P F vin. burn pamrelvul: [pam.ˈɾɛl.vul] P F n. pen, pencil, lit.
palulukantsyìp: [ˌpa.lu.ˈlu.kan.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. cat ”writing stick” (c.w. from pamrel writing and
(earth animal); lit. little palulukan (derived vul branch (of a tree))
from palulukan thanator) pamrelvul lerìn: [pam.ˈɾɛl.vul lɛ.ˈɾɪn] P F n. pen-
pam: [pam] P F n. sound cil, lit. ”wooden writing stick” (derived from
pam si: [pam s·i] P F vin. make a sound (derived pamrelvul pen, pencil, lit. ”writing stick”)
from pam sound) pamrìrlì’u: [pam.ɾɪɾ.lɪ.ʔu] P F n. onomatopoetic
pamrel: [pam.ˈɾɛl] P F n. writing (c.w. from pam word (c.w. from pam sound, rì’ìr reflection
sound and rel image, picture) and lì’u word)
pamrel si: [pam.ˈɾɛl ˈs·i] P F vin. write (derived pamtseo: [ˈpam.t͡sɛ.o] P F n. music (c.w. from
from pamrel writing) pam sound and tseo art)
pamrelfya: [pam.ˈɾɛl.fja] P F n. spelling (c.w. pamtseo si: [ˈpam.t͡sɛ.o ˈs·i] P F vin. play music
from pamrel writing and fya’o path, way, (with fa for instrument played) (derived from

34
 pamtseo music) payfya: [ˈpaj.fja] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay
pamtseongopyu: [pam.t͡sɛ.o.ˈŋop̚ .ju] P F n. mu- water, liquid and fya’o path, way, manner)
sic creator, composer (c.w. from pamtseo mu- payìva: [ˈpaj.ɪ.va] P F n. drop of water (c.w. from
sic and ngopyu creator) pay water, liquid and ìlva flake, drop, chip)
pamtseotu: [ˈpam.t͡sɛ.o.tu] P F n. musician (de- paynga’: [ˈpaj.ŋaʔ] P F adj. moist, humid, damp
rived from pamtseo music) (c.w. from pay water, liquid and nga’ con-
pamtseovi: [ˈpam.t͡sɛ.o.vi] P F n. musical piece tain)
(derived from pamtseo music) payoang: [paj.ˈo.aŋ] P F n. fish (c.w. from pay
pamtsyìp: [pam.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. small or slight water, liquid and ioang animal, beast)
sound (derived from pam sound) paysena: [ˈpaj.sɛ.na] P F n. water container (c.w.
pamuvan: [ˈpam.u.van] P F n. sound play (c.w. from pay water, liquid and sähena container,
from pam sound and uvan game) vessel, carrier)
pan: [pan] P F n. third, one third paysmung: [ˈpaj.smʊŋ] P F n. water carrier (c.w.
pängkxo: [p·æŋ.ˈk’·o] P F vin. chat, converse, from pay water, liquid and sämunge trans-
have a conversation portation tool or device)
paystan: [paj.ˈstan] P F inter. what men (de-
pängkxoyu: [pæŋ.ˈk’o.ju] P F n. chatter, con-
rived from tutan man) variant of aystampe
verser (derived from pängkxo chat, converse,
have a conversation) payste: [paj.ˈstɛ] P F inter. what women (derived
from tuté woman) variant of aystepe
pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæŋ.ˈk’o.ju lɛ.ko.ˈɾɛn] P F
n. lawyer (derived from pängkxo chat, con- paysu: [paj.ˈsu] P F inter. what people (derived
verse, have a conversation) from tute person) variant of aysupe
paytxew: [paj.ˈt’ɛw] P F n. shoreline, water’s
pänu: [ˈpæ.nu] P F n. promise
edge (c.w. from pay water, liquid and txew
pänutìng: [ˈpæ.nu.t·ɪŋ] P F vtr. promise (a thing
edge, brink, limit, border, end)
to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pänu promise and
pe’ngay: [p·ɛʔ.ˈŋaj] P F vin. judge, conclude (c.w.
tìng give)
from pe’un decide and ngay true)
parul: [pa.ˈɾʊl] P F n. miracle
pe’ngayyu: [pɛʔ.ˈŋaj.ju] P F n. judge (derived
parulnga’: [pa.ˈɾʊl.ŋaʔ] P F adj. miraculous (nfp) from pe’ngay judge, conclude)
(derived from parul miracle)
pe’un: [ˈp·ɛ.ʔ·ʊn] P F vtr. decide
parultsyìp: [pa.ˈɾʊl.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. term of affection pefnel: [pɛ.ˈfnɛl] P F inter. which kind (derived
for children (derived from parul miracle) from fnel kind, type) variant of fnelpe
paskalin: [pa.ska.ˈlin] P F n. sweet berry (term pefya: [pɛ.ˈfja] P F inter. how (derived from
of endearment) (c.w. from pasuk berry and fya’o path, way, manner) variant of fyape
kalin sweet to the taste) pefyinep’ang: [pɛ.fjin.ɛp̚ .ˈʔaŋ] P F inter. how
pasuk: [ˈpa.sʊk]̚ P F n. berry complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree of
pate: [ˈp·a.t·ɛ] P F vin. get to a place, arrive complexity) variant of fyinep’angpe
paw: [p·aw] P F vin. grow; germinate and de- pehem: [pɛ.ˈhɛm] P F inter. what (action) (de-
velop (of a plant) rived from kem thing (action), deed)
pawk: [pawk]̚ P F n. horn, wind instrument pehrr: [pɛ.ˈhṛ] P F inter. when (derived from krr
pawm: [p·awm] P F vtr. ask (can take quotes us- time)
ing ”san”) pehrrlik: [pɛ.ˈhṛ.lik]̚ P F inter. what time? (de-
pay: [paj] P F n. water, liquid rived from krrlik point in time) variant of kr-

35
 rlikpe pepste: [pɛp̚ .ˈstɛ] P F inter. what three women
pek: [pɛk]̚ P F n. fin (of an aquatic animal) (derived from tuté woman) variant of px-
pekxinum: [pɛ.ˈk’i.nʊm] P F inter. how tight, estepe
loose? (derived from ’ekxinum degree of pepsu: [pɛp̚ .ˈsu] P F inter. what three people (de-
tightness, looseness) variant of ’ekxinumpe rived from tute person) variant of pxesupe
pela’a: [pɛ.ˈla.ʔa] P F inter. how near, how far, peseng: [pɛ.ˈsɛŋ] P F inter. where (derived from
what distance (derived from la’a physical sep- tseng place) variant of tsengpe
aration, distance between two places or ob- peslosnep: [pɛ.slo.ˈsnɛp̚ ] P F inter. what width,
jects) variant of la’ape how wide? (derived from slosnep width)
pela’ang: [pɛ.ˈla.ʔaŋ] P F inter., intj. wth, what variant of slosneppe
the hell (lit. what pile of stinking, rotting pesomwew: [pɛ.som.ˈwɛw] P F inter. what tem-
animal matter) (derived from la’ang pile of perature? (derived from somwew tempera-
stinking, rotting animal matter) ture) variant of somwewpe
pelì’u: [pɛ.ˈlɪ.ʔu] P F inter. what (word, ut- pesrrpxì: [pɛ.sṛ.ˈp’ɪ] P F inter. what time? (de-
terance) (derived from lì’u word) variant of rived from trrpxì Part of a day; hour) variant
lì’upe of trrpxìpe
pelìmsim: [pɛ.ˈlɪm.sim] P F inter. how near, how pestan: [pɛ.ˈstan] P F inter. what man (derived
far (c.w. from lìm be far and sim be near) from tutan man) variant of tutampe
variant of lìmsimpe peste: [pɛ.ˈstɛ] P F inter. what woman (derived
pelun: [pɛ.ˈlun] P F inter. why (derived from lun from tuté woman) variant of tutepe
reason) variant of lumpe pesu: [pɛ.ˈsu] P F inter. who (derived from tute
pemstan: [pɛm.ˈstan] P F inter. what two men person) variant of tupe
(derived from tutan man) variant of mes- peu: [pɛ.ˈu] P F inter. what (thing) (derived from
tampe ’u thing (object, fact, abstraction)) variant of
pemste: [pɛm.ˈstɛ] P F inter. what two ’upe
women (derived from tuté woman) variant of pewn: [pɛwn] P F n. neck
mestepe pey: [p·ɛj] P F vin. wait, wait for
pemsu: [pɛm.ˈsu] P F inter. what two people (de- piak: [pi.ˈak]̚ P F adj. open, clear (for cloudless
rived from tute person) variant of mesupe skies)
peng: [p·ɛŋ] P F vtr. tell piak säpi: [pi.ˈak̚ sæ.ˌp·i] P F vin. open oneself,
penghrr: [p·ɛŋ.ˈhṛ] P F vin. warn (c.w. from open by itself, open on its own (derived from
peng tell and hrrap danger) piak open, clear (for cloudless skies))
pengimpup: [pɛ.ˈŋim.pʊp̚ ] P F inter. what piak si: [pi.ˈak̚ s·i] P F vin. open (derived from
length, how long (of physical extension) (de- piak open, clear (for cloudless skies))
rived from ngimpup length) variant of ngim- pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe
puppe pìmtxan: [pɪm.ˈt’an] P F inter. how much
penunyol: [pɛ.ˈnun.jol] P F inter. what length, (derived from hìmtxan amount) variant of
how long (of time) (derived from nunyol du- hìmtxampe
ration, length (of time)) variant of nunyolpe pinvul: [ˈpin.vul] P F n. crayon (c.w. from ’opin
pepstan: [pɛp̚ .ˈstan] P F inter. what three men color and vul branch (of a tree)) short for
(derived from tutan man) variant of pxes- ’opinvultsyìp
tampe pìsaw: [pɪ.ˈsaw] P F adj. clumsy, accident-prone

36
pìtìk: [ˈp·ɪ.t·ɪk]̚ P F vtr. scratch non-harmfully, polpxay: [pol.ˈp’aj] P F inter. how many
as an itch (derived from holpxay number) variant of
pìwopx: [pɪ.ˈwop’] P F n. cloud holpxaype
pìwopxtsyìp: [pɪ.ˈwop’.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. nebula (de- pom: [p·om] P F vtr. kiss
rived from pìwopx cloud) pon: [p·on] P F vtr. balance
pizayu: [ˈpi.za.ju] P F n. ancestor pongu: [ˈpo.ŋu] P F n. a group or party of people
pllhrr: [p·ḷ.ˈhṛ] P F vin. warn (c.w. from plltxe prrku: [ˈpṛ.ku] P F n. womb (c.w. from prrnen
speak, say (can take quotes using ”san”) and infant, baby and kelku home, house)
hrrap danger) prrkxentrrkrr: [ˈpṛ.k’ɛn.tṛ.kṛ] P F,Skxawng n.
pllngay: [p·ḷ.ˈŋaj] P F vin. admit (can take quotes day time smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue
using ”san”) (c.w. from plltxe speak, say (can (Na’vi idiom) (contraction of prrte’, kxener,
take quotes using ”san”) and ngay true) trr and krr)
prrnen: [ˈpṛ.nɛn] P F n. infant, baby
plltxe: [p·ḷ.ˈt’·ɛ] P F vtr. speak, say (can take
prrnesyul: [ˈpṛ.nɛ.sjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from
quotes using ”san”)
prrnen infant, baby and syulang flower)
plltxe räptum: [p·ḷ.ˈt’·ɛ ɾæp̚ .ˈtʊm] P F vin. to
prrsmung: [ˈpṛ.smʊŋ] P F n. baby carrier
speak vulgarly, use vulgar language, swear
(c.w. from prrnen infant, baby and sämunge
(derived from plltxe speak, say (can take
transportation tool or device)
quotes using ”san”))
prrte’: [ˈpṛ.tɛʔ] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activ-
plltxepam: [pḷ.ˈt’ɛ.pam] P F n. speech sound;
ity)
phoneme (c.w. from plltxe speak, say (can
prrwll: [ˈpṛ.wḷ] P F,P rr n. moss
take quotes using ”san”) and pam sound)
pukap: [ˈpu.kap̚ ] P F num. six
po: [po] P F pn. he, she pum: [pʊm] P F pn. one (refers to any instance
poan: [po.ˈan] P F pn. he (no plural form: use of the previously mentioned noun)
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she) pung: [p·uŋ] P F vtr. hurt, injure
poe: [po.ˈɛ] P F pn. she (no plural form: use pup: [pʊp̚ ] P F adj. short (physical length)
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she) pupxì: [pu.ˈp’ɪ] P F n. one-sixth (derived from
pohan: [po.ˈhan] P F pn. he (honorific) pukap six)
pohe: [po.ˈhɛ] P F pn. she (honorific) puve: [ˈpu.vɛ] P F adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived
poho: [ˈpo.ho] P F pn. they (3rd person singular from pukap six)
honorific) puwup: [ˈp·u.w·ʊp̚ ] P F vin. bounce

PX [p’] (PxePx)

pxan: [p’an] P F adj. worthy pxawpa: [ˈp’aw.pa] P F n. perimeter, circum-

pxasìk: [ˈp’a.sɪk]̚ P F intj. screw that!, no way! ference, border (c.w. from pxaw around and
(vulgar) pa’o side)
pxasul: [ˈp’a.sʊl] P F adj. fresh, appealing as pxawpxun: [ˈp’aw.p’un] P F n. armband (c.w.
food from pxaw around and pxun arm)
pxaw: [p’aw] P F adp. around pxawtok: [ˈp’aw.t·ok]̚ P F vtr. surround (c.w.
pxawngip: [ˈp’aw.ŋip̚ ] P F n. environment (c.w. from pxaw around and tok be at, occupy a
from pxaw around and ngip space, open or space)
borderless area) pxawtxap: [p’aw.ˈt’·ap̚ ] P F vtr. squeeze (c.w.

37
 from pxaw around and txap press, press on, pxi: [p’i] P F adj. sharp (as a point)
apply (physical) pressure to) pxìm: [p’ɪm] P F adv. often
pxay: [p’aj] P F adj. many (can be used on sin- pxim: [p’im] P F adj. erect, upright
gular and plural nouns) pximaw: [p’i.ˈmaw] P F adp. right after (c.w.
pxayopin: [ˈp’aj.o.pin] P F adj. colorful, mul- from pxi sharp (as a point) and maw after
ticolored, variegated (c.w. from pxay many (time))
(can be used on singular and plural nouns) pxìmun’i: [p’ɪ.m·ʊn.ˈʔ·i] P F vtr. divide, cut into
and ’opin color) parts (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut)
pxek: [p’·ɛk]̚ P F vtr. kick, shove pxiset: [p’i.ˈsɛt̚ ] P F adv. right now (c.w. from
pxel: [p’ɛl] P F adp. like, as pxi sharp (as a point) and set now)
pxelo: [ˈp’ɛ.lo] P F adv. thrice, three times (de- pxisre+: [p’i.ˈsɾɛ] P F adp. right before (c.w.
rived from alo time, turn, instance, one of a from pxi sharp (as a point) and sre+ before
number of repeated or recurring actions) (time))
pxen: [p’ɛn] P F n. functional clothing (item of) pxiswawam: [p’i.swaw.ˈam] P F adv. just a mo-
pxesrram: [p’ɛ.sṛ.ˈam] P F adv., n. three days ago ment ago (derived from swaw moment)
(derived from trram yesterday) pxiswaway: [p’i.swaw.ˈaj] P F adv. in just a sec-
pxesrray: [p’ɛ.sṛ.ˈaj] P F adv., n. three days from ond from now (derived from swaw moment)
now (derived from trray tomorrow) pxiye’rìn: [p’i.ˈjɛʔ.ɾɪn] P F adv. immediately (not
pxestampe: [p’ɛ.ˈstam.pɛ] P F inter. what three as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from swaw mo-
men (derived from tutan man) variant of ment and ye’rìn soon)
pepstan pxoe: [ˈp’o.ɛ] P F pn. we three, us three (exclu-
pxestepe: [p’ɛ.ˈstɛ.pɛ] P F inter. what three sive) (derived from oe I, me)
women (derived from tuté woman) variant of pxoeng: [p’o.ˈɛŋ] P F pn. we three, us three (in-
pepste clusive) (derived from oeng we two, us two
pxesupe: [p’ɛ.ˈsu.pɛ] P F inter. what three people (dual inclusive), you and I )
(derived from tute person) variant of pepsu pxor: [p’·oɾ] P F vin. explode
pxevotrrpxì: [p’ɛ.vo.tṛ.ˈp’ɪ] P F n. hour (in the pxorpam: [ˈp’oɾ.pam] P F n. ejective consonant
24-hour human cycle) (derived from trrpxì (c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)
Part of a day; hour) pxul: [p’ul] P F adj. formidable, imposing
pxey: [p’ɛj] P F num. three pxun: [p’un] P F n. arm
pxeyve: [ˈp’ɛj.vɛ] P F adj. third (ordinal) (de- pxuntil: [ˈp’un.til] P F n. elbow (c.w. from pxun
rived from pxey three) arm and til joint, hinge)

R [ɾ] (ReR)

rä’ä: [ɾæ.ˈʔæ] P F part. do not (for negative im- ralnga’: [ˈɾal.ŋaʔ] P F adj. meaningful, instruc-
peratives, commands only) tive, something from which a lesson can be
ra’un: [ˈɾ·a.ʔ·ʊn] P F vtr. surrender, relinquish, learned (c.w. from ral meaning (logical, lit-
give up eral) and nga’ contain)
ral: [ɾal] P F n. meaning (logical, literal) ralpeng: [ɾal.ˈp·ɛŋ] P F vtr. interpret, translate
ralke: [ˈɾal.kɛ] P F adj. meaningless, devoid of (ii) (c.w. from ral meaning (logical, literal)
content (c.w. from ral meaning (logical, lit- and peng tell)
eral) and ke not) ram: [ɾam] P F n. mountain

38
ramtsyìp: [ˈɾam.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. hill (derived from reng: [ɾɛŋ] P F adj. shallow (physically)
ram mountain) rengop: [ˈɾɛ.ŋ·op̚ ] P F vtr. design (finer detail)
ramunong: [ɾa.ˈmu.noŋ] P F n. well (c.w. from renu pattern and ngop create)
ran: [ɾan] P F n. intrinsic character or nature, renten: [ˈɾɛn.tɛn] P F n. goggles, (made from in-
essence, constititution; basic nature of some- sect wings, carved from wood, etc)
thing resulting from the totality of its proper- renu: [ˈɾɛ.nu] P F n. pattern
ties; often best translated as personality renu ngampamä: [ˈɾɛ.nu ˈŋam.pa.mæ] P F n.
rangal: [ˈɾ·aŋ.·al] P F vin. wish rhyme scheme (derived from renu pattern)
räptulì’fya: [ɾæp̚ .tʊ.ˈlɪʔ.fja] P F n. course, vulgar renulke: [ˈɾɛ.nul.kɛ] P F adj. irregular, random
language (c.w. from räptum coarse, vulgar, (c.w. from renu pattern and luke without)
socially unacceptable and lì’fya language) rewon: [ˈɾɛ.won] P F n. morning
räptulì’u: [ɾæp̚ .tʊ.ˈlɪ.ʔu] P F n. coarse or swear rey: [ɾ·ɛj] P F vin. live
word (c.w. from räptum coarse, vulgar, so- rey’eng: [ɾɛj.ˈʔɛŋ] P F n. the Balance of Life (de-
cially unacceptable and lì’u word) rived from rey live)
räptum: [ɾæp̚ .ˈtʊm] P F adj. coarse, vulgar, so- reyfya: [ˈɾɛj.fja] P F n. way of living, culture (c.w.
cially unacceptable from rey live and fya’o path, way, manner)
raspu’: [ɾa.ˈspuʔ] P F n. leggings (used in war) reykol: [ɾɛj.ˈk·ol] P F vtr. play music, make to
raw: [ɾaw] P F adp. down to sing (poetic) (derived from rol sing)
rawke: [ˈɾaw.kɛ] P F intj. alarm cry, call to de- reym: [ɾɛjm] P F n. dry land
fense reypay: [ˈɾɛj.paj] P F n. blood (c.w. from rey live
rawm: [ɾawm] P F n. lightning (general term) and pay water, liquid)
rawmpxom: [ˈɾawm.p’om] P F n. thunder and reypaytun: [ˈɾɛj.paj.tun] P F adj. red (”blood
lightning (c.w. from rawm lightning (general tun”) (c.w. from reypay blood and tun red,
term) and ’rrpxom thunder) orange)
rawn: [ɾ·awn] P F vtr. replace, substitute rì’ìr: [ˈɾɪ.ʔɪɾ] P F n. reflection
rawng: [ɾawŋ] P F n. entrance, doorway rì’ìr si: [ˈɾɪ.ʔɪɾ s·i] P F vin. reflect, imitate (de-
rawnlì’u: [ɾawn.lɪ.ʔu] P F n. pronoun (c.w. from rived from rì’ìr reflection)
rawn replace, substitute and lì’u word) rìk: [ɾɪk]̚ P F n. leaf
re’o: [ˈɾɛ.ʔo] P F n. head rìkean: [ˈɾɪ.kɛ.an] P F adj. leaf green (c.w. from
rel: [ɾɛl] P F n. image, picture rìk leaf and ean blue, green)
rel arusikx: [ˈɾɛl a.ɾu.ˈsik’] P F n. movie, film, rìktsyokx: [ɾɪk.t͡sjok’] P F n. flat hand (c.w.
video (c.w. from rel image, picture and rikx from rìk leaf and tsyokx hand)
move, shift position) rikx: [ɾ·ik’] P F vin. move, shift position
reltseo: [ˈɾɛl.t͡sɛ.o] P F n. visual art (c.w. from rìkxi: [ɾ·ɪ.ˈk’·i] P F vin. tremble, shake, shiver
rel image, picture and tseo art) rim: [ɾim] P F adj. yellow
reltseotu: [ˈɾɛl.t͡sɛ.o.tu] P F n. artist (visual) (de- rimpin: [ˈɾim.pin] P F n. yellow (derived from
rived from reltseo visual art) rim yellow)
relvul: [ˈɾɛl.vul] P F n. pen, pencil, lit. ”writ- rìn: [ɾɪn] P F n. wood
ing stick” (short form of pamrelvul) (c.w. from rina’: [ɾi.ˈnaʔ] P F n. seed
reltseo visual art and vul branch (of a tree)) ripx: [ɾ·ip’] P F vtr. pierce
short for pamrelvul ro’a: [ˈɾ·o.ʔ·a] P F vin. be impressive, inspire awe
rem: [ɾɛm] P F n. fuel or respect

39
ro+: [ɾo] P F adp. at (locative) PF vtr. imagine, envision (casual pronun-
rofa: [ˈɾo.fa] P F adp. beside, alongside ciation RON-srew-ngop) (c.w. from ronsrel
rol: [ɾ·ol] P F vin. sing something imagined and ngop create)
rolun: [ɾo.ˈlun] P F intj. Eureka! I’ve found it! ropx: [ɾop’] P F n. hole (going clear through an
(for answers and objects) object)
rong: [ɾoŋ] P F n. tunnel rou: [ˈɾ·o.·u] P F vin. be, or get drunk
ronguway: [ɾ·o.ˈŋu.waj] P F vin. howl (c.w. rum: [ɾum] P F n. ball
from rol sing and nguway howl, viperwolf rumtsyokx: [ɾum.t͡sjok’] P F n. fist (c.w. from
cry) rum ball and tsyokx hand)
ronguwayyu: [ɾo.ˈŋu.waj.ju] P F n. howler (de- run: [ɾ·un] P F vtr. find, discover
rived from ronguway howl) rurur: [ɾʊ.ˈɾʊɾ] P F n. water that is aerated while
ronsem: [ˈɾon.sɛm] P F n. mind flowing among the rocks of a very gradually
ronsrel: [ˈɾon.sɾɛl] P F n. something imagined sloping stream (non-countable)
(c.w. from ronsem mind and rel image, pic- rusey: [ɾu.ˈsɛj] P F adj., n. alive, living, living
ture) thing (derived from rel image, picture)
ronsrelngop: [ˈɾon.sɾɛl.ŋ·op̚ ] / [ˈɾon.sɾɛw.ŋ·op̚ ] rutxe: [ɾu.ˈt’ɛ] P F intj. please

