CMR NOTES

TASK 1 – TOPIC 2
1. What is Civil?
2. Who are Civilians
3. Why are civil and civilians important?

TASK 2 – TOPIC 2
1. What is Military?
2. The Importance of The Military

TASK 3 – TOPIC 3
1. What is Objective Control and Subjective Control in Huntington's Theory.
2. Discuss the similarities and differences between Huntington's Theory and Janowitz's
Theory about CMR.

TASK EXTRA - TOPIC 4 (online)

1. 6 Basic Monitoring

TASK 4 – TOPIC 3 & 4

1. What are the strengths and advantages of all CMR theories?
2. Discuss the weaknesses and problems that exist in all CMR theories.
3. Analysis of the similarities and differences between Classical CMR Theories and
Contemporary CMR Theories

TASK 5 – TOPIC 5 & 6

1. Discuss the expectations of civilians towards the military and militarism in an Asian
country.
2. Analysis of Issues and Challenges in Military Functions and Duties from the
Perspective of Human Rights

TASK 6 – TOPIC 7

1. Discuss the types of CIMIC that exist. Why is CIMIC important?

2. Describe the principles of CIMIC in good and effective military operations.
Civil-Military Relations (CMR) Essay Theme 2: Classical CMR Theories
Study Notes (Huntington & Janowitz)
Q: Huntington's Objective vs. Subjective
Control
Theme 1: Civil & Military Definitions
• Objective Control: Military stays
Q: What is Civil? professional and apolitical
• Relates to citizens and society • Subjective Control: Military is
• Not military or religious shaped to reflect civilian values

• Focuses on peace, rights, and Q: Compare Huntington and Janowitz

governance • Huntington: Strong separation,
Q: Who are Civilians? professional force

• Non-military individuals • Janowitz: Integration with civil

society, military as peacekeepers
• Protected during war
• Similarities: Support civilian
• Includes general public, politicians, control, emphasize professionalism
civil workers
• Differences: Role of society in
Q: Why are Civil and Civilians shaping military, degree of political
Important? involvement
• Core of democratic society
• Civilian control prevents military Theme 3: Monitoring & Evaluation in
rule CMR (Topic 4)
• Military serves, not rules, the people Q: Six Basic Monitoring Functions
Q: What is Military? 1. Observation
• Armed forces of a country 2. Verification
• Includes army, navy, air force 3. Reporting
• Responsible for defense and 4. Analysis
national security
5. Evaluation
Q: Importance of the Military
6. Follow-up
• Protects sovereignty and borders
• Assists during disasters
Theme 4: Strengths, Weaknesses,
• Maintains peace and order Classical vs. Contemporary CMR
Theories
Q: Strengths of CMR Theories
• Promote accountability
• Maintain military professionalism
• Encourage democracy and peace
Q: Weaknesses of CMR Theories Theme 6: CIMIC (Civil-Military
Cooperation)
• Classical theories outdated
Q: Types of CIMIC
• Ignore human rights and local
culture 1. Civil support to military (logistics,
info)
• Hard to apply in hybrid roles
(peacekeeping, internal ops) 2. Military support to civilians
(disasters)
Q: Classical vs. Contemporary CMR
Theories 3. Joint civil-military efforts
(peacekeeping)
• Classical: Focus on separation
(Huntington) or integration Q: Importance of CIMIC
(Janowitz)
• Builds trust and cooperation
• Contemporary: Focus on human
rights, CIMIC, civil participation • Enhances mission success

• Key Difference: Classical = cold • Reduces

war mindset, Contemporary = post- misunderstandings/conflict
conflict peacebuilding Q: Principles of Effective CIMIC
• Respect for culture and law
Theme 5: Civilian Expectations & • Transparency in operations
Human Rights
• Coordination with NGOs and locals
Q: Civilian Expectations (Asia context)
• Accountability and ethics
• Respect for law and rights
• Military transparency • Flexibility in dynamic situations

• Protection from external threats

• Assistance during emergencies
Bonus: 5-Finger Rule for Essay Writing
Q: Human Rights Challenges in Military
Roles 1. Definition
• Civilian harm during operations
2. Importance
• Lack of accountability
• Use of excessive force 3. Example

