Kyoto Protocol

BACKGROUND
• The Kyoto Protocol was one of the official international conventions that particular
focused on the climate change which had been organized by United Nation
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC was known as
an international environmental agency that had carried out the responsibility to
stabilize the greenhouse gasses at the safety level and prevent the climate change
from dangerous level.
• Kyoto Protocol was launched on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. This protocol
had been taken seriously around 16 February 2005. There were 37 industrial
countries and European Community known as Annex 1 Parties committed to reduce
4 types of greenhouse gasses; carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and sulfur
hexafluoride. There also 2 types of gasses needed to reduce known as
hydrofluorocarbon and perfluorocarbon.
• The Kyoto Protocol has 3 types of market mechanisms as their additional means to
point the targets of emission limitation for Annex 1 Parties which known as
International Emission Trading (IET), Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and
Joint Implementation (JI).
 INTRODUCTION
 The Kyoto Protocol was an agreement negotiated by many countries in December
1997 and came into force with Russia's ratification on February 16, 2005.
 The protocol was developed under the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change).
 The Kyoto Protocol have committed to cut emissions of not only carbon dioxide, but
of also other greenhouse gases, being:
1. Methane (CH4)
2. Nitrous oxide (N2O)
3. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
4. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
5. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
 If participant countries continue with emissions above the targets, then they are
required to engage in emissions trading; i.e. buying "credits" from other participant
countries who are able to exceed their reduction targets in order to offset.
 GOALS

To see participants collectively reducing

emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2%
below the emission levels of 1990 by
2012.
 International Emission Trading (IET)

• As mentioned in the Article 17 in Kyoto Protocol,

this mechanism was allowed the Annex 1
Parties to share the gasses emission being them
but not to sale the excess gasses emission over
of their target. Because of that, a new
commodity was created in order to form the
emission reduction. The commodity was known
as carbon market because the primary
greenhouse gas was carbon dioxide (CO2).
Example of the international emission trading (IET):
• Japan: emission trading in Tokyo started on 2010 run by Tokyo
Metropolitan Government.
• Norway: domestic emissions trading in Norway started on 2005 run by
Norwegian Government.
• Switzerland: emission trading in Swiss started on 2008-2012 coincides
with Kyoto Protocol’s first commitment period.
• United Kingdom: emission trading on 2002-2006 run by UK
Government.
• Canada: emission trading in Alberta on 2007 run by Government of
Alberta.
• USA: emission trading in Canada on 2012.
• Australia: the New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme
(NSW) started on 2003 run by Australian State of New South Wales
and Alfa Climate Stabilization.
• New Zealand: the New Zealand Emission Trading which started on
2008.
 THE KYOTO MECHANISME
• Emissions trading – known as “the carbon
market"

• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

• Joint Implementation (JI).

 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

• The Clean Development Mechanism was defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto

Protocol which allowed non-Annex 1 Parties with an emission-reduction
commitment to implement an emission reduction project in country
development to earn saleable certified emission reduction of certified
emission reduction (CER).
• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was registered on 2001 which
expected to produce some 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxides equivalents in
emission reduction. In 2012, the largest potential of production of certified
emission reduction was estimated in China by 52 percent and India by 16
percent. Latin American and Caribbean were produced 15 percent and
Brazil generated the emission in 7 percent.
 Joint Implementation (JI)

• The Kyoto Protocol was mentioned the Joint Implementation (JI) in Article 6
which allowed an emission limitation for Annex 1 parties from the emission
reduction project in country development each equivalent to one tone of
CO2 which can be counted on Kyoto target.
• Joint Implementation (JI) was started on January 2008 and approved 22
projects in November 2008. The total projected emission was about one
tenth of the CDM. Emission saving include cut in methane,
hydrofluorocarbon and nitrous oxide.
• Joint Implementation (JI) was developed by countries which had been
already introduced the measurement of the emission limitation. These
countries have claimed the further reductions were more expensive for them
than the countries which had been not participated. This condition can make
a highly cost for them to reduce the emission.
 What are they said about Kyoto Protocol?

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What would Kyoto
Protocol do?
Atmospheric greenhouse gas
concentrations
• The release of all this gas must be control at least
at 5% level from the amount average below base
year.
• Brown and Jotzo, 2000 said the six greenhouse
gases covered by the protocol:
i. Carbon dioxide
ii. Methane
iii. nitrous oxide
iv. hydrofluoro carbons
v. perfluoro carbons
vi. sulfur hexafluoride..
Temperature change

• The temperature also can be reducing in Kyoto

protocol rule.

• By reducing the amount of emission gas, we can

reduce the temperature change.
Chart for temperature change
source from Balliunas
Sea level rise

• The sea level will be increase when the temperature

change happens.

• The iceberg in the North Pole will melt causes by the

global warming.
Successful and Failure of
Kyoto Protocol?
• The successful of the Kyoto protocol depend
on the commitment of the region and the
nation to participate to the Kyoto Protocol.
• The big challenge of the protocol is not all
the nations agree with the regulation contain
in Kyoto protocol.
 Advantage and disadvantages of Kyoto
protocol

 Climate change

• Control the cause of the global warming by target the

production emission gas.

• But not all nation in Kyoto Protocol achieve emission

target.
 Advantage and disadvantages of Kyoto
protocol

 Economic impacts of the protocol

• Benefit financially from being able to sell emissions credits

to other nations.

• But not all nation in Kyoto Protocol achieve emission

target..
 Conclusion

 The Kyoto Protocol is comprehensive in its coverage of

greenhouse gases, sources and sinks and contains provision
for emissions trading and other mechanisms, such as the clean
development mechanism, that have the potential to minimize
the economic costs of achieving the protocol commitments.