S [s] (Sä)

sa: [s·a] P F vin. rise to a challenge säfe’ul: [sæ.ˈfɛ.ʔul] P F n. worsening (specific in-
sä’anla: [sæ.ˈʔan.la] P F n. yearning (derived stance) (derived from fe’ul worsen, get worse)
from ’anla yearn for) säflä: [sæ.ˈflæ] P F n. success (an instance of suc-
sä’eoio: [sæ.ˈʔɛ.o.i.o] P F n. ceremony, ritual, rite ceeding) (derived from flä succeed)
(derived from ’eoio ceremonious) säflel: [sæ.ˈflɛl] P F n. trick, hoax, dishonest act
sä’eoio si: [sæ.ˈʔɛ.o.i.o s·i] P F vin. take part in or scheme (derived from flel trick (someone),
a ceremony, perform a ritual (derived from fool (someone))
sä’eoio ceremony, ritual, rite) säfleltsyìp: [sæ.ˈflɛl.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. practical joke
sa’ewrang: [sa.ˈʔɛw.ɾaŋ] P F n. mother loom, gi- (derived from säflel trick, hoax, dishonest act
ant loom (derived from ’ewrang loom) or scheme)
sä’ipu: [sæ.ˈʔi.pu] P F n. something humorous säfmi: [sæ.ˈfmi] P F n. attempt (instance of at-
(derived from ’ipu humorous, funny, amus- tempting) (derived from fmi try, attempt)
ing) säfmong: [sæ.ˈfmoŋ] P F n. theft (particular in-
sa’nok: [ˈsaʔ.nok]̚ M,P F n. mother stance) (derived from fmong steal, rob)
sa’nu: [ˈsaʔ.nu] P F n. mum, mommy (affec- säfngo’: [sæ.ˈfŋoʔ] P F n. requirement, demand
tionate form of sa’nok) (affectionate form of (from anyone who isn’t a superior) (derived
sa’nok mother) from fngo’ require, demand)
sa’nutsyìp: [ˈsaʔ.nu.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. little mommy säfpìl: [sæ.ˈfpɪl] P F n. idea (derived from fpìl
(used for young girls) (derived from sa’nu think)
mum, mommy (affectionate form of sa’nok)) säfpìlyewn: [sæ.ˈfpɪl.j·ɛwn] P F vin. communi-
sä’o: [ˈsæ.ʔo] P F n. tool, utensil cate (c.w. from säfpìl idea and yewn express,
sa’sem: [ˈsaʔ.sɛm] P F n. parent or set of parents convey (a thought or feeling))
(c.w. from sa’nok mother and sempul father) säfrìp: [sæ.ˈfɾɪp̚ ] P F n. a bite (derived from frìp
saa: [ˈsa:] LA intj. threatening cry bite)

40
säfrrfen: [sæ.ˈfṛ.fɛn] P F n. visit (derived from from mok suggest)
frrfen visit) sämunge: [sæ.ˈmʊ.ŋɛ] P F n. transportation tool
säftxulì’u: [sæ.ft’u.ˈlɪ.ʔu] P F n. speech, oration or device (derived from munge take, bring)
(derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech) sämyam: [sæm.ˈjam] P F n. hug, embrace (de-
säfyep: [sæ.ˈfjɛp̚ ] P F n. handle (derived from rived from meyam hug, embrace, hold in
fyep hold in the hand, grasp, grip) one’s arms)
sähe’a: [sæ.ˈhɛ.ʔa] P F n. a cough, instance of san: [san] P F adv. saying, quote
coughing (derived from he’a cough) sang: [saŋ] P F adj. warm
sähena: [sæ.ˈhɛ.na] P F n. container, vessel, car- sängä’än: [sæ.ŋæ.ˈʔæn] P F n. bout of suffering;
rier (derived from hena carry) episode of depression (derived from ngä’än
saho: [sa.ˈho] P F n. a prayer (derived from aho suffer mentally or emotionally, be miserable)
pray) sängop: [sæ.ˈŋop̚ ] P F n. creation (derived from
säkahena: [sæ.ka.ˈhɛ.na] P F n. means of trans- ngop create)
port, transportation device, vehicle (derived sänrr: [sæ.ˈnṛ] P F n. glow, an instance of glow-
from kahena transport) ing; light source, lamp (derived from nrr
säkanom: [sæ.ˈka.nom] P F n. something ac- glow, be luminous)
quired, an acquisition, a possession (derived sänui: [sæ.ˈnu.i] P F n. failure (particular in-
from kanom acquire, get) stance of failure) (derived from nui fail, fal-
säkeynven: [sæ.kɛjn.ˈvɛn] P F n. step ter, go astray, not obtain expected or desired
säkxange: [sæ.ˈk’a.ŋɛ] P F n. yawn (derived result)
from kxange yawn) sänume: [sæ.ˈnu.mɛ] P F n. teaching, instruction
sälang: [sæ.ˈlaŋ] P F n. an exploration or inves- (derived from nume learn)
tigation (derived from lang investigate, ex- sänume si: [sæ.ˈnu.mɛ s·i] P F vin. teach, in-
plore) struct, give instruction (derived from sänume
sälatem: [sæ.ˈla.tɛm] P F n. change (instance teaching, instruction)
of), edit, modification (derived from latem sänumvi: [sæ.ˈnum.vi] P F n. lesson (derived
change) from sänume teaching, instruction)
sälätxayn: [sæ.læ.ˈt’ajn] P F n. defeat, an in- säomum: [sæ.ˈo.mʊm] P F n. (piece of) informa-
stance of defeat (derived from lätxayn defeat tion (derived from omum know)
in battle, conquer) säpenghrr: [sæ.pɛŋ.ˈhṛ] P F n. warning (derived
salew: [s·a.ˈl·ɛw] P F vin. proceed, go from penghrr warn)
salewfya: [sa.ˈlɛw.fja] P F n. direction, course säpllhrr: [sæ.pḷ.ˈhṛ] P F n. warning (derived
(c.w. from salew proceed, go and fya’o path, from pllhrr warn)
way, manner) säplltxe: [sæ.pḷ.ˈt’ɛ] P F n. statement (derived
säleymfe’: [sæ.lɛjm.ˈfɛʔ] P F n. complaint (de- from plltxe speak, say (can take quotes using
rived from leymfe’ complain) ”san”))
säleymkem: [sæ.lɛjm.ˈkɛm] P F n. protest, in- säplltxevi: [sæ.pḷ.ˈt’ɛ.vi] P F n. comment (de-
stance of protesting (derived from leymkem rived from säplltxe statement)
protest) säpom: [sæ.ˈpom] P F n. kiss (derived from pom
sälipx: [sæ.ˈlip’] P F n. drop (of a liquid) (derived kiss)
from lipx drip) säpxor: [sæ.ˈp’oɾ] P F n. explosion
sämok: [sæ.ˈmok]̚ P F n. a suggestion (derived sar: [s·aɾ] P F vtr. use

41
särangal: [sæ.ˈɾaŋ.al] P F n. wish (derived from from starsìm gather, collect)
rangal wish) säsulìn: [sæ.ˈsu.lɪn] P F n. hobby, pleasureyield-
särawn: [sæ.ˈɾawn] P F n. replacement, substi- ing activity (derived from sulìn be busy (pos-
tute, something that replaces something else itive sense), be engrossed in something one
(derived from rawn replace, substitute) finds especially pleasant and energizing)
särengop: [sæ.ˈɾɛ.ŋop̚ ] P F n. design (a particular sasya: [sa.ˈsja] P F intj. I’ll rise to the challenge! I
instance of designing) (derived from rengop can do it! (derived from sa rise to a challenge)
design (finer detail)) säsyep: [sæ.ˈsjɛp̚ ] P F n. trap (derived from syep
säro’a: [sæ.ˈɾo.ʔa] P F n. feat, accomplishment, trap)
great deed (derived from ro’a be impressive, sat: [sat̚ ] P F pn. those (as direct object)
inspire awe or respect) sätare: [sæ.ˈta.ɾɛ] P F n. connection, relationship
säro’a si: [sæ.ˈɾo.ʔa s·i] P F vin. do great deeds (derived from tare connect, relate to, have a
(derived from säro’a feat, accomplishment, relationship with)
great deed) sätarenga’: [sæ.ˈta.ɾɛ.ŋaʔ] P F adj. relevant, per-
säseyto: [sæ.sɛj.ˈto] P F n. butchering tool (de- tinent (c.w. from sätare connection, relation-
rived from seyto butcher (in the sense of sep- ship and nga’ contain)
arating or processing the carcass of a dead an- sätarep: [sæ.ˈta.ɾɛp̚ ] P F n. rescue, an incidence
imal)) of rescuing (derived from tarep save, rescue
säsìlpey: [sæ.sɪl.ˈpɛj] P F n. hope (particular in- (from a dangerous or distressing situation))
stance) (derived from sìlpey hope (with tsnì sätaron: [sæ.ˈta.ɾon] P F n. hunt (derived from
for thing hoped, unless in independent clause) taron hunt)
(ii)) sätsan’ul: [sæ.ˈt͡san.ʔul] P F n. improvement
säspaw: [sæ.ˈspaw] P F n. belief (particular in- (specific instance) (derived from tsan’ul im-
stance) (derived from spaw believe) prove, get better)
säspxin: [sæ.ˈsp’in] P F n. disease, sickness, ill- sätsawn: [sæ.ˈt͡sawn] P F n. harvest (particular
ness (derived from spxin sick) instance) (derived from tsawn gather grow-
säspxintsyìp: [sæ.ˈsp’in.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. minor ail- ing food from the forest; pick; harvest (in agri-
ment (derived from säspxin disease, sickness, culture))
illness) sätseri: [sæ.ˈt͡sɛ.ɾi] P F n. observation, something
säsrätx: [sæ.ˈsɾæt’] P F n. annoyance (derived noticed (derived from tseri note, notice)
from srätx annoy, bother) sätsìsyì: [sæ.ˈt͡sɪ.sjɪ] P F n. whisper (derived
säsrese’a: [sæ.sɾɛ.sɛ.ˈʔa] P F n. a prediction from tsìsyì whisper)
(derived from srese’a prophetize, prophesize, sätswayon: [sæ.ˈt͡swaj.on] P F n. flight (an in-
prophesy, predict) stance of flying) (derived from tswayon fly)
säsrìn: [sæ.ˈsɾɪn] P F n. lent or borrowed thing sätsyìl: [sæ.ˈt͡sjɪl] P F n. climbing event, a climb
(derived from srìn temporarily transfer from (derived from tsyìl climb, scale (pulling entire
one to another (rarely used without prefix)) body up))
säsrung: [sæ.ˈsɾʊŋ] P F n. helper (inanimate), satu’li: [sa.ˈtuʔ.li] P F n. heritage
something that helps (derived from srung sau: [sa.ˈu] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion,
help, assistance) urgh
sästarsìm: [sæ.ˈstaɾ.sɪm] P F n. collection (put sävll: [sæ.ˈvḷ] P F n. sign, indication, signal (de-
together intentionally by a person) (derived rived from vll indicate, point at)

42
säwäsul: [sæ.ˈwæ.sul] P F n. a competition (de- spiritually, not physical), confident
rived from wäsul compete) seyn: [sɛjn] P F n. chair, stool, bench; any tool or
säwäsultsyìp: [sæ.ˈwæ.sul.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. a contest device to facilitate sitting (c.w. from sä’o tool,
(derived from säwäsul a competition) utensil and heyn sit)
säwäte: [sæ.wæ.ˈtɛ] P F n. point of contention, seyri: [ˈsɛj.ɾi] JC n. lip
source of argument, thing disputed (derived seysonìltsan: [sɛj.so.nɪl.ˈt͡san] P F intj. well
from wäte argue, dispute) done! (derived from hasey soli nìltsan accom-
säwem: [sæ.ˈwɛm] P F n. fight (derived from plished well) (contraction of hasey soli nìlt-
wem fight) san accomblished well)
säwìngay: [sæ.wɪ.ˈŋaj] P F n. proof (particular seyto: [s·ɛj.ˈt·o] P F vtr. butcher (in the sense of
instance) (derived from wìngay prove) separating or processing the carcass of a dead
säwìntxu: [sæ.wɪn.ˈt’u] P F n. a showing, an ex- animal)
hibition (derived from wìntxu show) sì: [sɪ] P F part. and (for making lists of words
say: [saj] P F adj. loyal with same part of speech, can be attached as
säyäkx: [sæ.ˈjæk’] P F n. snub (derived from –sì; for clauses, use ulte)
yäkx not notice, ignore, snub) si: [s·i] P F vin. auxiliary verb, postpositional
säyìm: [sæ.ˈjɪm] P F n. tie, something used for nonbound verb do, make
binding (derived from yìm bind) sìk: [sɪk]̚ P F adv. unquote
saylahe: [saj.ˈla.hɛ] P F adv. et cetera (c.w. from sil: [sil] P F n. body stripe (non-facial)
sì and (for making lists of words with same
sìlpey: [sɪl.ˈp·ɛj] P F vin. hope (with tsnì for thing
part of speech, can be attached as –sì; for
hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.
clauses, use ulte) and aylahe others, the others
from sìltsan good (of its kind), well done and
(animate or non-animate))
pey wait, wait for)
sayrìp: [ˈsaj.ɾɪp̚ ] P F adj. handsome, good looking
sìlronsem: [sɪl.ˈɾon.sɛm] P F adj. clever, smart
säzärìp: [sæ.ˈzæ.ɾɪp̚ ] P F n. face lead, rein (de-
(thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good (of its kind),
rived from za’ärìp pull)
well done and ronsem mind)
se’ayl: [sɛ.ˈʔajl] P F n. an individual tall, thin
sìltsan: [sɪl.ˈt͡san] P F adj. good (of its kind), well
waterfall that pours down a sheer high cliff,
done
or off of a floating mountain (countable)
sim: [s·im] P F vin. be near
sekrr: [ˈsɛ.kṛ] P F n. present (c.w. from set now
and krr time) sìn: [sɪn] P F adp. on, onto
semkä: [sɛm.ˈkæ] P F n. bridge (derived from sivako: [si.ˈva.ko] P F intj. Rise to the challenge!
emkä cross) Courage! You can do it! (c.w. from sa rise to
sempu: [ˈsɛm.pu] P F n. daddy (affectionate form a challenge and ko solicit agreement)
of sempul) (affectionate form of sempul fa- ska’a: [sk·a.ˈʔ·a] P F vtr. destroy
ther) skepek: [ˈskɛ.pɛk]̚ P F adj. formal
sempul: [ˈsɛm.pul] P F n. father skeykx: [skɛjk’] P F adj. bored
set: [sɛt̚ ] P F adv. now skiempa: [ˈski.ɛm.pa] P F n. right side (c.w. from
sevin: [sɛ.ˈvin] P F adj. pretty skien right (not left) and pa’o side)
sey: [sɛj] P F n. cup or bowl minimally modified skien: [ˈski.ɛn] P F adj. right (not left)
from naturally occuring resources sko+: [sko] P F adp. something as, in the capac-
seykxel: [sɛj.ˈk’ɛl] P F adj. strong (emotionally, ity of, or in the role of, something else

43
skxakep: [ˈsk’a.kɛp̚ ] P F adj., adv. probable, sna’o: [ˈsna.ʔo] P F n. set, group, pile, clump,
probably stand
skxawng: [sk’awŋ] P F n. moron, idiot snafpìlfya: [sna.ˈfpɪl.fja] P F n. philosophy (c.w.
skxaypxe: [ˈsk’aj.p’ɛ] P F n. Skype from sna’o set, group, pile, clump, stand and
skxir: [sk’iɾ] P F n. wound fpìlfya thought pattern, way of thinking)
skxir si: [ˈsk’iɾ ˈs·i] P F vin. wound (derived from snäm: [sn·æm] P F vin. rot, decay, degrade over
skxir wound) time
skxirtsyìp: [ˈsk’iɾ.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. cut, bruise, minor snanumultxa: [sna.nu.mʊl.ˈt’a] P F n. course
wound (derived from skxir wound) (as a collection of classes) (derived from nu-
skxom: [sk’om] P F n. chance, opportunity multxa class (for instruction))
slä: [slæ] P F conj. but snapamrelvi: [sna.pam.ˈɾɛl.vi] P F n. alphabet
(derived from pamrelvi letter (phonetic sym-
sla’tsu: [ˈsl·aʔ.t͡s·u] P F vtr. describe
bol))
släkop: [ˈslæ.kop̚ ] P F adv. but also (c.w. from
snatanhì: [sna.tan.ˈhɪ] P F n. constellation (de-
slä but and kop and also)
rived from tanhì star, bioluminescent freckle)
slan: [sl·an] P F vtr. support (emotional, social
snatanhìtsyìp: [sna.tan.ˈhɪ.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. star clus-
or personal support)
ter (derived from snatanhì constellation)
slantire: [slan.ti.ˈɾɛ] P F n. inspiration (c.w. from
snatxärem: [sna.ˈt’æ.ɾɛm] P F n. skeleton (de-
slan support (emotional, social or personal
rived from txärem bone)
support) and tirea spirit)
snayì: [sna.ˈjɪ] P F n. staircase, series of step-like
slantire si: [slan.ti.ˈɾɛ s·i] P F vin. inspire (de-
levels (derived from yì shelf, ledge, level, step,
rived from slantire inspiration)
rung)
slär: [slæɾ] P F n. cave
snaytu: [ˈsnaj.tu] P F n. loser (derived from
slayk: [sl·ajk]̚ P F vtr. brush, comb snaytx lose (to not win))
slele: [ˈsl·ɛ.l·ɛ] P F vin. swim snaytx: [sn·ajt’] P F vtr. lose (to not win)
sleyku: [slɛj.ˈk·u] P F vtr. produce (derived from snep: [snɛp̚ ] P F adj. narrow
slu become (noun predicate with ne in am- snew: [sn·ɛw] P F vtr. constrict, tighten
biguous constructions))
snewsye: [ˈsnɛw.sjɛ] P F adj. weird, spooky
sloa: [ˈslo.a] P F adj. wide (c.w. from snew constrict, tighten and syeha
sloan: [sl·o.ˈ·an] P F vtr. pour breath)
slosnep: [slo.ˈsnɛp̚ ] P F n. width (derived from sneyä: [ˈsnɛ.jæ] P F pn. his own, her own, its own
snep narrow) (derived from sno his self, her self, its self (re-
slosneppe: [slo.ˈsnɛ.pɛ] P F inter. what width, flexive, genitive form sneyä))
how wide? (derived from slosnep width) sngä’i: [ˈsŋ·æ.ʔ·i] P F vim. begin, start
variant of peslosnep sngä’ikrr: [ˈsŋæ.ʔi.kṛ] P F n. beginning, starting
slu: [sl·u] P F vin. become (noun predicate with time (c.w. from sngä’i begin, start and krr
ne in ambiguous constructions) time)
slukx: [sluk’] P F n. horn of an animal sngä’itseng: [ˈsŋæ.ʔi.t͡sɛŋ] P F n. beginning,
smar: [smaɾ] P F n. prey, hunted thing starting position, initial location (c.w. from
smaw: [sm·aw] P F vtr. approve of sngä’i begin, start and tseng place)
smon: [sm·on] P F vin. be familiar, be known sngä’iyu: [ˈsŋæ.ʔi.ju] P F n. beginner (derived
(with dative) from sngä’i begin, start)

44
sngap: [sŋ·ap̚ ] P F vtr. sting Proxima Centauri)
sngel: [sŋɛl] P F n. garbage, trash, rubbish snumìna: [ˈsnʊ.mɪ.na] CP adj. dim (of intelli-
sngeltseng: [ˈsŋɛl.t͡sɛŋ] P F n. rubbish place, gence), dim-witted
garbage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage, so’ha: [ˈs·oʔ.h·a] P F vtr. be enthusiastic about,
trash, rubbish and tseng place) show enthusiasm for, be excited about
sngum: [sŋum] P F n. worry so’yu: [ˈsoʔ.ju] P F n. fan, enthusiast (colloquial
sngum si: [sŋum s·i] P F vin. worry (derived form of txanso’hayu)
from sngum worry) soaia: [so.ˈa.i.a] P F n. family (irregular genitive
sngumtsim: [ˈsŋum.t͡sim] P F n. worrisome mat- form soaiä)
ter, source of worry (c.w. from sngum worry sok: [sok]̚ P F adj. recent
and tsim source) soleia: [so.lɛ.i.ˈa] / [so.lɛj.ˈa] P F intj. Congrat-
sngunga’: [ˈsŋu.ŋaʔ] P F adj. worrisome, trou- ulations! Nice going! You met the challenge!
bling (c.w. from sngum worry and nga’ con- You did it! (derived from sa rise to a chal-
tain) lenge)
sno: [sno] P F pn. his self, her self, its self (reflex- som: [som] P F adj. hot
ive, genitive form sneyä) somwew: [som.ˈwɛw] P F n. temperature (c.w.
snokfyan: [ˈsnok.̚ fjan] P F n. personal belong- from som hot and wew cold)
ings rack (c.w. from sno his self, her self, somwewpe: [som.ˈwɛw.pɛ] P F inter. what
its self (reflexive, genitive form sneyä) and temperature? (more common) (derived
kurfyan hamper or suspended rack) from somwew temperature) variant of pe-
snolup: [ˈsno.lʊp̚ ] P F n. personal style or aes- somwew
thetic, presence (c.w. from sno his self, her sop: [s·op̚ ] P F vin. travel
self, its self (reflexive, genitive form sneyä) sopyu: [ˈsop̚ .ju] P F n. traveller (derived from
and lupra style) sop travel)
snomo: [ˈsno.mo] P F n. private space that one sosul: [so.ˈsʊl] P F adj. pleasant smell of nearby
can retreat to (c.w. from sno his self, her self, running water, rain, moist vegetation
its self (reflexive, genitive form sneyä) and mo
spä: [sp·æ] P F vin. jump
space, hollow, enclosed open area)
spakat: [ˈsp·a.k·at̚ ] P F vin. drown
snonivi: [ˈsno.ni.vi] P F n. single-person ham-
späpeng: [spæ.ˈp·ɛŋ] P F vin. restore one-
mock (c.w. from sno his self, her self, its self
self (metaphorically) (derived from speng re-
(reflexive, genitive form sneyä) and nivi sleep-
store)
ing hammock (general term))
snonrra: [sno.ˈnṛ.a] P F n. self-pride (negative spaw: [sp·aw] P F vtr. believe
connotation) (c.w. from sno his self, her self, spe’e: [sp·ɛ.ˈʔ·ɛ] P F vtr. capture
its self (reflexive, genitive form sneyä) and spe’etu: [spɛ.ˈʔɛ.tu] P F n. captive (derived from
nrra pride, feeling of pride) spe’e capture)
snotipx: [sno.ˈtip’] P F n. self-control (c.w. from speng: [sp·ɛŋ] P F vtr. restore
sno his self, her self, its self (reflexive, genitive spono: [ˈspo.no] P F n. island
form sneyä) and tìhipx control) spule: [ˈsp·u.l·ɛ] P F vtr. propel
Snrrtsyìp: [ˈsnṛ.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. Alpha Centauri C spulmokri: [spul.ˈmok.̚ ɾi] P F n. phone, tele-
aka Proxima Centauri (Colloquial) (derived phone (c.w. from spule propel and mokri
from Tawsnrrtsyìp Alpha Centauri C aka voice)

45
spulyaney: [spul.ja.ˈnɛj] P F n. canoe paddle from sre+ before (time) and trr’ong dawn,
(c.w. from spule propel and yaney canoe) sunrise)
spuwin: [ˈspu.win] P F adj. old, former sreton’ong: [sɾɛ.ton.ˈʔoŋ] P F n. dusk, evening
spxam: [sp’am] P F n. mushroom, fungus before sunset (c.w. from sre+ before (time)
spxin: [sp’in] P F adj. sick and txon’ong nightfall, sunset, dusk, gloam-
srä: [sɾæ] P F n. cloth; a piece of cloth woven on ing)
a loom srew: [sɾ·ɛw] P F vin. dance
srak: [sɾak]̚ P F part. inter. marker for yes or no srey: [sɾɛj] P F n. version
questions (at the end of a clause) srìn: [sɾ·ɪn] P F vtr. temporarily transfer from
srake: [ˈsɾa.kɛ] P F part. inter. marker for yes or one to another (rarely used without prefix)
no questions (at the beginning of a clause) srok: [sɾok]̚ P F n. bead (decorative)
sran: [sɾan] P F part., intj. yes (colloquial) sru’: [sɾ·uʔ] P F vtr. crush, trample
srane: [ˈsɾa.nɛ] P F part., intj. yes srung: [sɾʊŋ] P F n. help, assistance
srankehe: [sɾan.ˈkɛ.hɛ] P F part., intj. more or srung si: [ˈsɾʊŋ ˈs·i] P F vin. help (derived from
less, somewhat, yes and no, kind of (c.w. from srung help, assistance)
srane yes and kehe no) srunga’: [ˈsɾʊ.ŋaʔ] P F adj. helpful (nfp) (derived
srätx: [sɾ·æt’] P F vtr. annoy, bother from srung help, assistance)
sraw: [sɾaw] P F adj. painful srungsiyu: [ˈsɾʊŋ.si.ju] P F n. assistant, helper
sre’: [sɾɛʔ] P F n. tooth (derived from srung si help)
sre+: [sɾɛ] P F adp. before (time) srungtsyìp: [ˈsɾʊŋ.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. helpful hint, tip
srefey: [sɾɛ.ˈf·ɛj] P F vtr. expect (c.w. from sre+ (derived from srung help, assistance)
before (time) and pey wait, wait for) stä’nì: [ˈst·æʔ.n·ɪ] P F vtr. catch
srefpìl: [sɾɛ.ˈfp·ɪl] P F vtr. assume (c.w. from stä’nìpam: [ˈstæʔ.nɪ.pam] P F n. recording (c.w.
sre+ before (time) and fpìl think) from stä’nì catch and pam sound)
srefwa: [ˈsɾɛ.fwa] P F conj. before (time) (c.w. stä’nìpam si: [ˈstæʔ.nɪ.pam s·i] P F vin. to record
from sre+ before (time) and fwa that (subor- (derived from stä’nìpam recording)
dinate clause marker)) stang: [staŋ] P F n. torso
srekamtrr: [sɾɛ.ˈkam.tṛ] P F n. the time before starlì’u: [ˈstaɾ.lɪ.ʔu] P F n. adposition (c.w. from
noon (c.w. from sre+ before (time) and kx- sätare connection, relationship and lì’u word)
amtrr mid-day, noon) starsìm: [ˈst·aɾ.s·ɪm] P F vtr. gather, collect
srekamtxon: [sɾɛ.ˈkam.t’on] P F n. before mid- stawm: [st·awm] P F vtr. hear
night (c.w. from sre+ before (time) and kx- stawmtswo: [ˈstawm.t͡swo] P F n. (sense of)
amtxon midnight) hearing (derived from stawm hear)
srekrr: [sɾɛ.ˈkṛ] P F adv. before, already, ahead steftxaw: [st·ɛ.ˈft’·aw] P F vtr. examine, check
of time (c.w. from sre+ before (time) and krr steng: [stɛŋ] P F adj. similar
time) steyki: [stɛj.ˈk·i] P F vtr. anger, make someone
srer: [sɾ·ɛɾ] P F vin. appear, materialize, come angry (derived from sti anger (intransitive),
into view be angry)
srese’a: [sɾɛ.s·ɛ.ˈʔ·a] P F vtr. prophetize, prophe- sti: [st·i] P F vin. anger (intransitive), be angry
size, prophesy, predict (c.w. from sre+ before stiwi: [ˈsti.wi] P F n. mischief
(time) and tse’a see (physical sense)) stiwi si: [ˈsti.wi s·i] P F vin. be naughty, do mis-
sresrr’ong: [sɾɛ.sṛ.ˈʔoŋ] P F n. before dawn (c.w. chief (derived from stiwi mischief )

