1. What is the primary subject of Kautilya’s Arthashastra?

A) Religion and philosophy

B) State administration and governance
C) Poetry and literature
D) Astronomy and mathematics

Answer: B) State administration and governance

Reference: Arthashastra (Book 1, Chapter 1 page number 3)

states that it is a treatise on governance economy, and military
strategy.

2. According to Kautilya, what is the foremost duty of a king?

A) Conquering new territories

B) Protecting his subjects
C) Promoting religious practices
D) Accumulating wealth

Answer: B) Protecting his subjects

Reference: Arthashastra (Book 1, Chapter 19, Page number 50)

emphasizes that the king’s primary duty is Yogakshema (welfare
and security of the people).

3. Which of the following economic principles is emphasized in

Arthashastra?

A) Laissez-faire economy
B) State-controlled economy
C) Barter system
D) Feudal system

Answer: B) State-controlled economy

Reference: Arthashastra (Book 2, Chapter 1, Page number 60)

discusses strict government regulation on trade, agriculture, and
taxation.

4. Which of the following is NOT one of the seven elements in

the Saptanga Theory?

A) Swami (King)
B) Amatya (Ministers)
C) Varta (Trade and Agriculture)
D) Mitra (Allies)

Answer: C) Varta (Trade and Agriculture)

Reference: The seven elements in Arthashastra (Book 6, Chapter

1, Page no.362) are Swami (King), Amatya (Ministers),
Janapada (Territory and People), Durga (Fort), Kosha
(Treasury), Danda (Army), and Mitra (Allies).

5. What was Kautilya’s view on diplomacy as per Arthashastra?

A) Diplomacy should always avoid war

B) Diplomacy is based on Saam, Daam, Dand, Bhed (Persuasion,
Bribery, Punishment, and Division)
C) War should be the first option
D) Alliances should never be formed

Answer: B) Diplomacy is based on Saam, Daam, Dand, Bhed

Reference: Arthashastra (Book 6, Chapter 2, Page no.365)

describes sixfold foreign policy, including peace, war, and
alliances.

file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/R.%20Shamasastry-
Kautilya's%20Arthashastra%20%20%20(1915).pdf

1. What is the primary theme of Shanti Parva in the

Mahabharata?

A) The preparation for war

B) The principles of peace, dharma, and governance
C) The genealogy of the Kuru dynasty
D) The strategy of war and espionage

Answer: B) The principles of peace, dharma, and governance

Reference: Shanti Parva (Book 12 of the Mahabharata, Page

no.13
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142208/page/n7/mode/2up
?view=theater) contains the teachings of Bhishma to Yudhishthira
about rajadharma (king’s duty), moksha (liberation), and moral
philosophy.

2. Who is the primary speaker in Shanti Parva who imparts

wisdom to Yudhishthira?

A) Krishna
B) Bhishma
C) Vidura
D) Dronacharya

Answer: B) Bhishma

Reference: Shanti Parva (Sections 1-2, page no.6) describes

Bhishma lying on the bed of arrows, advising Yudhishthira on
righteous rule and governance.

3. In Shanti Parva, what is the key teaching of the

"Rajadharma" section?

A) A king should always expand his territory through war

B) A king must rule with righteousness and ensure the welfare of
his subjects
C) A king should prioritize wealth over justice
D) A king should never seek advice from elders

Answer: B) A king must rule with righteousness and ensure the

welfare of his subjects
Reference: Shanti Parva (Rajadharma Upaparva, Chapter 56,
Page no. 79) states that the king's primary duty is to protect his
people and uphold justice, ensuring prosperity through dharma.

4. What does Bhishma emphasize about forgiveness (Kshama)

in Shanti Parva?

A) Forgiveness is a sign of weakness

B) Forgiveness is a great virtue and leads to inner peace
C) Only the powerful should forgive
D) Revenge is always superior to forgiveness

Answer: B) Forgiveness is a great virtue and leads to inner

peace

Reference: Shanti Parva (Section 96) highlights that forgiveness

(Kshama) is greater than revenge and is a sign of true
strength and wisdom.

5. What philosophical concept is deeply discussed in the

Moksha Dharma section of Shanti Parva?

A) The importance of wealth accumulation

B) The path to liberation (Moksha) through detachment and
knowledge
C) The necessity of caste-based discrimination
D) The superiority of rituals over inner realization

Answer: B) The path to liberation (Moksha) through detachment

and knowledge
Reference: Shanti Parva (Moksha Dharma Upaparva, Chapter
174, Page no.413) explains that true liberation (Moksha) is
attained by overcoming desires, practicing renunciation, and
seeking spiritual wisdom.

1. Which concept in Gandhi’s political theory emphasizes self-

rule and decentralization?

A) Totalitarianism
B) Swaraj
C) Dictatorship of the Proletariat
D) Fabian Socialism

Answer: B) Swaraj
Reference: Hind Swaraj (1909) – Gandhi defines Swaraj as self-
rule based on moral and social responsibility.

