Class 12 Biology Top NCERT Lines

Chapter -1 Sexual Reproduc on in Flowering Plants

FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. A typical stamen possess long, and slender stalk called the _________, and the terminal generally lobed
structure called the _________.
2. The anther is a four-sided (tetragonal) structure consis ng of four __________ located at the corners,
two in each lobe.
3. As the anther develops, the cells of the sporogenous ssue undergo _________ divisions to form
microspore tetrads.
4. The process of forma on of microspores from a pollen mother cell (PMC) through meiosis is called
_________ .
5. The hard outer layer of pollen grain called the exine is made up of _________ which is one of the most
resistant organic material known.
6. Pollen grain exine has prominent apertures called _________ where sporopollenin is absent.
7. In some cereals such as rice and wheat, pollen grains lose viability within _________ of their release.
8. The _________ serves as a landing pla orm for pollen grains.
9. The method of embryo sac forma on from a single megaspore is termed _________ development.
10. In a majority of aqua c plants such as water hyacinth and water lily, the flowers are pollinated by
_________ & ___________.
11. _________ present at the micropylar part of the synergids guides the entry of pollen tube.
12. One of the male gametes moves towards the egg cell and fuses with its nucleus thus comple ng the
_________.
13. Embryo develops at the _________ of the embryo sac where the zygote is situated.
14. _________ seeds have no residual endosperm as it is completely consumed during embryo
development.
15.Some angiosperms produce more than one embryo in their seed. This phenomenon is called
_________.
16. A phenomenon called _________ is found in some angiosperms, par cularly in grasses. It results in the
forma on of seeds without fer lisa on.
17. The pollen grains have a two-layered wall, the outer __________ and inner _________.

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18. If the hybrid seeds are made into _________, there is no segrega on of characters in the hybrid
progeny.
19. The _________ provides protec on to the young embryo.
20. The fruits may be fleshy as in _________ or may be dry, as in _________.
21. Occasionally, in some seeds such as _________, remnants of nucellus are also persistent
22. Epicotyl has a shoot apex and a few leaf primordia enclosed in a hollow foliar structure, the ________
23. The phenomenon _________ is an event unique to flowering plants.
24. In most of the water -pollinated species, pollen grains are protected from we ng by a ___________
covering
25. Cleistogamous flowers are invariably _________ as there is no chance of cross-pollen landing on the
s gma.

TRUE AND FALSE

26. In pollen grain exine has prominent apertures called germ pores where sporopollenin is absent.
27. In microsporogenesis, PMC undergo mitosis and form pollen grains.
28. Wheat and rice pollen grains has pollen viability upto months.
29. When a embryo sac develops from a single megaspore, it is called monosporic development
30. Each ovule has one or two protec ve envelopes, called exine and in ne
31. Xenogamy is the only type of pollina on in which gene cally different pollens germinate on s gma
32. Two-cotyledons are found in monocot seeds

MATCH THE COLUMN

33. 1. Proximal part of filament a. Tapetum
2. Inner most wall layer of pollen sac b. a ached to the thalamus
3. Sporopollenin c. most resistant material
4. Ploidy of the cells of the tetrad d. Haploid
34. 1. Central cell A. Egg apparatus
2. One egg cell and two synergids B. Chalazal end
3. An podal cell C. Meiosis
4. Megaspore mother cell D. Polar nuclei
5. Female gametophyte E. Embryosac
35. 1. Out breeding device A. Water pollina on
2. Chasmogamous and cleistogamous flower B. Prevents self pollina on
3. Amorphophallus C. Oxalis
4. Zostera D. Tallest flower
 ONE WORD ANSWER
36. In a mature pollen, how many nuclei are present and write their name also.
37. What is the diameter of pollen grain
38. If a gynoecium of a flower has many carpels and they are fused, this condi on is called
39. Which gene c mechanism prevents the self-pollina on
40. Which type of pollen grains germinate on the s gma
41. Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is referred to as :-
42. What is perisperm
43. Which thype of pollina on is found in cleistogamous flower
44. The process of forma on of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell by meiosis, called
45. What is role of pollen tablets in athletes and race horses

DIAGRAM BASED QUESTION

46. Write down the name of parts A,B,C,D,E and F in given figure.

47. Iden fy A,B,C,D, E and F in the given figure of ovule.

48. Iden fy A,B,C,D,E,F and G

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49. Iden fy A,B,C,D and E in this figure

50. Iden fy A,B,C and D in figure of a seed.

Chapter -2 Human Reproduc on

FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. The testes are situated outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called____________.
2. The scrotum helps in maintaining the low temperature of the testes (2–2.5 degree Celsius lower than
the normal internal body temperature) necessary for___________
3. The tes s is covered by a dense covering. Each tes s has about__________ compartments called
tes cular lobules
4. The male germ cells undergo meio c divisions finally leading to sperm forma on, while
________________provide nutri on to the germ cells.
5. Leydig cells synthesise and secrete tes cular hormones called _____________. Other immunologically
competent cells are also present.
6. The male sex accessory ducts include rete tes s, vasa efferen a, epididymis and ____________
7. The male accessory glands include paired seminal vesicles, a ____________and paired bulbourethral
glands. Secre ons of these glands cons tute the seminal plasma which is rich in fructose, calcium and
certain enzymes. The secre ons of bulbourethral glands also helps in the lubrica on of the penis.
8. The female reproduc ve system consists of a pair of ovaries alongwith a pair of
oviducts,______________, cervix, vagina and the external genitalia located in pelvic region

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9. Each ovary is covered by a thin _____________which encloses the ovarian stroma. The stroma is divided
into two zones – a peripheral cortex and an inner medulla.
10. The edges of the ______________possess finger-like projec ons called fimbriae, which help in
collec on of the ovum a er ovula on.
11. The wall of the uterus has three layers of ssue. The external thin membranous perimetrium, middle
thick layer of smooth muscle, myometrium and inner glandular layer called endometrium that lines the
uterine cavity. The ______________-undergoes cyclical changes during menstrual cycle while the
myometrium exhibits strong contrac on during delivery of the baby
12. Ovaries produce the ___(A)___ and several ___(B____ hormones
13. Mons pubis is a cushion of fa y ssue covered by skin and pubic hair. The ______________ are fleshy
folds of ssue, which extend down from the mons pubis and surround the vaginal opening.
14. The labia minora are paired folds of ssue under the labia majora. The opening of the vagina is o en
covered par ally by a membrane called_____________.
15. The spermatogonia (sing. spermatogonium) present on the inside wall of seminiferous tubules mul ply
by mito c division and increase in numbers. Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains
_______________ chromosomes.
16. A er spermiogenesis, sperm heads become embedded in the ______________, and are finally released
from the seminiferous tubules by the process called spermia on
17. The increased levels of GnRH then acts at the ________________ gland and s mulates secre on of two
gonadotropins – luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle s mula ng hormone (FSH). LH acts at the Leydig
cells and s mulates synthesis and secre on of androgens. Androgens, in turn, s mulate the process of
spermatogenesis.
18. The secondary follicle soon transforms into a ter ary follicle which is characterised by a fluid filled cavity
called____________-.
19. During fer lisa on, a sperm comes in contact with the ________________ layer of the ovum and
induces changes in the membrane that block the entry of addi onal sperms.
20. The trophoblast layer then gets a ached to the endometrium and the _______________ gets
differen ated as the embryo
21. A er a achment, the uterine cells divide rapidly and covers the blastocyst. As a result, the blastocyst
becomes embedded in the endometrium of the uterus. This is called _____________and it leads to
pregnancy.
22. In the later phase of pregnancy, a hormone called relaxin is also secreted by the ______________.
23. The reproduc ve cycle in the female primates (e.g. monkeys, apes and human beings) is called
menstrual cycle. The first menstrua on begins at puberty and is called___________.

