Narration

Direct & indirect

• REPORTING VERB – कहा, पछ
ू ा, बताया इस type के जो भी words होते है वो कहलाते है
Reporting verbs.
• REPORTED SPEECH - जो बात बताई गई है , तारीफ की गई है जो सवाल पछ
ू ा गया है इस तरह की
जजतनी भी statments है ये बाते ये हमारी कहलाती है ऐसे sentences या ऐसे reported
speech जजसके अंदर कोई universal fact हो या universal truth हो तो इस तरह की
अगर हमारी reported speech है तो हम उसके अंदर tense को change नहीं करते।

Example- Direct- Shiri said “I go to school”.

Indirect- Shiri said that she went to school.

Direct – The girl said “I read in the morning”.

Indirect – The girl said that she read in the morning.

Direct – They said “We play football”.

Indirect – They said that they played football.

Direct Indirect
Will Would
Now Then
Here There
This That
These Those
Today That day
Tonight That day
Last night The previous night
Yesterday The previous day
Tomorrow The next day
Last week The previous week
Next week The following week
Last month The previous month

1.CHANGES IN TENSES
Present Indefinite – Past indefinite
Example-

He said “I want to go now”. He said that he wanted to go

then.

Present continuous – Past continuous

Example-

She said “I am going today “. She said that she was going that day.

Present perfect- Past perfect

Example-

My father said “I have come”. My father said that he had come.

Present perfect continuous – past perfect continuous

Example-

They said “We have been working since They said that they had been working
morning”. since morning.

Past indefinite- Past perfect

Example-

My mother said “I went to Delhi”. My mother said that she had gone to
Delhi.

Past continuous – Past perfect continuous

Example-

They said “We were coming “. They said that they had been coming.

Past perfect – Past perfect (No change)

Example-

He said “I had done my work “. He said that he had done his work.
 Interrogative
1. Simple interrogative - ये वो sentences है जजसमे अपने कोई सवाल पूछा हो जजसका जवाब या तो
Yes/No हो। उदहारण- क्या आप स्कूल जाते हो ?, क्या आप youtube इस्तेमाल करते हो ?, क्या आपके
पास 500 रुपए है ? तो इस तरह के जजतने भी questions है जजनका जवाब yes/no होगा तो उन्हें हम simple
interrogative sentences कहते है ।
Example-
Direct-He said to me “Do you know me”?
Indirect- He asked me whether/if I knew him.

2. Double interrogative- ऐसे sentences जो W/H family से start हो जैसे what, which, why, how, who,
when और वो sentences जजसका जवाब yes /No ना हो। आपको detail में बताना पड़े। उन्हें हम double
interrogative sentences कहते है ।
Example-
Direct- He said to me “when are you coming”?
Indirect- He asked me when I was coming.

Examples-

DIRECT INDIRECT
He said to sita “Did you do this”? He asked site if she had done that.
My brother said to me “why did you My brother asked me why I had not
not come to office”? come to office.
His teacher said to him “Why were His teacher asked him why he had been
you fighting yesterday”? fighting previous day.
Her sister said to her “have you done Her sister asked if she had done her
your homework”? homework.

2. Changes in Pronouns (सर्वनामों में परिर्र्वन):

When converting direct speech to indirect speech, the pronouns generally change to match the
perspective of the reporting person.

• Example:
o Direct Speech (English): She said, "I am hungry."
o Indirect Speech (English): She said that she was hungry.
• Direct Speech (Hindi): उसने कहा, "मैं भूखा हूँ।"
o Indirect Speech (Hindi): उसने कहा कक वह भूखा है ।
In this example:

• "I" (first-person pronoun) changes to "she" (third-person pronoun).

• "am" changes to "was" due to the shift in tense.

3. Changes in Time Expressions (समय संबंधी शब्दों में परिर्र्वन):

Certain time expressions change when moving from direct speech to indirect speech, as the reference
point shifts.

• Today → That day

• Tomorrow → The next day / The following day

• Yesterday → The day before / The previous day

• Now → Then

• This → That

Examples:

• Direct Speech: He said, "I will meet you tomorrow."

• Indirect Speech: He said that he would meet me the next day.

• Direct Speech: She said, "I met him yesterday."

• Indirect Speech: She said that she had met him the day before.

4. Reporting Verbs (रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ):

When changing direct speech to indirect speech, the reporting verb changes based on the tone of the
sentence. Common reporting verbs are:

• Said (ससदधांर् से कहा): General statements.

• Told (बर्ाया): When giving information or commands.

• Asked (पछ
ू ा): When asking a question.

• Exclaimed (आश्चयव व्यक्र् क्रकया): To express surprise or excitement.

• Advised (सलाह दी): To give advice.

Examples:
 • Direct Speech (English): "I don't know the answer," he said.

o Indirect Speech (English): He said that he didn't know the answer.

• Direct Speech (English): "What time is it?" she asked.

o Indirect Speech (English): She asked what time it was.

5. Imperative Sentences (आज्ञार्वक र्ाक्य):

Imperative sentences (commands or requests) have a special form in indirect speech. The reporting
verb may change depending on the type of request.

• Direct Speech: "Please help me."

o Indirect Speech: He requested me to help him.

• Direct Speech: "Close the door."

o Indirect Speech: He ordered me to close the door.

In these cases, the verb is often transformed into its infinitive form (e.g., to help, to close), and the
subject (usually "you") is omitted.

6. Exclamatory Sentences (वर्स्मयार्दबोधक र्ाक्य):

Exclamatory sentences, which express strong emotions (surprise, happiness, anger, etc.), are reported
with the verb exclaimed, and the exclamation mark is removed in indirect speech.

• Direct Speech: "What a beautiful day!"

o Indirect Speech: He exclaimed that it was a beautiful day.

• Direct Speech: "How amazing this is!"

o Indirect Speech: She exclaimed how amazing it was.

Summary of Changes in Narration:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Quotation marks are used. No quotation marks; reporting verb is used.

The exact words of the speaker are quoted. The speaker's words are reported in indirect form.

Pronouns change (I → he/she). Pronouns are changed according to the subject.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

The verb is in the original tense. The verb may change tense (past tense, etc.).

Time expressions may change. Time expressions are modified.