46
stiwinga’: [ˈsti.wi.ŋaʔ] P F adj. mischievous form soaiä) and nivi sleeping hammock (gen-
(c.w. from stiwi mischief and nga’ contain) eral term))
stiwisiyu: [ˈsti.wi.si.ju] P F n. mischief-maker swek: [swɛk]̚ P F n. bar, rod, pole
(derived from stiwi si be naughty, do mis- swey: [swɛj] P F adj. best
chief ) sweylu: [ˈswɛj.l·u] P F vin. should (c.w. from
sto: [st·o] P F vtrm. refuse (to do something) swey best and lu be, am, is, are)
stum: [stʊm] P F adv. almost sweyn: [sw·ɛjn] P F vtr. keep, preserve, leave
stxang: [st’aŋ] P F n. axe, hatchet, tomahawk alone, not disturb
stxeli: [ˈst’ɛ.li] P F n. gift swirä: [swi.ˈɾæ] P F n. creature
stxenu: [ˈst’ɛ.nu] P F n. offer (c.w. from stxeli swizaw: [swi.ˈzaw] P F n. arrow
gift and lonu release, let go) swizawsena: [swi.ˈzaw.sɛ.na] P F n. quiver (at-
stxenutìng: [ˈst’ɛ.nu.t·ɪŋ] P F vtr. offer (c.w. tached to ikran’s saddle) (c.w. from swizaw
from stxeli gift and tìng give) arrow and sähena container, vessel, carrier)
stxong: [st’oŋ] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, un- swoa: [ˈswo.a] P F n. intoxicating beverage, or
known ”spirits”
sulìn: [ˈs·u.l·ɪn] P F vin. be busy (positive sense), swoasey: [ˈswo.a.sɛj] P F n. kava bowl (con-
be engrossed in something one finds especially structed from seed pods, used for drinking in-
pleasant and energizing toxicating beverages), hand-sized (c.w. from
sum: [sum] P F n. shell (from the ocean) swoa intoxicating beverage, or ”spirits” and
sumsey: [ˈsum.sɛj] P F n. drinking vessel made sey cup or bowl minimally modified from nat-
of shell (c.w. from sum shell (from the ocean) urally occuring resources)
and sey cup or bowl minimally modified from swoasey ayll: [ˈswo.a.sɛj a.ˈjḷ] P F n. large so-
naturally occuring resources) cial kava bowl (derived from swoa intoxicat-
sung: [s·ʊŋ] P F vtr. add ing beverage, or ”spirits”)
sunkesun: [ˈsun.kɛ.sun] P F adv. like it or not swok: [swok]̚ P F adj. sacred
(c.w. from sunu be pleasing or likeable, bring swotu: [ˈswo.tu] P F n. sacred place
enjoyment and ke not) syä’ä: [ˈsjæ.ʔæ] P F adj. bitter
sunu: [ˈs·u.n·u] P F vin. be pleasing or likeable, syam: [sj·am] P F vtr. to smell (intentionally)
bring enjoyment syanan: [ˈsja.nan] P F n. a single drop or se-
sur: [suɾ] P F n. taste, flavor ries of smaller waterfalls occurring sequen-
susyang: [su.ˈsjaŋ] P F adj. fragile, delicate tially along a stream or series of pools (count-
sutx: [s·ut’] P F vtr. track, follow able)
swapxì: [swa.ˈp’ɪ] P F n. family member (c.w. syar: [sj·aɾ] P F vin. stick, stick to, adhere
from soaia family (irregular genitive form syaw: [sj·aw] P F vin. call
soaiä) and hapxì part) syawm: [ʃ·awm] P F vtr. know (RN dialect)
swaran: [ˈswa.ɾan] P F adj. humble, modest, self- syawn: [sjawn] P F n. blessing
effacing syay: [sjaj] P F n. fate
swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment syayvi: [ˈsjaj.vi] P F n. luck, chance (derived
swawtsyìp: [ˈswaw.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. little moment, from syay fate)
second (derived from swaw moment) sye’otxang: [ˈsjɛ.ʔo.t’aŋ] P F n. wind instrument
swaynivi: [ˈswaj.ni.vi] P F n. family hammock (c.w. from syeha breath and ’otxang musical
(c.w. from soaia family (irregular genitive instrument (generic term))

47
syeha: [ˈsjɛ.ha] P F n. breath syonlì’u: [ˈsjon.lɪ.ʔu] P F n. adjective (c.w. from
syeha si: [ˈsjɛ.ha s·i] P F vin. breathe (derived syon feature, trait, attribute, characteristic,
from syeha breath) point, aspect, facet, property and lì’u word)
syen: [sjɛn] P F adj. last, final (in a sequence) syor: [sj·oɾ] P F vin. relax, chill out
syep: [sj·ɛp̚ ] P F vtr. trap syulang: [ˈsju.laŋ] P F n. flower
syeprel: [sjɛp̚ .ˈɾɛl] P F n. camera (c.w. from syep
syura: [sju.ˈɾa] P F n. energy (physical or spiri-
trap and rel image, picture)
tual)
syewe: [ˈsjɛ.wɛ] P F n. fat (substance in meat)
syuratan: [sju.ˈɾa.tan] P F n. bioluminescence
syewenga’: [ˈsjɛ.wɛ.ŋaʔ] P F adj. fatty (c.w.
(c.w. from syura energy (physical or spiri-
from syewe fat (substance in meat) and nga’
tual) and atan light)
contain)
syìmawnun’i: [sjɪ.maw.nʊn.ˈʔi] P F n. cut tie, syusmung: [ˈsju.smʊŋ] P F n. food tray (c.w.
dissolved connection from syuve food (collective noun, cannot be
syo: [sjo] P F adj. light (physical weight), pluralized) and sämunge transportation tool
lightweight or device)
syokup: [sjo.ˈkʊp̚ ] P F n. weight (physical) (c.w. syuve: [ˈsju.vɛ] P F n. food (collective noun, can-
from syo light (physical weight), lightweight not be pluralized)
and ku’up heavy (physical weight)) syuvekel: [ˈsju.vɛ.kɛl] P F n. famine (derived
syon: [sjon] P F n. feature, trait, attribute, char- from syuve food (collective noun, cannot be
acteristic, point, aspect, facet, property pluralized))

T [t] (TeT)

ta: [ta] P F adp. from (locative), from (temporal taksyokx: [t·ak.̚ ˈsjok’] P F vin. clap hands (c.w.
sense with other time words) from takuk strike, beat, slap and tsyokx
ta’em: [ta.ˈʔɛm] P F adv. from above hand)
ta’leng: [ˈtaʔ.lɛŋ] P F n. skin takuk: [ˈt·a.k·ʊk]̚ P F vtr. strike, beat, slap
ta’lengean: [ˈtaʔ.lɛ.ŋɛ.an] P F adj. skin blue (c.w. talun: [ta.ˈlun] P F adp. because of, due to (c.w.
from ta’leng skin and ean blue, green) from ta from (locative), from (temporal sense
tafkip: [ta.ˈfkip̚ ] P F adp. from up among (c.w. with other time words) and lun reason)
from ta from (locative), from (temporal sense talun: [ta.ˈlun] P F conj. because (c.w. from
with other time words) and fkip up among) ta from (locative), from (temporal sense with
tafral: [ta.ˈfɾal] P F adv. therefore, because of other time words) and lun reason)
that taluna: [ta.ˈlu.na] P F conj. because (c.w. from
täftxu: [t·æ.ˈft’·u] P F vtr. weave ta from (locative), from (temporal sense with
täftxuyu: [tæ.ˈft’u.ju] P F n. weaver (derived other time words) and lun reason)
from täftxu weave) tam: [t·am] P F vin., intj. that will suffice, that
takip: [ta.ˈkip̚ ] P F adp. from among (c.w. from will do, OK
ta from (locative), from (temporal sense with tam tam: [ˈtam ˈtam] M intj. calm, be content,
other time words) and kip among) there there
takrra: [ta.ˈkṛ.a] P F conj. since (temporal) (c.w. tamìfa: [ta.ˈmɪ.fa] P F adj. internal (c.w. from
from ta from (locative), from (temporal sense ta from (locative), from (temporal sense with
with other time words) and krr time) other time words) and mìfa inside)

48
tangek: [ˈta.ŋɛk]̚ P F n. trunk (of a tree) nescence)
tanhì: [tan.ˈhɪ] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle tawtute: [ˈtaw.tu.tɛ] P F n. sky-person, human
tanleng: [ˈtan.lɛŋ] P F n. bark (of a tree) (c.w. (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)
from tangek trunk (of a tree) and ta’leng tawtxew: [ˈtaw.t’ɛw] P F n. horizon, skyline
skin) (c.w. from taw sky and txew edge, brink,
tare: [ˈt·a.ɾ·ɛ] P F vtr. connect, relate to, have a limit, border, end)
relationship with tayng: [tajŋ] P F n. thistle-like plant (generic
tarep: [ˈt·a.ɾ·ɛp̚ ] P F vtr. save, rescue (from a dan- term)
gerous or distressing situation) te: [tɛ] JC part. used in full names
tareptu: [ˈta.ɾɛp̚ .tu] P F n. rescuee, someone who tekre: [ˈtɛk.̚ ɾɛ] P F n. skull
has been rescued or saved (derived from tarep tel: [t·ɛl] P F vtr. receive
save, rescue (from a dangerous or distressing telem: [tɛ.ˈlɛm] P F n. cord
situation)) telisi: [tɛ.li.ˈsi] P F n. whirlwind
tarnioang: [ˈtaɾ.ni.o.aŋ] P F n. predator animal tem: [t·ɛm] P F vin. shoot
(c.w. from taron hunt and ioang animal, temrey: [tɛm.ˈɾɛj] P F n. survival (c.w. from tem
beast) shoot and emrey survive)
taron: [ˈt·a.ɾ·on] P F vtr. hunt teng: [tɛŋ] P F adj. same, equal
taronyu: [ˈta.ɾon.ju] P F n. hunter (derived from tengfya: [ˈtɛŋ.fja] P F conj. as, same way as (sit-
taron hunt) uational similarity) (c.w. from teng same,
taronyutsyìp: [ˈta.ɾon.ju.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. little equal and fya’o path, way, manner)
hunter (derived from taronyu hunter) tengkrr: [tɛŋ.ˈkṛ] P F conj. while, same time as
tarpongu: [ˈtaɾ.po.ŋu] P F n. hunting party (c.w. (c.w. from teng same, equal and krr time)
from taron hunt and pongu a group or party tengralì’u: [ˈtɛŋ.ɾa.lɪ.ʔu] P F n. synonym (c.w.
of people) from teng same, equal, ral meaning (logical,
tatep: [ˈt·a.t·ɛp̚ ] P F vtr. lose track, lose awareness literal) and lì’u word)
of something teri: [tɛ.ˈɾi] P F adp. about, concerning
tatlam: [tat̚ .ˈlam] P F adv. apparently (derived terkup: [ˈt·ɛɾ.k·ʊp̚ ] P F vin. die
from lam seem, appear) teswotìng: [tɛ.ˈswo.t·ɪŋ] P F vtr. grant (ii) (de-
tätxaw: [t·æ.ˈt’·aw] P F vin. return rived from tìng give)
taw: [taw] P F n. sky tete: [ˈtɛ.tɛ] P F adj. dull (as a blade)
taweyk: [ta.ˈwɛjk]̚ P F conj. because tewng: [tɛwŋ] P F n. loincloth
taweyka: [ta.ˈwɛj.ka] P F conj. because tewti: [ˈtɛw.ti] P F intj. wow, expression of sur-
tawng: [t·awŋ] P F vin. duck, dive prise and pleasure
tawrrpa: [ta.ˈwṛ.pa] P F adj. external (c.w. from teya: [tɛ.ˈja] P F adj. full
ta from (locative), from (temporal sense with teya si: [tɛ.ˈja ˈs·i] P F vin. fill (with dative of
other time words) and wrrpa outside) thing filled) (derived from teya full)
Tawsnrrtsyìp: [taw.ˈsnṛ.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. Alpha Cen- teylupil: [ˈtɛj.lu.pil] P F n. teylu-face (vulgar)
tauri C aka Proxima Centauri (c.w. from taw (c.w. from teylu beetle larva and pil facial
sky and sänrr glow, an instance of glowing; stripe)
light source, lamp) teynga: [ˈtɛjŋ.a] P F sbd. that answer (contrac-
tawsyuratan: [taw.sju.ˈɾa.tan] P F n. aurora tion of tì’eyng a)
(c.w. from taw sky and syuratan biolumi- teyngä: [ˈtɛjŋ.æ] P F sbd. that answer (genitive)

49
teyngla: [ˈtɛjŋ.la] P F sbd. that answer (agentive) tì’o’: [tɪ.ˈʔoʔ] P F n. fun, excitement (derived
(contraction of tì’eyng–ìl a) from ’o’ bringing fun, exciting)
teyngra: [ˈtɛjŋ.ɾa] P F sbd. that answer (dative) tì’ong: [tɪ.ˈʔoŋ] P F n. blooming, unfolding (de-
teyngria: [ˈtɛjŋ.ɾi.a] P F sbd. that answer (topi- rived from ’ong unfold, blossom)
cal) tì’ongokx: [tɪ.ˈʔo.ŋok’̚] P F n. birth (derived
teyngta: [ˈtɛjŋ.ta] P F sbd. that answer (patien- from ’ongokx be born)
tive) (contraction of tì’eyng–it a) tì’ul: [tɪ.ˈʔul] P F n. increase (derived from ’ul
teyr: [tɛjɾ] P F adj. white increase)
teyrpin: [ˈtɛjɾ.pin] P F n. white (derived from tìaho: [tɪ.a.ˈho] P F n. prayer (in general, abstract
teyr white) idea) (derived from aho pray)
ti’a: [ˈti.ʔa] P F adv. surprisingly (for unexpect- tiam: [ˈt·i.·am] P F vtr. count
edly positive outcomes) tìeyktan: [tɪ.ˈɛjk.̚ tan] P F n. leadership (derived
tì’al: [tɪ.ˈʔal] P F n. wastefulness (derived from from eyktan leader)
’al waste) tìfe’ul: [tɪ.ˈfɛ.ʔul] P F n. worsening (in the general
tì’älek: [tɪ.ˈʔæ.lɛk]̚ P F n. determination (derived or abstract sense) (derived from fe’ul worsen,
from ’älek determined) get worse)
tì’awm: [tɪ.ˈʔawm] P F n. camping (derived tìfkeytok: [tɪ.ˈfkɛj.tok]̚ P F n. state, condition, sit-
from ’awm camp) uation (derived from fkeytok exist)
tì’awm si: [tɪ.ˈʔawm ˈs·i] P F vin. camp (derived tìfkeytongay: [tɪ.fkɛj.to.ˈŋaj] P F n. reality (c.w.
from tì’awm camping) from tìfkeytok state, condition, situation and
tì’awpo: [tɪ.ˈʔaw.po] P F n. individuality (neg- ngay true)
ative connotation), selfishness (derived from tìflä: [tɪ.ˈflæ] P F n. success (in general) (derived
’awpo one individual) from flä succeed)
tì’efu: [tɪ.ˈʔɛ.fu] P F n. feeling (derived from ’efu tìflänga’: [tɪ.ˈflæ.ŋaʔ] P F adj. successful (nfp)
feel, sense, perceive) (c.w. from tìflä success (in general) and nga’
tì’em: [tɪ.ˈʔɛm] P F n. the art of cooking (derived contain)
from ’em cook) tìflel: [tɪ.ˈflɛl] P F n. trickery (abstract concept)
tì’eylan: [tɪ.ˈʔɛj.lan] P F n. friendship (derived (derived from flel trick (someone), fool (some-
from ’eylan friend) one))
tì’eylanga’: [tɪ.ˈʔɛj.la.ŋaʔ] P F adj. friendly (nfp) tìflrr: [tɪ.ˈflṛ] P F n. gentleness, tenderness (de-
tì’eyng: [tɪ.ˈʔɛjŋ] P F n. answer, response (de- rived from flrr gentle, mild, tender (people or
rived from ’eyng answer, respond, respond to) things))
tì’i’a: [tɪ.ˈʔiʔ.a] P F n. ending, conclusion (derived tìfmetok: [tɪ.ˈfmɛ.tok]̚ P F n. test (derived from
from ’i’a end, conclude) fmetok test)
tì’i’avay: [tɪ.ˈʔiʔ.a.vaj] P F adv. until the end tìfmi: [tɪ.ˈfmi] P F n. attempt (the concept/act of
(c.w. from tì’i’a ending, conclusion and vay attempting) (derived from fmi try, attempt)
up to) tìfmong: [tɪ.ˈfmoŋ] P F n. theft (derived from
tì’iluke: [tɪʔ.ˈi.lu.kɛ] P F adj. endless, neverend- fmong steal, rob)
ing (in a temporal sense) (c.w. from ’i’a end, tìfnawe’: [tɪ.fna.ˈwɛʔ] P F n. cowardice (derived
conclude and luke without) from fnawe’ cowardly)
tì’ipu: [tɪ.ˈʔi.pu] P F n. humor (derived from ’ipu tìfnu: [tɪ.ˈfnu] P F n. quiet, silence (derived from
humorous, funny, amusing) fnu quiet, be quiet)

50
tìfnunga’: [tɪ.ˈfnu.ŋaʔ] P F adj. quiet (nfp) (c.w. rived from tìhawnu protection)
from tìfnu quiet, silence and nga’ contain) tìhìpey: [tɪ.ˈhɪ.pɛj] P F n. hesitation (derived
tìfpxamo: [tɪ.ˈfp’a.mo] P F n. horror (derived from hìpey hesitate, hold back for a short
from fpxamo terrible, horrible, awful) time)
tìftang: [tɪ.ˈftaŋ] P F n. stopping, the glottal stop tìhipx: [tɪ.ˈhip’] P F n. control (derived from
(derived from ftang stop) hipx control)
tìftang si: [tɪ.ˈftaŋ s·i] P F vin. stop (someone tìhona: [tɪ.ˈho.na] P F n. cuteness, adorable-
or something) (derived from tìftang stopping, ness (derived from hona endearing, adorable,
the glottal stop) cute)
tìftanglen: [tɪ.ftaŋ.ˈlɛn] P F n. prevention (de- tìk: [tɪk]̚ P F adv., conj. immediately, without
rived from ftanglen prevent) delay
tìftia: [tɪ.fti.ˈa] P F n. study (derived from ftia tìk’ìn: [tɪk.̚ ˈʔɪn] P F n. free time, the absence of
study) business (derived from ’ìn be busy, be occu-
tìftia kifkeyä: [tɪ.fti.ˈa ki.ˈfkɛ.jæ] P F n. science, pied)
the study of the physical world (derived from tìkahena: [tɪ.ka.ˈhɛ.na] P F n. transportation (ab-
tìftia study) stract concept) (derived from kahena trans-
tìftiatu: [tɪ.fti.ˈa.tu] P F n. researcher (derived port)
from tìftia study) tìkakmokri: [tɪ.kak.̚ ˈmok.̚ ɾi] P F n. muteness (de-
tìftiatu kifkeyä: [tɪ.fti.ˈa.tu ki.ˈfkɛ.jæ] P F n. sci- rived from kakmokri mute)
entist (derived from tìftiatu researcher) tìkakpam: [tɪ.kak.̚ ˈpam] P F n. deafness (derived
tìftxavang: [tɪ.ˈft’a.vaŋ] P F n. passion (derived from kakpam deaf )
from ftxavang passionate) tìkakrel: [tɪ.kak.̚ ˈɾɛl] P F n. blindness (derived
tìftxey: [tɪ.ˈft’ɛj] P F n. choice (derived from from kakrel blind)
ftxey choose) tìkan: [tɪ.ˈkan] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target
tìftxulì’u: [tɪ.ft’u.ˈlɪ.ʔu] P F n. speech-making, (derived from kan aim, to intend; aim, to di-
public speaking (derived from ftxulì’u orate, rect a weapon or other object at a target)
give speech) tìkangkem: [tɪ.ˈkaŋ.kɛm] P F n. work (derived
tìfyawìntxu: [tɪ.fja.wɪn.ˈt’u] P F n. guidance (de- from kem thing (action), deed)
rived from fyawìntxu guide (with dative of tìkangkem si: [tɪ.ˈkaŋ.kɛm ˈs·i] P F vin. work
thing guided)) (derived from tìkangkem work)
tìfyeyn: [tɪ.ˈfjɛjn] P F n. ripeness, maturity, full tìkangkemvi: [tɪ.ˈkaŋ.kɛm.vi] P F n. project,
fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature, piece of work (derived from tìkangkem work)
adult) tìkankxan: [tɪ.kan.ˈk’an] P F n. barrier to one’s
tìhan: [tɪ.ˈhan] P F n. loss (not a gain) (derived goals, source of frustration (c.w. from tìkan
from han lose (to not gain/keep)) aim, goal, purpose, target and ekxan barri-
tìhangham: [tɪ.ˈhaŋ.ham] P F n. laughter (de- cade, obstruction)
rived from hangham laugh) tìkankxanga’: [tɪ.kan.ˈk’a.ŋaʔ] P F adj. frustrat-
tìhawl: [tɪ.ˈhawl] P F n. preparations, plan (de- ing (c.w. from tìkankxan barrier to one’s
rived from hawl prepare) goals, source of frustration and nga’ contain)
tìhawnu: [tɪ.ˈhaw.nu] P F n. protection (derived tìkanu: [tɪ.ˈka.nu] P F n. intelligence (derived
from hawnu protect, shelter) from kanu smart, intelligent (ofp))
tìhawnu si: [tɪ.ˈhaw.nu ˈs·i] P F vin. protect (de- tìkara: [tɪ.ka.ˈɾa] P F n. resistance (derived from