2. Gandhi’s theory of Trusteeship is an alternative to which

economic model?

A) Communism
B) Capitalism
C) Both A and B
D) Mercantilism

Answer: C) Both A and B

Reference: Trusteeship (Collected Works) – Gandhi’s trusteeship
model seeks to balance wealth distribution without abolishing
private property.
3. According to Gandhi, what is the highest form of political
resistance?

A) Armed Struggle
B) Passive Submission
C) Civil Disobedience
D) Monarchy

Answer: C) Civil Disobedience

Reference: Satyagraha in South Africa (1928) – Nonviolent
resistance as a tool against injustice.

4. Gandhi’s economic vision prioritized which of the following?

A) Large-scale industrialization
B) Village-based economy
C) Free-market capitalism
D) State-controlled industries

Answer: B) Village-based economy

Reference: Constructive Programme (1941) – Advocates self-
sufficient village economies.

5. What is the essence of Gandhi’s Sarvodaya concept?

A) Welfare of all
B) Military nationalism
C) Rigid class divisions
D) Religious theocracy
Answer: A) Welfare of all
Reference: Sarvodaya (The Welfare of All) – Inspired by John
Ruskin’s unto This Last, focusing on social justice.

1. Which ideology did M. N. Roy originally follow before

developing Radical Humanism?

A) Gandhian Philosophy
B) Communism
C) Fascism
D) Liberalism

Answer: B) Communism
Reference: India in Transition (1922) – Roy initially embraced
Marxist thought before rejecting it later.

2. In Radical Humanism, what does Roy see as the foundation

of a political system?

A) Dictatorship of the Proletariat

B) Individual Reason and Freedom
C) Religious Rule
D) Aristocracy

Answer: B) Individual Reason and Freedom

Reference: New Humanism – A Manifesto (1947) – Emphasizes
rational thought over class struggle.

3. What was Roy’s critique of parliamentary democracy?

A) It centralizes power in political parties
B) It strengthens monarchy
C) It promotes socialism
D) It encourages military rule

Answer: A) It centralizes power in political parties

Reference: Reason, Romanticism and Revolution – Roy
advocated a party-less democracy.

4. Where did M. N. Roy establish the first Communist Party

outside Russia?

A) India
B) China
C) Mexico
D) France

Answer: C) Mexico
Reference: Memoirs of a Catastrophe (Chapter 28, Page no. 204)
– Founded the Mexican Communist Party in 1919.

5. Roy’s idea of a new society was based on which principle?

A) Religious morality
B) Rational Democracy
C) Absolute Monarchy
D) Proletariat Rule
Answer: B) Rational Democracy
Reference: New Humanism – Supports democratic rule based on
rational decision-making.

1. What was Aurobindo’s early approach to Indian nationalism?

A) Armed Struggle
B) Passive Resistance
C) Totalitarianism
D) Economic Reforms

Answer: A) Armed Struggle

Reference: Bande Mataram Articles – Initially supported
revolutionary nationalism.

2. What is the main principle of Sri Aurobindo’s Integral Yoga

in politics?

A) Materialism and Rationalism

B) Political Evolution through Spiritual Consciousness
C) State Socialism
D) Feudalism

Answer: B) Political Evolution through Spiritual Consciousness

Reference: The Life Divine – Proposes spiritual transformation
as key to governance.

3. Which form of government did Aurobindo advocate for the

future?
A) Theocratic State
B) World Union based on Spirituality
C) Fascism
D) Bureaucratic Governance

Answer: B) World Union based on Spirituality

Reference: The Ideal of Human Unity – Predicts a future global
spiritual federation.

4. What was Aurobindo’s view on democracy?

A) It is the final stage of governance

B) It must evolve into spiritual governance
C) It is inferior to monarchy
D) It should be replaced by dictatorship

Answer: B) It must evolve into spiritual governance

Reference: The Human Cycle – Democracy should evolve into a
higher divine order.

5. Which revolutionary newspaper was edited by Sri Aurobindo?

A) The Hindu
B) Bande Mataram
C) Kesari
D) Young India

Answer: B) Bande Mataram

Reference: Bande Mataram Articles – A major voice for Indian
revolutionary nationalism.
1. What was the central theme of Jayaprakash Narayan’s "Total
Revolution" movement?

A) Armed struggle
B) Transforming all aspects of society – political, social, and
economic
C) Military rule
D) Nehruvian socialism

Answer: B) Transforming all aspects of society – political, social,

and economic
Reference: Prison Diary (1975) – JP emphasized a holistic
revolution against corruption and injustice.

2. Jayaprakash Narayan was a key leader of which anti-

government movement in India?

A) Quit India Movement

B) Emergency Protest of 1975
C) Chipko Movement
D) Telangana Rebellion

Answer: B) Emergency Protest of 1975

Reference: A Plea for the Reconstruction of Indian Polity (1959) –
JP led a mass movement against Indira Gandhi’s Emergency
rule.