• Solution: Follow International 4. Strength

Humanitarian Law (IHL)
5. Weakness
 • Assists in disaster relief and
emergency operations.
TASK 1 – TOPIC 2: Civil & Civilians
1. What is Civil?
TASK 3 – TOPIC 3: CMR Theories
• “Civil” relates to society and
citizens, not the military or 1. Objective vs. Subjective Control
religious institutions. (Huntington)
• It refers to normal, non-military • Objective Control:
life.
o Keeps military professional
2. Who are Civilians? and separate from politics.
• People who are not members of the o Civilian leaders set policy;
armed forces or police. military handles defense.
• They live everyday lives and are • Subjective Control:
protected under law, especially in
o Civilians try to control the
conflict.
military by making it more
3. Why are civil and civilians like civilian institutions
important? (e.g., through ideology,
loyalty).
• They represent the majority of the
population.
• Their rights, opinions, and welfare TASK EXTRA – TOPIC 4 (Online): 6
must be protected in a democratic Basic Monitoring
society.
Six Basic Monitoring Aspects (usually
• Civilian control ensures the from a human rights or CMR perspective):
military serves the people, not rules
1. Observation – Watching activities
them.
and behavior.
2. Verification – Checking facts and
TASK 2 – TOPIC 2: Military claims.
1. What is Military? 3. Reporting – Documenting what is
observed.
• Organized armed forces of a
country, responsible for national 4. Analysis – Understanding causes
defense. and impacts.
• Includes the army, navy, air force, 5. Evaluation – Judging effectiveness
and other defense units. or violations.
2. The Importance of the Military 6. Follow-up – Acting on findings,
making improvements.
• Protects a nation from external
threats.
• Maintains peace and security.
TASK 4 – TOPIC 3 & 4: CMR Theories o Civilian casualties
- Strengths & Weaknesses
• Analysis:
1. Strengths of CMR Theories
o Military must follow
• Provide frameworks to understand international humanitarian
military-civilian relations. law
• Encourage professionalism in the o Must balance national
military. security with individual
rights
• Help ensure military respects
democracy and law.
2. Weaknesses of CMR Theories TASK 6 – TOPIC 7: CIMIC (Civil-
Military Cooperation)
• Classical theories may not fit all
countries or modern contexts. 1. Types of CIMIC
• They often ignore human rights or • Support to Civil Authorities (e.g.
civilian perspectives. disaster relief)
• In real life, the boundaries between • Civil Support to Military (e.g.
civil and military roles can blur. information, logistics)
• Joint Civil-Military Operations
(e.g. peacekeeping)
TASK 5 – TOPIC 5 & 6
Why CIMIC is Important
1. Civilian Expectations in Asia
(Example: Malaysia, Japan, South • Builds trust with the community
Korea)
• Improves mission success
• Respect for human rights.
• Reduces conflict and
• Military should defend, not misunderstandings
dominate.
2. Principles of Effective CIMIC
• Help during disasters or
• Respect – For local cultures and
emergencies.
laws
• Transparency and accountability in
• Transparency – Clear
military spending.
communication and trust
2. Human Rights Issues in Military
• Coordination – Work together
Duties
with civilians and NGOs
• Challenges:
• Accountability – Act ethically and
o Abuse of power in conflict responsibly
zones
• Flexibility – Adapt to different
o Lack of transparency or situations
legal protection
 • 2. Huntington vs. Janowitz – Similarities & Differences

Aspect Huntington Janowitz

Strong, professional military separate from Military is integrated

Key Idea
politics with society

Control Type Objective Subjective / Shared

Also serves social,

Role of Military Apolitical, focused on defense
political roles

View of Civil-
Should be wide Should be narrow
Military Gap

Both support civilian control of the military

Similarity
and professionalism

3. Classical vs. Contemporary Theories – Comparison

Aspect Classical (Huntington, Janowitz) Contemporary

Human rights, diversity, global

Focus Military professionalism, control
peace

Civil-Military
Clear separation or integration Often hybrid, complex roles
Role

Post-Cold War, peacekeeping,

Context Cold War, national defense
development

Aim for balance and accountability

Similarity
in CMR

3. Comparison: Classical vs. Contemporary Theories

Classical (Huntington,
Aspect Contemporary (Feaver, Schiff)
Janowitz)
Fixed rules (separation or Flexible, monitoring &
Control
integration) cooperation
Gov-Military
Clear roles Based on dialogue and trust
Relationship
Active, involved in decision-
Society’s Role Limited
making