51
 kara resist) tìkxuke: [tɪ.ˈk’u.kɛ] P F n. safety (derived from
tìkatìng: [tɪ.ˈka.tɪŋ] P F n. distribution (derived kxuke safe)
from katìng distribute) til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge
tìkawng: [tɪ.ˈkawŋ] P F n. evil (derived from tìla’um: [tɪ.ˈla.ʔʊm] P F n. pretence (derived
kawng bad, evil) from la’um pretend (use with tsnì))
tìkeftxo: [tɪ.kɛ.ˈft’o] P F n. sadness (derived from tìlam: [tɪ.ˈlam] P F n. appearance (derived from
keftxo unhappy, upset, ”How sad!”) lam seem, appear)
tìkeftxonga’: [tɪ.kɛ.ˈft’o.ŋaʔ] P F adj. sad (nfp) tìlang: [tɪ.ˈlaŋ] P F n. exploration (general sense)
(c.w. from tìkeftxo sadness and nga’ contain) (derived from lang investigate, explore)
tìkelu: [tɪ.ˈkɛ.lu] P F n. lack (c.w. from ke not tìlapx: [tɪ.ˈlap’] P F n. regret (derived from lapx
and lu be, am, is, are) regret)
tìkemwiä: [tɪ.kɛm.ˈwi.æ] P F n. unfairness, in- tìlatem: [tɪ.ˈla.tɛm] P F n. change (abstract con-
justice (derived from kemwiä improper, un- cept) (derived from latem change)
fair, wrong, unjustified) tìlayl: [tɪ.ˈlajl] P F n. innocence (derived from
tìkenong: [tɪ.ˈkɛ.noŋ] P F n. example (derived layl innocent)
from kenong model, represent, exemplify (ii)) tìlayro: [tɪ.ˈlaj.ɾo] P F n. freedom (derived from
tìketeng: [tɪ.ˈkɛ.tɛŋ] P F n. difference (derived layro free (from oppression))
from keteng different) tìlen: [tɪ.ˈlɛn] P F n. event, happening (derived
tìkezin: [tɪ.ˈkɛ.zin] P F n. something in an un- from len happen, occur)
tangled state, untanglement solution (derived tìleym: [tɪ.ˈlɛjm] P F n. call (derived from leym
from kezin untangled) call, cry out, exclaim (can take quotes using
tìkezin si: [tɪ.ˈkɛ.zin s·i] P F vin. untangle, solve ”san”))
(derived from tìkezin something in an untan- tìleymfe’: [tɪ.lɛjm.ˈfɛʔ] P F n. complaining (de-
gled state, untanglement solution) rived from leymfe’ complain)
tìkin: [tɪ.ˈkin] P F n. need (derived from kin tìleymkem: [tɪ.lɛjm.ˈkɛm] P F n. protest-
need) ing, protest (abstract concept) (derived from
tìktok: [tɪk.̚ ˈtok]̚ / [tɪ.kɛ.ˈtok]̚ P F n. absence (de- leymkem protest)
rived from tok be at, occupy a space) tilì’u: [ˈti.lɪ.ʔu] P F n. conjunction (c.w. from til
tìktseri: [tɪk.̚ ˈt͡sɛ.ɾi] P F n. unawareness, lack of joint, hinge and lì’u word)
notice (derived from tseri note, notice) tìloho: [tɪ.ˈlo.ho] P F n. surprise (derived from
tìkxey: [tɪ.ˈk’ɛj] P F n. incorrectness, mistakeness loho be surprising (experiencer in dative))
(derived from kxeyey error, mistake) tìlor: [tɪ.ˈloɾ] P F n. beauty (derived from lor
tìkxey si: [tɪ.ˈk’ɛj s·i] P F vin. mess up, foul, beautiful, pleasant to the senses)
do wrong (derived from tìkxey incorrectness, tìm: [tɪm] P F adj. low
mistakeness) tìmal: [tɪ.ˈmal] P F n. trustworthiness (derived
tìkxìm: [tɪ.ˈk’ɪm] P F n. commanding, order- from mal trustworthy, trust-inspiring)
ing, assigning tasks (derived from kxìm com- tìme’em: [tɪ.ˈmɛ.ʔɛm] P F n. harmony (general
mand, order, assign a task) sense) (derived from me’em harmonious)
tìkxìm si: [tɪ.ˈk’ɪm s·i] P F vin. be above someone tìmeyp: [tɪ.ˈmɛjp̚ ] P F n. weakness (derived from
in a hierarchy, be someone’s superior (derived meyp weak)
from tìkxìm commanding, ordering, assign- tìmll’an: [tɪ.mḷ.ˈʔan] P F n. acceptance (derived
ing tasks) from mll’an accept)

52
tìmok: [tɪ.ˈmok]̚ P F n. abstract idea of a sugges- from tìng give)
tion (derived from mok suggest) tìng tseng: [ˈt·ɪŋ ˈt͡sɛŋ] P F vin. back down, give
tìmu’ni: [tɪ.ˈmuʔ.ni] P F n. achievement, accom- ground (derived from tìng give)
plishment (derived from mu’ni accomplish, tìng zekwä: [ˈt·ɪŋ ˈzɛk.̚ wæ] P F vin. touch (inten-
achieve) tionally) (derived from tìng give)
tìmungwrr: [tɪ.mʊŋ.ˈwṛ] P F n. exception (de- tìnga’lini: [tɪ.ŋaʔ.ˈli.ni] P F n. pregnancy (for an-
rived from mungwrr except) imals) (derived from nga’lini be pregnant (for
tìmungwrr si: [tɪ.mʊŋ.ˈwṛ s·i] P F vin. make animals))
an exception (derived from tìmungwrr excep- tìnga’prrnen: [tɪ.ŋaʔ.ˈpṛ.nɛn] P F n. pregnancy
tion) (for people) (derived from nga’prrnen be
tìmuntxa: [tɪ.mun.ˈt’a] P F n. mating, marriage pregnant (for people))
(derived from muntxa mated, married) tìngay: [tɪ.ˈŋaj] P F n. truth (derived from ngay
tìmweypey: [tɪm.ˈwɛj.pɛj] P F n. patience (de- true)
rived from maweypey be patient (ii)) tìngäzìk: [tɪ.ˈŋæ.zɪk]̚ P F n. difficulty, problem
tìmwiä: [tɪm.ˈwi.æ] P F n. fairness, justice (de- (derived from ngäzìk difficult, hard)
rived from muiä proper, fair, right, justified) tìngong: [tɪ.ˈŋoŋ] P F n. lethargy, laziness (de-
tìmyì: [ˈtɪm.jɪ] P F n. low level (c.w. from tìm rived from ngong lethargic, lacking sufficient
low and yì shelf, ledge, level, step, rung) energy, lazy)
tìn: [tɪn] P F n. activity that keeps one busy (de- tìngop: [tɪ.ˈŋop̚ ] P F n. abstract idea of a creation
rived from ’ìn be busy, be occupied) (derived from ngop create)
tinan: [ˈti.nan] P F n. reading (derived from tìnitram: [tɪ.nit.ˈɾam] P F n. happiness
inan read (e.g. the forest), gain knowledge tìnitramnga’: [tɪ.nit.ˈɾam.ŋaʔ] P F adj. happy
from sensory input) (nfp)
tìnatxu: [tɪ.na.ˈt’u] P F n. disapproval (derived tìno: [tɪ.ˈno] P F n. thoroughness, attention to de-
from natxu disapprove of ) tail
tìnawri: [tɪ.ˈnaw.ɾi] P F n. talent (derived from tìnomum: [tɪ.ˈno.mʊm] P F n. curiosity (derived
nawri talented) from newomum be curious, want to know)
tìnew: [tɪ.ˈnɛw] P F n. desire (derived from new tìnui: [tɪ.ˈnu.i] P F n. failure (abstract concept)
want) (derived from nui fail, falter, go astray, not
tìng: [t·ɪŋ] P F vtr. give obtain expected or desired result)
tìng ftxì: [t·ɪŋ ft’ɪ] P F vin. taste (derived from tìnvi: [ˈtɪn.vi] P F n. task, errand, step (in an in-
tìng give) struction)
tìng lawr: [t·ɪŋ lawɾ] P F vin. sing wordlessly, tìnvi si: [ˈtɪn.vi s·i] P F vin. perform a task, run
give out a tune or melody (derived from tìng an errand (derived from tìnvi task, errand,
give) step (in an instruction))
tìng mikyun: [ˈt·ɪŋ ˈmik.̚ jun] P F vin. listen (de- tìoeyktìng: [tɪ.o.ˈɛjk.̚ tɪŋ] P F n. explanation
rived from tìng give) (derived from oeyktìng explain (ii)) (Pro-
tìng nari: [ˈt·ɪŋ ˈna.ɾi] P F vin. look (derived from nounced [tɪ.ˈwɛjk.̚ tɪŋ] in causal speech)
tìng give) tìohakx: [tɪ.o.ˈhak’] P F n. hunger (derived from
tìng ontu: [t·ɪŋ ˈon.tu] P F vin. smell (derived ohakx hungry)
from tìng give) tìomum: [tɪ.ˈo.mʊm] P F n. knowledge (derived
tìng syawn: [t·ɪŋ sjawn] P F vin. bless (derived from omum know)

53
tìpähem: [tɪ.ˈpæ.hɛm] P F n. arrival (derived (c.w. from tìran walk and pam sound)
from pähem arrive) tìrawn: [tɪ.ˈɾawn] P F n. replacement, the act of
tìpalang: [tɪ.ˈpa.laŋ] P F n. (social) contact (de- replacing (derived from rawn replace, substi-
rived from palang contact (in a social sense), tute)
communicate with) tirea: [ti.ˈɾɛ.a] P F n. spirit
tìpängkxo: [tɪ.pæŋ.ˈk’o] P F n. conversation, tireafya’o: [ti.ˈɾɛ.a.ˌfja.ʔo] P F n. spirit path (c.w.
discussion (derived from pängkxo chat, con- from tirea spirit and fya’o path, way, man-
verse, have a conversation) ner)
tìpängkxotsyìp: [tɪ.pæŋ.ˈk’o.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. little tireaioang: [ti.ˈɾɛ.a.i.ˌo.aŋ] P F n. spirit animal
conversation (derived from tìpängkxo con- (c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal,
versation, discussion) beast)
tìpaw: [tɪ.ˈpaw] P F n. growth (derived from tireapängkxo: [ti.ˈɾɛ.a.p·æŋ.ˌk’·o] P F vin. com-
paw grow; germinate and develop (of a plant)) mune (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo
tìpawm: [tɪ.ˈpawm] P F n. question (derived chat, converse, have a conversation)
from pawm ask (can take quotes using ”san”)) tìrengop: [tɪ.ˈɾɛ.ŋop̚ ] P F n. design (the act or
tìpe’ngay: [tɪ.pɛʔ.ˈŋaj] P F n. conclusion, finding art of designing) (derived from rengop design
(deduced, thought out) (derived from pe’ngay (finer detail))
judge, conclude) tiretu: [ti.ˈɾɛ.tu] P F n. shaman (derived from
tìpe’ngayt wrrzärìp: [tɪ.pɛʔ.ˈŋajt wṛ.ˈzæ.ɾɪp̚ ] P F tirea spirit)
ph. infer (derived from tìpe’ngay conclusion, tìrey: [tɪ.ˈɾɛj] P F n. life (derived from rey live)
finding (deduced, thought out)) tìrol: [tɪ.ˈɾol] P F n. song (vocal) (derived from
tìpe’ngayt wrrzeykärìp: [tɪ.pɛʔ.ˈŋajt rol sing)
wṛ.zɛj.ˈkæ.ɾɪp̚ ] P F ph. imply (derived tìronsrel: [tɪ.ˈɾon.sɾɛl] P F n. imagination (de-
from tìpe’ngay conclusion, finding (deduced, rived from ronsrel something imagined)
thought out)) tìrun: [tɪ.ˈɾun] P F n. discovery
tìpe’un: [tɪ.ˈpɛ.ʔʊn] P F n. decision (derived from tìsäfpìlyewn: [tɪ.sæ.ˈfpɪl.jɛwn] / [t͡sæ.ˈfpɪl.jɛwn]
pe’un decide) P F n. communication (colloquial pronuncia-
tìprrte’: [tɪ.ˈpṛ.tɛʔ] P F n. pleasure (derived from tion: tsäfpìlyewn) (derived from säfpìlyewn
prrte’ pleasurable (of an activity)) communicate) (colloquial: [t͡sæ.ˈfpɪl.jɛwn])
tìpsaw: [tɪp̚ .ˈsaw] P F n. clumsiness (derived tìsay: [tɪ.ˈsaj] P F n. loyalty (derived from say
from pìsaw clumsy, accident-prone) loyal)
tìpxul: [tɪ.ˈp’ul] P F n. formidableness, imposing- tìska’a: [tɪ.ska.ˈʔa] P F n. destruction (derived
ness (derived from pxul formidable, impos- from ska’a destroy)
ing) tìsla’tsu: [tɪ.ˈslaʔ.t͡su] P F n. description (derived
tìra’un: [tɪ.ˈɾa.ʔʊn] P F n. surrender, relinquish- from sla’tsu describe)
ment (derived from ra’un surrender, relin- tìslan: [tɪ.ˈslan] P F n. support (emotional, social
quish, give up) or personal support) (derived from slan sup-
tìralpeng: [tɪ.ɾal.ˈpɛŋ] P F n. translation, in- port (emotional, social or personal support))
terpretation (derived from ralpeng interpret, tìsmaw: [tɪ.ˈsmaw] P F n. approval (derived
translate (ii)) from smaw approve of )
tìran: [t·ɪ.ˈɾ·an] P F vin. walk tìsnaytx: [tɪ.ˈsnajt’] P F n. loss (not a win) (de-
tìranpam: [tɪ.ˈɾan.pam] P F n. footstep (sound) rived from snaytx lose (to not win))

54
tìso’ha: [tɪ.ˈsoʔ.ha] P F n. enthusiasm, having a tìtaron: [tɪ.ˈta.ɾon] P F n. hunting (the art/skill)
good attitude (derived from so’ha be enthu- (derived from taron hunt)
siastic about, show enthusiasm for, be excited tìterkup: [tɪ.ˈtɛɾ.kʊp̚ ] P F n. death (in abstract
about) sense) (derived from terkup die)
tìsom: [tɪ.ˈsom] P F n. heat (derived from som tìtok: [tɪ.tok]̚ P F n. presence (derived from tok
hot) be at, occupy a space)
tìsop: [tɪ.ˈsop̚ ] P F n. journey (derived from sop tìtokat: [tɪ.ˈto.kat̚ ] P F n. guilt (derived from
travel) tokat guilty)
tìspaw: [tɪ.ˈspaw] P F n. belief (abstract concept) tìtsan’ul: [tɪ.ˈt͡san.ʔul] P F n. improvement (in
(derived from spaw believe) the general or abstract sense) (derived from
tìspe’e: [tɪ.spɛ.ˈʔɛ] P F n. capture (derived from tsan’ul improve, get better)
spe’e capture) tìtseri: [tɪ.ˈt͡sɛ.ɾi] P F n. awareness, notice (de-
tìspxin: [tɪ.ˈsp’in] P F n. the state of being ill, rived from tseri note, notice)
sickness (derived from spxin sick) tìtslam: [tɪ.ˈt͡slam] P F n. understanding, intelli-
tìsraw: [tɪ.ˈsɾaw] P F n. pain (derived from sraw gence (derived from tslam understand)
painful) tìtstew: [tɪ.ˈt͡stɛw] P F n. courage, bravery (de-
tìsraw seyki: [tɪ.ˈsɾaw sɛj.ˈk·i] P F vtr. hurt rived from tstew brave, courageous (ofp))
(someone or something) (derived from tìsraw tìtstewnga’: [tɪ.ˈt͡stɛw.ŋaʔ] P F adj. brave, coura-
pain) geous (nfp) (derived from tìtstew courage,
tìsraw si: [tɪ.ˈsɾaw ˈs·i] P F vin. hurt, be painful bravery)
(derived from tìsraw pain) tìtstunwi: [tɪ.ˈt͡stun.wi] P F n. kindness (derived
tìsrese’a: [tɪ.ˈsɾɛ.sɛ.ʔa] P F n. prophecy (derived from tstunwi kind, thoughtful, considerate)
from srese’a prophetize, prophesize, proph- tìtstunwinga’: [tɪ.ˈt͡stun.wi.ŋaʔ] P F adj. kind
esy, predict) (nfp) (derived from tìtstunwi kindness)
tìsteftxaw: [tɪ.stɛ.ˈft’aw] P F n. examination (de- tìtsukanom: [tɪ.t͡sʊ.ˈka.nom] P F n. availability
rived from steftxaw examine, check) (derived from tsukanom available, obtain-
tìsti: [tɪ.ˈsti] P F n. anger (derived from sti anger able)
(intransitive), be angry) tìtsunslu: [tɪ.ˈt͡sʊn.slu] P F n. possibility (de-
tìsung: [tɪ.ˈsʊŋ] P F n. addition, post script (de- rived from tsunslu may, be possible)
rived from sung add) tìtsyär: [tɪ.ˈt͡sjæɾ] P F n. rejection (derived from
tìswaran: [tɪ.ˈswa.ɾan] P F n. humility, humble- tsyär reject)
ness (derived from swaran humble, modest, tìtsyul: [tɪ.ˈt͡sjul] P F n. beginning, start (can be
self-effacing) a place or time) (derived from tsyul begin,
tìsyìmawnun’i: [tɪ.sjɪ.maw.nʊn.ˈʔi] / start)
[t͡sjɪ.maw.nʊn.ˈʔi] P F n. independence, free- tìtunu: [tɪ.ˈtu.nu] P F n. romance (derived from
dom from a pre-existing relationship (derived tunu romantic)
from syìmawnun’i cut tie, dissolved connec- tìtxanew: [tɪ.ˈt’a.nɛw] P F n. greed (derived
tion) from txanew greedy)
tìsyor: [tɪ.ˈsjoɾ] P F n. relaxation (derived from tìtxanro’a: [tɪ.t’an.ɾo.ʔa] P F n. fame, glory (de-
syor relax, chill out) rived from txanro’a be famous)
tìsyortsyìp: [tɪ.ˈsjoɾ.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. break, small rest tìtxantslusam: [tɪ.ˈt’an.t͡slu.sam] P F n. wisdom
or relaxation (derived from tìsyor relaxation) (seldom used) (derived from txantslusam

55
 wise) from wew cold)
tìtxap: [tɪ.ˈt’ap̚ ] P F n. pressure (physical) (de- tìwìngay: [tɪ.wɪ.ˈŋaj] P F n. proof, proving (ab-
rived from txap press, press on, apply (physi- stract) (derived from wìngay prove)
cal) pressure to) tìyäkx: [tɪ.ˈjæk’] P F n. lack of notice, snubbing
tìtxaw: [tɪ.ˈt’aw] P F n. punishment (derived (derived from yäkx not notice, ignore, snub)
from txaw punish) tìyawn: [tɪ.ˈjawn] P F n. love (derived from
tìtxen: [tɪ.ˈt’ɛn] P F n. awakeness, the state of yawne beloved)
waking (derived from txen awake) tìyawr: [tɪ.ˈjawɾ] P F n. correctness (derived
tìtxen si: [tɪ.ˈt’ɛn s·i] P F vin. to wake, to waken, from eyawr correct, right)
wake up (derived from tìtxen awakeness, the tìyewn: [tɪ.ˈjɛwn] P F n. expression (of a thought
state of waking) or feeling) (derived from yewn express, con-
tìtxeym: [tɪ.ˈt’ɛjm] P F n. interest vey (a thought or feeling))
tìtxeymtsim: [tɪ.ˈt’ɛjm.t͡sim] P F n. interest tìyo’: [tɪ.ˈjoʔ] P F n. perfection (derived from yo’
(countable) be perfect, flawless)
tìtxukxefu: [tɪ.t’u.ˈk’ɛ.fu] P F n. care, concern tìyora’: [tɪ.jo.ˈɾaʔ] P F n. victory, a win (derived
(derived from txukxefu care, be concerned from yora’ win)
about, have deep feelings for) tìzevakx: [tɪ.ˈzɛ.vak’] P F n. cruelty
tìtxula: [tɪ.ˈt’ʊ.la] P F n. construction, con- tìzevakxnga’: [tɪ.ˈzɛ.vak’.ŋaʔ] P F adj. cruel
structed thing (derived from txula build, con- (nfp) (derived from zevakx cruel (ofp))
struct)
tìzin: [tɪ.ˈzin] P F n. a tangle(ment), mass of
tìtxur: [tɪ.ˈt’uɾ] P F n. strength, power (physical)
something twisted together (derived from zin
(derived from txur strong (physically))
tangled)
tìtxurnga’: [tɪ.ˈt’uɾ.ŋaʔ] P F adj. powerful (phys-
tìzin si: [tɪ.ˈzin s·i] P F vin. tangle, tangle up
ically, nfp) (derived from tìtxur strength,
(derived from tìzin a tangle(ment), mass of
power (physical))
something twisted together)
tìväng: [tɪ.ˈvæŋ] P F n. thirst (derived from
to: [to] P F part. comparative marker than (be-
väng thirsty)
haves like an adp.)
tìvawm: [tɪ.ˈvawm] P F n. darkness (derived
to tìtseri: [to tɪ.ˈt͡sɛ.ɾi] P F ph. than is appar-
from vawm dark)
ent, than you are aware of (derived from tseri
tìve’kì: [tɪ.vɛʔ.ˈkɪ] P F n. hatred (derived from
note, notice)
ve’kì hate)
Toitslan: [ˈto.i.t͡slan] P F n. Germany
tìvirä: [tɪ.vi.ˈɾæ] P F n. spread, proliferation (de-
rived from virä spread, proliferate) Toitsye: [ˈto.i.t͡sjɛ] P F adj. German (language)
tìwan: [tɪ.ˈwan] P F n. obfuscation, cover up (de- tok: [t·ok]̚ P F vtr. be at, occupy a space
rived from wan hide) tokat: [ˈto.kat̚ ] P F adj. guilty
tìwäsul: [tɪ.ˈwæ.sul] P F n. competition (concept) tokx: [tok’] P F n. body
(derived from wäsul compete) tolel: [to.ˈlɛl] P F intj. Eureka! I found it! I un-
tìwäte: [tɪ.wæ.ˈtɛ] P F n. dispute, argument (de- derstand! (an idea)
rived from wäte argue, dispute) toltem: [t·ol.ˈt·ɛm] P F vtr. shoot
tìwätenga’: [tɪ.wæ.ˈtɛ.ŋaʔ] P F adj. controversial tompa: [ˈtom.pa] P F n. rain
(nfp) tompakel: [ˈtom.pa.kɛl] P F n. drought (derived
tìwew: [tɪ.ˈwɛw] P F n. coldness, cold (derived from tompa rain)

56
tompameyp: [tom.pa.ˈmɛjp̚ ] P F n. drizzle (c.w. trrpxìpe: [tṛ.ˈp’ɪ.pɛ] P F inter. what time? (de-
from tompa rain and meyp weak) rived from trrpxì Part of a day; hour) variant
tomperwì: [ˈtom.pɛɾ.wɪ] P F n. sleet (c.w. from of pesrrpxì
tompa rain and herwì snow) trrpxìvi: [tṛ.ˈp’ɪ.vi] P F n. minute (derived from
tompìva: [ˈtom.pɪ.va] P F n. raindrop (c.w. from trr day)
tompa rain and ìlva flake, drop, chip) trrpxìvitsyìp: [tṛ.ˈp’ɪ.vi.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. second (de-
tong: [t·oŋ] P F vtr. put out, quench rived from trrpxìvi minute)
tor: [toɾ] P F adj. last, ultimate, terminal trrtsìve: [tṛ.ˈt͡sɪ.vɛ] P F n. Wednesday (c.w. from
toruk makto: [ˈto.ɾʊk̚ ˈmak.̚ to] JC n. toruk rider trr day and tsìve fourth (ordinal))
(derived from toruk great leonopteryx, last trrtxon: [ˈtṛ.t’on] P F n. the day and night cycle
shadow) of Pandora (c.w. from trr day and txon night)
trr: [tṛ] P F n. day tukru: [tʊk.̚ ˈɾu] P F n. spear
trr’awve: [tṛ.ˈʔaw.vɛ] P F n. Sunday (c.w. from tul: [t·ul] P F vin. run
trr day and ’awve first (ordinal)) tumpin: [ˈtum.pin] P F n. red, orange (c.w. from
tun red, orange and ’opin color)
trr’ong: [tṛ.ˈʔoŋ] P F n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from
tun: [tun] P F adj. red, orange
trr day and ’ong unfold, blossom)
tung: [t·ʊŋ] P F vtr. allow
trr’ongmaw: [tṛ.ˈʔoŋ.maw] P F n. dawn after
tungzup: [t·ʊŋ.ˈz·up̚ ] P F vtr. drop (c.w. from
sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn, sunrise and
tung allow and zup fall)
maw after (time))
tunu: [ˈtu.nu] P F adj. romantic
trram: [tṛ.ˈam] P F adv. yesterday (derived from
tunutu: [ˈtu.nu.tu] P F n. object of desire, crush
trr day)
(derived from tunu romantic)
trray: [tṛ.ˈaj] P F adv. tomorrow (derived from
tup: [tʊp̚ ] P F conj. instead of, rather than
trr day)
tupe: [ˈtu.pɛ] P F inter. who (derived from tute
trrkive: [tṛ.ˈki.vɛ] P F n. Saturday (c.w. from trr person) variant of pesu
day and kive seventh (ordinal)) tut: [tʊt̚ ] P F part. continuation marker
trrmrrve: [tṛ.ˈmṛ.vɛ] P F n. Thursday (c.w. from tutampe: [tu.ˈtam.pɛ] P F inter. what man (de-
trr day and mrrve fifth (ordinal)) rived from tutan man) variant of pestan
trrmuve: [tṛ.ˈmu.vɛ] P F n. Monday (c.w. from tutan: [tu.ˈtan] P F n. man
trr day and muve second (ordinal)) tuté: [tu.ˈtɛ] P F n. woman
trrpeve: [tṛ.ˈpɛ.vɛ] P F inter. which day (derived tute: [ˈtu.tɛ] P F n. person
from trr day) tuteo: [ˈtu.tɛ.o] P F pn. somebody, someone (de-
trrpuve: [tṛ.ˈpu.vɛ] P F n. Friday (c.w. from trr rived from tute person)
day and puve sixth (ordinal)) tutepe: [tu.ˈtɛ.pɛ] P F inter. what woman (de-
trrpxeyve: [tṛ.ˈp’ɛj.vɛ] P F n. Tuesday (c.w. from rived from tute person) variant of peste
trr day and pxeyve third (ordinal)) tutsena: [ˈtut̚ .sɛ.na] P F n. stretcher (c.w. from
trrpxì: [tṛ.ˈp’ɪ] P F n. Part of a day; hour (c.w. tute person and sähena container, vessel, car-
from trr day and pxi sharp (as a point)) rier)
trrpxì Sawtuteyä: [tṛ.ˈp’ɪ ˈsaw.tu.tɛ.jæ] P F n. tuvom: [tu.ˈvom] P F adj. greatest of all, exceed-
hour (in the 24-hour human cycle) (derived ingly great
from trrpxì Part of a day; hour) tuvon: [ˈt·u.v·on] P F vin. lean