3. JP’s political ideology was closest to which system?

A) Totalitarianism
B) Democratic socialism and decentralization
C) Marxist Communism
D) Fascism

Answer: B) Democratic socialism and decentralization

Reference: The Idea of Freedom – JP advocated people’s power
and self-governance at local levels.

4. Which party did Jayaprakash Narayan help form in 1977?

A) Bharatiya Jana Sangh

B) Janata Party
C) Congress (O)
D) Communist Party of India

Answer: B) Janata Party

Reference: Total Revolution (1974) – JP’s call for change led to
the formation of the Janata Party, defeating Congress in 1977.

5. Which Gandhian principle influenced JP’s political

philosophy?

A) Gram Swaraj and Decentralization

B) Industrial Capitalism
C) Military Expansionism
D) Feudal Governance
Answer: A) Gram Swaraj and Decentralization
Reference: From Socialism to Sarvodaya – JP merged Gandhian
ideas with democratic socialism.

1. What is the core political philosophy of B. R. Ambedkar?

A) Class War
B) Social Democracy and Constitutionalism
C) Dictatorship of the Proletariat
D) Anarchism

Answer: B) Social Democracy and Constitutionalism

Reference: Annihilation of Caste (1936) – Ambedkar believed in
democracy based on social justice.

2. What was Ambedkar’s main critique of Indian society?

A) Lack of industrialization
B) Caste-based social hierarchy
C) Excessive democracy
D) Tribal autonomy

Answer: B) Caste-based social hierarchy

Reference: The Problem of the Rupee (1923) – Criticized caste
as a major obstacle to political democracy.

3. Which book by Ambedkar argues for economic planning and

state intervention?

A) State and Revolution

B) Thoughts on Linguistic States
C) Problem of the Rupee
D) The Buddha and His Dhamma

Answer: C) Problem of the Rupee

Reference: Problem of the Rupee (1923) – Discusses the
economic exploitation of India under colonial rule.

4. What did Ambedkar consider the foundation of democracy?

A) Parliamentary system without social justice

B) A society based on equality and fraternity
C) Religious control over governance
D) Military rule

Answer: B) A society based on equality and fraternity

Reference: The Constitution of India – Ambedkar saw social
equality as essential for democracy.

5. What was Ambedkar’s alternative to Brahminical Hinduism?

A) Marxist Communism
B) Buddhism
C) Feudalism
D) Christianity

Answer: B) Buddhism
Reference: The Buddha and His Dhamma (1957) – Advocated
Buddhist values as a rational alternative to caste oppression.

1. What is the key concept in Savarkar’s political ideology?

A) Hindutva (Hindu Nationalism)
B) Socialist Revolution
C) Gandhian Nonviolence
D) Global Capitalism

Answer: A) Hindutva (Hindu Nationalism)

Reference: Hindutva: Who is a Hindu? (1923) – Savarkar defines
Hindu identity in cultural and nationalistic terms.

2. What was Savarkar’s stance on Indian independence?

A) Supported only peaceful resistance

B) Advocated armed revolution against British rule
C) Favored British rule
D) Supported princely states

Answer: B) Advocated armed revolution against British rule

Reference: First War of Indian Independence (1909) – Savarkar
called the 1857 rebellion India’s first war of independence.

3. Which political organization was influenced by Savarkar’s

ideas?

A) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)

B) Communist Party of India
C) Indian National Congress
D) Swaraj Party
Answer: A) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)
Reference: Hindutva: Who is a Hindu? – Influenced Hindu
nationalist movements, though he was not an RSS member.

4. Which of the following best describes Savarkar’s position on

religion in politics?

A) Theocracy
B) Secular nationalism with Hindu cultural identity
C) Complete religious domination in politics
D) Marxist Atheism

Answer: B) Secular nationalism with Hindu cultural identity

Reference: Essentials of Hindutva – Saw Hindutva as a cultural
and civilizational identity, not strictly religious.

5. How did Savarkar’s ideology differ from Gandhi’s?

A) Supported violent means for independence, unlike Gandhi’s

nonviolence
B) Opposed Hindu identity
C) Promoted socialism
D) Focused only on economic issues

Answer: A) Supported violent means for independence, unlike

Gandhi’s nonviolence
Reference: Six Glorious Epochs of Indian History – Saw violent
resistance as a historical necessity.
1. According to Aristotle, what is the highest form of
government?

A) Democracy
B) Oligarchy
C) Aristocracy
D) Monarchy

Answer: C) Aristocracy
Reference: Politics – Aristotle sees aristocracy as the ideal rule
of the virtuous few, ensuring justice and stability.

2. What does Aristotle mean by the term "Polity"?

A) A corrupt form of aristocracy

B) A mixed government combining democracy and oligarchy
C) A rule by philosopher-kings
D) A tyranny disguised as democracy

Answer: B) A mixed government combining democracy and

oligarchy
Reference: Politics (Book IV) – Polity is the best practical
government, blending democratic and oligarchic elements.

