Extraction of Cinnamon Oil

A
CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT ON :

“ EXTRACTION OF CINNAMON OIL.'

SUBMITTED BY

MR. SHAIKH ARMAAN MR. PAWAN

DILIP MUJIBUR REHMAN. THAKUR.

Department of Chemical Engineering, Government Polytechnic Thane.

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, THANE

Department of Chemical Engineering

Vision :

To develop technocrat competent to work in chemical engineering environment.

Mission :

To develop well equipped laboratories with safety awareness.

To mentor students to become an excellent operator in
industry. To motivate students to become entrepreneur.
To implement MSBTE curriculum effectively.
To interact with industry through training and memorandum of understanding effectively

Core Value:

 Integrity
 Honesty
 Equality
 Commitment

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Government Polytechnic, Thane

Department of Chemical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the students from diploma in Chemical Engineering

Roll No
Name of Students Enrollment No.

43 Shaikh Armaan Mujibur

1901160073
Rehman
63
Pawan Dilip Thakur 2001160434

has successfully completed the project report on the “Extraction of Cinnamon

Oil”as prescribed by Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education during the
year 2021-2022.

Prof. Mrs. S.M.Hurade External Examiner

(Project Guide)

Prof. Mrs. P.S.Ghode Dr. Mr. N. N.

Mhala (H.O.D) (Principle)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

. When a work is done successfully, there are many people behind the success.
We would like to take this opportunity to sincerely thank people whom we owe a lot.
We feel much delighted in expressing deep sense of gratitude to our respective guide
Mrs. S. M. Hurde for her whole hearted co-operation, encouragement, motivation,
valuable suggestions and guidance at every stage of this work leading us to our
objectives. Working under her guidance has made this project made great overall
learning experience. Her perennial enthusiasm and constant motivation has been
helping us throughout the project. Our association with as a student has been
extremely inspiring. We express our sincere thanks to her for kind help and guidance.
We would like to offer thanks to Mrs. P.S.Ghode (Head of Chemical
Department) for her permission and encouragement to complete this project.
We are grateful to Mr. N. N. Mhala Sir (Principle of Government Polytechnic,
Thane) for giving us opportunity to complete this project.
We are thankful to all professors, lecturers and lab assistants of Chemical
Engineering Department of our Institute for their co-operation throughout the course
of the project who have directly or indirectly contributed a lot in the preparation of this
project.
Finally, we extend thanks to all those who help us during course in various
way directly or indirectly in presenting this dissertation
Thanking You,

Mr. Shaikh Armaan Mujibur Rehman

Mr. Pawan Dilip Thakur

(Diploma in Chemical Engineering)

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ABSTRACT

Cinnamonmum Zeylanicum (Cinnamon Bark) is a very popular spice and very

useful substances in medicines and food, said to be originated from the island Sri
Lanka, southeast of India. The plant is also playing an important role in aromatherapy
due to its chemical constituent and also its aroma and scent. It contains
cinnamaldehyde, an aromatic compound that have a very pleasant smell that can relax
and soothe the mind and body, and also eugenol that have a strong aromatic odor and a
spicy, pungent taste.

The aims of this research are to extract and obtain essential oils from
Cinnamomum zeylanicum using hydro distillation technique and ultrasonic extraction
method, to analyze the chemical compound present in the essential oil using Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GCMS), and to use the extracted essential oil in
aromatherapy as a perfume oil. The hydro distillation method is used to obtain the
essential oil from Cinnamonmum Zeylanicum by grinding the Cinnamon Bark into a
fine powder, weighing and then extracted the essential oil by Soxhlet apparatus while
by ultrasonic extraction, the samples will soak in a mixture of ethanol and water
inultrasonic bath then will centrifuge to separate the solid and liquid.

Next, the sample will be analyzed by GS/MS technique after rotary evaporating to
separate between oil and water, in order to determine the chemical composition in the
leaves of the plant.

The percentage of essential oil yield is calculated as the weight of essential oils
divided by the weight of leaf powder. Then, the essential oil will be tested as
aromatherapy oil by using sensory evaluation. The result showed only essential oil by
hydrodistillation contains eugenol and others 29 volatile and aromatic compounds while
the essential oil by ultrasonic extraction, it contains no eugenol but more antioxidant
compound.

The time of extraction and weight of dry leaves should be varied in order to get
better results in term of yield and active compound in the essential oil.

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CONTENTS

Chapter No. Name of content Page No.

Chapter 1 Introduction 12

1.1 History of Cinnamon 15

Chapter 2 Literature Survey 16

2.1 Research Articles 17

2.2 Cinnamon Bark 18

2.3 Distilled Water 18

2.4 Steam Distillation Extraction 19

2.5 Soxhlet Extraction 20

2.6 Chemical or solvent extraction (n Hexane) 21

2.7 Separation Funnel 22

2.8 Scientific information about cinnamon oil 23

2.9 Definitions 24

2.10 What's are the essential oil 25

Chapter 3 Scope of the Project 26

Chapter 4 Methodology 28

4.1 Selection of Product 29

4.2 Prepare raw material ( collection and Prepare for 29

experimental work)

4.4 Safety Handling Hexane and first aid 31

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4.5 The reason we select Soxhlet apparatus 31

