SHRI MADHWA VADIRAJAINSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

VI - SEMESTER AY 2024-25
INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM – BIKS609
QUESTION BANK

The exam is for 25 marks, 1 hour:

5 MCQ (Part A) + 20 descriptive (Part B) = 25 Marks

PART B
1. Explain the terms with respect to knowledge and its different forms
a. i) Darshana ii)Gyan iii)Vidya
Ans:

i. Darshana (दर्शन):
a. The term "Darshana" comes from the Sanskrit root "drish," which means "to see"
or "to perceive." It refers to philosophical systems or viewpoints that provide
insight into the nature of reality, existence, and the self.
b. Darshanas are often considered pathways to knowledge and self-realization,
offering deep, systematic inquiry into the truths of life. Examples include the six
classical Indian philosophical schools: Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga,
Mimamsa, and Vedanta.
ii. Gyan (ज्ञान):
a. Gyan, also spelled as "Jnana," is the Sanskrit term for "knowledge" or
"awareness." It is often associated with spiritual and experiential wisdom rather
than just intellectual understanding.
b. In Indian traditions, Gyan emphasizes inner realization and knowledge of
ultimate truth (Brahman or the Absolute). It can be considered transformative
knowledge that leads to liberation (Moksha).
iii. Vidya (विद्या):
a. Vidya translates to "learning" or "education." It refers to specific branches of
knowledge or fields of study, encompassing both spiritual (Para Vidya) and
material (Apara Vidya) knowledge.
 b. Para Vidya pertains to higher, spiritual understanding (such as knowledge of the
soul or divine principles), while Apara Vidya refers to worldly knowledge,
including arts, sciences, and other disciplines.

2. Compare traditional knowledge and Western knowledge, highlighting their key

differences.
Ans:

Origin:
- Traditional knowledge comes from local communities and is passed down through generations.
- Western knowledge is developed through formal education and scientific research
Approach:
- Traditional knowledge looks at the whole picture, including nature and spirituality.
- Western knowledge focuses on specific parts and uses logical analysis.
Validation:
- Traditional knowledge is proven through long-term use in communities.
- Western knowledge is tested with experiments and scientific methods.
Scope:
- Traditional knowledge is specific to a place and its people.
- Western knowledge tries to create solutions for everyone, everywhere.
Nature:
- Traditional knowledge respects and works with nature.
- Western knowledge studies and controls nature for human benefit.

3. Write a note on the importance of Ancient Knowledge

Ans:
Ancient knowledge holds immense importance as it represents the wisdom and
understanding accumulated by our ancestors over generations. This knowledge provides insights
into various aspects of life, including medicine, agriculture, astronomy, philosophy, and governance,
often rooted in practical experiences and deep observations of nature.
Here are some reasons why ancient knowledge matters:
Cultural Preservation: It helps us preserve traditions, values, and practices that define our identity
and heritage.
Practical Applications: Techniques like traditional medicine or sustainable farming methods remain
useful even today.
Guidance for Modern Issues: Ancient wisdom often emphasizes harmony with nature, which can
guide us in addressing environmental challenges.
Historical Understanding: It offers a window into how civilizations flourished and adapted to their
surroundings.
Complement to Science: Combining ancient knowledge with modern science can lead to innovative
solutions and better practices.