3. What is Aristotle’s main critique of democracy?

A) It leads to the rule of the poor over the rich

B) It is the best form of government
C) It strengthens monarchy
D) It eliminates the role of virtue in politics
Answer: A) It leads to the rule of the poor over the rich
Reference: Politics (Book III) – Aristotle criticizes democracy for
prioritizing quantity over quality in governance.

4. According to Aristotle, how should laws function in an ideal

state?

A) They must be subject to rulers’ decisions

B) They must be based on divine revelation
C) They should function as supreme guiding principles above
rulers
D) They should change according to public opinion

Answer: C) They should function as supreme guiding principles

above rulers
Reference: Nicomachean Ethics – Laws should guide rulers, not
the other way around.

5. Aristotle classifies government forms based on two factors.

What are they?

A) Economic power and religion

B) Number of rulers and ruling purpose (just or unjust)
C) Military strength and divine legitimacy
D) The ruler’s lineage and economic status

Answer: B) Number of rulers and ruling purpose (just or unjust)

Reference: Politics – He categorizes monarchy, aristocracy, and
polity as just, while tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy are
unjust.

1. In Plato’s ideal state, who should rule?

A) The wealthiest individuals

B) The strongest military leader
C) Philosopher-Kings
D) The working class

Answer: C) Philosopher-Kings
Reference: The Republic (Book VI) – Plato argues that only
those who grasp true knowledge (philosophers) are fit to rule.

2. What is Plato’s concept of "Forms" in political philosophy?

A) Political structures change based on public will

B) Ideal realities exist beyond the physical world
C) Politics should be guided by religious doctrines
D) The best government must be authoritarian

Answer: B) Ideal realities exist beyond the physical world

Reference: The Republic – The "Form of Justice" is the ultimate
guide for creating a just state.

3. What is the primary flaw of democracy, according to Plato?

A) It allows the unqualified masses to rule

B) It is the best system for governance
C) It prevents tyranny
D) It leads to economic prosperity
Answer: A) It allows the unqualified masses to rule
Reference: The Republic (Book VIII) – Democracy leads to mob
rule and eventually degenerates into tyranny.

4. In The Republic, Plato divides society into three classes.

What are they?

A) Warriors, Merchants, and Farmers

B) Gold, Silver, and Bronze classes
C) Rulers (Guardians), Auxiliaries (Soldiers), and Producers
D) Elites, Slaves, and Politicians

Answer: C) Rulers (Guardians), Auxiliaries (Soldiers), and

Producers
Reference: The Republic (Book III) – A just state must maintain
these class distinctions for harmony.

5. Why does Plato argue for censorship in the ideal state?

A) To control public thought

B) To maintain the moral purity of citizens
C) To prevent political revolutions
D) To suppress artistic creativity

Answer: B) To maintain the moral purity of citizens

Reference: The Republic (Book II) – Plato supports censorship
to promote virtue and prevent corruption.

1. According to Machiavelli, what quality is most important for a

ruler?
A) Morality and virtue
B) Religious piety
C) Cunning and pragmatism
D) Democratic accountability

Answer: C) Cunning and pragmatism

Reference: The Prince (1532)

2. What does Machiavelli mean by "Fortuna"?

A) The divine will guiding rulers

B) The unpredictable nature of political events
C) A ruler’s economic resources
D) A system of governance

Answer: B) The unpredictable nature of political events

Reference: The Prince

3. According to Machiavelli, which form of government is the

most stable?

A) Pure monarchy
B) A republic with strong institutions
C) Direct democracy
D) Oligarchy

Answer: B) A republic with strong institutions

Reference: Discourses on Livy (1531)

4. Why does Machiavelli argue that rulers should be feared

rather than loved?
A) Fear ensures obedience
B) Love breeds instability
C) People are inherently untrustworthy
D) Religion demands it

Answer: A) Fear ensures obedience

Reference: The Prince

5. What does Machiavelli believe about ethics in politics?

A) Ethics should guide all political decisions

B) Politics operates independently of morality
C) Religious principles must dictate governance
D) Justice is the foundation of power

Answer: B) Politics operates independently of morality

Reference: The Prince

1. What is the natural state of mankind, according to Hobbes?

A) Cooperation and peace

B) War of all against all
C) A democratic order
D) Religious harmony

Answer: B) War of all against all

Reference: Leviathan (1651)

2. What justifies an absolute sovereign in Hobbes' theory?

A) Divine right
B) The social contract
C) Economic control
D) Military force

Answer: B) The social contract

Reference: Leviathan

3. Why does Hobbes reject democracy?

A) It weakens the sovereign

B) It leads to social disorder
C) It creates wealth inequality
D) It contradicts Christian teachings

Answer: B) It leads to social disorder

Reference: Leviathan

4. According to Hobbes, what is the purpose of government?

A) To promote individual freedoms

B) To ensure security and prevent chaos
C) To regulate the economy
D) To expand religious authority

Answer: B) To ensure security and prevent chaos

Reference: Leviathan

5. In Hobbes’ view, what is the main cause of conflict in the

state of nature?