4.6 Different Parts of Soxhlet Apparatus 32

4.7 How to use it Soxhlet Apparatus 33

4.7 Equipments 33

Chapter 5 Details of Design's Working and Processes 34

5.1 Actually all resources required in detail 35

5.2 Actually Experimental Procedure 37

5.3 Experimental Setup 38

5.4 Procedure for oil Separation 39

5.5 Hexane Evaporation Procedure 40

Chapter 6 Results and Application 41

6.1 Material Balance 42

6.2 Results 42

6.2 Chemical constituents of Cinnamon oil 44

6.4 Physical Properties of Cinnamon Oil 45

6.5 Analysis of Cinnamon oil 46

6.6 Cinnamaldehydes Hazards statements 47

6.7 Details Applications of cinnamon oil 48

6.8 Physical Properties of n Hexane 49

Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Scope 51

6.1 Future Scope of Project 52

6.2 Conclusions 53

Chapter 8 Reference and Bibliography 55

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Names of Page No
No Figures
2.1 Cinnamon Bark 18

2.2 Steam Distillation 19

2.3 Soxhlet Apparatus 20

2.4 n Hexane Bottle 21

2.5 Separation Funnel 22

4.1 Crushed Cinnamon Bark 30

4.2 Parts of Soxhlet Apparatus 32

5.1 Laboratory glasswares 35

5.2 Laboratory Heater 36

5.3 Laboratory Weighing machine 36

5.4 Experimental Setup of Soxhlet Apparatus 38

5.5 Separation Funnel separate Cinnamon oil 39

5.6 Method by Evaporate hexane 40

6.1 Extracted Cinnamon oil 43

6.2 3D model of Cinnamaldehydes 46

6.3 Hazards Chat for Cinnamaldehydes 47

6.4 3D model of n Hexane 49

6.5 Hazards Chat for n Hexane 50

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LIST OF TABLE
Table NO. Names of Tables Page No
4.1 Equipments 33
6.1 Physicochemical 45
Properties of
Major
Constituents of
the Cinnamon
Oils

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

Cinnamomum zeylanicum is one of the oldest herbal medicine known, having

been mentioned in Chinese texts since 4000 years ago. Cinnamomum zeylanicum is an
evergreen tropical tree, belonging to the Lauraceae family. Cinnamon barks and leaves
are widely used as spice and flavoring agent in foods and for various applications in
medicine. Cinnamon is often used for medicinal purposes due to its unique properties.

The essential oil from its bark is rich in trans-cinnamaldehyde with

antimicrobial effects against animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning and spoilage
bacteria and fungi. The bark and leaves of Cinnamomum species are commonly used
as spices in home kitchens and their distilled essential oils are used as flavoring agent
in the food and beverage industries.

The bark of the tree is dried and used for spice. In the United States, cinnamon
is used to flavor cereals, grain-based dishes, and fruits. Cinnamon is among the world’s
most widely used spices and is relatively inexpensive. Cinnamon contains antioxidants
and other active ingredients which are found in the water-soluble portions of
cinnamon, and not the cinnamon oil. It is through these components that cinnamon is
believed to produce its associated health effects.

Until now more than 300 volatiles were found as constituents of essential oils
of cinnamon. It has been established that the oils and extracts from cinnamon possess a
distinct antioxidant activity, which is especially attributed to the presence of phenolic
and polyphenolic substances. Some plant essential oils or their constituents have been
proposed as an alternative for the commonly used synthetic pediculicides, because
they were exempted from toxicity data requirements. Furthermore, plant essential oils
are widely available and some are relatively inexpensive compared to plant extracts.

To extract the essential oil, steam distillation and Soxhlet extraction methods
were used. Steam distillation is the simplest method to extract the essential oil from
cinnamon. Steam distillation is mostly used to extract various types of essential

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oils.

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The process is cheaper than other extraction methods. It does not require any solvent
and is safer than other methods. The advantage of steam distillation is that it is
relatively cheap to operate at basic level, and the properties of the oils produced by this
emethod are not altered. As steam reduces the boiling point of a particular component
of the oil, it never decomposes in this method. Apart from being economical, it is also
relatively faster compared to other methods.

Meanwhile, Soxhlet extraction is one of the traditional methods used for the
isolation of metabolites from plant material. Analytes with medium to low volatility
which may play a role for the aroma and quality of oil extracted from the plant
material are extracted with this technique. The correct choice of solvent is important in
order to obtain a good yield from the extraction as well as to prevent the loss of
volatiles. The solvent used in this method is indicative of the polarity of the
compounds extracted.
The extraction is usually carried out for a long period. The disadvantage of this
technique is that, due to the long heating period, the analytes are exposed to
high temperatures, which may lead to thermal degradation of some compounds.

The recovered sample is diluted and has to be concentrated further,

by evaporation. It is during this step that loss of volatiles can take place.

In this study, the essential oils obtained from the bark of

Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) was characterized by analytical TLC and
GC/MS, and their antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds were detected by TLC-
bio- autography assays. Essential oil of cinnamon bark was found to be a unique
aromatic monoterpene-rich natural source, with transcinnamaldehyde. For determining
the chemical composition of the essential oil, high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) was used.

The objectives of the research were to extract and compare the two methods
for extraction of cinnamon’s essential oil, to analyze and identify the active compound
in the essential oil and to identify the antimicrobial properties in cinnamon.