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24. The menstrual phase is followed by the _______________. During this phase, the primary follicles in the
ovary grow to become a fully mature Graafian follicle and simultaneously the endometrium of uterus
regenerates through prolifera on.
25. In human beings, a er _____________ month of pregnancy, the embryo’s heart is formed. The first sign
of growing foetus may be no ced by listening to the heart sound carefully through the stethoscope.

TRUE AND FALSE

26. Primary spermatocyte is haploid.
27. Secondary spermatocytes undergo first meio c division
28. The oviduct, uterus and vagina cons tute the female external genitalia.
29. The presence or absence of hymen is not a reliable indicator of virginity or sexual experience.
30. Each ovary is about 5 to 8 cm in length in human.
31. It is correct to say that the sex of the baby is determined by the father and not by the mother.
32. Parturi on is induced by a complex neuroendocrine mechanism.
33. The signals for parturi on originate from the fully developed foetus only.
34. The sperm head contains an elongated diploid nucleus.
35. A func onal mammary gland is characteris c of all animal female.

ONE WORD ANSWER

36. The milk produced during the ini al few days of lacta on is called ?
37. Glans penis is covered by a loose fold of skin is called.
38. Releasing of sperms from seminiferous tubules is known as.
39. Which part of sperm produce energy for the movement of tail ?
40. In human females, menstrua on is repeated at an average interval of about ?
41. Which hormone is essen al for maintenance of endometrium ?
42. The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is called ?
43. Some finger like projec ons appear on the trophoblast called ?
44. Which hormone acts on the uterine muscle and causes stronger uterine contrac ons
45. The structural and func onal unit between developing embryo and maternal body called ?

MATCH THE COLUMN

46. Correct sequence of follicular development :
(a) Graafian follicle (Mature ter ary)
(b) Primary follicle
(c) Ter ary follicle
(d) Secondary follicle

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47. (a) A er one month of pregnancy (i) Heart is formed
(b) End of second month of pregnancy (ii) Major organ systems are formed
(c) End of first trimester of pregnancy (iii) First movement of foetus
(d) During the fi h month of pregnancy (iv) Limbs and digits develop
48. (a) Spermatogonia (i) mul ply by mito c division
(b) Primary spermatocyte (ii) undergo second meio c division
(c) Secondary spermatocytes (iii) undergo meiosis-I
(d) Sperma ds (iv) Transformed into sperms by the process of spermiogenesis
49. Correct sequence of spermatogenesis :
(a) spermatogonia
(b) sperma ds
(c) primary spermatocyte
(d) secondary spermatocyte
(e) spermatozoa
50. (a) Mons pubis (i) paired folds of ssue
(b) Labia majora (ii) ny finger like structure
(c) Clitoris (iii) cushion of fa y ssue
(d) Labia minora (iv) fleshy folds of ssue

Chapter -3 Reproduc ve Health

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. These programmes called ‘family planning’ were ini ated in ___________ and were periodically
assessed over the past decades.
2. Saheli’–a new oral contracep ve for the females–was developed by scien sts at Central Drug Research
Ins tute (CDRI) in___________________.
3. According to the _____________- census report, the popula on growth rate was s ll around 1.7 per
cent, i.e., 17/1000/year, a rate at which our popula on could double in 33 years.
4. Periodic abs nence is one such method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from
day_____________ of the menstrual cycle when ovula on could be expected.
5. Lacta onal amenorrhea (absence of menstrua on) method is based on the fact that ___________ and
therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lacta on following parturi on.
6. Diaphragms, cervical caps and______________ are also barriers made of rubber that are inserted into
the female reproduc ve tract to cover the cervix during coitus.

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7. Another effec ve and popular method is the use of Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs). These devices are
inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the_________ through vagina.
8. IUDs increase ___________________ of sperms within the uterus and the Cu ions released suppress
sperm mo lity and the fer lising capacity of sperms.
9. The hormone releasing IUDs, in addi on, make the uterus unsuitable for ______________ and the
cervix hos le to the sperms.
10. Pills have to be taken daily for a period of___________ days star ng preferably within the first five days
of menstrual cycle
11. Pills are ______________ effec ve with lesser side effects and are well accepted by the females.
12. Administra on of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combina ons or IUDs within
____________hours of coitus have been found to be very effec ve as emergency contracep ves as they
could be used to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse.
13. In vasectomy, a small part of the vas deferens is removed or ed up through a small incision on the
scrotum whereas in tubectomy, a small part of the _______________is removed or ed up through a
small incision in the abdomen or through vagina. These techniques are highly effec ve but their
reversibility is very poor.
14. Nearly ________________ million MTPs are performed in a year all over the world which accounts to
1/5th of the total number of conceived pregnancies in a year. Obviously, MTP has a significant role in
decreasing the popula on though it is not meant for that purpose.
15. MTPs are considered rela vely safe during the first trimester, i.e., upto __________weeks of pregnancy.
Second trimester abor ons are much more riskier.
16. Except for hepa s-B, genital herpes and______________ infec ons, other diseases are completely
curable if detected early and treated properly.
17. In vitro fer lisa on (IVF–fer lisa on outside the body in almost similar condi ons as that in the body)
followed by ______________ is one of such methods.
18. The zygote or early embryos (with upto 8 blastomeres) could then be transferred into the fallopian tube
(ZIFT–zygote intra fallopian transfer) and embryos with more than ___________ blastomeres, into the
uterus (IUT – intra uterine transfer), to complete its further development.
19. Embryos formed by _______________ (fusion of gametes within the female) also could be used for
such transfer to assist those females who cannot conceive.
20. Government of India legalised MTP in ______________ with some strict condi ons to avoid its misuse.
Such restric ons are all the more important to check indiscriminate and illegal female foe cides which
are reported to be high in India.

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21. Progestogens alone or in combina on with _______________can also be used by females as injec ons
or implants under the skin.
22. Pills have to be taken daily for a period of _____________ days star ng preferably within the first five
days of menstrual cycle
23. Use of condoms has increased in recent years due to its addi onal benefit of protec ng the user from
contrac ng STDs and ___________-
24. A wide range of contracep ve methods are presently available which could be broadly grouped into the
following categories, namely Natural/Tradi onal, Barrier, ___________-, Oral contracep ves,
Injectables, Implants and Surgical methods.
25. According to the World Health Organisa on (WHO), reproduc ve health means a total well-being in all
aspects of reproduc on, i.e., physical,______________--, behavioural and social.

ONE WORD ANSWER

26. Which country in world to ini ate family planning programme in 1951
27. Improved programmes covering wider reproduc on-related areas are currently in opera on under the
popular name.
28. Amniocentesis is statutory banned for
29. Central Drug Research Ins tute (CDRI). Scien sts developed a new oral contracep ve for the females is.
30. Periodic abs nence is which type of contracep ve method
31. In periodic abs nence couple avoid coitus from
32. In m.c. day 10 to 17 is known as
33. Lacta onal amenorrhea is effec ve only upto maximum period of.
34. 'Nirodh' is a popular brand of
35. Which contracep ve method also prevent from STD and AIDS ?
36. Ideal contracep ves for the females who wants to delay pregnancy.
37. Oral pills for females causes
38. Once a-week oral pill is :
39. In emergency which contracep ve methods may be used within 72 hours of coitus.
40. Which contracep ve method are also known as sterilisa on ?
41. Sterilisa on in male is known as :
42. Government of INDIA legalised MTP in.
43. MTP is considered rela vely safe during.
44. In ZIFT-early embryo is transferred in (upto 8 blastomeres)
45. Full form of ZIFT
46. In IUT, embryos with more than 8 blastomeres are transferred in

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47. Full form of GIFT
48. Procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory in which a sperm is directly injected into the cytoplasm
of ovum
49. If male is unable to inseminate the semen into vegina then which procedure is used.