4. List and explain different” Pramanas” - Means of Knowledge

Ans:
In Indian philosophy, "pramāṇa" refers to the means or sources of valid knowledge, which are
essential for acquiring accurate understanding and cognition of reality. These pramāṇas serve as
epistemological tools or methods that enable individuals to access reliable information about the
world. In different philosophical traditions, various pramāṇas are recognized, each with its own
criteria for determining the validity of knowledge. Here's an overview of the pramāṇas commonly
accepted across Indian philosophical systems:
1. Pratyakṣa (Perception):
• Definition: Pratyak ṣa refers to direct perception or sensory experience, where
knowledge is gained through the direct apprehension of objects by the senses.
• Function: Pratyakṣa serves as the most immediate and direct source of knowledge,
providing direct access to the qualities and characteristics of perceptible objects.
• Criteria: Pratyakṣa is considered valid when the senses are functioning properly, and
there is no distortion or obstruction in perception.
2. Anumāna (Inference):
• Definition: Anumāna refers to inference or logical reasoning, where knowledge is
derived from observation of specific facts (hetu) leading to a general conclusion
(sādhya).
• Function: Anumāna allows for the extension of knowledge beyond the immediate
objects of perception, enabling individuals to infer unseen or unperceived phenomena
based on observed patterns or regularities.
• Criteria: Anumāna is considered valid when it adheres to the rules of logical inference
and is based on reliable premises (pratijñā) and evidence (drṣṭānta).
3. Upamāna (Comparison):
• Definition: Upamāna refers to analogy or comparison, where knowledge is gained by
comparing a new object or phenomenon with a familiar one.
• Function: Upamāna allows individuals to acquire knowledge about unfamiliar objects
or qualities by analogizing them with known or familiar objects.
• Criteria: Upamāna is considered valid when the analogy is apt and there is a similarity
(sādṛśya) between the known and unknown objects.
4.Śabda (Testimony):
• Definition: Śabda refers to verbal testimony or authoritative testimony, where
knowledge is obtained through the testimony of reliable sources such as scriptures,
teachers, or experts.
 • Function: Śabda serves as a means of acquiring knowledge about subjects beyond one's
direct experience, relying on the testimony of trustworthy authorities. and free from
deceit or error.
• Criteria: Śabda is considered valid when the source of testimony is reliable, competent,
and free from deceit or error.
5.Arthā patti (Presumption):
• Definition: Arthā patti refers to presumption or postulation, where knowledge is
inferred based on the absence of contradictory evidence and the necessity of a certain
fact to explain observed phenomena.
• Function: Arthā patti allows individuals to infer the existence of unperceived entities or
events by postulating them as necessary to reconcile apparent contradictions.
• Criteria: Arthā patti is considered valid when it is the only reasonable explanation for
observed facts and there is no other plausible alternative.
6.Anupalabdhi (Non-perception):
• Definition: Anupalabdhi refers to non-perception or absence cognition, where
knowledge is gained through the absence or non-apprehension of a particular object.
• Function: Anupalabdhi allows individuals to infer the non-existence of an object based
on its non-apprehension despite favorable conditions for perception.
• Criteria: Anupalabdhi is considered valid when all other means of knowledge fail to
establish the existence of the object, and its absence is directly perceived or inferred.

5. Classify the major components of Indian Knowledge Systems and their relevance in the
modern era
Ans:
Major Components of IKS
1. Philosophy and Spirituality:
- Core texts like the Vedas, Upanishads, and Bhagavad Gita focus on self-awareness, ethics, and
universal principles.
- Relevance: They inspire modern approaches to mental well-being, stress management, and
ethical leadership.
2. Traditional Medicine:
- Ayurveda, Siddha, and Yoga offer holistic healing methods and emphasize prevention.
- Relevance: Widely adopted for improving health and promoting wellness globally.
3. Mathematics and Astronomy:
- Contributions include the concept of zero, advanced geometry, and astronomical calculations.
- Relevance: Still foundational for modern science, technology, and engineering.
4. Arts and Aesthetics:
 - Classical dance, music, architecture (e.g., temples, sculptures), and literary works like epics and
poetry.
- Relevance: Enrich cultural identity and influence global artistic expressions.
5. Environmental Knowledge:
- Sustainable practices such as water management, organic farming, and afforestation.
- Relevance: Provides solutions for current environmental challenges like climate change.
6. Education and Ethics:
- Gurukul system emphasized personalized teaching and values-based education.
- Relevance: Inspires educational reforms focusing on holistic development.
Relevance in the Modern Era
IKS bridges ancient wisdom and contemporary needs. It offers innovative solutions to global
challenges such as health crises, environmental degradation, and the quest for sustainable living. By
integrating IKS into modern systems, societies can benefit from their profound insights into
harmony, well-being, and progress.