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1.1] History Cinnamon :

The name cinnamon is consequent from the Greek word 'kinnamon"'.

Cinnamomum Zeylanicum belong to the diminutive evergreen tree in the Laurel
(Lauraceae) family. The tree can grow up and reach a height in a range 6 m to 12 m.
The stem is robust with between 30 60 cm diameters. Mature trees have a thick skin
brown or gray and have many branches low with the tapered and rounded leaves.
Cinnamon has the shape of small diameter stem and has a king-size or short. Exterior
and interior color of cinnamon is light brown and the chemical properties of
cinnamon are spicy, slightly sweet, warm and fragrant.

Cinnamon, a very popular culinary spice and a very useful substance in

medicines, is said to be originated from the island Sri Lanka, southeast of
India.

It is also native to south-west India and the Tenasserim Hills of Burma. It is also
now cultivated in many tropical countries such as Vietnam and Madagascar and
Mexico.

Cinnamon is scientifically named as Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Blume or

Cinnamomum Verum .J.S. Presl and also known as Ceylon cinnamon, true
cinnamon, Ceylon-Zimtbaum and cannelle de Ceylan.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

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LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1] Research Articles :

1] Comparative Study of Steam Distillation and Soxhlet for the Extraction

of Botanical Oils :
Chibuzor Onyinye Okonkwo and 2O bioma Christopher Ohaeri
Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B.1115, Cross Rivers
State, Nigeria
Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture,
Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria

2] Extraction of Essential Oil from Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum) :

Volume 30, Number 1 Y.C.Wong1*, M. Y. Ahmad-Mudzaqqir1 and
W.A. Wan-Nurdiyana1
Faculty of Agro Based Industry, University Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus,
Locked Bag 100, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia.

3] EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM CINNAMOMUM

ZEYLANICUM BY VARIOUS METHODS AS A PERFUME OIL
SALEEZA AZURA BINTI SULAIMAN :
Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Chemical and Natural
Resources Engineeringing

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Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements forthe

Degree of Bachelo rof Engineeringing Chemical engineering.

4] Journal of Chromatography :
Kumar, J Chromatogr Sep Tech 2017
Optimization of Yield for Extraction of an Essential Oil from
Cinnamon Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction
Satish Kumar M", Yogesh M and Jigisha Pa
Dopartment of Chomical Engineering, Pacific School of Engineoring, Surat.
Gujarat, India
Department of Chemical Engineering, Vishwakarma

Govermment Engineering College, Ahmedabad, India

2.2] Cinnamon Bark :

2.1] Cinnamon Bark

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Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the
genus Cinnamomum. Cinnamon is used mainly as an aromatic condiment and
flavouring additive in a wide variety of cuisines, sweet and savoury dishes, breakfast
cereals, snackfoods, tea and traditional foods. The aroma and flavour of cinnamon
derive from its essential oil and principal component, cinnamaldehyde, as well as
numerous other constituents including eugenol.

2.3] Distilled water :

Distilled water is water that has been boiled into vapor and condensed back into liquid
in a separate container. Impurities in the original water that do not boil below or near
the boiling point of water remain in the original container. Thus, distilled water is a
type of purified water

2.4] Steam Distillation Extraction :

Steam distillation is a separation process that consists in distilling water together with
other volatile and non-volatile components. The steam from the boiling water carries
the vapor of the volatiles to a condenser; both are cooled and return to the liquid or
solid state, while the non-volatile residues remain behind in the boiling container.
Steam distillation apparatus, showing aniline steam distillation
If the volatiles are liquids not miscible with water, they will spontaneously form a
distinct phase after condensation, allowing them to be separated by decantation or with
a separatory funnel. In that case, a Clevenger apparatus may be used to return the
condensed water to the boiling flask, while the distillation is in progress. Alternatively,

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the condensed mixture can be processed with fractional distillation or some other
separation technique.

2.2] Fig. Steam Distillation

2.5] Soxhlet Extraction :

Franz Ritter von Soxhlet first invented the apparatus to extract liquid (fats) from milk
solids. Now, the Soxhlet extractor is used whenever exhaustive extractions are needed,
particularly in the oil and food industries. It is also widely used for extracting bioactive
compounds from natural resources which is crucial in environmental analysis of soils
and wastes.

The Soxhlet extractor is used for liquid-solid extractions when the compound to be
extracted has limited solubility in the chosen solvent and the impurities are
insoluble.

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During the extraction, solvent vapour will flow up the distillation path, into the main
chamber and up into the condenser where it will condense and drip down. The solvent
will fill the main chamber, dissolving some of the desired compound from the solid
sample. Once the chamber is almost full, it is emptied by the siphon, returning the
solvent to the round bottom flask to begin the process again. Each time the extraction is
repeated, more of the desired compound is dissolved, leaving the insoluble impurities
in the thimble. This is how a compound is removed from the sample.