A) Greed and ambition

B) Scarcity of resources
C) Fear and mistrust
D) Religious differences

Answer: C) Fear and mistrust

Reference: Leviathan

1. What is the purpose of government according to Locke?

A) To impose strict laws

B) To protect natural rights
C) To enforce religious doctrine
D) To maintain aristocratic rule

Answer: B) To protect natural rights

Reference: Two Treatises of Government (1689)

2. What is Locke’s view on private property?

A) It belongs to the state

B) It is a natural right derived from labor
C) It should be abolished
D) It should be limited by the monarchy

Answer: B) It is a natural right derived from labor

Reference: Two Treatises of Government

3. What is the basis of political legitimacy for Locke?

A) Divine will
B) The will of the majority
C) The social contract and consent of the governed
D) The power of the aristocracy
Answer: C) The social contract and consent of the governed
Reference: Two Treatises of Government

4. According to Locke, when can people overthrow their

government?

A) When they desire a new leader

B) When natural rights are violated
C) When economic collapse occurs
D) When religious leaders command it

Answer: B) When natural rights are violated

Reference: Two Treatises of Government

5. What does Locke believe about human nature?

A) Humans are naturally evil

B) Humans are rational and cooperative
C) Humans seek only personal gain
D) Humans need absolute rule

Answer: B) Humans are rational and cooperative

Reference: Two Treatises of Government

1. What does Rousseau mean by "General Will"?

A) The collective good of all citizens

B) The desires of the wealthy
C) The will of the government
D) Religious doctrine
Answer: A) The collective good of all citizens
Reference: The Social Contract (1762)

2. According to Rousseau, what is the main cause of

inequality?

A) Natural differences
B) Private property
C) Divine punishment
D) Economic competition

Answer: B) Private property

Reference: Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (1755)

3. What is the ideal form of government according to

Rousseau?

A) Direct democracy
B) Monarchy
C) Oligarchy
D) Military rule

Answer: A) Direct democracy

Reference: The Social Contract

4. Why does Rousseau criticize representative democracy?

A) It is too slow in decision-making

B) It does not reflect the true will of the people
C) It is too costly to maintain
D) It empowers the judiciary too much
Answer: B) It does not reflect the true will of the people
Reference: The Social Contract

5. According to Rousseau, what corrupts human beings?

A) Religion
B) Private property
C) The state
D) Wealth

Answer: B) Private property

Reference: Discourse on the Origin of Inequality

1. According to Bentham, what is the primary standard for

moral and political decisions?

A) Religious teachings
B) Customary law
C) The principle of utility
D) The will of the sovereign

Answer: C) The principle of utility

Reference: Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
(1789)

2. What does Bentham mean by "felicific calculus"?

A) A method to calculate the morality of actions based on their

consequences
B) A system of taxation for public welfare
C) A mathematical approach to political governance
D) A religious doctrine on happiness

Answer: A) A method to calculate the morality of actions based

on their consequences
Reference: Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

3. What does Bentham argue about rights?

A) They are natural and inherent

B) They exist independently of the government
C) They are legal fictions created by law
D) They are divine gifts

Answer: C) They are legal fictions created by law

Reference: Anarchical Fallacies (1796)

4. According to Bentham, what should be the main goal of the

legal system?

A) Upholding tradition
B) Maximizing happiness and minimizing pain
C) Strengthening the monarchy
D) Enforcing religious morality

Answer: B) Maximizing happiness and minimizing pain

Reference: Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

5. Which of the following does Bentham oppose?

A) Government intervention in public welfare

B) Laissez-faire capitalism
C) The idea of natural rights
D) Parliamentary democracy

Answer: C) The idea of natural rights

Reference: Anarchical Fallacies

1. What is the "Harm Principle" as proposed by Mill?

A) The state should intervene to prevent harm to others

B) Individuals should always obey state laws
C) The government should control all forms of speech
D) Economic freedom is more important than personal liberty

Answer: A) The state should intervene to prevent harm to others

Reference: On Liberty (1859)

2. What does Mill argue in favor of in The Subjection of

Women?

A) Traditional gender roles

B) The natural inferiority of women
C) Equal rights and education for women
D) Restricting women from political participation

Answer: C) Equal rights and education for women

Reference: The Subjection of Women (1869)

3. How does Mill modify Bentham’s utilitarianism?

A) By adding a distinction between higher and lower pleasures

B) By rejecting the principle of utility
C) By advocating for divine justice
D) By prioritizing economic equality over individual freedom

Answer: A) By adding a distinction between higher and lower

pleasures
Reference: Utilitarianism (1863)

4. According to Mill, what is essential for progress in society?

A) A strong monarchy
B) The suppression of dissent
C) Free speech and open debate
D) Government censorship