6. Explain the IKS Corpus – a classification Framework

Ans:
The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) Corpus can be classified into a structured framework that
organizes its vast and diverse knowledge. Here's a simplified explanation:
1. Broad Divisions
Literary Part: This includes written texts and scriptures. It is further divided into:
- Sanatana Dharma Corpus: Texts like the Vedas, Upanishads, and Puranas.
- Other Dharmic Literature: Includes Buddhist and Jain texts.
Non-Literary Part: This encompasses oral traditions and unwritten knowledge, such as folk
practices, health traditions, and art forms like the 64 Kalas (skills).
2. Key Components
- Philosophy and Ethics: Covers Indian philosophical systems and moral teachings.
- Science and Technology: Includes ancient advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and
engineering.
- Medicine and Health: Focuses on Ayurveda, Siddha, and other traditional healing systems.
- Arts and Culture: Encompasses music, dance, architecture, and literature.
- Environmental Knowledge: Sustainable practices and ecological wisdom.
Relevance
This classification helps in systematically studying and preserving the rich heritage of IKS. It also
highlights its applicability in modern fields like sustainable development, healthcare, and education.
 7. Write a note on six Vedic schools of philosophy
Ans:
The six Vedic schools of philosophy, also known as the **Shad-Darshanas**, form the
foundation of Indian philosophical thought. These schools aim to explore the nature of reality, self,
and ultimate liberation. Here's a brief overview:
1. Nyaya (Logic and Reasoning):
- Focuses on logical analysis and reasoning to attain knowledge.
- Introduced the concept of valid sources of knowledge (Pramanas) like perception,
inference, and testimony.
- Relevance: Encourages critical thinking and rational inquiry.
2. Vaisheshika (Atomism):
- Proposes that the universe is made up of eternal atoms and is governed by natural
laws.
- Discusses categories like substance, quality, action, and time.
- Relevance: Contributions to early ideas in physics and metaphysics.
3. Samkhya (Enumeration):
- Dualistic philosophy that separates Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (matter).
- Explains creation as an evolution of material elements from Prakriti.
- Relevance: Influences modern concepts of psychology and mind-body dualism.
4. Yoga (Discipline and Practice):
- Complementary to Samkhya, focusing on practical techniques like meditation and
self-control to achieve liberation.
- Discussed in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras.
- Relevance: Widely practiced worldwide for mental and physical well-being.
5. Purva Mimamsa (Ritual Interpretation):
- Emphasizes the importance of Vedic rituals and Dharma (righteousness).
- Deals with the interpretation of the Vedas to perform rituals correctly.
- Relevance: Preserves Vedic traditions and ethics.
6. Vedanta (End of the Vedas):
- Focuses on the philosophical teachings of the Upanishads, particularly the nature of
Brahman (ultimate reality) and Atman (self).
- Includes sub-schools like Advaita (non-dualism) and Dvaita (dualism).
- Relevance: Forms the core of Indian spirituality and has universal appeal.
 8. Explain in detail the origin of the Language.
Ans:
In Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), the origin of language is deeply rooted in ancient traditions
and philosophies. Language holds a sacred place as a medium of expression, communication, and
spiritual practice.
1. Philosophical Roots of Language in IKS
Language in Indian traditions is believed to originate from Brahman, the ultimate reality. It is
seen as both a tool for understanding the world and a divine manifestation. The Vedas
describe language as arising from Vak, the goddess of speech, who embodies the power of
expression and creation. Vak is considered the creative force behind the universe. The Rigveda
mentions that Vak existed before creation and that the universe came into being through her.
2. The Four Levels of Language
Indian Knowledge Systems classify language into four levels, as described in the Upanishads:
1. Para-Vak: The highest and most abstract form, representing the cosmic and divine origin of
language.
2. Pashyanti-Vak: Intuitive or visionary speech that connects the inner self with deeper truths.
3. Madhyama-Vak: The intermediate stage, representing thought or internalized language
before it is spoken.
4. **Vaikhari-Vak**: The spoken or externalized form of language, used for communication.
3. Role of Sanskrit
- Sanskrit is considered the mother of languages in IKS. It is referred to as Devanagari, meaning
"language of the gods."
- It is not only a medium of communication but also a sacred tool for preserving knowledge,
performing rituals, and attaining spiritual insight.
- The precision, structure, and etymology of Sanskrit words reflect the ancient Indian
understanding of phonetics, grammar, and semantics.
4. Linguistic Contributions of Panini
- The Indian linguist Panini (circa 500 BCE) is regarded as the father of linguistics for his work
on Sanskrit grammar:
- His text, the Ashtadhyayi, is a systematic and scientific study of grammar, defining the
structure and rules of language.
- Panini's work is foundational for understanding both Sanskrit and general linguistics.
5. Language as a Vehicle of Dharma
- Language is considered essential for transmitting Dharma (righteousness) and maintaining
societal order:
- The Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, and other sacred texts were preserved and transmitted
orally through meticulously crafted language.
 - Mantras, chants, and hymns in Sanskrit exemplify the power of sound and meaning in
achieving spiritual goals.
6. Relevance in the Modern Era
- The origin of language in IKS emphasizes the union of sound, meaning, and consciousness.
This understanding is relevant today in:
-Linguistics: Insights from Sanskrit grammar influence modern linguistics and computational
language studies.
- Mindfulness and Meditation: The focus on sound (e.g., chanting "Om") as a transformative
tool for the mind is widely practiced worldwide.
- Preservation of Heritage: Studying IKS helps preserve ancient linguistic traditions, enriching
modern culture and education.