2.3] Fig. Soxhlet Apparatus

2.6] Chemical or solvent Extraction (n - hexane) :

Solvent extraction is the process of removal of a solute component from the solid by
using a liquid solvent; it is called leaching or solid-liquid extraction. According to this
method, n-hexane yields the higher amount of oil compared to other solvents. There
are various factors such as particle size, solvent type, and temperature that were found
to affect the extraction of oil. The small particle size is preferred as it allows for a
large interfacial area between the solid and liquid. The solubility of the material
increases with an increase in temperature. Agitation of the solvent increases the eddy
diffusion and therefore increases the transfer of materals from the surface to the

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particles. It is

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observed that low viscosity solvents are preferred to circulate freely during extraction.
The chemical oil extraction technique was found to be very effective because of high
oil yield and consistent performance. In addition, this method has a negative
environmental impact because of the wastewater generation, higher specific energy
consumption, and higher emission of volatile organic compounds as well as fewer
human health impacts.

2.4] n - Hexane

2.7] Separation Funnel :

Two immiscible liquids, oil and water, can be separated by using Separating Funnel.
The mixture of oil and water forms two separate layers because they are completely
insoluble in each other. Oil forms the upper layer while water forms lower. In
separating funnel they are kept for resting, when two layers become stable by using
separating funnel they are filtered one by one. The process involves using the mixtures

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of unequal particle density. The mechanism involves taking advantage of the unequal
density of the particles in the mixture. Because water is denser than oil, it can be
separated by means of the funnel and left in the funnel with an oil layer.

2.5] Fig. Separation Funnel

2.8] Scientific information about cinnamon oil :

Cinnamaldehyde :

3-Phenyl-2-propenal is known as cinnamaldehyde, is a pale yellow liquid

With a warm, sweet, spicy odor and pungent taste reminiscent of cinnamon.
It
1S (75 90%%) and found naturally in the essential oils of Chinese cinnamon Ceylon
cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) (60 75%) as the primary component in the

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steam distilled oils. It also occurs in many other essential oils.

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Greater than 95% of the consumption of cinnamaldehyde occurs in flavor at lower

levels. uses where a spicy, cinnamon character is needed. It is used in a large range
or products including bakery goods, confection, and beverages and also In
toothpastes, mouthwashes and chewing gum. Furthermore, it is also used effectively
in air fresheners where odor neutralization. Other uses include its capability as an
animal repellent, its use in compositions to attract insects and demonstration of a
positive antifungal activity. Cinnamaldehyde has been efficiently isolated in high
purity by fractional distillation from cassia and cinnamon bark essential oils and also
used in manufacturing protocols for the preparation of natural benzaldehyde through
a retro - aldol process.

2.9] Definitions :

1) Extraction :

Extraction is an operation in which the constituent of a liquid mixture are separated by

usiy an insoluble liquid solvent.

OR

Extractions are a way to separate a desired substance when it is mixed with others. The
mixture is brought into contact with a solvent in which the substance of interest is
soluble, but the other substances present are insoluble.

2) Solid liquid Extraction :

In Liquid Solid Separation, or Liquid-Solid Extraction, a solvent (hydrophilic or

hydrophobic, acidic, neutral or basic) is added to a solid forming a slurry.
Insoluble material can be separated by gravity or vacuum filtration, and soluble
material is "extracted" into the solvent.
A sequence of solvents, of varying polarity or pH, can be used to separate
complex mixtures into groups.

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3) Liquid – Liquid Separation :

Two immiscible liquids can be separated in a three phase separator, using the difference
between densities of the two phases.

2.10] What are Essential Oils :

Essential oils are concentrated volatile aromatic compounds produced by plants the
easily evaporated essences that give plants their wonderful scents. Each of these
complex precious liquids is extracted from a particular species of plant life. Each plant
species originates in certain regions of the world, with particular environmental
conditions and neighboring fauna and flora.
Essential oils are frequently referred to as the "life force" of plants. Unlike fatty oils,
these "essential" oils are volatile, highly concentrated, substances extracted from
flowers, leaves, stems, roots, seeds, bark, resin or fruit rinds. The amount of essential
oils found in these plants can be anywhere from 0.01 percent to 10 percent of the
total. That's why tons of plant material are required for just a few hundred pounds of
oil.
These oils have potent antimicrobial factors, having wide range of therapeutic
constituents. These oils are often used for their flavor and their therapeutic or
odoriferous properties, in a wide selection of products such as foods, medicines, and
cosmetics. Beware of imitations. Essential oils cannot be substituted with
synthetics. Only pure oils contain a full spectrum of compounds that
cheapimitations simply cannot duplicate.

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CHAPTER 3

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

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SCOPE OF PROJECT

This research is an experimental study of Soxhlet Extraction method using

Cinnamomum Zeylanicum as raw material. In order to realize the objectives,
three scopes have been identified. The scopes are:

• To know the yield of Cinnamomun Zeylanicum essential oils by

different method of extraction.

• The methods that will uses are hydrodistillation, soxhlet apparatus, ultrasonic
extraction and shaking and stirring along with solvent. The part of plant
which is bark will used in order to get better yield of essential oils.

• To analyze the product using chromatography.

• This study is focusing on using the gas chromatography to analyze the
active compound in the extracted essential oil of Cinnamnomum
Zeylanicum by different methods of extraction.

• To determine whether the extracted essential oils of Cinnamomum

Zeylanicum can be used as a perfume oil.

• The essential oil will be tested using the sensory analysis test based on
scent whether it can be perfume oil or not.

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CHAPTER 4

METHADOLOGY

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METHODOLOGY

4.1] Selection of Project :

• Low cost.
• Availability of raw material.
• Appartus, all the necessary chemicals and all the materials are available in
the laboratory.