Answer: C) Free speech and open debate

Reference: On Liberty

5. What does Mill believe about democracy?

A) It is the best form of government but requires educated

citizens
B) It is inherently flawed and dangerous
C) It should be limited to property owners
D) It should be abolished in favor of monarchy

Answer: A) It is the best form of government but requires

educated citizens
Reference: Considerations on Representative Government (1861)

1. What is Hegel’s dialectical method?

A) A process of history unfolding through thesis, antithesis, and
synthesis
B) A rejection of all previous philosophical thought
C) A mathematical approach to ethics
D) A belief in an unchanging absolute truth

Answer: A) A process of history unfolding through thesis,

antithesis, and synthesis
Reference: The Phenomenology of Spirit (1807)

2. What role does the state play in Hegel’s philosophy?

A) It is the highest realization of ethical life

B) It is a necessary evil
C) It should be overthrown by revolution
D) It should be guided by religious leaders

Answer: A) It is the highest realization of ethical life

Reference: Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1820)

3. According to Hegel, what drives historical progress?

A) Class struggle
B) Material wealth
C) The unfolding of absolute spirit
D) The will of the ruling class

Answer: C) The unfolding of absolute spirit

Reference: The Phenomenology of Spirit

4. What is "Absolute Idealism" in Hegel’s philosophy?

A) The idea that reality is shaped by rational processes
B) A belief in an objective material world
C) A rejection of all empirical knowledge
D) A form of anarchism

Answer: A) The idea that reality is shaped by rational processes

Reference: Science of Logic (1812)

5. What does Hegel mean by "Sittlichkeit"?

A) Ethical life embedded in social institutions

B) Personal moral duty
C) Religious devotion
D) Economic necessity

Answer: A) Ethical life embedded in social institutions

Reference: Elements of the Philosophy of Right

1. What is the fundamental cause of historical change,

according to Marx?

A) Religion
B) Class struggle
C) Technological progress
D) Political decisions

Answer: B) Class struggle

Reference: The Communist Manifesto (1848)

2. What does Marx mean by "alienation"?

A) The estrangement of workers from their labor and society
B) A state of religious enlightenment
C) The rejection of social norms
D) The role of government in individual life

Answer: A) The estrangement of workers from their labor and

society
Reference: Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844

3. According to Marx, what will lead to the end of capitalism?

A) A natural economic collapse

B) Proletarian revolution
C) Reforms by the state
D) Technological advancements

Answer: B) Proletarian revolution

Reference: Das Kapital (1867)

4. What is the "Dictatorship of the Proletariat"?

A) A temporary phase where workers control the state

B) A permanent government system
C) A monarchy led by the working class
D) An economic policy under capitalism

Answer: A) A temporary phase where workers control the state

Reference: Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875)

5. What does Marx believe about religion?

A) It is the "opium of the people"
B) It is essential for moral development
C) It should be integrated into socialism
D) It has no relation to political life

Answer: A) It is the "opium of the people"

Reference: Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of
Right (1843)

1. According to T.H. Green, what is the true purpose of the

state?

A) To maximize economic growth

B) To promote the greatest happiness of the majority
C) To create conditions for individual moral development
D) To expand colonial power

Answer: C) To create conditions for individual moral development

Reference: Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation
(1885)

2. What is Green’s main criticism of classical liberalism?

A) It overemphasizes economic regulation

B) It focuses too much on negative liberty and ignores moral
development
C) It does not support free trade
D) It aligns too closely with socialism
Answer: B) It focuses too much on negative liberty and ignores
moral development
Reference: Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation

3. How does Green define "positive freedom"?

A) The mere absence of external constraints

B) The ability to realize one’s moral and intellectual potential
within society
C) The complete independence from government control
D) The unrestricted right to accumulate wealth

Answer: B) The ability to realize one’s moral and intellectual

potential within society
Reference: Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation

4. What role does Green assign to the state in economic

affairs?

A) It should intervene to remove barriers to individual self-

development
B) It should completely control the economy
C) It should only regulate trade between nations
D) It should have no role in economic matters

Answer: A) It should intervene to remove barriers to individual

self-development
Reference: Prolegomena to Ethics (1883)
5. How does Green’s philosophy differ from Benthamite
utilitarianism?

A) Green emphasizes moral self-realization over mere pleasure

maximization
B) Green rejects state intervention, unlike Bentham
C) Green believes in radical individualism, unlike Bentham
D) Green supports materialism, whereas Bentham does not

Answer: A) Green emphasizes moral self-realization over mere

pleasure maximization
Reference: Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation

1. According to Lenin, what is the role of the "vanguard party"?

A) To maintain stability within a capitalist society

B) To lead the proletariat in revolution and establish a
dictatorship of the proletariat
C) To negotiate reforms within a parliamentary system
D) To support trade unions and economic strikes only

Answer: B) To lead the proletariat in revolution and establish a

dictatorship of the proletariat
Reference: What Is to Be Done? (1902)

2. What does Lenin argue in Imperialism, the Highest Stage of

Capitalism?