9. How numbers were used in the ancient Indian systems

Ans:
1. Development of Numerals
- Ancient India is credited with the invention of the decimal system and the concept of zero. The
numeral system we use today, including digits 0-9, originated in India.
- Brahmagupta (7th century CE) was a pioneer in defining zero as a number and establishing rules
for arithmetic operations involving zero.
2. Mathematical Applications
- Astronomy: Indian astronomers like Aryabhata used numbers for precise calculations of planetary
positions, eclipses, and time cycles.
- Geometry: Numbers were employed in architectural designs, including temple construction and
town planning.
- Algebra: Ancient texts like the Sulbasutras contain algebraic formulas for constructing altars and
solving equations.
3. Large Numbers
- Ancient Indian texts, such as the Vedas and Puranas, mention extremely large numbers,
demonstrating their ability to conceptualize vast magnitudes. For example:
- Lakh (10⁵) and Crore (10⁷) are still used in modern India.
- Terms like Padma (10¹⁵) and Shankha (10¹⁷) were used for even larger numbers.
4. Spiritual and Ritual Use
- Numbers held symbolic significance in rituals and spiritual practices. For instance:
- 108 is considered sacred and used in prayer beads (mala).
- Numbers were used to calculate auspicious timings and alignments.
5. Influence on Global Mathematics
- Indian mathematicians like Aryabhata and Bhaskara influenced the development of mathematics
in the Islamic world and Europe. The numeral system spread through trade and scholarly exchanges.
 10. Write a note on the Indian numeric systems
Ans:
The Indian numeric system is one of the most significant contributions to mathematics and
global knowledge, showcasing the advanced understanding of numbers developed in ancient India.
Key Features of the Indian Numeric System
1. Decimal System:
- Ancient India pioneered the base-10 decimal system, which is fundamental to modern
mathematics.
- Numbers were represented using symbols for digits 0–9.
2. Concept of Zero:
- Zero (Shunya), introduced by Indian mathematician Brahmagupta, revolutionized mathematics. It
provided a placeholder and enabled complex calculations.
- The symbol for zero and its rules for arithmetic operations were first formalized in India.
3. Positional Value:
- The Indian system used positional notation, where the value of a numeral depends on its position
(e.g., in 123, the '1' represents hundreds).
4. Large Numbers:
- Ancient texts, such as the Vedas and Puranas, mention large numbers with specific names (e.g.,
Lakh for 10⁵, Crore for 10⁷), indicating their ability to conceptualize vast quantities.
Applications and Innovations
- Astronomy: Indian astronomers like Aryabhata and Varahamihira relied on numeric systems for
precise calculations.
- Algebra and Geometry: The system formed the basis for solving equations and geometrical
problems.
- Trade and Commerce: The use of numbers facilitated accounting and measurements.
Global Influence
The Indian numeric system, including the concept of zero and the decimal notation, spread to
other civilizations through trade and scholarly exchanges, influencing the Arabic numeral system
and, ultimately, the modern world.