MATCH THE COLUMN

50. a. Non-medicated IUDs i. Uterus unsuitable for implanta on
b. Copper-releasing IUDs ii. Inhibit ovula on
c. Hormone-releasing IUDs iii. Cu ng of fallopian tube
d. Progesterone-pill iv. Suppress mo lity of sperms
e. Tubectomy v. Increase phagocytosis of sperms
f. Vasectomy vi. Cu ng of vas-deferens

Chapter -4 Principles of Inheritance & Varia on

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1. Recessive trait is seen due to .....
2. Su on united the knowledge of chromosomal segrega on with Mendelian principles and called it the
......
3. Holandric genes are always transfer from father to ....
4. Mendelian recombinants are due to ...................
5. During spermatogenesis in human males, ....... type of gametes are produced.
6. Behaviour of Chromosomes was parellel to the behaviour of genes explained by .................
7. Holandric genes are present on ................. .
8. In a monohybrid cross, we study ............. character.
9. The possibility of a female becoming a haemophilic is extremely rare because mother of such a female
has to be at least carrier and the father should be..............
10. ...... disease shows its transmission from unaffected carrier female to some of the male progeny
11. Grasshopper is an example of ..... type of sex detamina on
12. Drosophila complete their life cycle in about....... weeks
13. When modified allele is equivalent to the unmodified allele it will produce.............
14. Alleles are slightly different forms of the same...........
15. Genes and chromosomes are found in pairs in ________ cells.
16. Gene for same character segregate at the me of ................

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17. In human beings and in Drosophila the males have _________ X and __________ Y chromosome,
whereas females have __________ X chromosomes besides autosomes.
18. _________ used the frequency of recombina on between gene pairs on the same chromosome as a
measure of the distance between genes and ‘mapped’ their posi on on the chromosome.
19. Morgan and his group also found that some genes were very ghtly linked, showed very _________
recombina on while others were loosely linked and showed _________ recombina on.
20. _________ united the knowledge of chromosomal segrega on with Mendelian principles and called it
the chromosomal theory of inheritance.
21. Mendel published his work on inheritance of characters in 1865 but it remained unrecognised
ll_______
22. Law of _________ states that ‘when two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, segrega on of one
pair of characters is independent of the other pair of characters.
23. In a typical _________ an organism showing a dominant phenotype and whose genotype is to be
determined is crossed with the recessive parent instead of self-crossing.
24. Mendel selected _________ true-breeding pea plant varie es, as pairs which were similar except for
one character with contras ng traits.
25. In the case of __________ the F1 genera on resembles both parents.

TRUE AND FALSE

26. A true breeding line is one that, having undergone con nuous self pollina on, shows the stable trait
inheritance and expression for several genera ons.
27. In Drosophila single ma ng could produce large number of progeny flies.
28. Mendelian recombinants are due to crossing over.
29. Mendel Conducted Soma c Hybridiza on experiments on garden pea.
30. Two alleles of a gene are located on homologous sites on non homologous chromosomes.
31.Muta on is a phenomenon which results in altera on of DNA sequences.
32.Drosophila complete their life cycle in four weeks.
33. Mul ple alleles can be found only when popula on studies are made.
34.Mendel widely publicised his work.
35.Mendel's approach of using mathema cs to explain biological phenomena was totally new.

ONE WORD ANSWER

36. The gene, which affects many phenotypes.
37. Genes present on same chromosome are inherited together called :-
38. Characters are controlled by discrete units called :-
39. In which case F1 genera on resembled either of the two parents?

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40. In human beings 'ABO' Blood group is controlled by which gene?
41. How many phenotypes are possible in human 'ABO' Blood group?
42. Chromosomal theory of inheritence was proposed by.
43. All genes on single chromosome forms :-
44. Starch synthesis in pea seeds is an example of
45. In the dihybrid cross the phenotypic ra o obtained is

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46. A. Monohybrid cross 1.Codominance
B. 'AB' Blood group 2. Correns
C. Dihybrid Cross 3. Dominance
D. Mirabilis jalapa 4. Independent assortment
47. A. Hypertrichosis 1. Autosomal Recessive
B. Colourblindness 2. Y-chromosome
C. Sickle cell Anaemia 3. X- Linked
48. 1. Sickle cell anaemia (A) Haemophilia
2. Bleeder's disease (B) Hugo de vries
3. Muta on (C) 'O' Blood group
4. Universal donor (D) Mendel
5. Pisum sa vum (E) Sickle shape RBCs
49. A. Turner syndrome i. Trisomy of 21
B. Klinefelter’s syndrome ii. AA + XO
C. Y-chromosome iii. Karyotype of 47
D. Down's syndrome iv. Tes s determian ng factor
50. (I) Phenylketonuria (A) 8 percent of males
(II) Colour blindness (B) Colour of human being
(III) Incomplete dominance (C) Mental retarda on
(IV) Polygenic inheritance (D) Size of starch grain in pea seeds

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 Chapter - 5 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. In their experiments, Hershey and Chase used radioa ve _______ labelled DNA and radioac ve
_______ labelled protein capsule.
2. The process of transla on requires transfer of gene c informa on from polymer of ________ to
polymer of amino acids.
3. Marshall Nirenberg's _________ for protein synthesis finally helped the code to be deciphered
4. In bacteria, -factor helps in transcrip on ______ whereas -factor helps in transcrip on ___________.
5. During DNA replica on, leading strand is synthesized _____ while lagging strand is synthesized
_________
6. In E.coli, the average rate of polymerisa on during DNA replica on is approximately _______ .
7. The first gene c material was _______ .
8. The ribosome also act as ______ for the forma on of pep de bond
9. The UTRs are present at both ___A____ (Before start codon) and ___B____ (A er stop codon)
10. In prokaryotes, control of the rate of ________ is predominant site for control of gene expression
11. The biochemical nature of 'transforming principle' in Griffith's experiment was determined by _______ .
12. The nucleosomes in chroma n are seen as ________ structure when viewed under electron microscope
13. Chromosome 1 has most genes ___A____ and y has the fewest ___B____ .
14. The (z) gene codes for ___A____ , which is primarily responsible for hydrolysis of ___B___
15. The human genome contains ________ million nucleo de bases
16. Transla on refers to process of polymeriza on of __________ to form a polypep de.
17. A transla onal unit in __A__ is the sequence of RNA that is flanked, by the __B___ and the ___C___ and
codes for a polypep de
18. At the end, a _______ binds to stop codon, termina ng transla on and releasing the complete
polypep de from the ribosome
19. The ac vity of RNA polymerase at a given promoter is in turn regulated by interac on with _______,
which affect its ability to recognise start site
20. The commonly used hosts for cloning in HGP were __A__ and __B__ and the vectors were called as
__C__ and __D__.
21. Less than ________ of the human genome codes for proteins
22. A typical nucleosome contains _______ bp of DNA
23. Transcrip onally ac ve chroma n is called as _______.
24. The unequivocal proof that DNA is the gene c material came from the experiments of _______ .
25. In a transcrip on unit, the promoter is said to be located towards _________ of the structural gene.

