Okay, let's get straight to the point with these IoT questions!
How would you define IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects ("things") embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies1 that enable them to collect and exchange data with other
devices and systems over the internet.23 Essentially, it's about making everyday objects smart and
connected.4
What is the architectural view of IoT?
A common architectural view of IoT involves several layers:5
1. Perception Layer: This layer consists of the physical devices and sensors that collect data from
the environment.6
2. Network Layer: This layer handles the transmission of the collected data from the perception
layer to the processing layer using various communication protocols and networks.7
3. Processing Layer: This layer processes and analyzes the data received from the network layer.
This can happen at the edge (near the devices) or in the cloud.
4. Application Layer: This layer uses the processed data to deliver specific applications and
services to the end-users.8
Differentiate between a digital sensor and an analog sensor?
Analog Sensor: Produces a continuous electrical signal (voltage or current) proportional to the
measured physical quantity.9
Digital Sensor: Produces a discrete digital output, often in the form of binary data, representing
the measured physical quantity.10 It typically involves an analog-to-digital converter within the
sensor.11
What is Raspberry Pi?
Raspberry Pi is a series of small, affordable single-board computers that can be used for a wide
range of applications, including IoT projects, robotics, and media centers.12 It provides a platform
for learning about computing and electronics and for prototyping embedded systems.13
Define WSN.
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network of spatially distributed, autonomous sensors
that wirelessly cooperate to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature,
pressure, sound, vibration, etc.14 The collected data is typically passed through the network to a
main location or sink node.15
SECTION II
Q.2 Attempt any one part of the following:
a. How do actuators work in IoT, what are the common examples of their use?
Actuators in IoT are devices that convert electrical signals into physical actions or movements. 16
They receive commands from the IoT system (based on sensor data processing) and then perform
a specific task.17
Common examples include:
Motors: Controlling movement in robots, smart locks, and automated blinds.
Valves: Regulating the flow of liquids or gases in smart irrigation systems and industrial
automation.
Relays: Switching electrical circuits on or off in smart lighting and appliance control.
Heaters/Coolers: Adjusting temperature in smart thermostats.18
Speakers: Providing audio feedback or alerts in smart assistants.19
OR
b. What are the sources of IoT data?
IoT data originates from a wide variety of sources, including:
Sensors: Measuring physical parameters like temperature, humidity, light, pressure, motion,
etc.20
Wearable Devices: Tracking health metrics, activity levels, and location.21
Smart Devices: Appliances, vehicles, and industrial equipment with embedded sensors.22
Industrial Machines: Providing operational data for monitoring and predictive maintenance.23
Environmental Monitoring Systems: Collecting data on air quality, water levels, and weather
conditions.24
Surveillance Cameras: Capturing video and image data.25
SECTION III
Q.3 Attempt any one part of the following:
a. Explain conceptual framework of IoT (shorter):
The conceptual framework of IoT typically involves:
1. Things/Devices: The physical objects with sensing and/or actuating capabilities.26
2. Connectivity: The network infrastructure enabling communication between things and other
systems.
3. Data Processing: Analyzing the collected data to extract meaningful insights.27
4. Applications: The software and services that utilize the processed data to provide value to
users.28
5. Security: Measures to protect data and devices from unauthorized access and threats.
6. User Interface: How users interact with the IoT system.
OR
b. What is RFID technology, and how is it used in IoT applications (shorter)?
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to automatically
identify and track tags attached to29 objects.30 An RFID system consists of31 a tag (containing
stored information) and a reader (which emits radio waves and receives signals from the tag).32
In IoT applications, RFID is used for:
Asset Tracking: Monitoring the location and movement of goods in supply chains and
warehouses.33
Inventory Management: Automatically identifying and counting items.
Access Control: Granting or restricting entry to secure areas.
Retail: Tracking inventory, preventing theft, and enhancing customer experience.34
Healthcare: Tracking patient information and medical equipment.35