11. Explain the key aspects of the epistemology of the Indian knowledge system
Ans:
The Indian Scheme of Knowledge, often referred to as "Indian epistemology" or "Indian Systems of
Knowledge," encompasses rich and diverse traditions of philosophical inquiry, cognitive frameworks,
and methodologies for understanding reality, acquiring knowledge, and exploring the nature of
consciousness. Rooted in ancient Indian philosophical and spiritual traditions, the Indian scheme of
knowledge comprises several interconnected systems of thought, each offering unique perspectives
on the nature of knowledge and the means of its attainment. Here's an overview of key elements of
the Indian scheme of knowledge:
1. Pramana:
• Definition: Pramana refers to the means of valid knowledge or the methods of acquiring
true and reliable knowledge according to Indian philosophy. It encompasses various
cognitive instruments or epistemic tools through which knowledge is obtained.
• Types of Pramana: Classical Indian philosophies recognize several pramanas, including
perception (pratyaksha), inference (anumana), testimony (shabda), analogy (upamana),
and postulation (arthapatti), among others.
• Importance: Pramana theory provides a foundational framework for understanding how
knowledge is acquired, justified, and validated within different domains of inquiry.
2. Darshanas:
• Definition: Darshanas, meaning "ways of seeing" or "philosophical systems," represent
distinct schools of Indian philosophy that offer comprehensive perspectives on reality,
existence, and the nature of knowledge.
• Major Schools: The six classical darshanas include Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga,
Mimamsa, and Vedanta. Each school presents its unique metaphysical, epistemological,
and ethical doctrines, contributing to a rich tapestry of philosophical inquiry.
• Interdisciplinary Insights: Darshanas integrate metaphysical speculation, logical analysis,
ethical inquiry, and spiritual practice, offering holistic frameworks for understanding the
nature of reality and human existence.
3. Pratyabhijna:
• Definition: Pratyabhijna, meaning "recognition" or "self-recognition," is a philosophical
framework within Kashmir Shaivism that emphasizes the direct recognition of one's
essential nature as divine consciousness (Shiva).
• Self-Realization: Pratyabhijna teachings assert that ultimate knowledge is not something to
be acquired externally but is inherent within one's own consciousness. Through practices
such as self-inquiry, meditation, and mantra repetition, individuals can awaken to their true
nature as divine.
4. Jnana Yoga:
• Definition: Jnana Yoga, or the path of knowledge, is one of the classical paths of yoga
outlined in Hindu philosophy, emphasizing the cultivation of wisdom and discriminative
knowledge (jnana) as a means of spiritual liberation.
• Intellectual Inquiry: Jnana Yoga involves rigorous intellectual inquiry, self-reflection, and
contemplation to discern the ultimate reality beyond the realm of appearances. It
encourages the inquiry into the nature of the self, the universe, and the relationship
between them.
5. Buddhist Epistemology:
 • Definition: Buddhist epistemology, as articulated in the teachings of early Buddhist schools
and later Mahayana traditions, explores the nature of cognition, perception, and valid
knowledge within the framework of dependent origination (pratityasamutpada) and
emptiness (shunyata).
• Four Reliable Cognitions: Early Buddhist texts identify four reliable cognitions (pramanas):
direct perception (pratyaksha), inference (anumana), testimony (shabda), and inference
from analogy (upamana), providing a basis for understanding the acquisition of knowledge.
6. Tantra:
• Definition: Tantric traditions in Hinduism and Buddhism emphasize experiential
knowledge, transformative practices, and the direct realization of the divine within the
practitioner.
• Sacred Texts and Rituals: Tantric scriptures (tantras) provide guidance on ritual practices,
meditation techniques, and esoteric teachings aimed at awakening latent potentials and
attaining spiritual enlightenment.