57
TS [t͡s] (Tsä)

tsä’: [t͡s·æʔ] P F vin. squirt tsan’ul: [ˈt͡san.ʔ·ul] P F vin. improve, get better
tsa’u: [ˈt͡sa.ʔu] P F n. that (thing) (derived from (c.w. from sìltsan good (of its kind), well done
’u thing (object, fact, abstraction)) and ’ul increase)
tsafya: [ˈt͡sa.fja] P F adv. that way, like that (de- tsang: [t͡saŋ] P F n. a piercing
rived from fya’o path, way, manner) tsankum: [ˈt͡san.kum] P F n. advantage, bene-
tsahey: [t͡sa.ˈhɛj] P F intj. expression of warning fit, upside, gain (c.w. from sìltsan good (of its
or frustration, ”crap!”, ”ah, hell!” kind), well done and kum result)
tsaheyl si: [t͡sa.ˈhɛjl ˈs·i] P F vin. bond, establish tsankumnga’: [ˈt͡san.kum.ŋaʔ] P F adj. advan-
a neural connection (derived from tsaheylu tageous (derived from tsankum advantage,
bond (neural connection)) benefit, upside, gain)
tsaheylu: [t͡sa.ˈhɛj.lu] P F n. bond (neural con- tsantu: [ˈt͡san.tu] P F n. good person, ”good guy”
nection) (derived from sìltsan good (of its kind), well
tsakem: [ˈt͡sa.kɛm] / [t͡sa.ˈkɛm] P F n. that (ac- done)
tion) (derived from kem thing (action), deed) tsantxäl: [t͡san.ˈt’æl] P F n. invitation (c.w. from
tsakrr: [t͡sa.ˈkṛ] P F adv. then, at that time, that sìltsan good (of its kind), well done and ätxäle
time (derived from krr time) request)
tsantxäl si: [t͡san.ˈt’æl s·i] P F vin. invite (de-
tsakrrvay: [t͡sa.ˈkṛ.vaj] P F adv. until then, in
rived from tsantxäl invitation)
the meantime (c.w. from tsakrr then, at that
tsap’alute: [t͡sap̚ .ˈʔa.lu.tɛ] P F n. apology
time, that time and vay up to)
tsap’alute si: [t͡sap̚ .ˈʔa.lu.tɛ ˈs·i] P F vin. apol-
tsaktap: [ˈt͡sak.̚ tap̚ ] P F n. violence
ogise (apologize) (derived from tsap’alute
tsaktap si: [ˈt͡sak.̚ tap s·i] P F vin. be violent, use
apology)
violence (derived from tsaktap violence)
tsapo: [ˈt͡sa.po] P F pn. that one (for people only)
tsal: [t͡sal] P F pn. that, it (as transitive subject)
(derived from po he, she)
tsala: [ˈt͡sa.la] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsal that, tsar: [t͡saɾ] P F pn. that, it (as dative indirect ob-
it (as transitive subject) and a clause-level at- ject)
tributive marker) tsara: [ˈt͡sa.ɾa] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsara that
tsalsungay: [t͡sal.su.ˈŋaj] P F adv. nevertheless, and a clause-level attributive marker)
even so tsari: [ˈt͡sa.ɾi] P F pn. that, it (as topical)
tsam: [t͡sam] P F n. war tsaria: [ˈt͡sa.ɾi.a] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsari
tsamkuk: [ˈt͡sam.kʊk]̚ P F n. war drum (derived that, it (as topical) and a clause-level attribu-
from tsam war) tive marker)
tsamopin: [ˈt͡sa.mo.pin] P F n. warpaint (c.w. tsat: [t͡sat̚ ] P F pn. that, it (as transitive direct
from tsam war and ’opin color) object)
tsampongu: [ˈt͡sam.po.ŋu] P F n. war party (c.w. tsata: [ˈt͡sa.ta] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsat that,
from tsam war and pongu a group or party it (as transitive direct object) and a clause-
of people) level attributive marker)
tsamsä’o: [ˈt͡sam.sæ.ʔo] P F n. weapon of war tsatseng: [t͡sa.ˈt͡sɛŋ] / [ˈt͡sa.t͡sɛŋ] P F n. there, that
(c.w. from tsam war and sä’o tool, utensil) place (derived from tseng place)
tsamsiyu: [ˈt͡sam.si.ju] P F n. warrior (derived tsatu: [ˈt͡sa.tu] P F n. that person (derived from
from tsam war) tute person)

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tsaw: [t͡saw] P F pn. that, it (as intransitive sub- tsengo: [ˈt͡sɛ.ŋo] P F pn. somewhere (derived
ject) from tseng place)
tsawa: [ˈt͡sa.wa] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsaw tsengpe: [ˈt͡sɛŋ.pɛ] P F inter. where (derived
that, it (as intransitive subject) and a clause- from tseng place)
level attributive marker) tseo: [ˈt͡sɛ.o] P F n. art
tsawke: [ˈt͡saw.kɛ] P F n. sun; Alpha Centauri A tseotu: [ˈt͡sɛ.o.tu] P F n. artist (generic term) (de-
tsawl: [t͡sawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall rived from tseo art)
tsawl slu: [ˈt͡sawl ˈsl·u] P F vin. grow (derived tseovi: [ˈt͡sɛ.o.vi] P F n. work of art (derived
from tsawl big (in size), tall) from tseo art)
tsawlapx: [ˈt͡saw.lap’] P F n. unidelta tree, lit. tseri: [ˈt͡s·ɛ.ɾ·i] P F vtr. note, notice
tall large root tsewtx: [t͡sɛwt’] P F adj. dirty
tsawlhì’: [t͡sawl.ˈhɪʔ] P F n. size (c.w. from tsawl tsìk: [t͡sɪk]̚ P F adv. suddenly, without warning
big (in size), tall and hì’i small, little (in size)) tsìlpey: [t͡sɪl.ˈpɛj] P F n. hope (abstract concept)
tsawlultxa: [t͡sawl.ʊl.ˈt’a] P F n. large gathering, (derived from sìlpey hope (with tsnì for thing
conference (c.w. from tsawl big (in size), tall hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii))
and ultxa meeting) tsìltsan: [t͡sɪl.ˈt͡san] P F n. good (abstract con-
tsawn: [t͡s·awn] P F vtr. gather growing food cept), goodness (derived from sìltsan good (of
from the forest; pick; harvest (in agriculture) its kind), well done)
tsawng: [t͡s·awŋ] P F vin. shatter, break into tsim: [t͡sim] P F n. source
pieces
tsin: [t͡sin] P F n. nail, claw
tsawsngem: [t͡saw.ˈsŋɛm] P F adj. muscular
tsìng: [t͡sɪŋ] P F num. four
(c.w. from tsawl big (in size), tall and tsngem
tsìpxì: [t͡sɪ.ˈp’ɪ] P F n. one-fourth (c.w. from
muscle)
tsìng four and hapxì part)
tsawtsray: [ˈt͡saw.t͡sɾaj] P F n. small or medium-
sized city (c.w. from tsawl big (in size), tall tsìsyì: [ˈt͡s·ɪ.sj·ɪ] P F vin. whisper
and tsray village) tsìve: [ˈt͡sɪ.vɛ] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived
tse: [t͡sɛ] P F part. well (conversation starter) from tsìng four)
tse’a: [t͡s·ɛ.ˈʔ·a] P F vtr. see (physical sense) tskalep: [ˈt͡ska.lɛp̚ ] P F n. crossbow
tse’atswo: [t͡sɛ.ˈʔa.t͡swo] P F n. (sense of) tskawr: [t͡sk·awɾ] P F vin. limp
sight, vision (derived from tse’a see (physical tski: [t͡ski] P F n. jaw
sense)) tsko: [t͡sko] P F n. bow (weapon)
tsefta: [ˈt͡sɛ.fta] P F n. vengeance, revenge tsko swizaw: [t͡sko swi.ˈzaw] P F n. bow and ar-
tsefta si: [ˈt͡sɛ.fta s·i] P F vin. take revenge (de- row (derived from tsko bow (weapon))
rived from tsefta vengeance, revenge) tskxaytsyìp: [ˈt͡sk’aj.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. hail (derived
tseftanga’: [ˈt͡sɛ.fta.ŋaʔ] P F adj. vengeful (de- from tskxepay ice)
rived from tsefta vengeance, revenge) tskxe: [t͡sk’ɛ] P F n. rock, stone
tseltsul: [ˈt͡sɛl.t͡sʊl] P F n. whitewater rapids tskxekeng: [ˈt͡sk’ɛ.kɛŋ] P F n. training, exercise
(countable, but only rarely) tskxekeng si: [ˈt͡sk’ɛ.kɛŋ ˈs·i] P F vin. exercise,
tseng: [t͡sɛŋ] P F n. place variant of tsenge train (derived from tskxekeng training, ex-
tsenga: [ˈt͡sɛ.ŋa] P F conj. where, place where ercise)
(derived from tseng place) tskxemauti: [t͡sk’ɛ.ma.u.ti] P F n. nut (c.w. from
tsenge: [ˈt͡sɛ.ŋɛ] P F n. place variant of tseng tskxe rock, stone and mauti fruit)

59
tskxepay: [ˈt͡sk’ɛ.paj] P F n. ice (c.w. from tskxe tsonta: [ˈt͡son.ta] P F conj. to (with kxìm) (de-
rock, stone and pay water, liquid) rived from tson obligation, duty, imposed re-
tskxevi: [ˈt͡sk’ɛ.vi] P F n. pebble, small stone pol- quirement (from superiors)) (contraction of
ished smooth by natural forces (derived from tson-it a)
tskxe rock, stone) tsopì: [ˈt͡so.pɪ] P F n. lung
tslam: [t͡sl·am] P F vtr. understand tspang: [t͡sp·aŋ] P F vtr. kill
tsleng: [t͡slɛŋ] P F adj. false tsranten: [ˈt͡sɾ·an.t·ɛn] P F vin. matter, be of im-
tslikx: [t͡sl·ik’] P F vin. crawl portance
tslolam: [t͡slo.ˈlam] P F intj. get it, I understand tsray: [t͡sɾaj] P F n. village
(derived from tslam understand) tsre’i: [ˈt͡sɾ·ɛ.ʔ·i] P F vtr. throw
tsmi: [t͡smi] P F n. nectar tsrul: [t͡sɾul] P F n. nest; protected area serving
tsmìm: [t͡smɪm] P F n. track, trace (of animal or as the home of Pandoran fauna
person) tstal: [t͡stal] P F n. knife
tsmisnrr: [ˈt͡smi.snṛ] P F n. bladder lantern, nec- tstalsena: [ˈt͡stal.sɛ.na] P F n. knife sheath (c.w.
tar lantern from tstal knife and sähena container, vessel,
tsmuk: [t͡smuk]̚ P F n. sibling carrier)
tsmukan: [ˈt͡smu.kan] P F n. brother (derived tstew: [t͡stɛw] P F adj. brave, courageous (ofp)
from tsmuk sibling) tstir: [t͡stiɾ] P F n. palm of a hand
tsmuke: [ˈt͡smu.kɛ] P F n. sister (derived from tstu: [t͡stu] P F adj. closed, shut, overcast (for
tsmuk sibling) cloudy skies)
tsmuktu: [ˈt͡smuk.̚ tu] P F n. sibling (derived tstu säpi: [ˈt͡stu sæ.ˌp·i] P F vin. close oneself,
from tsmuk sibling) close by itself, close on its own (derived from
tsngal: [t͡sŋal] P F n. cup tstu closed, shut, overcast (for cloudy skies))
tsngan: [t͡sŋan] P F n. meat obtained from ter- tstu si: [ˈt͡stu ˈs·i] P F vin. close (derived from
restrial animals tstu closed, shut, overcast (for cloudy skies))
tsngawpay: [ˈt͡sŋaw.paj] P F n. tears (c.w. from tstunkem: [ˈt͡stun.kɛm] P F n. favor, act of kind-
tsngawvìk cry, weep and pay water, liquid) ness (usually pronounced tstungkem) (c.w.
tsngawpayvi: [ˈt͡sŋaw.paj.vi] P F n. teardrop from tstunwi kind, thoughtful, considerate
(derived from tsngawpay tears) and kem thing (action), deed)
tsngawvìk: [ˈt͡sŋ·aw.v·ɪk]̚ P F vin. cry, weep tstunkem si: [ˈt͡stun.kɛm s·i] P F vin. do a favor
tsngem: [t͡sŋɛm] P F n. muscle (derived from tstunkem favor, act of kindness
tsnì: [t͡snɪ] P F sbd. that (function word) (with (usually pronounced tstungkem))
subjunctive verb in dependant clause) tstunkemtsyìp: [ˈt͡stuŋ.kɛm.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. little
tson: [t͡son] P F n. obligation, duty, imposed re- favor (derived from tstunkem favor, act of
quirement (from superiors) kindness (usually pronounced tstungkem))
tsong: [t͡soŋ] P F n. valley tstunlan: [ˈt͡stun.lan] P F adj. kind-hearted (c.w.
tsongropx: [ˈt͡soŋ.ɾop’] P F n. hole, cavity, ex- from tstunwi kind, thoughtful, considerate
cavation with a bottom (visible or presumed) and txe’lan heart)
(c.w. from tsong valley and ropx hole (going tstunwi: [ˈt͡stun.wi] P F adj. kind, thoughtful,
clear through an object)) considerate
tsongtsyìp: [ˈt͡soŋ.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. dimple (derived tstxo: [t͡st’o] P F n. name
from tsong valley) tstxolì’u: [ˈt͡st’o.lɪ.ʔu] P F n. noun (c.w. from

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 tstxo name and lì’u word) tswa’: [t͡sw·aʔ] P F vtr. forget
tstxolì’ukìngvi: [t͡st’o.ˈlɪʔ.u.kɪŋ.vi] P F n. noun tswal: [t͡swal] P F n. power
phrase (phrase whose pivotal or central word tswalnga’: [ˈt͡swal.ŋaʔ] P F adj. powerful (any
is a noun) (c.w. from tstxolì’u noun and kìng sense, nfp) (derived from tswal power)
thread) tswayon: [ˈt͡sw·aj.·on] P F vin. fly
tsu’o: [ˈt͡su.ʔo] P F n. ability tswesya: [ˈt͡swɛ.sja] P F n. current
tsukanom: [t͡sʊ.ˈka.nom] P F adj. available, ob- tswesya si: [ˈt͡swɛ.sja s·i] P F vin. flow (derived
tainable (derived from kanom acquire, get) from tswesya current)
tsukmong: [t͡sʊk.̚ ˈmoŋ] P F adj. reliable, depend- tswìk: [t͡sw·ɪk]̚ P F vtr. suck
able (derived from mong depend on, rely on, tswìk kxenerit: [t͡sw·ɪk ˈk’ɛ.nɛ.ɾit̚ ] P F vin.
trust for protection) smoke (lit. to suck smoke) (derived from
tsuksìm: [ˈt͡suk.̚ sɪm] P F n. chin tswìk suck)
tsuktswa’: [t͡sʊk.̚ ˈt͡swaʔ] P F adj. forgettable (de- tswin: [t͡swin] P F n. queue, braid
rived from tswa’ forget) tswintsyìp: [ˈt͡swin.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. little queue (de-
tsukx: [t͡s·ʊk’] P F vtr. stab rived from tswin queue, braid)
tsukyom: [t͡sʊk.ˈjom] P F adj. edible (derived tsyafe: [ˈt͡sja.fɛ] P F adj. mild, moderate, com-
from yom eat) fortable (for weather and temperature)
tsulfä: [t͡sʊl.ˈfæ] P F n. mastery tsyal: [t͡sjal] P F n. wing
tsulfä si: [t͡sʊl.ˈfæ ˈs·i] P F vin. master (derived tsyang: [t͡sjaŋ] P F n. swarm
from tsulfä mastery) tsyär: [t͡sj·æɾ] P F vtr. reject
tsulfätu: [t͡sʊl.ˈfæ.tu] P F n. master of an art, tsyey: [t͡sjɛj] P F n. snack, light meal
craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfä tsyeym: [t͡sjɛjm] P F n. treasure; something rare
mastery) and of great value
tsulfätunay: [t͡sʊ.fæ.tu.ˈnaj] P F n. near-master tsyeytsyìp: [ˈt͡sjɛj.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. tiny bite (derived
(derived from tsulfä mastery) from tsyeym treasure; something rare and of
tsun: [t͡sun] P F n. heel great value)
tsun: [t͡s·ʊn] P F vim. can, be able tsyìl: [t͡sj·ɪl] P F vtr. climb, scale (pulling entire
tsunslu: [ˈt͡s·ʊn.sl·u] P F vin. may, be possible body up)
(c.w. from tsun can, be able and slu become tsyo: [t͡sjo] P F n. flour
(noun predicate with ne in ambiguous con- tsyokx: [t͡sjok’] P F n. hand
structions)) tsyokxtil: [t͡sjok’.til] P F n. wrist (c.w. from
tsupx: [t͡s·ʊp’] P F vtr. scratch harmfully, as tsyokx hand and til joint, hinge)
with a claw tsyosyu: [ˈt͡sjo.sju] P F n. food made from flour
tsurokx: [t͡s·u.ˈɾ·ok’] P F vin. rest tsyul: [t͡sj·ul] P F vtr. begin, start

TX [t’] (TxeTx)

txa’: [t’aʔ] P F adj. hard txan much and pay water, liquid)
txakrrfpìl: [t’a.ˈkṛ.fp·ɪl] P F vtr. consider, ponder txampxì: [t’am.ˈp’ɪ] P F n. majority, most, large
(c.w. from txankrr for a long time and fpìl part (derived from txan much)
think) txan: [t’an] P F adj. much
txal: [t’al] P F n. back (of the body) txanatan: [ˈt’a.na.tan] P F adj. bright, vivid (c.w.
txampay: [t’am.ˈpaj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from from txan much and atan light)

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txanew: [ˈt’a.nɛw] P F adj. greedy (c.w. from (c.w. from txan much and tsawl big (in size),
txan much and new want) tall)
txanfwerwì: [t’an.ˈfwɛɾ.wɪ] P F n. blizzard (c.w. txantsawtsray: [t’an.ˈt͡saw.t͡sɾaj] P F n. large
from txan much, hufwe wind and herwì city, metropolis (c.w. from txan much, tsawl
snow) big (in size), tall and tsray village)
txanfwìngtu: [t’an.ˈfwɪŋ.tu] P F n. bastard, loser txantslusam: [ˈt’an.t͡slu.sam] P F adj. wise (c.w.
(vulgar) (c.w. from txan much, fwìng humil- from txan much and tslam understand)
iation, embarrassment, loss of face and tute txantstew: [ˈt’an.t͡stɛw] P F n. hero (c.w. from
person) txan much and tstew brave, courageous (ofp))
txankeltrrtrr: [ˈt’an.kɛl.tṛ.tṛ] P F adj. extraordi- txantur: [ˈt’an.tuɾ] P F adj. powerful (physically,
nary (c.w. from txan much and keltrrtrr un- ofp) (c.w. from txan much and txur strong
usual) (physically))
txankrr: [t’aŋ.ˈkṛ] P F adv. for a long time (c.w. txantxew: [t’an.ˈt’ɛw] P F n. maximum (c.w.
from txan much and krr time) from txan much and txew edge, brink, limit,
txanlal: [ˈt’an.lal] P F adj. ancient, very old (c.w. border, end)
from txan much and lal old (opposite of new)) txantxewm: [ˈt’an.t’ɛwm] P F adj. terrifying
txanlokxe: [t’an.lo.ˈk’ɛ] P F n. clan or tribal do- (c.w. from txan much and txewm scary,
main, country (c.w. from txan much, olo’ frightening)
clan and atxkxe land) txantxewvay: [t’an.ˈt’ɛw.vaj] P F adv. maxi-
txanro’a: [t’an.ˈɾ·o.ʔ·a] P F vin. be famous (c.w. mally (derived from txantxew maximum)
from txan much and ro’a be impressive, in- txanwawe: [t’an.wa.ˈwɛ] P F adj. personally
spire awe or respect) meaningful, significant (c.w. from txan much
txanro’tu: [t’an.ˈɾoʔ.tu] P F n. famous person, and wawe meaning, importance, significance
celebrity (c.w. from txanro’a be famous and (emotional))
tute person) txanwetseng: [t’an.ˈwɛ.t͡sɛŋ] P F n. person-
txansngum: [t’an.ˈsŋum] P F n. desperation; ally significant or beloved place, heimat (ger.)
feeling of great worry (c.w. from txan much (c.w. from txanwawe personally meaningful,
and sngum worry) significant and tseng place)
txansngum si: [t’an.ˈsŋum s·i] P F vin. feel des- txap: [t’·ap̚ ] P F vtr. press, press on, apply (phys-
perate (derived from txansngum desperation; ical) pressure to
feeling of great worry) txärem: [ˈt’æ.ɾɛm] P F n. bone
txanso’hayu: [t’an.ˈsoʔ.ha.ju] P F n. fan, enthu- txasom: [ˈt’a.som] P F adj. very hot (c.w. from
siast (c.w. from txan much and so’ha be en- txan much and som hot)
thusiastic about, show enthusiasm for, be ex- txasunu: [t’a.ˈs·u.n·u] P F vin. love greatly, en-
cited about) joy tremendously (c.w. from txan much and
txantompa: [t’an.ˈtom.pa] P F n. rainstorm, sunu be pleasing or likeable, bring enjoyment)
heavy rain (c.w. from txan much and tompa txatx: [t’at’] P F n. bubble
rain) txavä’: [t’a.ˈvæʔ] P F adj. disgusting (c.w. from
txantsan: [ˈt’an.t͡san] P F adj. excellent (c.w. txan much and vä’ unpleasant to the senses,
from txan much and sìltsan good (of its kind), noisome)
well done) txaw: [t’·aw] P F vtr. punish
txantsawl: [ˈt’an.t͡sawl] P F adj. giant, huge txawew: [ˈt’a.wɛw] P F adj. very cold (c.w. from

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 txan much and wew cold) brink, limit, border, end and luke without)
txawnulsrung: [t’aw.ˈnʊl.sɾʊŋ] P F n. machine txewm: [t’ɛwm] P F adj. scary, frightening
(c.w. from txula build, construct and säsrung txewnga’: [ˈt’ɛw.ŋaʔ] P F adj. having a limit,
helper (inanimate), something that helps) not without bounds, finite (derived from txew
txawnulsrung a tswayon: [t’aw.ˈnʊl.sɾʊŋ a edge, brink, limit, border, end)
ˈt͡swaj.on] P F n. airplane (derived from tx- txey: [t’·ɛj] P F vin. halt
awnulsrung machine) txeym: [t’ɛjm] P F adj. interested
txawnulsrung a yur: [t’aw.ˈnʊl.sɾʊŋ a juɾ] P F txi: [t’i] P F n. hurry, hurriedness, frenzy
n. washing machine (derived from txawnul- txikx: [t’ik’] P F vtr. chew
srung machine)
txìm: [t’ɪm] P F n. butt, rear end, ass
txay: [t’·aj] P F vin. be horizontal, lie flat
txim: [t’im] P F n. spike, thorn of a plant
txayo: [ˈt’a.jo] P F n. field, open terrain, plain
txìmya: [ˈt’ɪm.ja] P F n. fart, gas emitted from
txe’lan: [t’ɛʔ.ˈlan] P F n. heart
the anus (c.w. from txìm butt, rear end, ass
txe’lankong: [t’ɛʔ.ˈlan.koŋ] P F n. heartbeat
and ya air)
(c.w. from txe’lan heart and ’ekong beat
txìmya si: [ˈt’ɪm.ja s·i] P F vin. to fart (derived
(rhythmic))
from txìmya fart, gas emitted from the anus)
txe’lanti wrrzärìp: [t’ɛʔ.ˈlan.ti wṛ.ˈzæ.ɾɪp̚ ] P F
ph. to greatly move emotionally (lit.: to pull txin: [t’in] P F adj. main, primary
out the heart) (derived from txe’lan heart) txinfpìl: [ˈt’in.fpɪl] P F n. main point (c.w. from
txekxumpay: [t’ɛ.ˈk’ʊm.paj] P F n. magma, lava txin main, primary and fpìl think)
(c.w. from txep fire and kxumpay viscous liq- txìng: [t’·ɪŋ] P F vtr. leave, abandon
uid, gel) txintìn: [ˈt’in.tɪn] P F n. occupation, primary role
txele: [ˈt’ɛ.lɛ] P F n. matter (subject) in society (c.w. from txin main, primary and
txen: [t’ɛn] P F adj. awake tìn activity that keeps one busy)
txep: [t’ɛp̚ ] P F n. fire txintseng: [ˈt’in.t͡sɛŋ] P F n. base of operations
txepìva: [ˈt’ɛ.pɪ.va] P F n. ash, cinder (c.w. from (c.w. from txin main, primary and tseng
txep fire and ìlva flake, drop, chip) place)
txepram: [t’ɛp̚ .ˈɾam] P F n. volcano (c.w. from txo: [t’o] P F conj. if
txep fire and ram mountain) txoa: [ˈt’o.a] P F n. forgiveness
txeptseng: [ˈt’ɛp̚ .t͡sɛŋ] P F n. place where a fire txokefyaw: [ˈt’o.kɛ.fjaw] P F conj. if not,
is burning or has burned (c.w. from txep fire or else, otherwise (contraction of txo–ke–
and tseng place) fya’o–’aw)
txeptsyìp: [ˈt’ɛp̚ .t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. flame (derived txon: [t’on] P F n. night
from txep fire) txon’ong: [t’on.ˈʔoŋ] P F n. nightfall, sunset,
txeptun: [ˈt’ɛp̚ .tun] P F adj. orange (”fire tun”) dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and
(c.w. from txep fire and tun red, orange) ’ong unfold, blossom)
txepvi: [ˈt’ɛp̚ .vi] P F n. spark (derived from txep txon’ongmaw: [t’on.ˈʔoŋ.maw] P F n. twilight,
fire) the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from
txew: [t’ɛw] P F n. edge, brink, limit, border, end txon’ong nightfall, sunset, dusk, gloaming
txewk: [t’ɛwk]̚ P F n. club (weapon) and maw after (time))
txewluke: [ˈt’ɛw.lu.kɛ] P F adj. endless, bound- txonam: [t’o.ˈnam] P F adv. last night (derived
less, without limit (c.w. from txew edge, from txon night)