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 TRUE AND FALSE
26. The process of transrip on and transla on can be coupled in bacteria.
27. The presence of introns is reminiscent of an quity.
28. Severo Ochoa enzyme (Polynucleo de phosphorylase) was also helpful in polymerising RNA with
defined sequence in a template dependent manner.
29. The codon is read in m-RNA in con guous fashion
30. There is one t-RNA for stop codons
31. Regulatory proteins can act only posi vely
32. For ini a on, the ribosome binds to the m-RNA at the start codon that is recognised only by the ini ator
t-RNA
33. The development and differenta on of embryo into adult organism are also a result of the coordinated
regula on of expression of several sets of genes.
34. The split-gene arrangements represent probably a modern feature of the genome.
35. A very low level of expression of lac operon has to be present in cell all the me

ONE WORD ANSWER

36. Which end of a polynucleo de chain has a free phosphate moiety ?
37. The backbone in a polynucleo de chain is formed due to
38. HGP was closely associated with the rapid devlopment of new area in biology called
39. DNA fingerprin ng involves iden fying differences in some specific regions in DNA sequence called as
40. The bulk DNA forms major peak and the other small peaks are referred to as
41. The fragments were sequenced using automated DNA sequencers that worked on the principle of a
method developed by
42. In lac operon, lactose acts as
43. In eukaryotes, the regula on of gene expression could be exerted at
44. The t-RNA is a compact molecule which in 3-D looks like
45. The gene c material must have four quali es, These are :

MATCH THE COLUMN

46. (i) Griffith (a) Transduc on
(ii) Hershey and Chase (b) Nucleoid
(iii) Euchroma n (c) Transforma on
(iv) Prokaryo c DNA (d) Ac ve chroma n
47. (i) i-gene (a) Codes for transacetylase
(ii) z-gene (b) Codes for permease

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 (iii) y-gene (c) Codes for the repressor of lac operon
(iv) a-gene (d) Codes for beta galactosidase
48. (i) m-RNA (a) A ach on promoter
(ii) t-RNA (b) Provide the template during transla on
(iii) r-RNA (c) Brings amino acids and read gene c code
(iv) RNA polymerase (d) Play structural and cataly c role during transla on
49. (i) Helicase (a) Polymerisa on of nucleo des
(ii) Topoisomerase (b) Ligate okazaki fragments
(iii) Ligase (c) Remove stress at the me of unwinding
(iv) DNA polymerase-II (d) Opening of DNA
50. (i) Griffith experiment (a) Use of protein, RNA and DNA diges ve enzymes
(ii) Avery, Macleod and McCarty experiment (b) S-III and R-II strain of Pneumococcus
(iii) Hershey and Chase experiment (c) Discovery of nuclein
(iv) Meischer (d) Use if P82 and S35 (radioac ve P and S)

Chapter - 6 Evolu on
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. Moths that were able to _______ themselves. i,e hide in the background, survived
2. The first cellular forms of life appeared on earth about ______million years ago (mya)
3. In 1938, a fish caugnt in ________ happened to be a coelacanth which was thought to be ex nct.
4. ________ evolved into the first amphibians.
5. _______ were present but they all fell to form coal deposits slowly.
6. Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus were exis ng about__________.
7. Bigbang, a single huge explosion causes__A_of universe and hence temperature__B__
8. Good ozone formed in upper atmosphere i.e. stratosphere by the ac on of______ on O2 .
9. Life originated in _____ and cannot sustain without_____.
10. Life appeared_____a er the forma on\origin of earth i.e. almost 4 bya
11. Limita on of Louis pasteur theory was that itcannot explain the origin of ____
12. Uninterrupted source of energy(SUN), reducing environment (CH4 , etc and absence of O2 ), water and
self replica ng organic material required for_____
13. In an experiment in 1953 SL miller proved chemical evolu on by forming _A_ i.e. organic materials from
inorganic materials (NH3 , H2 O, H2 CH4 ) at high temperature in reducing environment while other
scien sts produced B, C, D and E i.e. organic materials in similar experiments like miller.

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14. ______act as an evidence to establise similarity in the process of chemical evolu on on earth and
elsewhere in space
15. 3 bya gaint molecules like RNA proteins polysaccharides etc form first__________which probably show
reproduc on.
16. ______is the end result of the ability to adapt and get selected by nature
17. Evolu on by natural selec on in true sense started when cellular forms of life with______in metabolic
capability originated on earth.
18. Darwin's finches i.e. small black coloured birds are originally_____ but due to divergent radia on
adapted to various food sources like insects, fruits etc.
19. Anthropogenic ac ons leads to evolu on by natural selec on are _A_ and _B_ while ar ficial selec on
by _C_
20. Skull of adult ________ is more similar to baby chimpanzee than adult
21. Evolu on is a _______based on chance events in nature and chance muta ons in the organism
22. Considera on of only those varia ons which were heritable and makes best u liza on of resources or
makes individual best adap ve to habitat i.e. responsible for more progeny__________________
23. Invertebrates __(A) __sea weeds and few plants__(B) __and fish with strout and strong fins could move
on land and go back to water __(C) __
24. Rep les lay_____which do not dry up in sun unlike those of amphibians
25. Dryopithecus was more __(A)__ while ramapithecus was more __(B)__

TRUE AND FALSE

26. The rate of appearance of new forms is linked to the life cycle or the life span.
27. The geological history of earth closely correlates with the biological history of earth.
28. According to Darwin, adap ve ability is acquired.
29. Natural selec on can lead to stabilisa on, direc onal change or disrup on.
30. Jawless fish probably evolved around 500 mya .
31. About 200 mya the dinosaurs suddenly disappeared from the earth.
32. Homo erectus had a large brain around 900 c.c and probably ate meat.
33. The story of evolu on of modern man is most interes ng & appear to paraellel evolu on of human
brain and language.

ONE WORD ANSWER

34. Stellar distances are measured in.
35. In the solar system of the milky way galaxy, the earth was back supposed to have been formed about :
36. Oparin of Russia and Haldane of England proposed that the first form of life could have come from pre-
exis ng non-living organic molecules (eg. RNA, protein etc) and that forma on of life was preceded by :

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37. Based on observa ons made during a sea voyage in a sail ship called H.M.S. Beagle round the world who
concluded that exis ng living forms share similari es :
38. The same structure developed along different direc ons due to adap ons to different needs. These
structures are called as :
39. We employ an bio cs or drugs against eukaryo c organisms/cells. Hence, resistant organisms/cells are
appearing in a me scale of month or years and not centuries. These are example of evolu on due to
40. When more than one adap ve radia ons appeared to have occured in an isolated geographical area
(represen ng different habitats). One can call this :
41. The process of evolu on of different species in a given geographical area star ng from a point and
literally radia ng to other areas of geography (habitats) is called :
42. Which principle says that allele frequencies in a popula on are stable and are constant genera on to
genera on. p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
43. Who with a brain size of 1400 cc lived in near east and central Asia between 1,00000–40,000 years back.
44. First formed gases in course of origin of universe
45. Pauched mammals of australia survived because of lack of compe on from any other mammals due to