• Easy to making.
• No need of preservatives.
• The simplest process of extraction is to use a soxhlet apparatus.

4.2] Prepare raw material ( collection and Prepare for

experimental work) :

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I) Collection of raw material :

• Cinnamon Bark : Cinnamon Bark were produced from local market.

• Distilled water : From laboratory.
• n - hexane : From laboratory.

II) Pre-treatment of Cinnamon Bark :

• The raw cinnamon bark contained some dirt particles and other
obation, adhering substances such as small sand particles.

• Cleaning was used conducted on the material in order to remove

these substances as much is as possible.

• For this process, the fresh cinnamon bark samples were petals washed in
running distilled water for about 60 min and dried in open pensive, air for 1
day at a temperature of about 25-30°C and relative humidity and of about 30-
40%. After this, approximately 100 g of dried.

• Then Cinnamon Bark was crushed into small pieces by laboratory grinder.

• We use an average of 20 g of thyme in a 25- x 80-mm thimble).

• Finally we have prepared raw material for experiment.

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4.1] Crushed Cinnamon Bark

4.3] Safely Handling Hexane & First Aid :

• Exposure to hexane is most likely to occur in the workplace. It is

recommended that you wear protective gloves, safety goggles,
protective clothing and breathing protection when working with the
chemical. Do not smoke, drink, or eat when exposed to hexane.
• In addition to the following recommendations, it is important to seek
medical attention after exposure to hexane, even if you do not
experience any severe symptoms.

4.4] The reason we selected soxhlet Apparatus :

Background and Objective : Steam distillation and soxhlet extraction are

among the most commonly used methods in the laboratoryfor the extraction of

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essential oil or biological compounds. This study was aimed at comparing the
chemical composition of insecticidal oils extracted via these two methods.
Materials and Methods : Oils were extracted from both plants via steam
distillation and soxhlet extraction methods. Extracted oils were then subjected to
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to investigate the
chemical components of oils.
Results : The steam distilled oils from both plants contained fewer
compounds relative to the soxhlet extracted oils which contained a wider
array of chemical compounds including; phenols, acyclic olefins, esters,
ketones, carboxylic acids and alcohols.
Conclusion: Steam distillation alone may not be sufficient to extract most
biological compounds present in plant oils.

4.5] Different Parts of Soxhlet Apparatus :

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4.2] Parts of Soxhlet Apparatus

1) Stirrer bar/anti-bumping granules.

2) Extraction pot (round bottom flask).
3) Distillation path.
4) Soxhlet Thimble. 5) Extraction solid.
6) Syphon arm inlet.
7) Syphon arm outlet.
8) Reduction adapter.
9) Condenser.
10) Cooling water out.
11) Cooling water in.
4.6] How to use it Soxhlet Apparatus :

1) The Soxhlet extractor will run continuously once set up correctly:

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2) Load the sample material containing the desired compound into the thimble.
3) Place the thimble into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor
4) Add the chosen solvent to a round bottom flask and place onto a heating mantle.
5) Attach the Soxhlet extractor above the round bottom flask.
6) Attach a reflux condenser above the extractor, with cold water entering at the
bottom and exiting above.

7) Now the apparatus is set up, heat the solvent to reflux and leave to extract for
the required amount of time.

4.7] Equipments :

Table No 4.1

Sr. Name of Equipments Specifications Quantity

No.
1] Beaker 500m 2
l
2] Measuring cylinder 200m 2
l
3] Conical flask 250m 3
l
4] Round bottom flask 500m 1
l
5] Heater - 1
6] Sand - 4
7] Soxhlet apparatus - 1
8] Condenser - 1
9] Extensionboard To supply 1
electricity for
heater
10] Weighing machine - 1
11] Spatula - 1

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CHAPTER 5

DETAILS OF DESIGN'S,
WORKING AND PROCESSES

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DETAILS OF DESIGN'S WORKING AND PROCESSES

5.1] Actually all resources required in details :

Set up Design : For preparation of Extraction of Cinnamon Oil, we make

our project set-up using following different glass wares.

There are many different kinds of laboratory glassware items for

Examples of glassware containers include :

1. Soxhlet apparatus : This apparatus are used to Extraction of Cinnamon

Oil from Cinnamon Bark.

2. Beakers : They are simple cylindrical shaped containers used to

hold Cinnamon Oil samples.

5.1] Laboratory glasswares

3. Flasks : Flasks are narrow-necked glass containers, typically conical or

spherical, used in a laboratory to hold samples. Examples flasks include
the Erlenmeyer flask, Florence flask, and Schlock flask.

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4. Bottles : Bottle are containers with narrow openings generally used to

store extracted Cinnamon oil sample Small bottles are called vials.

5. Petri dishes : They are used to crushed sample of cinnamon bark.

6. Heaters : They are used for heating distilled water in round bottom flask.

5.2] Laboratory Heater

7.Weighing balance : They are used to properly weight the sample of

crushed cinnamon bark.

5.3] Laboratory Weighing Machine

8.Separation funnel : Separation funnels, are a common fixture in laboratory.