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txonay: [t’o.ˈnaj] P F adv. tomorrow night (de- from txukx deep and ’efu feel, sense, perceive)
rived from txon night) txula: [ˈt’·ʊ.l·a] P F vtr. build, construct
txonkrr: [ˈt’on.kṛ] P F adv. at night (c.w. from txum: [t’ʊm] P F n. poison
txon night and krr time) txumnga’: [ˈt’ʊm.ŋaʔ] P F adj. poisonous (de-
txopu: [ˈt’o.pu] P F n. fear rived from txum poison)
txopu si: [ˈt’o.pu ˈs·i] P F vin. be afraid (derived
txung: [t’·uŋ] P F vtr. disturb, disrupt, bother,
from txopu fear)
affect negatively
txopu sleyku: [ˈt’o.pu slɛj.ˈk·u] P F vtr. frighten
(derived from txopu fear) txur: [t’uɾ] P F adj. strong (physically)
txopunil: [ˈt’o.pu.nil] P F n. nightmare (c.w. txurtel: [ˈt’uɾ.tɛl] P F n. rope (c.w. from txur
from txopu fear and unil dream) strong (physically) and telem cord)
txotsafya: [ˈt’o.t͡sa.fja] P F adv. if that’s the case, txurtseng: [ˈt’uɾ.t͡sɛŋ] P F n. fortification,
if that’s so (c.w. from txo if and tsafya that fortress, bulwark (c.w. from txur strong
way, like that) (physically) and tseng place)
txukx: [t’uk’] P F adj. deep txurtu: [ˈt’uɾ.tu] P F n. strongman/woman,
txukxefu: [t’u.ˈk’·ɛ.f·u] P F vin. care, be con- brawny person (c.w. from txur strong (physi-
cerned about, have deep feelings for (c.w. cally) and tute person)

U [u|ʊ]

ue’: [·u.ˈ·ɛʔ] P F vtr. vomit, vomit up uniltìrantokx: [u.nil.tɪ.ˈɾan.tok’] P F n. avatar,

uk: [ʊk]̚ P F n. shadow dreamwalker body (c.w. from unil dream,
ukxo: [u.ˈk’o] P F adj. dry tìran walk and tokx body)
ukyom: [ˈʊk.̚ jom] P F n. eclipse (c.w. from uk uniltìrantokxolo’: [u.nil.tɪ.ˈɾan.tok’.o.loʔ] P F n.
shadow and yom eat) Avatar Community (c.w. from uniltìrantokx
ukyom si: [ˈʊk.̚ jom s·i] P F vin. eclipse (derived avatar, dreamwalker body and olo’ clan)
from ukyom eclipse) uniltìranyu: [u.nil.tɪ.ˈɾan.ju] P F n. dreamwalker
ulte: [ˈul.tɛ] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction) (c.w. from unil dream and tìran walk)
ultxa: [ʊl.ˈt’a] P F n. meeting uniltsa: [ˈu.nil.t͡s·a] P F vtr. dream of, dream
ultxa si: [ʊl.ˈt’a ˈs·i] P F vin. meet with some- about (c.w. from unil dream and tse’a see
one intentionally (use hu with) (derived from (physical sense))
ultxa meeting) unyor: [un.ˈjoɾ] P F adj. sweetly aromatic (a
ultxarun: [ʊl.ˈt’a.ɾ·un] P F vtr. encounter, meet flowery or aromatic woody sort of smell; may
by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and also refer to some spices used in Na’vi cooking)
run find, discover) uo: [ˈu.o] P F adp. behind
ultxatu: [ʊl.ˈt’a.tu] P F n. meeting participant uolì’uvi: [ˈu.o.lɪ.ʔu.vi] P F n. suffix (c.w. from
(c.w. from ultxa meeting and tute person) uo behind and lì’uvi affix)
um: [ʊm] P F adj. loose uran: [ˈu.ɾan] P F n. boat
um’a: [ˈum.ʔa] P F adv. surprisingly (for unex- utral: [ˈut̚ .ɾal] P F n. tree
pectedly negative outcomes) utraltsyìp: [ˈut̚ .ɾal.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. bush (derived
unil: [ˈu.nil] JC n. dream from utral tree)
unil si: [ˈu.nil s·i] P F vin. dream (derived from utu: [ˈu.tu] P F n. forest canopy
unil dream) utumauti: [ˈu.tu.ma.u.ti] P F n. banana fruit

64
 (c.w. from utu forest canopy and mauti fruit) or athletic game, sport (derived from uvan
uturu: [u.ˈtʊ.ɾu] P F n. sanctuary, place of refuge game)
uvan: [u.ˈvan] P F n. game uvan si: [u.ˈvan ˈs·i] P F vin. play (a game) (de-
uvan letokx: [u.ˈvan lɛ.ˈtok’] P F n. physical rived from uvan game)

V [v] (Vä)

vä’: [væʔ] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, noi- to disorder or chaos), organization)
some ventil: [ˈvɛn.til] P F n. ankle (c.w. from venu
vakx: [vak’] P F n. snake foot and til joint, hinge)
val: [val] P F adv. diligently, hard, with effort venu: [ˈvɛ.nu] P F n. foot
(RN dialect) venzek: [ˈvɛn.zɛk]̚ P F n. toe (c.w. from venu
väng: [væŋ] P F adj. thirsty foot and zekwä finger)
väpam: [ˈvæ.pam] P F n. noise. ugly or unpleas- vewng: [v·ɛwŋ] P F vtr. look after, take care of,
ant sound, screech (c.w. from vä’ unpleasant be responsible for
to the senses, noisome and pam sound) vey: [vɛj] P F n. meat, any food of animal origin
var: [v·aɾ] P F vim. to persist in a state, to con- (including fowl, fish, insects, eggs, milk)
tinue to perform an action vezeyko: [vɛ.zɛj.ˈk·o] P F vtr. put in order, orga-
vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark nize (derived from vezo be in order, be orga-
vawmpin: [ˈvawm.pin] P F n. dark color (c.w. nized)
from vawm dark and ’opin color) vezo: [vɛ.ˈz·o] P F vin. be in order, be organized
vawt: [vawt̚ ] P F adj. solid, not hollow vin: [v·in] P F vtr. request, ask for
vay: [vaj] P F adp. up to vingkap: [ˈv·iŋ.k·ap̚ ] P F vtr. occur to one, pop
vaykrr: [vaj.ˈkṛ] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay into one’s mind
up to and krr time) virä: [v·i.ˈɾ·æ] P F vin. spread, proliferate
ve’kì: [v·ɛʔ.ˈk·ɪ] P F vtr. hate vitra: [vit̚ .ˈɾa] P F n. soul
ve’o: [ˈvɛ.ʔo] P F n. order (as opposed to disorder vitronvä’: [vit.ɾon.ˈvæʔ] P F n. butthole, ass-
or chaos), organization hole, dickhead (vulgar, full form of vonvä’)
vefya: [ˈvɛ.fja] P F n. system, process, procedure, (c.w. from vitra soul and onvä’ bad-smelling,
approach (c.w. from ve’o order (as opposed smelly, stinky)
to disorder or chaos), organization and fya’o vll: [v·ḷ] P F vtr. indicate, point at
path, way, manner) voìk: [ˈvo.ɪk]̚ P F n. behavior, how one conducts
velek: [ˈv·ɛ.l·ɛk]̚ P F vin. give up, surrender, con- oneself
cede defeat voìk si: [ˈvo.ɪk s·i] P F vin. behave (derived from
velke: [ˈvɛl.kɛ] P F adj. chaotic, messy, disor- voìk behavior, how one conducts oneself )
ganized, in shambles (c.w. from ve’o order vol: [vol] P F num. eight
(as opposed to disorder or chaos), organization volve: [ˈvol.vɛ] P F adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived
and luke without) from vol eight)
velun: [vɛ.ˈlun] P F n. logic (c.w. from ve’o order vonvä’: [von.ˈvæʔ] P F n. butthole, asshole, dick-
(as opposed to disorder or chaos), organization head (vulgar) (c.w. from vitra soul and onvä’
and lun reason) bad-smelling, smelly, stinky)
venga’: [ˈvɛ.ŋaʔ] P F adj. organized, ”on top of vopxì: [vo.ˈp’ɪ] P F n. one-eighth (c.w. from vol
things” (derived from ve’o order (as opposed eight and hapxì part)

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vospxey: [vo.ˈsp’ɛj] P F n. March (c.w. from two)
vospxì month and pxey three) vospxìvopey: [vo.sp’ɪ.vo.ˈpɛj] P F n. November
vospxì: [vo.ˈsp’ɪ] P F n. month (c.w. from vol (c.w. from vospxì month, vol eight and pxey
eight, tsìng four and hapxì part) three)
vospxì’aw: [vo.sp’ɪ.ˈʔaw] P F n. January (c.w. vospxìvosìng: [vo.sp’ɪ.vo.ˈsɪŋ] P F n. December
from vospxì month and ’aw one) (c.w. from vospxì month, vol eight and tsìng
vospxìam: [vo.sp’ɪ.ˈam] P F n. last month (de- four)
rived from vospxì month) vozam: [ˈvo.zam] P F num. five hundred twelve
vospxìay: [vo.sp’ɪ.ˈaj] P F n. next month (de- (c.w. from vol eight and zam sixty four)
rived from vospxì month) vrrìn: [ˈv·ṛ.·ɪn] P F vin. be busy (negative sense):
vospxìkin: [vo.sp’ɪ.ˈkin] P F n. July (c.w. from be tired out and overwhelmed by an activity
vospxì month and kin need) that’s keeping one busy (derived from ’ìn be
vospxìmrr: [vo.sp’ɪ.ˈmṛ] P F n. May (c.w. from busy, be occupied)
vospxì month and mrr five)
vrrtep: [ˈvṛ.tɛp̚ ] P F n. demon
vospxìmun: [vo.sp’ɪ.ˈmun] P F n. February (c.w.
vul: [vul] P F n. branch (of a tree)
from vospxì month and mune two)
vultsyìp: [ˈvul.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. stick (derived from
vospxìpuk: [vo.sp’ɪ.ˈpuk]̚ P F n. June (c.w. from
vul branch (of a tree))
vospxì month and pukap six)
vospxìtsìng: [vo.sp’ɪ.ˈt͡sɪŋ] P F n. April (c.w. vun: [v·un] P F vtr. provide
from vospxì month and tsìng four) vur: [vuɾ] P F n. story
vospxìvol: [vo.sp’ɪ.ˈvol] P F n. August (c.w. vurtu: [ˈvuɾ.tu] P F n. fictional character (c.w.
from vospxì month and vol eight) from vur story and tute person)
vospxìvolaw: [vo.sp’ɪ.vo.ˈlaw] P F n. September vurvi: [ˈvuɾ.vi] P F n. summary, synopsis (de-
(c.w. from vospxì month, vol eight and ’aw rived from vur story)
one) vurway: [ˈvuɾ.waj] P F n. story poem, narrative
vospxìvomun: [vo.sp’ɪ.vo.ˈmun] P F n. October poem (c.w. from vur story and way song (an-
(c.w. from vospxì month, vol eight and mune cient, ceremonial))

W [w] (Wä)

wä+: [wæ] P F adp. against (as in: fight against) wätx: [w·æt’] P F vtr. be bad at
walak: [ˈwa.lak]̚ P F adj. energetic, active wawe: [wa.ˈwɛ] P F n. meaning, importance, sig-
walew: [w·a.ˈl·ɛw] P F vin. get over, accept some nificance (emotional)
fact, reconcile oneself, move on way: [waj] P F n. song (ancient, ceremonial)
wan: [w·an] P F vtr. hide way a plltxe: [waj a pḷ.ˈt’ɛ] P F ph. spoken poem
wapx: [w·ap’] P F vin. sink (as a melodic recital) (derived from way song
wäralì’u: [ˈwæ.ɾa.lɪ.ʔu] P F n. antonym (c.w. (ancient, ceremonial))
from wä+ against (as in: fight against), ral way a rol: [waj a ɾol] P F ph. sung poem (de-
meaning (logical, literal) and lì’u word) rived from way song (ancient, ceremonial))
wäsul: [ˈwæ.s·ul] P F vin. compete way si: [ˈwaj ˈs·i] P F vin. sing (derived from
wäte: [wæ.ˈt·ɛ] P F vtr. argue, dispute way song (ancient, ceremonial))
wätu: [ˈwæ.tu] P F n. opponent (c.w. from wä+ wayä aylì’u: [ˈwaj.æ aj.ˈlɪ.ʔu] P F ph. words of
against (as in: fight against) and tute person) a poem or lyrics of a song (derived from way

66
 song (ancient, ceremonial)) wip: [wip̚ ] P F adj. salty
waytelem: [ˈwaj.tɛ.lɛm] P F n. song cord (c.w. wiya: [ˈwi.ja] P F intj. expression of warning or
from way song (ancient, ceremonial) and frustration, ”damn!”
telem cord) wo: [w·o] P F vtr. reach for
we’ay: [ˈwɛ.ʔaj] P F adj. sour wok: [wok]̚ P F adj. loud
wem: [w·ɛm] P F vin. fight wokau: [wok.ˈa.u] P F n. pendulum drum (c.w.
wempongu: [ˈwɛm.po.ŋu] P F n. squad, military from wok loud and au drum (made of skin))
clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and wotx: [wot’] P F n. totality, whole
pongu a group or party of people)
wrrkä: [wṛ.ˈk·æ] P F vin. go out, go outside (c.w.
weopx: [wɛ.ˈop’] P F n. wave (of water)
from wrrpa outside and kä go)
wew: [wɛw] P F adj. cold
wrrpa: [ˈwṛ.pa] P F adv., n. outside
weyn: [w·ɛjn] P F vtr. draw, illustrate
win: [win] P F adj. fast wrrza’u: [wṛ.ˈz·a.ʔ·u] P F vin. come out, emerge
win säpi: [ˈwin sæ.ˈp·i] P F vin. hurry (derived (c.w. from wrrpa outside and za’u come)
from win fast) wrrzärìp: [wṛ.ˈz·æ.ɾ·ɪp̚ ] P F vtr. pull out, extract
win si: [ˈwin ˈs·i] P F vin. rush something, make (c.w. from wrrpa outside and zärìp pull)
something fast (derived from win fast) wum: [wʊm] P F adv. approximately, roughly
wìngay: [w·ɪ.ˈŋaj] P F vtr. prove (c.w. from wìn- wur: [wuɾ] P F adj. cool, chilly
txu show and ngay true) wutso: [ˈwu.t͡so] P F n. dinner, served meal
wìntxu: [w·ɪn.ˈt’·u] P F vtr. show wuwuk: [ˈwʊ.wʊk]̚ P F n. lizard; any of a vari-
wion: [ˈwi.on] P F n. reef ety of lizard-like creatures

Y [j] (Yä)

ya: [ja] P F n. air yawnyewla: [jawn.ˈjɛw.la] P F n. broken heart,

yafkeyk: [ˈja.fkɛjk]̚ P F n. weather (c.w. from ya broken heartedness (c.w. from yawne beloved
air and fkeytok exist) and yewla disappointment, emotional let-
yak: [jak]̚ P F n. fork, branch, point of divergence down, failed expectation)
yak si: [j·ak̚ s·i] P F vin. diverge, change di- yawo: [ja.ˈw·o] P F vin. take off, launch (c.w.
rection, go astray (derived from yak fork, from ya air and wo reach for)
branch, point of divergence) yawr: [jawɾ] P F n. feather
yäkx: [j·æk’] P F vtr. not notice, ignore, snub yayayr: [ja.ˈjajɾ] P F n. confusion
yän: [j·æn] P F vtr. fasten, tie down yayayrnga’: [ja.ˈjajɾ.ŋaʔ] P F adj. confusing (de-
yaney: [ja.ˈnɛj] P F n. canoe rived from yayayr confusion)
yapay: [ˈja.paj] P F n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from yayayrtsim: [ja.ˈjajɾ.t͡sim] P F n. something con-
ya air and pay water, liquid) fusing, source of confusion (c.w. from yayayr
yawne: [ˈjaw.nɛ] P F adj. beloved confusion and tsim source)
yawnetu: [ˈjaw.nɛ.tu] P F n. loved one (c.w. yayl: [jajl] P F n. nonsense, gibberish
from yawne beloved and tute person) yaymak: [ˈjaj.mak]̚ P F adj. foolish, ignorant
yawntu: [ˈjawn.tu] P F n. loved one (c.w. from yayo: [ˈja.jo] P F n. bird (c.w. from ya air and
yawne beloved and tute person) ioang animal, beast)
yawntutsyìp: [ˈjawn.tu.t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. darling, lit- yayotsrul: [ˈja.jo.t͡sɾul] P F n. bird’s nest (c.w.
tle loved one (derived from yawntu loved one) from yayo bird and tsrul nest; protected area

67
 serving as the home of Pandoran fauna) water level, temperature, talent, anger, etc.)
ye: [jɛ] P F adj. satisfied, content, satiated, full yìm: [j·ɪm] P F vtr. bind
ye’krr: [ˈjɛʔ.kṛ] P F adv. early (c.w. from ye sat- yìmkxa: [ˈjɪm.k’a] P F n. banshee catcher,
isfied, content, satiated, full and krr time) mouth-binder (c.w. from yìm bind and kxa
ye’rìn: [ˈjɛʔ.ɾɪn] P F adv. soon (derived from ye mouth)
satisfied, content, satiated, full) yll: [jḷ] P F adj. communal
yehakx: [ˈjɛ.hak’] P F adj. satisfied from hunger, ylltxep: [ˈjḷ.t’ɛp̚ ] P F n. communal fire or fire pit
full (c.w. from ye satisfied, content, satiated, (c.w. from yll communal and txep fire)
full and ohakx hungry) yo: [jo] P F n. surface
yehaw: [ˈjɛ.haw] P F adj. well-rested, having had yo’: [j·oʔ] P F vin. be perfect, flawless
enough sleep (c.w. from ye satisfied, content, yo’ko: [ˈjoʔ.ko] P F n. circle (derived from yo’
satiated, full and hahaw sleep) be perfect, flawless)
yem: [j·ɛm] P F vtr. put, place yo’kofya: [ˈjoʔ.ko.fja] P F n. cycle (c.w. from
yemfpay: [jɛm.ˈfpaj] P F n. dipping, immersion yo’ko circle and fya’o path, way, manner)
(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put, place and yoa: [ˈjo.a] P F adp. in exchange for
pay water, liquid) yokx: [jok’] P F n. shield
yemfpay si: [jɛm.ˈfpaj ˈs·i] P F vin. dip into liq- yol: [jol] P F adj. short (of time)
uid (derived from yemfpay dipping, immer- yom: [j·om] P F vtr. eat
sion (into liquid)) yomtìng: [ˈjom.t·ɪŋ] P F vin. feed (with dative
yemstokx: [ˈj·ɛm.stok’] P F vtr. put on (cloth- object) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tìng give)
ing), don (c.w. from yem put, place, sìn on, yomvey: [j·om.ˈvɛj] P F vin. dine on flesh, be car-
onto and tokx body) nivorous (c.w. from yom eat and vey meat,
yengwal: [jɛŋ.ˈwal] P F n. sorrow any food of animal origin (including fowl, fish,
yeväng: [ˈjɛ.væŋ] P F adj. satisfied from thirst insects, eggs, milk))
by drink, feeling quenched, slaked (c.w. from yomyo: [ˈjom.jo] P F n. plate, (for food) (c.w.
ye satisfied, content, satiated, full and väng from yom eat and yo surface)
thirsty) yomyo lerìk: [ˈjom.jo lɛ.ˈɾɪk]̚ P F n. leaf plate
yewla: [ˈjɛw.la] P F n. disappointment, emo- (derived from yomyo plate, (for food))
tional let-down, failed expectation yomzeswa: [j·om.ˈzɛ.swa] P F vin. graze (ii)
yewla si: [ˈjɛw.la s·i] P F vin. disappoint (de- (c.w. from yom eat and zeswa grass)
rived from yewla disappointment, emotional yora’: [j·o.ˈɾ·aʔ] P F vtr. win
let-down, failed expectation) yora’tu: [jo.ˈɾaʔ.tu] P F n. winner (c.w. from
yewn: [j·ɛwn] P F vtr. express, convey (a thought yora’ win and tute person)
or feeling) yrr: [jṛ] P F adj. wild, natural (something in its
yey: [jɛj] P F adj. straight original, unmodified, untampered-with natu-
yeyfya: [ˈjɛj.fja] P F n. straight line (c.w. from ral state)
yey straight and fya’o path, way, manner) yrrap: [ˈjṛ.ap̚ ] P F n. storm (c.w. from ya air and
yì: [jɪ] P F n. shelf, ledge, level, step, rung (Can hrrap danger)
also be used metaphorically to refer to the yuey: [ˈju.ɛj] P F adj. beautiful (inner beauty)
level of anything scalable – anything that yune: [ˈj·u.n·ɛ] P F vtr. listen to (intentionally)
can have levels or degrees, highs and lows, yur: [j·uɾ] P F vtr. wash

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Z [z] (Zä)

za’ärìp: [za.ˈʔ·æ.ɾ·ɪp̚ ] P F vtr. pull (c.w. from zeng: [zɛŋ] P F n. crest on the head of a bird or
za’u come and ’ärìp move) variant of zärìp animal
za’u: [ˈz·a.ʔ·u] P F vin. come zenke: [ˈz·ɛŋ.kɛ] P F vim. must not (ii) (c.w. from
zäfi: [ˈzæ.fi] P F adj. modified, interfered with, no zene must and ke not)
longer in a natural state zerok: [ˈz·ɛ.ɾ·ok]̚ P F vtr. remember
zal: [zal] P F n. clay, usually for pottery zeswa: [ˈzɛ.swa] P F n. grass
zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four zeswavi: [ˈzɛ.swa.vi] P F n. blade of grass (de-
zam mì zam: [ˈzam mɪ ˈzam] P F adv. completely, rived from zeswa grass)
one hundred percent (derived from zam sixty zet: [z·ɛt̚ ] P F vtr. treat (emotionally), display an
four) attitude towards
zamunge: [za.ˈm·ʊ.ŋ·ɛ] P F vtr. bring (c.w. from zevakx: [ˈzɛ.vak’] P F adj. cruel (ofp) (derived
za’u come and munge take, bring) from zevakx cruel (ofp))
zapxì: [za.ˈp’ɪ] P F n. front (part or section) (de- zey: [zɛj] P F adj. special, distinct
rived from hapxì part) zeyko: [zɛj.ˈk·o] P F vtr. heal, fix (derived from
zare’: [za.ˈɾɛʔ] P F n. forehead, brow (c.w. from zo be well, be intact, be as it should be, work
zapxì front (part or section) and re’o head) correctly or as nature intended)
zeykoyu: [zɛj.ˈko.ju] P F n. healer (derived from
zärìp: [ˈz·æ.ɾ·ɪp̚ ] P F vtr. pull variant of za’ärìp
zeyko heal, fix)
zasrìn: [za.ˈsɾ·ɪn] P F vtr. borrow (c.w. from za’u
zìm: [z·ɪm] P F vtr. feel (not intentionally)
come and srìn temporarily transfer from one
zìma’uyu: [zɪ.ˈma.ʔu.ju] P F n. newcomer, some-
to another (rarely used without prefix))
one who has just arrived on the scene (derived
zave: [ˈza.vɛ] P F adj. sixty-fourth (ordinal) (de-
from za’u come)
rived from zam sixty four)
zìmtswo: [ˈzɪm.t͡swo] P F n. (sense of) touch (de-
zawng: [z·awŋ] P F vin. scream
rived from zìm feel (not intentionally))
zawprrte’: [z·aw.ˈpṛ.tɛʔ] P F vin. be enjoyable zin: [zin] P F adj. tangled
(c.w. from za’u come and prrte’ pleasurable zir: [ziɾ] P F n. touch, feel, texture
(of an activity)) zìsìkrr: [ˈzɪ.sɪ.kṛ] P F n. season (c.w. from zìsìt
zawr: [zawɾ] P F n. animal call year and krr time)
zawsena: [ˈzaw.sɛ.na] P F n. quiver (attached to zìsìt: [ˈzɪ.sɪt̚ ] P F n. year
the ikran’s saddle; shortened form of swiza- zìsìtay: [zɪ.sɪt.ˈaj] P F n. next year (derived from
wsena) variant of swizawsena zìsìt year)
zazam: [ˈza.zam] P F num. four thousand ninety zìsìtnun: [zɪ.sɪt̚ .ˈnun] P F n. leap year (c.w. from
six zìsìt year and nun long (of time))
zeklor: [zɛk.loɾ] P F adj. pleasant to the touch zìsìtnuntrr: [zɪ.sɪt̚ .ˈnun.tṛ] P F n. leap year day
(c.w. from zekwä finger and lor beautiful, (c.w. from zìsìtnun leap year and trr day)
pleasant to the senses) zìsìtsaltrr: [zɪ.sɪt̚ .ˈsal.tṛ] P F n. (yearly) anniver-
zektil: [zɛk.til] P F n. knuckle (c.w. from zekwä sary (c.w. from zìsìt year, salew proceed, go
finger and til joint, hinge) and trr day)
zekwä: [ˈzɛk.̚ wæ] P F n. finger zìskrrmipaw: [zɪ.skṛ.ˈmi.paw] P F n. spring
zel: [zɛl] P F adv. then (counterfactual use) (c.w. from zìsìkrr season, mip new and tìpaw
zene: [ˈz·ɛ.n·ɛ] P F vim. must growth)

69
zìskrrsom: [zɪ.skṛ.ˈsom] P F n. summer (c.w. zoplo: [zop̚ .ˈlo] P F n. offence, insult
from zìsìkrr season and som hot) zoplo si: [zop̚ .ˈlo s·i] P F vin. offend, insult (de-
zìskrrtsawn: [zɪ.skṛ.ˈt͡sawn] P F n. autumn, fall rived from zoplo offence, insult)
(c.w. from zìsìkrr season and tsawn gather zoslu: [ˈzo.sl·u] P F vin. heal, become well, get
growing food from the forest; pick; harvest (in fixed (ii) (c.w. from zo be well, be intact, be
agriculture)) as it should be, work correctly or as nature in-
zìskrrwew: [zɪ.skṛ.ˈwɛw] P F n. winter (c.w. tended and slu become (noun predicate with
from zìsìkrr season and wew cold) ne in ambiguous constructions))
zìtsaltrr: [zɪ.ˈt͡sal.tṛ] P F n. yearly anniversary
zum: [zʊm] P F n. object, thing (physical or tan-
(colloquial form of zìsìtsaltrr)
gible)
zo: [z·o] P F vin. be well, be intact, be as it should
zun: [zun] P F conj. if (counterfactual use)
be, work correctly or as nature intended
zong: [z·oŋ] P F vtr. save, defend zung: [z·ʊŋ] P F vin. crouch
zongtseng: [ˈzoŋ.t͡sɛŋ] P F n. safe place, refuge zup: [z·up̚ ] P F vin. fall
(physical) (c.w. from zong save, defend and zusawkrr: [zu.ˈsaw.kṛ] P F n. future (c.w. from
tseng place) za’u come and krr time)

70
A The Number System
The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their singu-
lar form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining indicates
where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number reference,
such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.