MATCH THE COLUMN

46. (a) Homo habilis (i) 900cc
(b) Neanderthal man (ii) 1600cc
(c) Homo erectus (iii) 650-800cc
(d) Cromagnon man (iv) 1400cc
47. (1) Marsopial (i) Ancestor of mammals
(2) Analogous organs (ii) Tool maker man
(3) Homo habilis (iii) Similar in func on
(4) Synapsids (iv) Adap ve radia on
48. The correct sequence of human ancestors in increasing brain capaci y.
a. Neanderthal man
b. H. erectus
c. H. habilis
49. In the given diagramma c representa on of opera on of natural selec on, iden fy a, b and c

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50. Which of the following is the correct sequence of ancestor of the evolu on of plant forms.
a-Chlorophyte
b-Psilophyton
c-Rhynia type
d-Tracheophyte

Chapter - 7 Human Health and Diseases

ONE WORD ANSWER
1. Common round worm, which shows symptoms like internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia &
blockage of intes nal passage is :
2. The main physical barrier of our body which prevents entry of micro-organism from environment is :
3. Proteins which are produced by B-lymphocytes in response to pathogen are :
4. Principle of vaccina on or immunisa on is based on :-
5. Cons tutes 50% of lymphoid ssue and located within the major respiratory, diges ve & urogenital tract
is known as :-
6. The cell which con nues to produce virus and act like HIV factory is :
7. White, odourless, bi er crystalline compound which are chemically diacetyl morphine is :
8. Anxiety, shakiness, nausea and swea ng are relieved when use is resumed are known as :
9. Disease causing agents are known as :-
10. Death may occur in severe case of typhoid due to :-
11. Symptoms like fever, chills, cough, headache and in severe case turning of color of nail from gray to
bluish occurs in :
12. Toxin in malaria, which results in chill & high fever in humans is :-
13. Disease which are transmi ed from one person to another is known as :
14. For survival of pathogen within the environment of the host, pathogen have to :-
15. Confirmatory test for typhoid is :-
16. Transmi ng agent for Plasmodium species is :-
17. Causa ve agent of a protozoan disease which cause amoebiasis is :-
18. Genera which are responsible for fungal disease ringworm are :-
19. Polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes (PMNL) which form cellular barrier are :
20. Yellowish fluid which contains IgA an body and protects infants in ini al days :
21. Exaggerated response of immune system to certain an gens is known as :
22. Number of these cells decreases progressively during HIV infec on leading to immunodeficiency.

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23. Phenomenon of cell by which it inhibits the uncontrolled growth is :
24. Marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja are examles of :-
25. Infec ons occuring in AIDS due to immunodeficiency are caused by:-

FILL IN THE BLANKS

26. Bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are responsible for the disease
pneumonia in humans which infects the ____________of the lungs.
27. Dysentery, plague, diphtheria, etc., are some of the other ________diseases in man.
28. Many viruses also cause diseases in human beings. Rhino viruses represent one such group of viruses
which cause one of the most infec ous human ailments ____________
29. Plasmodium, a ny _____________is responsible for this disease. Different species of Plasmodium (P.
vivax, P. malaria and P. falciparum) are responsible for different types of malaria.
30. Malignant malaria caused by Plasmodium ____________is the most serious one and can even be fatal.
31. The rupture of RBCs is associated with release of a toxic substance, ______________, which is
responsible for the chill and high fever recurring every three to four days.
32. Entamoeba histoly ca is a protozoan parasite in the ____________of human which causes amoebiasis
(amoebic dysentery).
33. Innate immunity is ____________type of defence, that is present at the me of birth.
34. Cellular barriers : Certain types of leukocytes (WBC) of our body like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes
(PMNL-neutrophils) and ____________and natural killer (type of lymphocytes) in the blood as well as
macrophages in ssues can phagocytose and destroy microbes.
35. The ________themselves do not secrete an bodies but help B cells produce them.
36. When ready-made an bodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents, it is called
___________immunity.
37. ____________which affects many people in our society is an auto-immune disease.
38. The primary lymphoid organs are ___________and thymus where immature lymphocytes differen ate
into an gen-sensi ve lymphocytes.
39. HIV enters into helper ____________replicates and produce progeny viruses. The progeny viruses
released in the blood a ack other helper T-lymphocytes. This is repeated leading to a progressive
decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes in the body of the infected person.
40. The ____________tumors, on the other hand are a mass of prolifera ng cells called neoplas c or
tumor cells. These cells grow very rapidly, invading and damaging the surrounding normal ssues.
41. _____________uses strong magne c fields and non-ionising radia ons to accurately detect
pathological and physiological changes in the living ssue.

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42. Opioids are the drugs, which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our central nervous system
and___________.
43. Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals, which interact with cannabinoid receptors present principally in
the______________. Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the plant Cannabis
sa va.
44. Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucina ons. Other well-known plants with hallucinogenic
proper es are Atropa belladona and____________. These days cannabinoids are also being abused by
some sportspersons.
45. Tobacco contains a large number of chemical substances including nico ne, an alkaloid. Nico ne
s mulates _______________to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline into blood circula on, both of
which raise blood pressure and increase heart rate.

MATCH THE COLUMN

46. (A) Smack (1) Hallucina on
(B) Cocaine (2) Depressant
(C) Datura (3) Pain killer
(D) Morphine (4) S mulant
47. (A) Adolescence (1) Oral cancer
(B) Addic on (2) Abrupt discon nua on of regular close of drug
(C) Smoking (3) Bridge linking childhood and adulthood
(D) Withdrawal syndrome (4) Psychological euphoria associated with drugs
48. (A) Biopsy (1) Three dimensional image using X-rays
(B) Radiography (2) Histopathological study
(C) Computed tomography (3) Use of strong magne c fields and non-ionising radia ons
(D) MRI (4) Use of X-rays
49. (A) Allergy (1) Inability to discriminate self non-self-cells
(B) Autoimmunity (2) Introduc on of killed/weakened pathogen
(C) Ac ve immunisa on (3) Immune response against allergens
(D) Passive immunisa on (4) Introduc on of an bodies
50. (A) Tuberculosis (1) Harmless virus
(B) Whooping cough (2) Inac vated toxin
(C) Diphtheria (3) Killed bacteria
(D) Polio (4) Harmless bacteria

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 Chapter - 8 Microbes in Human Welfare
ONE WORD ANSWER
1. Which Microorganism grow in milk and convert it to curd ?
2. Which microorganism improves the nutri onal quality of curd by increasing vitamin B12 ?
3. The puffed-up appearance of dough is due to produc on of
4. The dough which is used for making bread is fermented by which microbe ?
5. Which tradi onal drink in some part of southern India is made by fermen ng sap of palms ?
6. Produc on on an industrial scale, requires growing microbes in very large vessels called :
7. Name of the first an bio c to be discovered :-
8. Which group of enzymes are used in detergent formula on and are helpful in removing oily stains from
the laundary
9. In anaerobic sludge digesters during diges on, bacteria produce mixture of gases called biogas. Give the
three components of biogas.
10. The technology of biogas produc on was developed in India mainly due to the efforts of
11. Give the name of pathogen which a ack on insect and other Arthopods so used as biological control
agents.
12. Majority of baculoviruses used as biological control agents belong to which genus ?
13. The main sources of biofer lisers are
14. In Paddy fields which microorganism serve as important biofer liser?
15. Name the blood-chloesterol lowering agent which is produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus .

FILL IN THE BLANKS

16. .....A.....Produced by the bacterium Streptococcus and modified by gene c engineering is used as
a.....B.....for removing....C... from blood vessel.
17. Microorganism such as ____________ and others commonly called ____________ grow in milk and
convert it to curd.
18. In the dough used for making dosa and idli, the puffed-up appearance of it is due to the production of
____________.
19. The dough used for making bread is fermented using ____________.
20. The scientific name of Baker’s yeast is ____________.
21. ____________ is a traditional drink in some parts of southern India that is made by fermenting sap
from palms.
22. The large holes in ‘Swiss cheese’ are due to production of large amount of ____________ by a
bacterium named ____________.