These funnels are used to separate immiscible liquids from their solutes. The
funnel is usually glass, pear-shaped, and usually includes a stopper and a
stopcock.Separatory funnels work on the principle that immiscible liquids will

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separate from each other naturally along with their solutes, creating different
layers of solution-solute.

5.2] Actually Experimental Procedure :

1. Using stands and clamps to support the extraction soxhlet apparatus

and Extensionboard use for the electrical supply on apparatus to set up.

2. Arrgenment of soxhlet appartus as shown in figure.

3. Then now add 250 ml of distilled water on the round bottom flask.

4. The 20 gm crushed cinnamon bark using weighing machine and add carefully
into the soxhlet timble. Which is placed inside soxhlet apparatus.The side
arm is lagged with glass wool.

5. Connect the heater to the electrical supply of soxhlet extraction setup.

6. Starts heater at a temperature 100°C

7. Then start the cooling water supply to the condenser.

8. The solvent is heated using the isomantle and will begin to evaporate,
moving through the apparatus to the condenser.

9. The condensate then drips into the reservoir containing the thimble. Once
the level of solvent reaches the siphon it pours back into the round bottom
flask and the cycle begins again. This procedure is repeated 2-3 times in 6
hours.

10. Then collected solvent and extracted oil in round bottom flask are removed.
11. collected coloured whites Milky colour..

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5.3] Experimental or Practical setup :

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5.4] procedure for Oil Separation :

1. First of all we set up the separation funnel and its stand.

2. Then we put the 150 ml liquid mixture we got in the separation funnel
3. After we stopped for a while, the liquid mixture settled in just 2 to 3 hours.
4. Then he added 50 ml of hexane and mixed it well and most important
think don't forget vent. So at a time shake and related the vent.

5. Don't disturb Separation Funnel at 24 hour.

6. High density water at bottom and low density Hexane and Cinnamon oil at
top position.

7. Then this water mixture separate out.

8. And finally Cinnamon oil and hexane collect in a beaker.

5.5] Separation Funnel for oil Separation

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5.6 Hexane Evaporation Procedure :

1. Cinnamon oil + hexane mixture in a beaker.

2. Then the beaker covered cotton cloth for no any other dust particles in the oil.
3. Beaker is Distill off solvent or let is Evaporate.
4. And finally pure Cinnamon oil collected.

5.6] Method by Evaporate hexane

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CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS

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RESULTS

6.1]Material Balance :

Material balance for oil extraction :

Basis : 100 gm. of cinnamon

bark 250 ml of water

Input : 100 gm. of cinnamon

bark 250 ml of water

Output : 150 ml of liquid mixture (Water + extracted Cinnamon

oil) 15 ml of oil

Oil collected : 15 ml.

1] Weight of oil = volume of oil x density of

oil Weight of oil = 15x 0.95

Weight of oil = 14.25 gm.

2] % Yield of oil = (weight of oil obtained / weight of cinnamon fed to

the system) x 100

% Yield of oil = (14.25/ 100) x 100

%Yield of oil = 14.25%

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=
6.2]Results : We are extracted oil from cinnamon using extraction process.

1. By using soxhlet apparatus from 100 gm. Of cinnamon bark we get 15 ml

Of oil.

2. % Yield of oil by soxhlet process is 14.25%.

3. Appearance of oil is pale yellow.

Collected Oil :

6.1 Extracted Cinnamon oil

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APPLICATIONS

6.2] Chemical Constituents in Cinnamon oil :

The volatile oils are products from the distillation process of the bark, bark, flowers,
or buds of Cinnamomum species and the chemical composition ot these oils varies
depending on the part of the plant used for the distillation process.

Cinnamon bark and leaf oil are steam distillation products obtained from the The
main inner bark and bark, respectively, of Cinnamomum Verum.
components of cinnamon bark oil are cinnamaldehyde while eugenol is the main
components about 81-85% of cinnamon leaf oil. A commercial sample of 63%
essential oils from Cinnamomum Verum contained approximately cinnamaldehyde, 8%
limonene, 7% eugenol, 5.5% cinnamaldehyde propylene, and 1-2% of a variety of
terpenoid compounds which are pinene, camphene as measured by gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry. Cinnamomum zeylanicum leaf are 79.75%
eugenol, 16.25% transcinnamaldehyde, 0.14% Linalool, Neohexane, cinnamyl alcohol
and others various compounds of aldehyde, ester, alcohol, ketone and alkanes.

Cinnamon bark contains up to 4% of essential oil consisting primarily of

cinnamaldehyde (60-75%), cinnamyl acetate (1-56), eugenol (1-10%) Bcaryophyllene
(1-4%), linalool and (1-3%) and 1.8-cineole(1-2%). Other. constituents are
oligopolymeric procyanidins, cinnamic acid, phenolic acids, pentacyclic diterpenes
cinnzeylanol and its acetyl derivative cinnzeylanine and the sugar mannitol, L-
arabino- D-13xylanose, Larabinose, D-xylose, a-Dglucose as well as mucilage
polysaccharides. The essential oil of the bark is described in the European
Pharmacopoeia,. There exists a summary report on the essential oil of cinnamon bark
by the Committee for

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Veterinary Medicinal Products. According to this information, the oil mainly contains
cinnamaldehyde (55-76%), eugenol (5-18%) and saffrole (up to 2%).

