Cultural heritage
Cultural heritage is t he herit age of t angible and int angible herit age asset s of a group or societ y
t hat is inherit ed from past generat ions. Not all herit ages of past generat ions are "herit age"; rat her,
herit age is a product of select ion by societ y.[1]
Roman ruins with a prophet, by
Giovanni Pannini, 1751. The artistic
cultural heritage of the Roman Empire
served as a foundation for later
Western culture, particularly via the
Renaissance and Neoclassicism (as
exemplified here).
Cult ural herit age includes t angible cult ure (such as buildings, monument s, landscapes, archive
mat erials, books, works of art , and art ifact s), int angible cult ure (such as folklore, t radit ions,
language, and knowledge), and nat ural herit age (including cult urally significant landscapes, and
biodiversit y).[2] The t erm is oft en used in connect ion wit h issues relat ing t o t he prot ect ion of
Indigenous int ellect ual propert y.[3]
The deliberat e act ion of keeping cult ural herit age from t he present for t he fut ure is known as
preservat ion (American English) or conservat ion (Brit ish English), which cult ural and hist orical
et hnic museums and cult ural cent ers promot e, t hough t hese t erms may have more specific or
t echnical meanings in t he same cont ext s in t he ot her dialect . Preserved herit age has become an
anchor of t he global t ourism indust ry, a major cont ribut or of economic value t o local
communit ies.[1]
Legal prot ect ion of cult ural propert y comprises a number of int ernat ional agreement s and
nat ional laws. Unit ed Nat ions, UNESCO and Blue Shield Int ernat ional deal wit h t he prot ect ion of
cult ural herit age. This also applies t o t he int egrat ion of Unit ed Nat ions peacekeeping.[4][5][6][7][8][9]
Types of heritage
Cultural property
Cult ural propert y includes t he physical, or "t angible" cult ural herit age, such as art works. These are
generally split int o t wo groups of movable and immovable herit age. Immovable herit age includes
buildings (which t hemselves may include inst alled art such as organs, st ained glass windows, and
frescos), large indust rial inst allat ions, resident ial project s, or ot her hist oric places and
monument s. Moveable herit age includes books, document s, moveable art works, machines,
clot hing, and ot her art ifact s, t hat are considered wort hy of preservat ion for t he fut ure. These
include object s significant t o t he archaeology, archit ect ure, science, or t echnology of a specified
cult ure.[2]
Aspect s and disciplines of t he preservat ion and conservat ion of t angible cult ure include:
Museology
Archival science
Conservat ion (cult ural herit age)
Art conservat ion
Archaeological conservat ion
Archit ect ural conservat ion
Film preservat ion
Phonograph record preservat ion
Digit al preservat ion
Intangible culture
The Grandfather tells a story, by Albert
Anker, c. 1884.
"Int angible cult ural herit age" consist s of non-physical aspect s of a part icular cult ure, more oft en
maint ained by social cust oms during a specific period in hist ory. The concept includes t he ways
and means of behavior in a societ y and t he oft en formal rules for operat ing in a part icular cult ural
climat e. These include social values and t radit ions, cust oms and pract ices, aest het ic and spirit ual
beliefs, art ist ic expression, language and ot her aspect s of human act ivit y. The significance of
physical art ifact s can be int erpret ed as an act against t he backdrop of socioeconomic, polit ical,
et hnic, religious, and philosophical values of a part icular group of people. Nat urally, int angible
cult ural herit age is more difficult t o preserve t han physical object s.
Aspect s of t he preservat ion and conservat ion of cult ural int angibles include:
folklore
oral hist ory
language preservat ion
Natural heritage
"Nat ural herit age" is also an import ant part of a societ y's herit age, encompassing t he count ryside
and nat ural environment , including flora and fauna, scient ifically known as biodiversit y, as well as
geological element s (including mineralogical, geomorphological, paleont ological, et c.),
scient ifically known as geodiversit y. These kinds of herit age sit es oft en serve as an import ant
component in a count ry's t ourist indust ry, at t ract ing many visit ors from abroad as well as locally.
Herit age can also include cult ural landscapes (nat ural feat ures t hat may have cult ural at t ribut es).
Aspect s of t he preservat ion and conservat ion of nat ural herit age include:
Rare breeds conservat ion
Heirloom plant s
Digital heritage
Digit al herit age is made up of comput er-based mat erials such as t ext s, dat abases, images,
sounds and soft ware being ret ained for fut ure generat ions.[10] Digit al herit age includes physical
object s such as document s which have been digit ized for ret ent ion and art ifact s which are "born
digit al", i.e. originally creat ed digit ally and having no physical form.
Protection of cultural heritage
History
There have been examples of respect for t he cult ural asset s of enemies since ancient t imes.