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23. The ‘Rouefort cheese’ is ripened by growing specific ____________ on them which gives them a
particular flavor.
24. The alcoholic drink ____________ and beer are produced without distillation whereas ____________,
____________ and rum are produced by distillation of fermented broth.
25. ____________ was the first antibiotic to be discovered by ____________.
26. Alexander Fleming while working on ____________ observed that the mould named ____________
growing in unwashed plate produced penicillin because of which bacteria was not able to grow around
mould.
27. Fill the correct acid producer of respective acid: citric acid by ____________, acetic acid by
____________, butyric acid by ____________, and lactic acid by ____________.
28. ____________ enzymes are used in detergent formulations and are helpful in removing oily stains from
the laundry.
29. Streptokinase is produced by bacterium ____________.
30. Cyclosporin A is used as immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients is produced by fungus
____________.
31. ____________ produced by the yeast ____________ have been commercialized as blood-cholesterol
lowering agents.
32. In primary treatment of waste water, all the solids that settle form the ____________, and the
supernatant forms ____________.
33. Secondary treatment of waste water is also known as ____________.
34. The masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh like structures in secondary
treatment of waste water is called ____________.
35. ____________ is the measure of organic matter present in water. The more it is, ____________ is its
polluting potential of waste water.
36. In biological treatment of waste water, a small part of ____________ is pumped back into aeration tank
to serve as inoculum and remaining part is pumped into larger tanks called ____________.
37. During the digestion in anaerobic sludge digester, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as
____________, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. These gases forms ____________.
38. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has initiated ____________ and ____________ to save the
major rivers of our country from pollution.
39. The technology of biogas production was developed in India mainly due to efforts of ____________ and
Khadi and ____________.

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40. The microbial biocontrol agents used to control butterfly caterpillars is the bacteria ____________.
When insect eats spore of this bacterium, the toxin is released in ____________ of larvae and larva is
killed.
41. ____________ are pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods. The majority of them used as
biological control agents are in the genus ____________.
42. In paddy fields, ____________ serve as an important biofertilizer.
43. The nodules on the roots of leguminous plants are formed by the symbiotic association of
____________.
44. Microbes can also be used to kill harmful pests, a process called as ____________.
45. The symbiotic association between some fungi and plants are called ____________.

MATCH THE COLUMN

46. (1) Acetobacter ace (a) Cyclosporin A
(2) Clostridium butylicum (b) Lac c acid
(3) Lactobacillus (c) Butyric acid
(4) Trichoderma Polysporum (d) Ace c acid
47. (1) Propionibacterium Sharmanii (a) Penicillin
(2) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (b) Citric acid
(3) Aspergillus niger (c) Ethanol
(4) Penicillium notatum (d) Swiss cheese
48. (A) Clot buster (i) Monascus
(B) Sta ns (ii) Trichoderma
(C) Butyric acid (iii) Streptococcus
(D) Cyclosporin-A (iv) Clostridium
49. (a) Ladybird (1) Methanobacterium
(b) Mycorrhiza (2) Trichoderma
(c) Biological control (3) Aphids
(d) Biogas (4) Glomus
50. Recognise the figure and iden fy a , b , c, d

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 Chapter - 9 Biotechnology Principle and Processes

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Asexual reproduc on preserves the __________, while sexual, varia on reproduc on permits
__________
2. The technique which is responsible for making mul ple iden cal copies of any template DNA called
___________.
3. Autonomously replica ng circular extra-chromosomal DNA in bacterial cell is called __________.
4. The cu ng of DNA at specific loca ons is become possible due to __________.
5. When a cut piece of DNA linked with plasmid and trasfers the linked DNA into host cell then in this
condi on plasmid act as ____.
6. Mosquito acts as an __________ to transfer _________ the into Vector, malaria parasite human body.
7. The most common used matrix in gel electrophoresis is ________________, which is natural polymer
extracted from _________________.
8. The separated DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis can be visualized after staining the DNA with
compound ________________ followed by exposure to _________________ . It is seen as
________________ coloured band.
9. The process wherein the separated bands of DNA in gel electrophoresis are cut out from agarose gel
and extracted from the gel piece is called _________________.
10. _________________ is a sequence from where replication starts and any piece of DNA when linked to
this sequence can be made to replicate within the host cell.
11. _________________ is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium.
12. When pBR322 vector is used for transforming recombinant DNA molecule using Bam HI as restriction
enzyme, then recombinant cell will grow on _________________ antibiotic containing medium, but not
on medium containing _________________.
13. When a recombinant DNA is inserted within the coding sequence of an enzyme β-galactosidase, it
results into inactivation of enzyme, which is referred to as _________________.
14. In insertional inactivation of coding sequence of β-galactosidase, the presence of chromogenic
substrate gives _________________ coloured colonies if the plasmid in bacteria does not have an
insert.
15. _________________, a pathogen of several dicot plants is able to deliver a piece of DNA called
_________________ to transform normal plant cells into a _________________.
16. Since DNA is _________________ molecule, it cannot pass through cell membranes.

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17. Bacterial cells can be made to take recombinant DNA by incubating it with DNA on ice, followed by
_________________ at _____°C and then again putting them on ice.
18. When a cut piece of DNA linked with plasmid with the help of ligase enzyme then this result in
forma on of new DNA, known as ................. .
19. Hind-II always cut DNA molecules at a par cular point by recognising a specific sequence of six base
pairs. This specific base sequence is known as the ................. .
20. Today we know more than __________ that have been isolated, from over __________ of bacteria each
of which recognize difference recogni on sequences.
21. The groups of le ers that form the same words when read both forward and backward, eg.
"MALAYALAM" is called _________.
22. The extrac on of DNA fragment from agarose gel is called _______.
23. The process include separa on and purifica on of desirable protein is called ______
24. If any protein encoding gene is expressed in a heterologus host, is called a ................ .
25. In biolis c or gene gun method DNA is coated with __________.

TRUE AND FALSE

26. The fate of piece of DNA, which is somehow transferred into an alien organism would always integrated
and mul ply.
27. The uptake of DNA during transforma on is an ac ve process.
28. In recombinant DNA, DNA inserted within the coding sequence of an enzyme  galactosidase.
29. Bioreactor provides the op mal condi ons for obtaining desired product.
30. In inser onal inac va on process alien gene introduced False in ori. sequence.

ONE WORD ANSWER

31. Which techniques of gene c engineering overcome the limita on and allows us to isolate and introduce
only one or a set of desirable genes without introducing undersirable genes into the target organism ?
32. Who constructed the first recombinant DNA ?
33. Which enzyme links the an bio c resistance gene with the plasmid vector ?
34. Which specific nucleo de sequences is recognizes by restric on endonuclease in DNA
35. The cell which contain recombinant DNA
36. From where the agarose extracted ?
37. Name the process which is use to check the progression of restric on enzyme diges on
38. The part of Ti Plasmid is transferred by Agrobactrium in dicot plant is called.
39. By which method rDNA is directly injected into the nucleus of animal cell ?
40. From which bacteria thermostable taq DNA polymerase is isolated ?