6.3] Physicochemical Properties of Major Constituents of the

Cinnamon Oils :

Table No : 6.1

Compounds Molecula Molecula Boiling Meltin Densit

r r Weight Point g y
Formula (g/mol) (°C at Point (g/cm²)
760mmHg) (°C)
Cinnamaldehyde C9H8O 132.15 253 - 1.048
s 7.5
Eugenol C10H12 164.20 225 - 1.0562
O 9.2
Linalool C10H18 154.24 198 - 0.858
O
Coumairn C9H6O2 146.14 301.7 71 0.935
1
Camphor C10H16 152.23 209 17 0.992
O 4

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6.4] Physical Properties of Cinnamon Oil :

• Chemical Formula : C9H8O

• Melting Point : -7.5°C
• Density : 1.04 g/mol
• Boiling Point : 248°C
• Solubility in Water : Slightly soluble in water
• Solubility : Soluble in ether, chloroform
• Insoluble : Insoluble in Petroleum ether
• Miscible : Missile with alcohol, oils
• Magnetic Susceptibility (x) : -7.48 x 10-5 cm/mol

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• Refractive Index (np) :1.6195

• Flash Point : 71°C
• Storage Temperature : 2 - 8°C

6.5] Analysis of cinnamon oil :

• Appearance : Thick liquid

• Color : pale yellow
• Nature : liquid
• Ouder : Pungent, Cinnamon like
• Preferred IUPAC name : (2E)-3-Phenylprop-2-enal
• Other names : Cihinnamaldehyde, Cinnamic aldehyde, transCinnamaldehyde
• 3D model :

6.2] 3D Model of Cinnamaldehydes

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6.2] Cinnamaldehydes

6.6] Details Applications of cinnamon oil :

I) Food flavoring and cosmetics :

• Cinnamon oil is available as an essential oil and as a food-grade oil. It can

also be found as an ingredient in sugar-free gum, hard candy, tea, and in
commercially prepared baked goods.

• Cinnamon oil is used as an ingredient in toiletries, such as toothpaste,

mouthwash, soap, and body lotion. It’s also used to scent room sprays,
candles, and seasonal items like pine cones and garlands.

II) Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Uses

• Cinnamon essential oil contains a number of compounds thought to

influence health. These compounds include cinnamaldehyde, which has been
found to reduce inflammation and act as an antimicrobial (a substance that
destroys or suppresses the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria and
fungi)

• Cinnamon essential oil is touted as a natural remedy for health concerns

ranging from cough and colds to constipation.

• In addition, cinnamon essential oil is said to stimulate circulation, reduce

stress, relieve pain, fight off infections, improve digestion, and protect against
insects.

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• Despite its long history of use in aromatherapy, cinnamon essential oil has been
tested in very few scientific studies. To date, research on the health effects of
the aromatherapeutic use of cinnamon essential oil is very limited. However, a
number of studies suggest that compounds found in cinnamon essential oil may
offer certain health benefits.

• Cinnamaldehyde is used in agriculture because of its low toxicity, but it is a

skin irritant.

6.7] Properties of n Hexane :

• Molecular Formula : C6H14

• Molecular Weight : 86.18
• Density : 0.659 g/mL at 25°C
• Boiling Point : 69°C
• Melting Point : - 95°C
• Flash Point : 23.3°C
• Viscosity (cP) : 0.300 at 25°C
• Dielectric Constant : 1.89 at 20°c
• UV cutoff : 210 nm
• Refractive Index : 1.375 at 20°C
• Vapor Pressure : 132 mm Hg (20°C) •Vapor Density : 3 (vs. air) •3D model :

6.3] 3D Model of n Hexane

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6.4] n Hexane

I) n Hexane hazards statements :

6.5] Hazards Chat for n Hexane

II) Uses of n Hexane for Extraction :

• chemical for oil extraction, you may be wondering how the process works.
In chemical extraction of oils, the seeds, bark or other oil producing fruits are
ground up and flattened into a round and then covered in a solvent that will
extract oil from the subject.

• This mixture is then left to sit and the solvent will evaporate, leaving behind
the extracted oils.

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

SCOPE

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FUTURE SCOPE

6.1] Future scope of project :

Scope of this study is the extraction of cinnamon oil from Cinnamon Bark in a
sustainable manner to meet tighter legislation and higher demand for natural oil to
pharmaceutical industry and Pesticidiual uses. Through literature review Cinnamon
Bark and oil used to species and most important in Pharmaceutical products that is
medicine purposes. A human being cinnamon is health protection agent such as

1] Antioxidant Activity : Antioxidant compounds present in foodstuffs play a

vital role in human life, acting as health-protecting agents. In addition to this role,
antioxidants are one of the key additives used in fats and oils. Even in the food
processing industry, antioxidants have been used to delay or prevent food spoilage.
Spices and medicinal plants have received rapid consideration as sources of
beneficial antioxidants against various diseases. Antioxidants have been considered
the most important drivers in the progress and existence of humans, as they respond
to free radicals and damage in metabolic diseases and age-related syndromes of
humans and other animals.