PART A
How many main Vedangas are mentioned in the ancient text?
a. 6
b. 12
c. 18
d. 24

In Ayurveda, what is the primary function of ‘Panchakarma’?

a. Herbal medicine preparation
b. Surgery techniques
c. Detoxification and purification
d. Meditation practices

Indian Knowledge Systems emphasize which type of learning?

a. Experimental
b. Intuitive and holistic
c. Mechanical and repetitive
d. Only script-based

Which of the following is an example of indigenous knowledge?

a. The Pythagorean theorem
b. Ayurvedic medicinal practices specific to a tribal region
c. Newton’s laws of motion
d. Einstein’s theory of relativity

Which ancient Indian text discusses the properties of metals and chemistry?
a. Charaka Samhita
b. Rasa Shastra
c. Arthashastra
d. Upanishads

What is the ultimate aim of knowledge in Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS)?

a. Wealth accumulation
b. Career success
c. Self-realization (Moksha)
d. Political power

Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 Vedas?

a. Yajurveda
b. Samaveda
c. adnayathaveda
d. Rigveda

Which of the following is a key feature of IKS?

a. Reductionist approach
b. Empirical-only evidence
c. Holistic and integrative approach
d. Materialistic view

How many main Puranas are mentioned in the text?

a. 6
b. 12
c. 18
d. 24

In IKS, 'Jnana' refers to:

a. Religious beliefs
b. Superstitions
c. Knowledge or wisdom
d. Laws

Which of the following is NOT one of the six Vedangas mentioned?

a. Shiksha
b. Nirukta
c. Mimamsa
d. Kalpa

Which ancient Indian text deals with environmental science?

a. Arthashastra
b. Vrikshayurveda
c. Upanishads
d. Ramayana
The Vedas are primarily classified under which category of Indian knowledge?
a. Itihasa
b. Smriti
c. Shruti
d. Vedanga

Which Indian mathematician is credited with early work on calculus?

a. Aryabhata
b. Bhaskara II
c. Brahmagupta
d. Panini

What is the role of astronomy in Indian Knowledge Systems?

a. Predicting the future
b. Timekeeping and navigation
c. Only religious purposes
d. Artistic developments

Who is considered the founder of Nyaya philosophy?

a. Vatsyayana
b. Gautama
c. Rishi Jaimin
d. Chanakya

Who is regarded as the father of Ayurveda?

a. Charaka
b. Sushruta
c. Aryabhata
d. Panini

What is the Sushruta Samhita known for?

a. Astronomy
b. Surgery and Medicine
c. Astrology
d. Grammar

The term ‘Darsana’ in Indian Knowledge Systems means:

a. Science
b. Philosophy
c. Politics
d. Medicine
Which Veda is associated with the detailed description of music?
a. Rigveda
b. Yajurveda
c. Samaveda
d. Atharvaveda

The ‘Navagraha’ concept in Indian astronomy refers to:

a. Nine planets
b. Seven stars
c. Twelve constellations
d. Five elements

What is a key characteristic of IKS?

a. Emphasis on materialism
b. Holistic and interdisciplinary approach
c. Strictly empirical and experimental
d. Exclusive focus on religious studies

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IKS?

a. Focus on spiritual growth
b. Experiential learning
c. Dependence on laboratory-based experiments only
d. Integration of ethics with knowledge

What is the primary focus of the Arthashastra?

a. Philosophy
b. Economics and politics
c. Rituals
d. Literature

What does ‘Rasayana’ in Ayurveda refer to?