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 MATCH THE COLUMN
41. (a) Ribonuclease (i) Bacterial cell wall
(b) Protease (ii) RNA
(c) Chilled Ethanol (iii) Plant cell wall
(d) Lysozyme (iv) Protein
(e) Cellulase (v) Fungal cell wall
(f) Chi nase (vi) Precipita on of DNA
42. (a) Microinjec on (i) Competent cells
(b) Biolis cs (ii) Plant cells
(c) Heat shock (iii) Bacterial cells
(d) Treatment with Ca2+ (iv) Animal cells
43. (a) DNA ligase (i) Molecular scissors
(b) DNA polymerase (ii) Ini a on of replica on
(c) Restric on enzymes (iii) Molecular glue
(d) Vectors (iv) DNA synthesis
(e) Origin of replica on (v) Plasmid DNA
44. 1. Recombinant DNA technology A. Vector
2. Cloning vehicle B. Joining enzyme
3. Macromolecule separa on C. Gel electrophoresis
4. DNA ligase D. Gene c engineering
45. 1. E A. Order of enzyme isola on
2. co B. genus
3. R C. name of strain
4. I D. species

DIAGRAM BASED QUESTION

46. Iden fy A, B, C, D, E in given diagram

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47. Iden fy the A, B, C, D, E and F in the given diagram

48. Iden fy the A and B in given diagram.

49. Iden fy the A, B, C and D in given diagram.

50. In the following figure Which DNA is not digested ?

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Chapter - 10 Biotechnology and its Applica ons
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. The milk of first transgenic cow contained a human protein ____ .
2. Human protein -1-an trypsin used to treat _______ .
3. The ac vated Bt toxin binds to the ___(a)____ and create ____(b)____
4. B.thuringiensis form a protein crystal during a par cular ____(a)____ these crystals contain a toxic
____(b)____
5. The choice of Bt genes depends upon ____(a)____ and____(b)____ as most Bt toxins are ____(c)____
6. A nematode _____________ infects the roots of tobacco plants and causes a great reduction in yield.
7. _____________ method involves silencing of specific mRNA due to complementary dsRNA molecule
that binds to and prevents translation of the mRNA.
8. Using _____________ vectors, nematode-specific genes were introduced into the host plant tobacco.
9. At present, about _____________ recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human-use world
over. In India, _____________ of these are presently being marketed.
10. Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from _____________ of slaughtered cattle and
_____________.
11. Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains _____________ and _____________, that are linked
together by _____________.
12. In humans, the pro-hormone of insulin contains an extra stretch called _____________ and so needs to
be processed before it becomes a fully mature and functional hormone.
13. In 1983, _____________ an American company prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to chainA
and chainB of human insulin and introduced them in plasmid of bacterium _____________ to produce
insulin chains.
14. The first clinical gene therapy was given in _____________ to a 4-year old girl with _____________
deficiency.
15. In some children ADA deficiency can be cured by _____________ transplantation; in others it can be
treated by enzyme replacement therapy.
16. In gene therapy for ADA deficiency, a functional ADA cDNA using a _____________ vector is introduced
in lymphocytes.
17. In ADA deficiency, if the gene isolated from marrow cells producing ADA is introduced into cells at
_____________ stages, it could be a permanent cure.
18. Some important techniques that serve the purpose of early diagnosis of disease are recombinant DNA
technology, _____________ and _____________.
19. A single stranded RNA or DNA molecule tagged with a radioactive molecule is called _____________.

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20. ELISA is based on the principle of _____________ interaction.
21. Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipula on are called
____________ .
22. Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called _______.
23. The first clinical gene therapy was given in ________ .
24. In RNA the source of complementary RNA could be from an infec on by viruses having RNA genomes or
Mobile gene c elements (transposons) that form complementary RNA replicate via an _______
25. Very low concentra on of a bacteria or virus (at a me when the symptoms of the diseae are not yet
visible) can be detected by_______

TRUE AND FALSE

26. Downstream processing technology is used to purify the protein / organic
27. Gene c modifica on has made crops more tolerant to abio c stress
28. Gene c modifica on has increased reliance on chemical pes cides
29. Agrochemical based agriculture is a op on that can be thought for increasing food produc on
30. The green revolu on succeeded in tripling the food supply and it was enough to feed growing human
popula on

ONE WORD ANSWER

31. Which type of gene has been cloned from the bacteria and been expressed in the palnt to provide
resistance to insects.
32. Which nematode infects the roots of tobacco plants
33. The use of bioresources of mul na onal companies and other organisa on without proper
authorisa on from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment is called
34. Name of the first transgenic cow is :-
35. ELISA which is a molecular diagnosis techiques is based on the which principle?
36. Give the name of any three techniques that serve the purpose of early diagnosis
37. If a person is born with a hereditary disease, which correc ve therapy be taken for such a disease
38. In mature insulin chain-A and chain-B are linked together by which bond?
39. Which technology is used to purify the protein / organic compound ?
40. Which type of plants are created with the use of GM to supply alterna ve resources to industries ?
41. Name the orders of insects which killed by proteins that produce by some strains of Bacillus
thuringiensis :-
42. Which take place in all eukaryo c organisms as a method of cellular defense
43. In earlier insulin used for diabetes was extracted from pancreas of which animals?
44. Adenosine deaminase enzyme is crucial for which system to func on ?

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45. Which organisa on in India make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and safety of
introducing GM organisms for public services ?

MATCH THE COLUMN

46. (1) RNAi (a) Corn borer
(2) cry I Ab (b) Co on bollworms
(3) cry I Ac (c) Proinsulin
(4) C pep de (d) Silencing of specific mRNA
47. (A) Golden rice (i) Increased shelf life
(B) Flavr savr tomato (ii) HGH
(C) Mouse (iii) Vitamin-A
(D) Transgenic pig (iv) Organ transplanta on
48. (a) Basma Rice in India (i) Second amendment
(b) GEAC (ii) Use of bioresources without proper authorisa on
(c) Indian patents Bills (iii) Validity of GM Research
(d) Biopiracy (iv) 27 varie es
49. (A) Nematode resistant tobacco (i) An sense technology
(B) Replacement of non-func onal gene (ii) Gene silencing
(C) Flavr-savr tomato (iii) Gene therapy
50. (A) GMO (i) Prevents blood clo ng
(B) Hirudin (ii) Enhanced nutri onal value of food e.g. Vitamin-A enriched rice
(C) PCR (iii) Pest resistance and high yield
(D) Bt co on (iv) Amplifying a specific DNA molecule

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 Unit - 10 Ecology
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. _______________ refers to the number of birth during a given period in popula on and
_______________ refers to the number of death.
2. _______________ is the number of individuals of same species that have come into the habitat from
elsewhere during the me period under considera on and _______________ is the number of
individuals who le the habitat.
3. When resources are unlimited, the growth is usually _______________ but when resources become
progressively limi ng, the growth pa ern turns _______________ .
4. In any growth pa ern, growth is ul mately limited by the _______________ of the environment.
5. The _______________ is a measure of the inherent poten al of a popula on to grow.
6. A plot of N in rela on to me(t) results in a sigmoid curve. This type of popula on growth is called
_______________ Logis c growth.
7. The mathema cal equa on describing the increase or decrease in N during me(t) is
_______________ in exponen al growth & _______________ in Logis c growth.
8. Both the species benefit in _______________ and both lose in _______________ in their interac on
with each other.
9. The interac on where one species is benefi ed and the other is neither benefi ed nor harmed is
_______________ and when one is harmed & other is unaffected is _______________ .
10. The interac ons in which interac ng species live closely together are _______________ ,
_______________ and commensalism.
11. The animals that feed on plant sap and other parts of plants are _______________ .
12. The common weed in abandoned field is _______________ . Ca le never browsed on this plant
because it produces highly poisonous _______________ .
13. The fitness of one species is measured in terms of its _______________ .
14. _______________ Principle state that two closely related species compe ng for the same resources
cannot co-exist indefinitely and compe vely inferior one will be eliminated eventually.
15. In _______________ , two species compe ng for the same resources avoid compe on by choosing
different mes for feeding or different foraging period.
16. Parasites that feed on the external surface of host organism are called _______________ and that
those live inside host body are called _______________ .
17. An example of commensalism is the interac on between sea anemone that has s nging tentacles and
_______________ that lives among them.
18. Gross primary produc vity minus respira on losses (R) is the ______________ produc vity (NPP).