A) Imperialism is a necessary evil for global development

B) Capitalism’s survival depends on colonial exploitation and
monopoly capitalism
C) Imperialism benefits both the ruling class and the working
class
D) Nationalism is more important than class struggle

Answer: B) Capitalism’s survival depends on colonial exploitation

and monopoly capitalism
Reference: Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917)

3. What distinguishes Lenin’s theory of revolution from Marx’s?

A) Lenin believed revolution could occur in a semi-feudal or

underdeveloped country
B) Lenin rejected the concept of class struggle
C) Lenin argued that democracy was sufficient for socialism
D) Lenin emphasized peaceful transition over violent revolution

Answer: A) Lenin believed revolution could occur in a semi-feudal

or underdeveloped country
Reference: State and Revolution (1917)

4. In Lenin’s view, what should replace the bourgeois state

after a revolution?

A) A parliamentary democracy
B) A new form of state controlled by workers' councils (Soviets)
C) A return to feudal governance
D) A military dictatorship
Answer: B) A new form of state controlled by workers' councils
(Soviets)
Reference: State and Revolution

5. What is Lenin’s stance on spontaneous worker uprisings?

A) They are sufficient for overthrowing capitalism

B) They must be guided by a disciplined revolutionary party
C) They are counterproductive to socialist goals
D) They should be suppressed

Answer: B) They must be guided by a disciplined revolutionary

party
Reference: What Is to Be Done?

1. How does Mao’s interpretation of Marxism differ from

Lenin’s?

A) Mao emphasizes the role of the peasantry in revolution rather

than the industrial proletariat
B) Mao rejects class struggle
C) Mao advocates for peaceful democratic transition
D) Mao sees socialism as irrelevant to Chinese conditions

Answer: A) Mao emphasizes the role of the peasantry in

revolution rather than the industrial proletariat
Reference: On Contradiction (1937)

2. What is Mao’s concept of "protracted people's war"?

A) A short, decisive urban uprising
B) A prolonged rural guerrilla warfare strategy
C) A focus on parliamentary politics
D) A strategy based on trade union activism

Answer: B) A prolonged rural guerrilla warfare strategy

Reference: On Guerrilla Warfare (1937)

3. According to Mao, what is the primary contradiction in

Chinese society?

A) Conflict between monarchy and democracy

B) Struggle between the working class and capitalists
C) Contradiction between feudal landlords and the peasantry
D) Religious tensions

Answer: C) Contradiction between feudal landlords and the

peasantry
Reference: On Contradiction

4. What was the goal of the Cultural Revolution?

A) To strengthen capitalist institutions

B) To eliminate bourgeois elements and continue revolutionary
struggle
C) To restore dynastic rule
D) To expand China's market economy
Answer: B) To eliminate bourgeois elements and continue
revolutionary struggle
Reference: Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung (1966)

5. What is Mao’s "Mass Line" strategy?

A) The vanguard party should dictate policies without consulting

the masses
B) Leaders should learn from the people, formulate policies, and
then mobilize them
C) Revolution should be led by the military alone
D) The Communist Party should prioritize international alliances

Answer: B) Leaders should learn from the people, formulate

policies, and then mobilize them
Reference: On the Mass Line (1943)

1. What does Gramsci mean by "hegemony"?

A) The use of direct military force to control society

B) The cultural and ideological dominance of the ruling class
C) The absence of state power
D) The destruction of traditional values

Answer: B) The cultural and ideological dominance of the ruling

class
Reference: Prison Notebooks (1929-1935)

2. What is the role of intellectuals in Gramsci’s theory?

A) They act as intermediaries between the ruling class and the
masses
B) They should remain politically neutral
C) They should avoid engaging in social struggles
D) They are irrelevant to political transformation

Answer: A) They act as intermediaries between the ruling class

and the masses
Reference: Prison Notebooks

3. How does Gramsci's concept of revolution differ from

Lenin’s?

A) Gramsci focuses on cultural and ideological struggle rather

than violent seizure of power
B) Gramsci rejects socialism entirely
C) Gramsci believes only military power can ensure revolution
D) Gramsci prefers elite rule over mass participation

Answer: A) Gramsci focuses on cultural and ideological struggle

rather than violent seizure of power
Reference: Prison Notebooks

4. What is a "war of position" in Gramscian thought?

A) A long-term struggle for ideological and cultural dominance

B) A military battle between rival factions
C) A temporary electoral strategy
D) A rejection of revolution
Answer: A) A long-term struggle for ideological and cultural
dominance
Reference: Prison Notebooks

5. According to Gramsci, what is necessary for a socialist

transformation?

A) The working class must establish counter-hegemonic

institutions
B) Economic reforms alone are sufficient
C) Dictatorship should be maintained permanently
D) Religion must be eliminated entirely

Answer: A) The working class must establish counter-hegemonic

institutions
Reference: Prison Notebooks

1. What is the primary function of Rawls' "veil of ignorance"?

A) To eliminate all social hierarchies

B) To create a hypothetical scenario where individuals choose
principles of justice without knowing their social status
C) To justify economic inequality
D) To establish an aristocratic ruling class

Answer: B) To create a hypothetical scenario where individuals

choose principles of justice without knowing their social status
Reference: A Theory of Justice (1971)
2. Which of the following best describes Rawls' "difference
principle"?