a. Herbal medicine
b. Rejuvenation and longevity
c. Ritualistic healing
d. Astrology

Who wrote ‘Vakyapadiya,’ a treatise on Sanskrit linguistics?

a. Panini
b. Bhartrihari
c. Katyayana
d. Patanjali

Which part of the Vedas deals with philosophical and spiritual knowledge?
a. Samhitas
b. Brahmanas
c. Aranyakas
d. Upanishads

Who is considered the founder of Arthashastra?

a. Chanakya
b. Gautama
c. Rishi Jaimini
d. Panini

The Iron Pillar of Delhi is an example of ancient Indian advancement in:

a. Astronomy
b. Metallurgy
c. Medicine
d. Linguistics

In Indian philosophy, which type of knowledge is considered "higher" (Para Vidya)?

a. Scientific knowledge
b. Knowledge of the Self (Atman)
c. Social sciences
d. Knowledge of rituals

The Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads are components of which part of the Vedic Corpus?
a. Samhitas
b. Vedangas
c. Shrutis
d. Smriti

Which of the following is a key feature of Indian Knowledge Systems?

a. Reductionist approach
b. Empirical-only evidence
c. Holistic and integrative approach
d. Materialistic view

What is the primary focus of the Yajurveda?

a. Rituals and ceremonies
b. Music and melodies
c. Medical practices
d. Astronomy

How many Vedas are there in Indian Knowledge Systems?

a. Three
b. Four
c. Five
d. Six

What is the significance of ‘Sulba Sutras’ in Indian mathematics?

a. It is a text on geometry
b. It discusses astrology
c. It is a philosophical text
d. It is a medical text

The Rigveda is primarily composed of:

a. Prose
b. Chants and hymns
c. Ritualistic laws
d. Philosophical discussions

Which of the following is a Nāstika (heterodox) school of Indian philosophy?

a. Nyaya
b. Samkhya
c. Buddhism
d. Vedanta

How does traditional Indian knowledge differ from Western knowledge?

a. Indian knowledge is spiritual and holistic
b. Western knowledge is purely logical
c. Indian knowledge ignores material sciences
d. Western knowledge does not value ethics
What is one key difference between traditional and indigenous knowledge?
a. They are the same
b. Traditional knowledge is broader and includes indigenous knowledge
c. Indigenous knowledge is only about rituals
d. Traditional knowledge is not documented

Who is known as the father of Sanskrit grammar?

a. Panini
b. Charaka
c. Aryabhata
d. Sushruta

Which ancient Indian text primarily deals with laws and social order?
a. Arthashastra
b. Manusmriti
c. Ramayana
d. Upanishads

What is the name of Panini’s famous work on Sanskrit grammar?

a. Ashtadhyayi
b. Charaka Samhita
c. Nyaya Sutras
d. Vakyapadiya

Which ancient Indian mathematician introduced the concept of zero?

a. Aryabhata
b. Brahmagupta
c. Bhaskara
d. Apastamba

Which number system originated in ancient India?

a. Roman
b. Decimal
c. Binary
d. Egyptian

Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of:

a. Mathematics
b. Medicine
c. Astronomy
d. Metallurgy

The ‘Guru-Shishya Parampara’ in IKS refers to:

a. Trade and commerce system
b. The relationship between teacher and student
c. Warfare techniques
d. Judiciary system

Which of the following best describes the Indian Knowledge System (IKS)?
a. A system solely based on spiritual texts
b. A framework integrating traditional wisdom with modern applications
c. A collection of mythological stories
d. A set of outdated principles with no relevance today

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Indian Knowledge Systems?

a. Integration of science and spirituality
b. Emphasis on self-realization and knowledge
c. Dependence solely on modern scientific methods
d. Recognition of multiple sources of knowledge

Which aspect of traditional Indian knowledge is widely acknowledged by modern science?

a. The concept of zero and mathematical advancements
b. The idea that the earth is flat
c. Astrology as a proven science
d. The belief in divine intervention controlling all aspects of life