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2] Anti-Inflammatory Activities :Several studies on medicinal plants and their

components have indicated the anti-inflammatory activities of cinnamon. Various
studies reported the anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamon and its essential oils. To
date, there are several flavonoid compounds (e.g., gossypin, gnaphalin, hesperidin,
hibifolin, hypolaetin, oroxindin, and quercetin) that have been isolated and have
anti- inflammatory activities.
A recent study reported that 2′-hydroxycinnamaldehyde isolated from C. cassia bark
exhibited an inhibitory effect on the production of nitric oxide by inhibiting the
activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-
κB), indicating that this substance can potentially be used as an anti-inflammatory
agent.

3] Antidiabetic Activity : A substance from cinnamon has been isolated and coined
as “insulin-potentiating factor” (IPF) , while the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon bark
have been shown in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Several studies have also
revealed that cinnamon extracts lower not only blood glucose but also cholesterol
levels.
A study comparing the insulin-potentiating effects of many spices revealed that the
aqueous extract of cinnamon was 20-fold higher than the other spices.
Methylhydroxychalcone polymer (MHCP) is the purified polymer of
hydroxychalcone with the ability to stimulate glucose oxidation. Anderson et al.
isolated and characterized the polyphenol type-A polymers from cinnamon and found
that these substances act as insulin-like molecules. Following this characterization, a
new compound from hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives named naphthalenemethyl
ester, which has blood glucose-lowering effects, has been identified. further
confirming cinnamon’s antidiabetic effects.

4] Antimicrobial Activity :To date, several antimicrobial activities of cinnamon and

its oils have been reported in various studies. For example, Matan et al. reported
the effects of cinnamon oils on different bacterial (Pediococcus halophilus and
Staphylococcus aureus), fungal (Aspergillus flavus, Mucor plumbeus, Penicillium
roqueforti, and Eurotium sp.), and yeast species (Candida lipolytica, Pichia

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membranaefaciens, Debaryomyces hansenii, and Zygosaccharomyces

rouxii), indicating that cinnamon is a natural antimicrobial agent.

5] Anticancer Activity : The aqueous extract and the fraction of cinnamon

(procyanidins) from HPLC inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor subtype 2
(VEGFR2) kinase activity, thereby inhibiting the angiogenesis involved in cancer. The
results of the study revealed that cinnamon could potentially be used in cancer
prevention. Cinnamaldehydes have been synthesized and tested as inhibitors against
angiogenesis. Jeong et al. reported that CB403, a chemical that can be synthesized from
2′-hydroxycinnamaldehyde derived from cinnamaldehyde, can inhibit tumor growth.
Overall, the antitumor and growth-inhibitory properties of CB403 in animal-based
studies as well as in cell culture-based studies indicate the potential of cinnamon to
be used as an anticancer agent.

CONCLUSIONS

6.2] Conclusions :

Extraction of essential oil from Cinnamomum zeylanicum can Be done using optimum
essential Oil yield, which were Soxhlet extraction.Heat was applied faster extraction
of Soxhlet Extraction
Compared to other methods which did not require heat but, Took a lot of time
instead such as solvent Extraction. In Soxhlet extraction used water as the solvent
since the Compound was more effective than water for extraction.
In separation hexane is more effective compared to other extraction
Solvent such as Methanol, Ethanol and chloroform. There are Many
other extraction methods that can be used to extract the Essential oil from
cinnamon such as solvent extraction.

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Different methods will produce different amount and quality of Essential oil. The
experimental result indicates that the ‘cinnamon oil can be extracted by using
soxnlet apparatus. The extracted oil is non-edible but it is eco-friendly bio-
Pesticide alternative to the highly dangerous synthetic pesticide.
Soxhlet apparatus is a special type of distillation or a separation process for
temperature sensitive materials like oils, resins, hydrocarbons,.etc. The cinnamon oil is
used as perfumes & herbal product.

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CHAPTER 7

REFERENCES AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Research Article :

1] Comparative Study of Steam Distillation and Soxhlet for the

Extraction of Botanical Oils :

Chibuzor Onyinye Okonkwo and 2O bioma Christopher Ohaeri

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Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B.1115, Cross Rivers

State, Nigeria
Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture,
Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria

2] Extraction of Essential Oil from Cinnamon

(Cinnamomum Zeylanicum) :

Volume 30, Number 1 Y.C.Wong1*, M. Y. Ahmad-Mudzaqqir1 and

W.A. Wan-Nurdiyana1
Faculty of Agro Based Industry, University Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus,
Locked Bag 100, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia.

3] EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM CINNAMOMUM

ZEYLANICUM BY VARIOUS METHODS AS A PERFUME
OIL SALEEZA AZURA BINTI SULAIMAN :

Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Chemical and Natural

Resources Engineeringing
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements forthe
Degree of Bachelo rof Engineeringing Chemical engineering.

4] Journal of Chromatography :

Kumar, J Chromatogr Sep Tech 2017

Optimization of Yield for Extraction of an Essential Oil from
Cinnamon Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction
Satish Kumar M", Yogesh M and Jigisha Pa
Dopartment of Chomical Engineering, Pacific School of Engineoring, Surat. Gujarat,
India
Department of Chemical Engineering, Vishwakarma Govermment
Engineering College, Ahmedabad, India.

5] Comparative Study of Steam Distillation and Soxhlet for the

Extraction of Botanical Oils :
'Chibuzor Onyinye Okonkwo and Obioma Christopher Ohaeri

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'Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Cross Rivers

State, Nigeria
Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of
Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria

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