A) Inequalities in society are justified only if they benefit the least

advantaged
B) Absolute economic equality must be enforced
C) The most talented individuals should receive the greatest
rewards
D) Property rights should be protected at all costs

Answer: A) Inequalities in society are justified only if they benefit

the least advantaged
Reference: A Theory of Justice

3. How does Rawls justify social cooperation?

A) It is based on rational individuals agreeing to fair principles

under the original position
B) It is enforced through coercive state power
C) It naturally emerges from religious values
D) It is a byproduct of capitalist competition

Answer: A) It is based on rational individuals agreeing to fair

principles under the original position
Reference: A Theory of Justice

4. In Political Liberalism, Rawls introduces the concept of

"overlapping consensus." What does this mean?
A) Different moral and religious doctrines can agree on political
principles of justice
B) Political ideologies must be identical to function
C) Society should be governed by a single moral truth
D) Democracy is incompatible with pluralism

Answer: A) Different moral and religious doctrines can agree on

political principles of justice
Reference: Political Liberalism (1993)

5. What is Rawls' stance on utilitarianism?

A) He supports it as the best ethical theory

B) He rejects it because it allows individual rights to be sacrificed
for collective welfare
C) He modifies it into "rule utilitarianism"
D) He believes it should be the foundation of justice

Answer: B) He rejects it because it allows individual rights to be

sacrificed for collective welfare
Reference: A Theory of Justice

1. What is Nozick’s main argument in Anarchy, State, and

Utopia?

A) A just society is based on a minimal state that protects

individual rights
B) The state should redistribute wealth to achieve equality
C) A welfare state is essential for justice
D) Democracy should have no limits on state intervention

Answer: A) A just society is based on a minimal state that

protects individual rights
Reference: Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)

2. What is the "entitlement theory of justice"?

A) Justice is achieved when individuals acquire and transfer

property through voluntary exchanges
B) All wealth must be redistributed equally
C) The government must regulate all markets
D) Society should follow Rawls’ difference principle

Answer: A) Justice is achieved when individuals acquire and

transfer property through voluntary exchanges
Reference: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

3. What does Nozick mean by "self-ownership"?

A) Individuals fully own themselves and their labor, and should

not be forced into redistributive taxation
B) The government should manage all economic activities
C) Private property must be abolished
D) Social contracts are more important than individual liberty

Answer: A) Individuals fully own themselves and their labor, and

should not be forced into redistributive taxation
Reference: Anarchy, State, and Utopia
4. Nozick criticizes Rawls' theory of justice because:

A) Rawls supports a redistributive state, which Nozick sees as

violating individual rights
B) Rawls does not consider economic equality
C) Rawls favors capitalism too much
D) Rawls’ theory is based on historical entitlement

Answer: A) Rawls supports a redistributive state, which Nozick

sees as violating individual rights
Reference: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

5. According to Nozick, taxation for wealth redistribution is

equivalent to:

A) Charity
B) Forced labor
C) A necessary social duty
D) Economic democracy

Answer: B) Forced labor

Reference: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

1. What is the central critique that communitarianism makes

against Rawlsian liberalism?

A) It ignores the role of communities and cultural traditions in

shaping individual identity
B) It is too focused on nationalism
C) It does not promote economic growth
D) It rejects political participation

Answer: A) It ignores the role of communities and cultural

traditions in shaping individual identity
Reference: Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice
(1982)

2. According to Alasdair MacIntyre, what is necessary for moral

reasoning?

A) Engagement in a shared historical and cultural tradition

B) Absolute individual autonomy
C) Strict adherence to legal norms
D) A focus on economic utility

Answer: A) Engagement in a shared historical and cultural

tradition
Reference: Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue (1981)

3. What does Michael Walzer argue in Spheres of Justice?

A) Different social goods (e.g., wealth, education, power) should

be distributed according to their own logic and meaning
B) All goods should be distributed equally
C) The market should determine all allocations
D) There should be a single principle for justice
Answer: A) Different social goods (e.g., wealth, education, power)
should be distributed according to their own logic and meaning
Reference: Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (1983)

4. Charles Taylor argues that identity is formed through:

A) Dialogue and recognition by others in society

B) Absolute autonomy
C) Genetic inheritance alone
D) A strict utilitarian framework

Answer: A) Dialogue and recognition by others in society

Reference: Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism and the Politics of
Recognition (1992)

5. What is a core feature of communitarianism?

A) The belief that individual rights must always be subordinate to

community values
B) The view that community traditions shape moral and political
decisions
C) The rejection of democracy
D) The absolute endorsement of state power

Answer: B) The view that community traditions shape moral and

political decisions
Reference: Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self (1989)