Note that when using numbers in conversational Na’vi, Dr. Frommer has introduced a grammat-
ical rule, called “the Koren Holpxayä”, or “the Number Principle”, which states that in referring
to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence “You two are
teachers.” in Na’vi would be “Menga lu karyu.” and the sentence “They are teachers.” would be
“Fo lu karyu.”.

Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 39
0 1 2 3 4
0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsìvol
1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw
2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun
3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey
4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng
5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr
6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu
7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin

Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 63 Ordinal Numbers

5 6 7 Number + -ve
0 mrrvol puvol kivol 0 – 8 volve
1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw 1 ’awve 9 volawve
2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun 2 muve 10 vomuve
3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey 3 pxeyve 11 vopeyve
4 mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng 4 tsìve 12 vosìve
5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr 5 mrrve 13 vomrrve
6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu 6 puve 14 vofuve
7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin 7 kive 15 vohive

More Na’vi Numbers:

x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096
1 ’aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam

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 2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam
3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam
4 tsìng -sìng tsìvol tsìzam tsìvozam tsìzazam
5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam
6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam
7 kinä -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam

Example Number
zamtsìvosìng zam + tsìvo + sìng 64 + 4∗8 + 4 100

Non-Na’vi Numbers
8 ’eyt 9 nayn

B Time
Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.
Stress is again shown with underlining.

Trrtxon
trr’ong dawn
trr’ongmaw after dawn
rewon morning
srekamtrr before noon
kxamtrr noon
Days of the Terrestrial Week
kxamtrrmaw after noon
Sunday trr’awve
ha’ngir early afternoon
Monday trrmuve
kaym late afternoon
Tuesday trrpxeyve
sreton’ong before nightfall
Wednesday trrtsìve
txon’ong nightfall
Thursday trrmrrve
txon’ongmaw after nightfall
Friday trrpuve
txon night
Saturday trrkive
srekamtxon before midnight
kxamtxon midnight
kxamtxomaw after midnight
txon night
sresrr’ong before dawn
trr’ong dawn

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C Na’vi Loan Words
’Ìnglìsì: [ˈʔɪŋ.lɪ.sɪ] P F n. English language pensìl: [ˈpɛn.sɪl] P F n. pencil (loaned from ENG
(loaned from ENG English) pencil)
’Rrta: [ˈʔṛ.ta] P F prop.n. Earth (loaned from pìlok: [pɪ.ˈlok]̚ P F n. blog (loaned from ENG
ENG Earth) blog)
Europa: [ɛ.u.ˈɾo.pa] P F prop.n. Europe (loaned postì: [ˈpo.stɪ] P F n. (forum/blog) post (loaned
from GRE Europa [Εὐρώπη]) from ENG post)
ewro: [ˈɛw.ɾo] P F n. euro (loaned from HUN, Poston: [ˈpo.ston] P F prop.n. Boston (loaned
SPA, MLT, POL etc. Euro) from ENG Boston)
hametsì: [ha.ˈmɛ.t͡sɪ] P F n. leavened bread puk: [pʊk]̚ P F n. book (loaned from ENG book)
(loaned from HEB chametz [‫מץ‬ ֵ ‫)]ָח‬ puktsyìp: [ˈpʊk.̚ t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F n. pamphlet, booklet
Kelnì: [ˈkɛl.nɪ] P F prop.n. Köln, Cologne (loaned (derived from puk book) (loaned from ENG
from DEU Köln) book)
Kerìsmìsì: [kɛ.ˈɾɪ.smɪ.sɪ] P F prop.n. Christmas pxir: [p’iɾ] P F n. beer (loaned from DEU Bier)
(loaned from ENG Christmas) Suli: [ˈsu.li] JC,P F prop.n. family name Sully
kunsìp: [ˈkʊn.sɪp̚ ] P F n. gunship (loaned from (loaned from ENG Sully)
ENG gunship) Sweriye: [ˈswɛ.ɾi.jɛ] P F prop.n. Sweden (loaned
lì’upuk: [ˈlɪ.ʔu.pʊk]̚ P F n. dictionary (c.w. from from SWE Sverige)
lì’u word and puk book) (loaned from ENG tawsìp: [ˈtaw.sɪp̚ ] P F n. skyship (loaned from
book) ENG ship)
LosÄntsyelesì: [lo.ˈsæn.t͡sjɛ.lɛ.sɪ] P F prop.n. tìreyn: [tɪ.ˈɾɛjn] P F n. train (loaned from ENG
Los Angeles (loaned from ENG Los Angeles) train)
matsa: [ˈma.t͡sa] P F n. matsa, crackers (loaned toktor: [ˈtok.̚ toɾ] P F n. doctor (loaned from
from HEB matzah [‫)]ַמָּצה‬ ENG doctor)
nìFranse: [nɪ.ˈfɾan.sɛ] P F adv. French (loaned tsyänel: [ˈt͡sjæ.nɛl] P F n. TV channel (loaned
from FRA français) from ENG channel)
nìToitsye: [nɪ.ˈto.i.t͡sjɛ] P F adv. German Tsyeyk: [t͡sjɛjk]̚ JC,P F prop.n. name of Jake
(derived from Toitsye German (language)) (loaned from ENG Jake)
(loaned from DEU Deutsche (Sprache)) TsyeykSuli: [t͡sjɛjk.ˈsu.li] JC,P F prop.n. Jake
nìTsyungwen: [nɪ.ˈt͡sjʊŋ.wɛn] P F adv. Zhong- Sully (loaned from ENG Jake Sully)
wen (loaned from ZHO Zhōngwén) tsyìräfì: [t͡sjɪ.ˈɾæ.fɪ] P F n. giraffe (loaned from
Nìyu Yorkì: [ˈnɪ.ˌju ˈjoɾ.kɪ] P F prop.n. New York ENG giraffe)
(loaned from ENG New York) tsyoklìt: [ˈt͡sjok.̚ lɪt̚ ] P F n. chocolate (loaned
Pari: [ˈpa.ɾi] P F prop.n. Paris (loaned from FRA from ENG chocolate)
Paris) txolar: [ˈt’o.laɾ] P F n. dollar (loaned from ENG
päsketpol: [ˈpæ.skɛt̚ .pol] P F n. basketball dollar)
(loaned from ENG basketball) wep: [wɛp̚ ] P F n. web (as in world wide web,
pätsì: [ˈpæ.t͡sɪ] P F n. badge (loaned from ENG www) (loaned from ENG web)
badge) weptseng: [ˈwɛp̚ .t͡sɛŋ] P F n. website (c.w. from
paynäpll: [ˈpaj.næ.pḷ] P F n. pineapple (loaned wep web (as in world wide web, www) and
from ENG pineapple) tseng place) (loaned from ENG web)

73
wou: [ˈw·o.·u] P F vin. be amazing, fascinating ITA Gesù)
(slang) (loaned from ENG wou) Yuesey: [ju.ɛ.ˈsɛj] P F prop.n. U.S.A. (loaned
Yeysu: [ˈjɛj.su] P F prop.n. Jesus (loaned from from ENG U.S.A.)

D Na’vi Proper Nouns

Akwey: [ak.̚ ˈwɛj] JC prop.n. male Na’vi Metkayina: [mɛt̚ .ka.ˈji.na] P F prop.n. Reef Peo-
Amhul: [am.ˈhul] P F prop.n. female Na’vi ple Clan
Anuk: [a.nʊk]̚ P F prop.n. (name) Mo’ara: [mo.ˈʔa.ɾa] P F prop.n. a valley on Pan-
Anurai: [ˈa.nu.ɾa.i] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name dora (Note: Also the name of the Disney Pan-
Aonung: [ˈa.o.nuŋ] P F prop.n. male Na’vi of the dora location)
Metkayina Clan Mo’at: [ˈmo.ʔat̚ ] JC prop.n. tsahìk of the
Artsut: [aɾ.t͡sʊt̚ ] C prop.n. (name) Omatikaya
Ateyitan: [a.ˈtɛj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo Mo’at’ite: [ˈmo.ʔat̚ .ʔi.tɛ] JC prop.n. daughter of
Ateyo: [a.ˈtɛ.jo] JC prop.n. male Na’vi Mo’at
ayRam aLusìng: [aj.ˈɾam a.lu.ˈsɪŋ] P F prop.n. Na’vi: [ˈnaʔ.vi] JC prop.n. the People, indige-
the Floating Mountains nous Pandoran sentient race
ayVitrayä Ramunong: [aj.vit̚ .ˈɾa.jæ ɾa.ˈmu.noŋ] Naranawm: [naɾ.a.ˈnawm] JC,P F prop.n.
JC prop.n. Well of Souls Polyphemus
Entu: [ˈɛn.tu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi Nawmtoruktek: [nawm.ˈto.ɾʊk.̚ tɛk]̚ P F,CdS
Eytukan: [ˈɛj.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of prop.n. Toruk Makto Totem
the Omatikaya Neteyam: [nɛ.ˈtɛj.am] JC,P F prop.n. Jake and
Eywa: [ˈɛj.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia Neytiri’s first born son
Eywa’eveng: [ˌɛj.wa.ˈʔɛ.vɛŋ] JC,P F prop.n. Pan- Newey: [nɛ.ˈwɛj] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
dora Neytiri: [nɛj.ˈti.ɾi] JC prop.n. female Na’vi of the
Eyweveng: [ɛj.ˈwɛ.vɛŋ] P F prop.n. Pandora Omatikaya Clan
(colloquial, short for Eywa’eveng) Ninat: [ni.ˈnat̚ ] JC prop.n. female singer of the
Iknimaya: [ˌik.̚ ni.ˈma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway to Omatikaya Clan
Heaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi Omatikaya: [o.ma.ti.ˈka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue
Kamun: [ˈka.mun] P F prop.n. male Na’vi Flute Clan
Kekunan: [ˈkɛ.ku.nan] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan Otranyu: [ot̚ .ˈɾan.ju] JC prop.n. male Na’vi
name Payakan: [ˈpaj.a.kan] P F prop.n. name of a
Kelutral: [ˈkɛl.ut̚ .ɾal] P F prop.n. Hometree rogue tulkun
Kiri: [ˈki.ɾi] P F prop.n. Jake and Neytiri’s Peyral: [pɛj.ˈɾal] P F prop.n. female Na’vi of the
adopted daughter Omatikaya Clan
Lì’ona: [lɪ.ˈʔo.na] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name Pongu Pongu: [ˈpo.ŋu ˈpo.ŋu] D prop.n. party
Lo’ak: [ˈloʔ.ak]̚ P F prop.n. Jake and Neytiri’s party (irregular use; Name of bar at Disney’s
second born son Pandora - The World of Avatar)
Lo’akur: [lo.ʔa.ˈkʊɾ] P F,CdS prop.n. Toruk Ralu: [ˈɾa.lu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Makto Amulet Rini: [ˈɾi.ni] P F prop.n. female Na’vi

74
Ronal: [ˈɾo.nal] JC,P F prop.n. Female Na’vi of Centauri A)
the Metkayina Clan Tsenu: [ˈt͡sɛ.nu] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Rongloa: [ˈɾoŋ.lo.a] JC prop.n. Na’vi Clan name Tsireya: [t͡si.ˈɾɛ.ja] P F prop.n. female of the
Rotxo: [ɾo.ˈt’o] P F prop.n. male Na’vi of the Metkayina Clan
Metkayina Clan Tskaha: [ˈt͡ska.ha] JC prop.n. Na’vi Clan name
Satu’li: [sa.ˈtuʔ.li] P F,D prop.n. Canteen in the Tsu’tey: [t͡suʔ.ˈtɛj] JC prop.n. male of the
Valley of Mo’ara Omatikaya Clan
Seze: [ˈsɛ.zɛ] ZS prop.n. Neytiri’s banshee Tuk: [tuk]̚ JC,P F prop.n. Jake and Neytiri’s
Silwanin: [sil.ˈwa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sis- daughter
ter Tuke: [ˈtu.kɛ] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Sorewn: [so.ˈɾɛwn] P F prop.n. female Na’vi Tuktirey: [tuk.̚ ˈti.ɾɛj] JC,P F prop.n. Jake and
Swotu Wayä: [ˈswo.tu ˈwaj.æ] P F,D prop.n. sa- Neytiri’s daughter
cred place of song Txärpawk: [ˈt’æɾ.pawk]̚ P F,CdS prop.n. Palu-
Swotulu: [ˈswo.tu.lu] P F prop.n. sacred river lukan Bone Horn
Ta’unui: [ta.ʔu.nu.i] P F prop.n. (clan name) Txewì: [ˈt’ɛ.wɪ] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Takuk: [ta.kuk]̚ P F prop.n. (name) Txilte: [ˈt’il.tɛ] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Tawkami: [taw.ˈka.mi] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan Uniltaron: [ˌu.nil.ˈta.ɾon] P F prop.n. Dream
name Hunt
Tipani: [ˈti.pa.ni] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name Utral Aymokriyä: [ˈut̚ .ɾal aj.ˈmok.̚ ɾi.jæ] JC,P F
Tonowari: [to.no.ˈwa.ɾi] JC,P F prop.n. male prop.n. Tree of Voices
Na’vi of the Metkayina Clan Utraya Mokri: [ˈut.ɾa.ja ˈmok.ɾi] P F prop.n. Tree
Tsahìk: [ˈt͡sa.hɪk]̚ JC prop.n. head shaman, high of Voices
priest, interpreter Va’ru: [ˈvaʔ.ɾu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Tsawkenay: [t͡saw.kɛ.ˈnaj] P F prop.n. Alpha Vitrautral: [vit̚ .ˈɾa.ut̚ .ɾal] P F prop.n. Tree of
Centauri B (derived from tsawke sun; Alpha Souls

E Flora and Fauna

Flora

’ä’o: [ˈʔæ.ʔo] P F n. pitcher plant eanean: [ˈɛ.an.ˈɛ.an] P F n. cheadle, herbaceous

’ampirikx: [ˈʔam.pi.ɾik’] P F n. leaf pitcher plant plant (derived from ean blue, green)
eanfwopx: [ˈɛ.an.fwop’] G,P F n. mist bloom
’ele’wll: [ˈʔɛ.lɛʔ.wḷ] P F n. thorny paw, cactus
eyaye: [ɛ.ˈja.jɛ] P F n. warbonnet
anìheyu: [a.nɪ.ˈhɛ.ju] P F n. fibonacci, blue spiral
fkxakewll: [ˈfk’a.kɛ.wḷ] P F n. itch plant
plant
flefle: [ˈflɛ.flɛ] P F n. Sol’s delight, magne-
apxangrr: [a.ˈp’a.ŋṛ] P F n. delta tree totrophic plant
atokirina’: [a.to.ki.ˈɾi.naʔ] P F n. seeds of the fngapsutxwll: [ˈfŋap̚ .sut’.wḷ] P F n. metalfol-
great tree lowing plant
awaiei: [a.wa.i.ˈɛ.i] P F n. banshee of paradise fwäkìwll: [ˈfwæ.kɪ.wḷ] P F n. mantis orchid

75
fyìpmaut: [ˈfjɪp̚ .ma.ut̚ ] P F n. squid fruit tree somtìlor: [ˈsom.tɪ.loɾ] P F n. popsicle, hot beauty
hìrumwll: [hɪ.ˈɾum.wḷ] P F n. puffer plant syep’an: [ˈsjɛp̚ .ʔan] G,P F n. lift vine, trap vine
hiupwopx: [ˈhi.up̚ .wop’] G,P F n. cloud spitter syeptute: [ˈsjɛp̚ .tu.tɛ] P F n. hyneman, person
kllpxiwll: [kḷ.ˈp’i.wḷ] P F n. lionberry trapper
ko’onspul: [ˈko.ʔon.spul] G,P F n. sunflower gi- tarsyu: [ˈtaɾ.sju] G,P F n. tarsyu
gantus tautral: [ˈta.ut̚ .ɾal] P F n. sky tree
koaktutral: [ko.ˈak.̚ tut̚ .ɾal] P F n. goblin thistle tawtsngal: [ˈtaw.t͡sŋal] P F n. panopyra, sky cup
kxaylte: [ˈk’ajl.tɛ] P F n. cillaphant tìhawnuwll: [tɪ.ˈhaw.nu.wḷ] P F n. spartan, pro-
kxetsikran: [k’ɛ.ˈt͡sik.̚ ɾan] G,P F n. banshee’s tail tection plant
loreyu: [lo.ˈɾɛ.ju] P F n. helicoradian, beautiful tompatayng: [ˈtom.pa.tajŋ] G,P F n. rain thistle
spiral tompawll: [ˈtom.pa.wḷ] P F n. geode, rain plant
mìnyu: [ˈmɪn.ju] P F n. turner, twisted lily (de- torukspxam: [ˈto.ɾʊk.̚ sp’am] P F n. octoshroom,
rived from mìn turn, rotate on an axis) great leonopteryx fungus
mulpxar: [mul.ˈp’aɾ] P F n. roosterhead plant tsawksyul: [ˈt͡sawk.̚ sjul] P F n. sun lily
naritxim: [ˈna.ɾi.t’im] G,P F n. eyethorn
tsawlapxangrr: [ˈt͡saw.la.p’a.ŋṛ] P F n. unidelta
pa’liwll: [ˈpaʔ.li.wḷ] P F n. direhorse pitcher
tree, lit. tall large root
plant
tstxa’a: [ˈt͡st’a.ʔa] P F n. canalyd
pamtseowll: [ˈpam.t͡sɛ.o.wḷ] P F n. cat ear, mu-
tsyorina’wll: [t͡sjo.ɾi.ˈnaʔ.wḷ] P F n. cycad, flour
sic plant
seed plant
paymaut: [ˈpaj.ma.ut̚ ] G,P F n. fountain tree
tumpasuk: [ˈtum.pa.sʊk]̚ P F n. celia fruit tree
paysyul: [ˈpaj.sjul] P F n. water lily
paywll: [ˈpaj.wḷ] P F n. water plant, dapophet txepvispxam: [ˈt’ɛp̚ .vi.sp’am] G,P F n. sparkle
penghrrap: [pɛŋ.ˈhṛ.ap̚ ] P F n. binary sunshine, pod
fringed lamp txll’u: [ˈt’ḷ.ʔu] P F n. hookagourd
pxayzekwä: [p’aj.ˈzɛk.̚ wæ] P F n. spiny whips txumpaywll: [ˈt’ʊm.paj.wḷ] P F n. scorpion this-
pxiut: [ˈp’i.ut̚ ] P F n. razor palm, sharp tree tle, poison water plant
pxiwll: [ˈp’i.wḷ] P F n. hermit bud plant txumtsä’wll: [t’ʊm.ˈt͡sæʔ.wḷ] P F n. Baja tickler,
pxorna’: [ˈp’oɾ.naʔ] P F n. episoth, exploding poisonsquirting plant
seed väfewll: [ˈvæ.fɛ.wḷ] P F n. Centipede, badsmell
pxorna’lor: [ˈp’oɾ.naʔ.ˈloɾ] P F n. sari, beautiful plant
exploding seed plant värumut: [ˈvæ.ɾu.mut̚ ] P F n. vein pod
rawp: [ɾawp̚ ] P F n. bladder polyp vozampasukut: [ˈvo.zam.pa.sʊk.ut̚ ] P F n.
rumaut: [ˈɾu.ma.ut̚ ] P F n. cannonball fruit tree grinch tree, thousand berry tree
rumut: [ˈɾum.ut̚ ] P F n. puffball tree, Obesus ro- yawrwll: [ˈjawɾ.wḷ] G,P F n. feather blade
tundus yìspul: [ˈjɪ.spul] G,P F n. mermaid tail
seze: [ˈsɛ.zɛ] P F,ZS n. blue flower yomhì’ang: [jom.ˈhɪʔ.aŋ] P F n. small ani-
smaoe: [sma.ˈo.ɛ] P F n. phalanxia, heavily mal/insect eater, dakteron (derived from yom
thorned plant eat)
sngukx: [sŋuk’] P F n. grub plant yomioang: [jom.i.ˈo.aŋ] P F n. chalice plant

Fauna

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’angtsìk: [ˈʔaŋ.t͡sɪk]̚ P F n. hammerhead from palukan thanator)
eltungawng: [ˈɛl.tu.ŋawŋ] P F n. brainworm, palulukan: [ˌpa.lu.ˈlu.kan] JC n. thanator
glow worm pxazang: [ˈp’a.zaŋ] P F n. akula
fkio: [ˈfki.o] P F n. tetrapteron reyptswìk: [ˈɾɛjp̚ .t͡swɪk]̚ G,P F n. wolf tick
flrrtsawl: [ˈflṛ.t͡sawl] G,P F n. sailfin goliath riti: [ˈɾi.ti] JC n. stingbat
fpxafaw: [ˈfp’a.faw] P F n. medusa skuka: [ˈsku.ka] P F n. sagittaria
fwäkì: [ˈfwæ.kɪ] P F n. mantis slotsyal: [ˈslo.t͡sjal] G,P F n. stormglider
fwampop: [ˈfwam.pop̚ ] P F n. tapirus srakat: [ˈsɾa.kat̚ ] P F n. dinicthoid
fyuatx: [fju.ˈat’] P F n. anemonoid syaksyuk: [sjak.̚ ˈsjʊk]̚ P F n. prolemuris
ikran: [ˈik.̚ ɾan] JC n. banshee talioang: [ˈtal.i.ˌo.aŋ] JC n. sturmbeest
ikranay: [ik.ɾa.ˈnaj] JC,P F n. forest banshee teylu: [ˈtɛj.lu] JC n. beetle larva
ilu: [ˈi.lu] P F,D n. large plesiosaurlike sea crea- toruk: [ˈto.ɾʊk]̚ JC n. great leonopteryx, last
ture shadow
kali’weya: [ka.liʔ.ˈwɛ.ja] ASG n. species of ven- tsiki: [ˈt͡si.ki] P F n. reef tick
omous arachnid tslikxyu latopin: [ˈt͡slik’.ju ˈla.to.pin] G,P F n.
kenten: [ˈkɛn.tɛn] P F n. fan lizard chamelion crawler
kinglor: [ˈkiŋ.loɾ] G,P F n. kinglor tslikxyu tsawlak: [ˈt͡slik’.ju ˈt͡saw.lak]̚ G,P F n.
lanay’ka: [la.ˈnajʔ.ka] P F,ASG n. slinger scarab crawler
mawup: [ˈma.wup̚ ] P F,CdS n. turtapede tspìng: [t͡spɪŋ] P F,CdS n. austrapede
nalutsa: [na.ˈlu.t͡sa] P F n. large armored whale- tsurak: [ˈt͡su.ɾak]̚ P F n. skimwing
like sea creature tulkun: [ˈtʊl.kun] P F n. tulkun
nantang: [ˈnan.taŋ] JC,P F n. viperwolf Canifer- txampam: [ˈt’am.pam] G,P F n. soundblast colos-
ratus costatus, striped armored wolf sus
nantangtsyìp: [ˈnan.taŋ.t͡sjɪp̚ ] JC,P F n. dog txeptsyal: [ˈt’ɛp̚ .t͡sjal] G,P F n. coronis
(earth animal); lit. little nantang vekreng: [ˈvɛk.ɾɛŋ] G,P F n. cloaked panther
nawkx: [nawk’] G,P F n. bone helm rhino winzaw: [ˈwin.zaw] G,P F n. arrow deer
pa’li: [ˈpaʔ.li] P F n. direhorse yerik: [ˈjɛ.ɾik]̚ P F n. hexapede
palukan: [pa.ˈlu.kan] JC,P F n. thanator yoten: [ˈjo.tɛn] G,P F n. yoten
palukantsyìp: [pa.ˈlu.kan.t͡sjɪp̚ ] JC,P F n. cat zakru: [ˈzak.̚ ɾu] G,P F n. zakru
(earth animal); lit. little palulukan (derived zize’: [zi.ˈzɛʔ] P F n. hellfire wasp

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F Useful Phrases
These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphemes
are probably invariable. We’ve included these not only to show instances where a phrase en-
capsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For this
reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from Dr.
Frommer’s blog at Naviteri.org. They’ve been included in no specific conversational order, but
rather alphabetically.