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19. ______________ produc vity is defined as the rate of forma on of new organic ma er by consumers.
20. The annual net primary produc vity of whole biosphere is approximately ____________ billion tons of
organic ma er.
21. The important steps in the process of decomposi on are fragmenta on, leaching _______________,
_______________ and _______________.
22. By the process of _______________, water-soluble inorganic nutrients go down into the soil horizon
and get precipitated as unavailable salts.
23. _______________ leads to accumula on of a dark coloured amorphous substance called
_______________ that is highly resistant to microbial ac on and increases fer lity of soil.
24. Plants capture only _______________ % of PAR.
25. Animals are heterotrophs and also _______________ as they depend directly or indirectly on plants
for food. If they feed only on producer they are called _______________ and if they eat other animals,
they are called _______________.
26. The natural interconnec on of food chain makes _______________.
27. Decomposers are also known as _______________.
28. Producers belong to _______________ trophic levels, herbivores to _______________ and carnivores
to _______________.
29. The amount of energy _______________ at successive trophic levels.
30. Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a par cular me called as _______________.
31. Only _______________% of the energy is transferred to each trophic level from the lower trophic
level.
32. The pyramid of biomass in sea is _______________ because the biomass of fishes _______________
that of phytoplankton.
33. Pyramid of _______________ is always upright.
34. The Amazon rain forest is so huge that it is called _____________ of the planet.
35. The ____________ introduced into Lake Victoria in East Africa led eventually to the ex nc on of more
than 200 species of ____________ fish in the lake.
36. The illegal introduc on of African ca ish ____________ for aquaculture purpose is a posing threat to
the indigenous ca ishes in our rivers.
37. ____________ is exploring molecular, gene c and species-level diversity for product of economic
importance.
38. In ____________ conserva on, the endangered species are protected in their natural habitat so that
the en re ecosystem is protected.

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39. ____________ conserva on is desirable approach when an animal or plant is threatened and needs
urgent measures to save it from ex nc on.
40. The species that are confined to one region and not found anywhere else is called ____________
species.
41. The total number of biodiversity hotspots in the world is ____________.
42. India has ____________ biosphere, ____________ na onal parks and ____________ wildlife
sanctuaries.
43. The historic Conven on on Biological Diversity ____________ held in Rio De Janeiro in 1992, called
upon all na ons to take appropriate measures for conserva on of biodiversity & sustainable u liza on
of its benefits.
44. India has only ____x % _____of world's land area but have__ y % ____of global species diversity.
45. The species diveristy ________ when we move towards the equator whereas it ________ when we
move towards the poles.

TRUE AND FALSE

46. 99% of animals and nearly all plants are conformers.
47. Thermoregula on is energe cally expensive for many organisms.
48. Heat loss or heat gain is a func on of surface area.
49. All birds and mammals are regulators.
50. 2.5 million species of plants and animals are described according to IUCN (2004)

ONE WORD ANSWER

51. Some insects and frogs are cryp cally coloured to avoid being detected by predators. This is called
52. How much percentage of all insects are phytophagous which feeds on plant sap and other parts of
plant ?
53. When feeding efficiency of one species is reduced in presence of the other species even if the
resources are abundant, it is called
54. Which organisms are more adversely affected by compe on than carnivores ?
55. An organism reduces survival, growth and reproduc on of other organism, reduces its popula on
density and makes it physically weak, such organism is called
56. The mutualis c rela onship between fungus and cyanobacteria is called
57. In an interspecific interac on a filamentous eukaryo c organism absorbs nutrients from the soil for the
higher plant. In turn the host provides some energy yielding carbohydrates, such associa on is called
58. Under unfavourable condi ons, a stage of suspended development is called
59. Mammals from colder climates generally have shorter ears and limbs to minimise heat loss. This is
called

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60. How does kangaroo rat fulfill its water requirements ?
61. How do Antarc c fish manage to keep their body fluids from freezing ?
62. Write some examples of organisms that breed only once in their life me.
63. Different species of plants occupy various levels in the forest ecosystem. Such distribu on is called
64. The basic requirement for any ecosystem to func on and sustain is
65. Representa on of produc on and produc vity in terms of energy
66. A rabbit feeds on grass and gains 1 kg weight within two months this rate of biomass gain is termed as
67. How much amount of carbon is fixed in biosphere through photosynthesis annually?
68. The price tag given to fundamental ecosystem services is approximately
69. If 1,000,000 J of sunlight is provided to a food chain what is the amount of energy present at top
consumer level if food chain have four trophic level.
70. Term biodiversity was popularised by –
71. Biodiversity is the combined diversity at all levels of biological organisa on what are those levels ?
72. How much percentage of recorded species are animals and plants respec vely?
73. According to rivet popper hypothesis, if ecosystem is considered as airplane then what does the rivets
on wings represent.
74. Which area on earth is also called lungs of planet ?
75. Exploring molecular, gene c, species - level diversity for products of economic importance is termed as

MATCH THE COLUMN

76. A. Dodo i. Australia
B. Steller's sea cow ii. Mauri us
C. Quagga iii. Africa
D. Thylacine iv. Russia
77. 1. Mango Branch A. Sea anemone
2. Clown fish B. Barnacles
3. Egret bird C. Ca le
4. Whale D. Orchid
78. 1. Resource par oning A. Gause
2. Compe ve exclusion B. Darwin
3. Struggle for existence C. Mac Arthur
79. A. Cardiac glycosis i. Acacia , Cactus
B. Distasteful due to a special chemical ii. Insects
C. Thorns iii. Calotropis
D. Camouflage iv. Monarch bu erfly

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80. 1. Commensalism a. +, -
2. Amensalism b. 0, -
3. Compe on c. 0, +
4. Preda on d.–, -
5. Mutualism e. +, +
81. (a) Producer (i) Wolf
(b) Primary consumer (ii) Lion
(c) Secondary consumer (iii) Grass
(d) Ter ary consumer (iv) Grass hopper
82. (a) Carbon dissolved in oceans (i) 55 billion tons
(b) Annual fixa on of carbon through photosynthesis (ii) 71%
(c) PAR captured by plants (iii) 41013 kg
(d) Produc vity of oceans (iv) 2 to 10%
83. (a) Preda on (i) Ticks on dogs
(b) Compe on (ii) Sea-anemone and Clown fish
(c) Parasi sm (iii) Fish and Flamingos
(d) Commensalism (iv) Seeds ea ng sparrow

DIAGRAM BASED QUESTION

84. Write equa ons for curves a and b in the graph given below.

85. Iden fy A, B, C & D

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86. Iden fy the growth status of the popula on from given age pyramids :

87. Iden fy A, B & C

88. Iden fy A, B, C, D and E in above cycle.

89. Iden fy x and y

90. Given below is one of the types of ecological pyramids. This type represents

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