’awa swawtsyìp: P F just a tiny moment, hold on a bit

’efu ohakx: [ˈʔ·ɛ.f·u o.ˈhak’] P F be hungry
’ìn nga fyape nìfkrr: P F What’s been keeping you busy lately?
’ivong nìk’ong: P F slow is fine
ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur: [æ.ˈt’æ.lɛ pa.ˈlu.ka.nuɾ] P F Na’vi idiom: It’s a foregone conclusion Ätxäle si
palulukanur tsnì smarit livonu; “Ask a thanator to release its prey”
aytele a ngeyä hapxìmì kifkeyä lu fyape?: P F How are things in your part of the world?
eltut heykahaw: [ˈɛl.tut̚ hɛj.ˈka.haw] P F be boring
etrìpa syayvi: [ˈɛt.ɾɪ.pa ˈsjaj.vi] P F good luck
Eywa ngahu: [ˈɪj.wa ˈŋa.hu] JC,P F goodbye, Eywa (be) with you
fìpor syaw fko Ìstaw: P F this is Ìstaw
fnu, ma ’evi. Sa’nur leru hawtsyìp. Tsivurokx ko.: P F Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking a nap.
Let her rest.
ftia oel lì’fyati leNa’vi nì’o’ nìwotx: P F Studying Na’vi is a ton of fun for me!
ftxey...fuke: [ft’ɛj fu.ˈkɛ] P F whether...or
fwa kan ke tam; zene swizawit livonu.: P F Na’vi proverbial phrase: To aim is not enough; one
must release the arrow.; Intent is not enough; it’s action that counts.
fwäkì ke fwefwi: [ˈfwæ.kɪ kɛ ˈfw·ɛ.fw·i] P F Na’vi idiom: “a mantis doesn’t whistle” it’s against
someone’s or something’s nature
fyape fko syaw ngar?: [ˈfja.pɛ fko sj·aw ŋaɾ] P F what are you called, what is your name
hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha.ˈja.lo ta ˈo.ɛ (ˈwɛ.ta)] P F next time from me
irayo: [i.ˈɾa.jo] P F thanks, thank you
ka wotx: [ka wot’] P F generally, for the most part literally: across the totality
kaltxì: [kal.ˈt’ɪ] P F hello (casual)
kaltxì sivi, ma Ìstaw: P F say hello, Ìstaw
ke pxan: [kɛ p’an] P F I’m not worthy
ke tare: [kɛ ˈt·a.ɾ·ɛ] P F It’s irrelevant; It doesn’t matter
ke tslolam: P F I didn’t get that, I didn’t understand
ke zene win säpivi: P F take your time, don’t rush
ke...kaw’it: [kɪ kaw.ˈʔit̚ ] P F not...at all
kea tìkin: [ˈkɛ.a tɪ.ˈkin] P F no need (for thanks)
kefya srak: [kɛ.ˈfja ˈsɾak]̚ P F isn’t that so? right? no?
kem amuiä, kum afe’: P F Na’vi proverbial phrase: Proper action, bad result. Said when something
that should have turned out well didn’t

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kenten mì kumpay: [ˈkɛn.tɛn mɪ ˈk’um.paj] P F Na’vi idiom: “(like) a fan lizard in gel” a sense
of being in an environment where you’re prevented from acting naturally or doing what you
want to do
kìyevame: [kɪ.jɪ.ˈva.m·ɪ] P F good-bye, see you again soon
krro krro: [ˈkṛ.o ˈkṛ.o] P F at times, on occasion
kunsìpìri txana tìmeyp lu tsyal a mìn.: P F The gunship’s main weakness is the rotor system.
kxetse sì mikyun kop plltxe: [ˈk’ɛ.t͡sɛ sɪ ˈmik.jun kop̚ pḷ.ˈt’ɛ] P F Na’vi proverbial phrase: the tail
and ears also speak; body language is important
loreyu ’awnampi: [lo.ˈɾɛ.ju ʔawn.ˈampi] P F Na’vi idiom: “(like) a touched helicoradian” extreme
shyness
ma frapo, ayngaru oeyä tsmukit alu Newey: [ma ˈfɾa.po, aj.ˈŋa.ɾu wɛ.jæ ˈt͡smuk.it̚ ˈa.lu nɛ.ˈwɛj] P F
Everybody, please allow me to introduce (to you) my sister, Newey
maitan: [ma.ˈi.tan] P F my son (form of address)
maite: [ma.ˈi.tɛ] P F my daughter (form of address)
makto zong: [ˈmak.to zoŋ] P F take care, travel safely
ne kllte: [ˈnɛ ˈkḷ.tɛ] P F get down
nga läpivawk nì’it nì’ul ko: P F tell me a bit more about yourself
nga läpivawk nìno ko: P F tell me all about yourself
nga pesuhu käteng nìtrrtrr: P F Who do you normally spend time with?
nga yawne lu oer: [ŋa ˈjaw.nɛ lu wɛɾ] P F I love you, you are beloved to me
nga zola’u ftu peseng: P F Where did you come from?
ngari solalew polpxaya zìsìt: P F How old are you?, How many years have you passed?
ngari txe’lan mawey livu: [ˈŋa.ɾi t’ɛʔ.ˈlan ma.ˈwɛj li.ˈvu] P F don’t worry, may your heart be calm
ngaru lu fpom srak?: [ˈŋa.ɾu lu fpom sɾak]̚ P F How are you? are you well?
ngaru lu pefnetxintìn nìtrrtrr: P F What is your primary role in society?
ngaru oeyä lertut: [ˈŋa.ɾu ˈwɛ.jæ ˈlɛɾ.tut̚ ] P F allow me to introduce my colleague
ngaru tsulfä: [ˈŋa.ɾu t͡sul.ˈfæ] P F to you the mastery
ngaru tut: [ˈŋa.ɾu tut̚ ] P F And to you? and you? After a question with a dative subject
ngenga lu tupe: P F who are you?
ngeyä kxetse lu oeru: [ˈŋɛj.æ ˈk’ɛ.t͡sɪ l·u ˈwɛ.ɾu] JC,P F Na’vi idiom: “Your tail is mine!” you’re
going down!
nìlun ayioi a’eoio ayeyktanä lu lor frato: P F Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the leaders
are the most beautiful.
nìprrte’: [nɪ.ˈpṛ.tɛʔ] P F gladly, I did it with pleasure
oe ’olongokx mì sray a txampayìri sim, slä set kelku si mì Helutral: P F I was born in a town
near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree
oe irayo si ngaru: [ˈo.ɛ i.ˈɾaj.o s·i ˈŋa.ɾu] P F I give thanks to you, thank you
oe tskxekeng si säsulìnur alu tsko swizaw: P F I practice my hobby, which is archery
oel ngati kameie: [wɛl ˈŋa.ti ˈka.mɛ.i.ɛ] P F I see you, hello (familiar)
oeri solalew zìsìt apxevol: P F I am 24 years old
oeru meuia: [ˈwɛ.ɾu mɛ.ˈu.i.a] P F an honor to me, it was an honor
oeru syaw (fko) Txewì: P F my name is Txewì

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oeru teya si: [ˈwɛ.ɾu tɛ.ˈja s·i] P F fills me with satisfaction, joy
oeru txoa livu: [ˈwɛ.ɾu ˈt’o.a li.ˈvu] P F please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me
oeyä txintìn lu fwa stä’nì fayoangit: P F my central role in society is to catch fish
pefya nga fpìl: P F What do you think? literally: how do you think?
plltxe räptum: [p·ḷ.ˈt’·ɛ ræp.ˈtum] P F to speak vulgarly, use vulgar language, swear (idiom)
pum ngeyä: [pum ˈŋɪ.jæ] P F yours, I should thank you
renu ngampamä: [ˈrɛ.nu ˈŋam.pa.mæ] P F rhyme scheme
rutxe läpivawk nì’it: P F please talk a little bit about yourself
rutxe liveyn: P F Could you repeat that please?
rutxe tivìng mikyun, ma frapo: [ɾu.ˈt’ɛ ˈti·vɪŋ ˈmik.̚ jun, ma ˈfɾa.po] P F Your attention, please, ev-
eryone!
säfpìl asteng tìkan ateng: P F Na’vi proverbial phrase: “Great minds think alike!”
Sasya!: [sa.ˈsja] P F I’ll rise to the challenge! I can do it!
seykxel sì nitram: [sɛj.ˈk’ɛl sɪ nit.ˈɾam] P F Strong and happy!, congratulations
Siva ko!: [si.ˈva ko] P F Rise to the Challenge! Courage! You can do it!
sivako: [si.ˈva.ko] P F Rise to the challenge! Courage! You can do it!
smon nìprrte’: [smon nɪ.ˈpṛ.tɛʔ̚] P F nice to know you
Soleia!: [so.lɛ.i.ˈa] P F Congratulations! Nice going! You met the challenge! You did it!
srake fnan ngal lì’fyati leNa’vi: P F Are you good at Na’vi?
srake smon ngar oeyä meylan alu Entu sì Kamun: [ˈsɾa.kɛ smon ˈŋaɾ ˈwɛ.jæ ˈmɛj.lan ˈa.lu ˈɛn.tu sɪ
ˈka.mun] P F Do you know my friends Entu and Kamun?
srefereiey nìprrte’: P F looking forward to it
srefwa sngap zize’: P F Na’vi idiom: as quickly as possible before the hellwasp stings
stum ke: [stum kɛ] P F almost not Note: Use instead of hardly, barely, or scarcely.
taronyut yom smarìl: [ˈta.ɾon.jut j·om smaɾ.ɪl] P F Na’vi idiom: “the prey eats the hunter” a totally
botched situation, chaos
tì’efumì oeyä: [tɪ.ˈʔɛ.fu.mɪ ˈwɪ.jæ] P F in my opinion
tì’i’avay krrä: [tɪ.ˈʔiʔ.a.vaj ˈkṛ.æ] P F forever, until the end of time
tì’o’ìri peu sunu ngar frato: P F What is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun?
tìk’ìnìri kempe si nga: P F What do you do in your free time?
tìkangkemìri varmrrìn oe nìwotx: P F I was completely swamped at work
tìkxey ngaru: [tɪ.ˈk’ɛj ˈŋa.ɾu] P F you’re wrong
tìomummì oeyä: [tɪ.ˈo.mum.mɪ wɛ.jæ] P F to my knowledge
tìyawr ngaru: [tɪ.ˈjawɾ ˈŋa.ɾu] P F you’re right
tokx eo tokx: [ˈtok’ ˈɛ.o ˈtok’] P F face to face, in person
tolätxaw nìprrte’: [tol.ˈæ.t’aw nɪˈpṛtɛʔ] P F welcome back
tsalì’uri alu X, ral lu ’upe: P F What does X mean?
tstunwi: [ˈt͡stun.wi] P F kind, that was kind of you to say
tsun miväkxu hìkrr srak: P F May I interrupt a moment?
tsun nga law sivi nì’it srak: P F Could you make that a bit clearer?, Could you explain that further?
Tsun pehem?: [t͡sun pɛ.hɛm] P F Na’vi idiom: What can one do?
txawnulsrung a tswayon: [t’aw.ˈnul.sruŋ a ˈt͡swaj.on] P F airplane

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txawnulsrung a yur: [t’aw.ˈnul.sruŋ a jur] P F washing machine
txìm a’aw ke tsun hiveyn mì tal mefa’liyä.: P F Na’vi proverbial phrase: One butt cannot sit on
the backs of two direhorses.; You can’t take two positions or sit on the fence; you need to decide.
txo ke nìyo’ tsakrr nìyol: [t’o kɛ nɪ.ˈyoʔ t͡sa.ˈkṛ nɪ.ˈyol] P F Na’vi proverbial phrase: “If you can’t
be flawless, at least be brief”
txon lefpom: [t’on lɛ.ˈfpom] P F good night, peaceful night
X nìNa’vi (slu) pelì’u: P F How do you say X in Na’vi?
X-(ì)ri peral: P F What does X mean?
Yewla!: [ˈjɛw.la] P F Bummer! That’s a shame! What a shame!
za’u nì’eng: [ˈza.ʔu nɪ.ˈʔɛŋ] P F share an interest in common
zola’u nìprrte’: [zol.ˈa.ʔ·u nɪ.ˈpṛ.tɛʔ] P F come pleasurably, welcome

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G The Alphabet
Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Na’vi way of listing and
pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language – 20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2
“pseudo-vowels” (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.

The Alphabet
’ tìFtang k KeK s Sä
a A kx Kxekx t TeT
aw AW l LeL tx TxeTx
ay AY ll ’Ll ts Tsä
ä Ä m MeM u U
e E n NeN v Vä
ew EW ng NgeNg w Wä
ey EY o O y Yä
f Fä p PeP z Zä
h Hä px PxePx
i I r ReR
ì Ì rr ’Rr

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H Inflections
Verbal Infixes

alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense, verbal infix in position 1 (perf.past), derived from am + ol
Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept.
aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense, verbal infix in position 1 (perf.fut.), derived from ay + ol
Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed.
am: [a.m] LN past tense, verbal infix in position 1 (past.), Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew.
äng: [æ.ŋ] LN pejorative affect, verbal infix in position 2 (pej.), Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!).
(Optionally, when «äng» occurs before the vowel i, the vowel of the infix may be raised, giving
«eng». For example, Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute s«eng»i oe.)
äp: [æ.p] P F reflexive, verbal infix in position 0 (refl.), Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check myself.
arm: [aɾ.m] LN imperfective past tense, verbal infix in position 1 (impf.past.), derived from am +
er Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping.
ary: [aɾ.j] LN imperfective future tense, verbal infix in position 1 (impf.fut.), derived from ay +
er Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing.
asy: [a.sj] P F future tense with intention or determination, verbal infix in position 1 (fut.d.), Oel
tsp«asy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator.
ats: [a.t͡s] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge, verbal infix in position 2
(infr.), Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
awn: [aw.n] P F passive participle, verbal infix in position 1 (p.part.), Oe t«awn»aron-a túte lu.
I am a hunted person.
ay: [a.j] LN future tense (predictive), verbal infix in position 1 (fut.), Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I
will hunt the yerik.
ei: [ɛ.i] LN laudative affect, verbal infix in position 2 (laud.), Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!).
er: [ɛ.ɾ] P F imperfective aspect, verbal infix in position 1 (impf.), Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking.
eyk: [ɛj.k] P F causative, verbal infix in position 0 (caus.), Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I caused him to
die.
ìlm: [ɪl.m] LN perfective immediate future tense, verbal infix in position 1 (perf.imm.fut.), de-
rived from ìm + ol Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon.
ilv: [il.v] P F present perfective subjunctive, verbal infix in position 1 (pres.per.subj.), Oe new
tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand.
ìly: [ɪl.j] LN perfective recent past tense, verbal infix in position 1 (perf.rec.past.), derived from
ìy + ol Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned.
ìm: [ɪ.m] LN recent past, verbal infix in position 1 (rec.past.), Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew.
imv: [im.v] P F past subjunctive, verbal infix in position 1 (past.subj.), Oeyä swizaw nìngay
timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.
ìrm: [ɪɾ.m] LN imperfective recent past tense, verbal infix in position 1 (impf.rec.past.), derived
from ìm + er Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning.
irv: [iɾ.v] P F present imperfective subjunctive, verbal infix in position 1 (pres.impf.subj.), Oe
new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding.

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ìry: [ɪɾ.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense, verbal infix in position 1 (impf.imm.fut.), de-
rived from ìy + er Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.
ìsy: [ɪ.sj] P F immediate future tense with determination, verbal infix in position 1 (imm.fut.d.),
Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator soon.
iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood, verbal infix in position 1 (subj.), Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You
want this thing: for me to fight.
ìy: [ɪ.j] LN immediate future tense, verbal infix in position 1 (imm.fut.), Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron. I
will hunt the yerik soon.
iyev: [i.jɛ.v] P F future subjunctive, verbal infix in position 1 (fut.subj.), Oel k«iyev»ame ngati.
I will see you.
ìyev: [ɪ.jɛ.v] P F future subjunctive, verbal infix in position 1 (fut.subj.), Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati.
I will see you.
ol: [o.l] P F perfective aspect, verbal infix in position 1 (perf.), Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finished
action).
us: [u.s] LN active participle, verbal infix in position 1 (a.part.), Oe t«us»aron-a túte lu. I am a
hunting person.
uy: [u.j] P F honorific (honourific) or ceremonial, verbal infix in position 2 (hon.), Na’viyä,
l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People.

Noun Case Inflections

–ä: [–æ] P F genetive suffix for nouns ending in everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (variant of –yä)
(gen.), Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.
–ìl: [–ɪl] P F agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(variant of –l) (erg.), Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
–ìri: [–ɪɾi] P F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant
of –ri) (top.), Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.
–it: [–it] P F patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant
of –t, –ti) (pat.), Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–l: [–l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (erg.), Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–r: [–ɾ] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of –ru) (dat.), eltur tìtxen si to be
interesting, intriguing
–ri: [–ɾi] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (top.), Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.
–ru: [–ɾu] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of –ur) (dat.), Oel syuvet ngaru
tìng. I give food to you.
–t: [–t] LN patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of –it, –ti) (pat.), Oel ngat kame.
I see you.
–ti: [–ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (pat.), Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.
–ur: [–uɾ] P F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant
of –ru) (dat.), Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends.
–y: [–j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (gen.), Ngey toruk sìltsan lu.
Your toruk is good.

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–ya: [–ja] P F,M vocative suffix for collective nouns (), Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi.
–yä: [–jæ] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (variant of –ä) (gen.), Oel yeiom
Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik. ((Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns: may
look like –eyä))

Other Inflections

This is a list of Na’vi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect of the
meaning. Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity, where
they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated they can modify,
and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speech that aren’t
specified. All of the verbal infixes and case markers above are entirely productive.

–a–: [–aj–] P F (pro) adjectival attribution and subordination marker (adj.), Oel txantsana ikranit
aean tswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran.
–am: [–am] P F (pro) previous (for time words only) nouns (previous), Poe nìsìlpey zimva’u
trram. I wish she had come yesterday.
–an: [–an] LN (unpro) masculine suffix for certain nouns (masc.), Poan täftxuyu lu. He is a
weaver.
–ay: [–aj] P F (pro) next (for time words only) nouns (next), Poe nìsìlpey zìyeva’u trray. I hope
she’ll come tomorrow.
–e: [–ɛ] P F (unpro) feminine suffix for certain nouns (fem.), Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.
–fkeyk: [–fkɛjk]̚ P F (pro) suffix for nouns meaning state, condition (state), Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape
fìtrr? What’s the condition of the river today?
–kel: [–kɛl] P F (unpro) creates a new noun that indicates a lack of the original noun (neg.),
Tompakeltalun zene tute Kälìforniayä payit sivar nìnän. Because of the drought, Californians
have to use less water.
–lo: [–lo] P F (unpro) multiplicative number suffix for ’aw, mune, pxey (mult.), ’Awlo oe ramol.
Once I sang.
–nay: [–naj] P F (unpro) creates a new noun that is related to the original by being a step down in
some relevant heirarchy - size, rank, accomplishment, etc. (dim.), Tsulfätunay slayu tsulfätu.
The near-master will become a master.
–o: [–o] P F (pro) indefinite suffix, durative suffix (indef., dur.), Oel kalmame tuteot ayzìsìto. I
saw someone for years.
–pe+: [–pɛ+] LN (pro) affix inter. marker (inter.), pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will
you smile?
–tsyìp: [–t͡sjɪp̚ ] P F (pro) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns (dim.), Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp.
Come here, little daughter.
–ve: [–vɛ] P F (pro) ordinal suffix for numbers (ord.), Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first
rule of living together.
–vi: [–vi] P F (unpro) partitive relationship marker (part.), Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in
the classroom.

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ay+: [aj+] P F (pro) plural nouns (pl.), Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed.
fay+: [faj+] P F (pro) these nouns (these), Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall.
fì–: [fɪ–] P F (pro) this nouns (this), Oel kame fìnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.
fne–: [fnɛ–] P F (pro) kind, type nouns (kind), Fneutralpe tsa’u lu? What kind of tree is that?
fra–: [fɾa–] P F (pro) every (every), Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.
fray+: [fɾaj+] P F (pro) all of these plural nouns (all of these), Frayhelutral lor lu. All of these
houses are beautiful.
kaw–: [kaw–] P F (unpro) not one (never), Oe kawkrr ke kamä. I never went.
me+: [mɛ+] LN (pro) dual nouns (du.), Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.
munsna–: [munsna–] P F (pro) pair nouns (pair), munsnahawnven a pair of shoes
pay+: [paj+] P F (pro) plural inter. marker (inter.), Paystalit ngal tsrame’i? What knives did you
throw?
pxe+: [p’ɛ+] P F (pro) trial nouns and pronouns (tri.), Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three children.
((Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun which
often undergoes ellision))
sna–: [sna–] P F (pro) prefix group marker for nouns; pro. when referring to living things, un-
pro. otherwise. (prefix), snanantang a pack of viperwolves (Note: sna- indicates naturally
occurring groups or sets. Use sästarsìm to indicate a collection intentionally put together by
a person.)
tsa–: [t͡sa–] P F (pro) that nouns (that), Oel tse’a tsanantangit. I see that nantang.
tsay+: [t͡saj–] P F (pro) those nouns (those), Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.

Other Inflectional Morphology

These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technical
speak) above. In other words, the markers here don’t just change the meaning – they change the
part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word, like
tì–. Others are productive for certain subsets, like –yu, which can go on any verb.

–nga’: [–ŋaʔ] P F (unpro) adjective ’Akra apaynga’ lu. It is moist soil.

–tswo: [–t͡swo] P F (pro) suffix that changes a verb to a noun indicating the ability to perform
the action of the verb Pori wemtswo fratsamsiyur rolo’a nìtxan. His ability to fight greatly
impressed all the warriors.
–tu: [–tu] P F (unpro) person noun from non-verbal stem Oe reltseotu lu. I am an artist.
–yu: [–ju] LN (pro) agent noun Oe kea ska’ayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.
ketsuk–: [kɛt͡suk– ̚ ] P F (pro) not able to (do the verb prefixed) Swaw lamu ketsuktswa’ The mo-
ment was unforgettable
le–: [lɛ–] P F (unpro) adjective Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.
nì–: [nɪ–] LN (pro) adverbial Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.)
sä–: [sæ–] P F (unpro) instrumental noun Sänumeri oe nume. I learn the teaching.
si: [s·i] LN (unpro) postpositional verb Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit. I home
make in Hometree.)

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ti–: [tɪ–] LN (unpro) noun Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good.
tì– «us»: [tɪ– «u.s»] P F (pro) gerund (verbal noun) Tìkusar eltur tìtxen si. Teaching is interesting.
tsuk–: [t͡suk–̚ ] P F (pro) able to (do the verb prefixed); widely productive, can be attached to
virtually any transitive verb, although also useful on intransitive verbs; Fìioang lu tsukyom.
This animal is edible / can be eaten.

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I The Changelog
Following is a brief record of the most recent revisions...

• 16.0.1 – Added new words from Na’viteri post, March 21, 2025

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