The root s of t oday's legal sit uat ion for t he precise prot ect ion of cult ural herit age also lie in some
of t he regulat ions of Aust ria's ruler Maria Theresa (1717 - 1780) and t he demands of t he
Congress of Vienna (1814/15) not t o remove works of art from t heir place of origin in t he war.[11]
The 1863 Lieber code, a milit ary legal code governing t he wart ime conduct of t he Union Army
also set rules for t he prot ect ion of cult ural herit age.[12] The process cont inued at t he end of t he
19t h cent ury when, in 1874 (in Brussels), at least a draft int ernat ional agreement on t he laws and
cust oms of war was agreed. 25 years lat er, in 1899, an int ernat ional peace conference was held in
t he Net herlands on t he init iat ive of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, wit h t he aim of revising t he
declarat ion (which was never rat ified) and adopt ing a convent ion. The Hague Convent ions of 1899
and 1907 also significant ly advanced int ernat ional law and laid down t he principle of t he immunit y
of cult ural propert y. Three decades lat er, in 1935, t he preamble t o t he Treat y on t he Prot ect ion
of Art ist ic and Scient ific Inst it ut ions (Roerich Pact ) was formulat ed. On t he init iat ive of UNESCO,
t he Hague Convent ion for t he Prot ect ion of Cult ural Propert y in t he Event of Armed Conflict was
signed in 1954.[13]
Prot ect ion of cult ural herit age or prot ect ion of cult ural goods refers t o all measures aimed at
prot ect ing cult ural propert y against damage, dest ruct ion, t heft , embezzlement , or ot her loss.
The t erm "monument prot ect ion" is also used for immovable cult ural propert y. Prot ect ion of
cult ural herit age relat es in part icular t o t he prevent ion of robbery digs at archaeological sit es, t he
loot ing or dest ruct ion of cult ural sit es and t he t heft of works of art from churches and museums
all over t he world and basically measures regarding t he conservat ion and general access t o our
common cult ural herit age. Legal prot ect ion of cult ural herit age comprises a number of
int ernat ional agreement s and nat ional laws.[14][15][16][17][18]
There is a close part nership bet ween t he UN, Unit ed Nat ions peacekeeping, UNESCO, t he
Int ernat ional Commit t ee of t he Red Cross and Blue Shield Int ernat ional.[9][19]
Karl von Habsburg, on a Blue Shield
International fact-finding mission in
Libya
The prot ect ion of cult ural herit age should also preserve t he part icularly sensit ive cult ural
memory, t he growing cult ural diversit y, and t he economic basis of a st at e, a municipalit y, or a
region. Whereby t here is also a connect ion bet ween cult ural user disrupt ion or cult ural herit age
and t he cause of flight . But only t hrough fundament al cooperat ion, including t he milit ary unit s and
t he planning st aff, wit h t he locals can t he prot ect ion of world herit age sit es, archaeological finds,
exhibit s, and archaeological sit es from dest ruct ion, loot ing, and robbery be implement ed
sust ainably. The founding president of Blue Shield Int ernat ional Karl von Habsburg summed it up
wit h t he words: "Wit hout t he local communit y and wit hout t he local part icipant s, t hat would be
complet ely impossible".[9][20][21][22]
Ethics and rationale
Object s are a part of t he st udy of human hist ory because t hey provide a concret e basis for ideas,
and can validat e t hem. Their preservat ion demonst rat es a recognit ion of t he necessit y of t he
past and of t he t hings t hat t ell it s st ory.[23] In The Past is a Foreign Country, David Lowent hal
observes t hat preserved object s also validat e memories. While digit al acquisit ion t echniques can
provide a t echnological solut ion t hat is able t o acquire t he shape and t he appearance of art ifact s
wit h unprecedent ed precision[24] in human hist ory, t he act ualit y of t he object , as opposed t o a
reproduct ion, draws people in and gives t hem a lit eral way of t ouching t he past . This poses a
danger as places and t hings are damaged by t he hands of t ourist s, t he light required t o display
t hem, and ot her risks of making an object known and available. The realit y of t his risk reinforces
t he fact t hat all art ifact s are in a const ant st at e of chemical t ransformat ion so t hat what is
considered t o be preserved is act ually changing – it is never as it once was.[25] Similarly changing
is t he value each generat ion may place on t he past and on t he art ifact s t hat link it t o t he past .
The equalit y or inseparabilit y of cult ural preservat ion and t he prot ect ion of human life has been
argued by several agencies and writ ers,[26] for example, former French president François
Hollande st at ed in 2016
Our responsibility is to save lives and also to save the stones -- there is no choice
to be made, because today both are destroyed.[27]
Kautilya Society in Varanasi - When
heritage protection becomes a fight
for legality and participation →
"They harass me because I demand
civil society participation to public
policies and I contrast the misuse of
privileges" (https://www.youtube.co
m/playlist?list=PL1EB2F3C06819828
F)
Classical civilizat ions, especially Indian, have at t ribut ed supreme import ance t o t he preservat ion
of t radit ion. It s cent ral idea was t hat social inst it ut ions, scient ific knowledge, and t echnological
applicat ions need t o use a "herit age" as a "resource".[28] Using cont emporary language, we could
say t hat ancient Indians considered, as social resources, bot h economic asset s (like nat ural
resources and t heir exploit at ion st ruct ure) and fact ors promot ing social int egrat ion (like
inst it ut ions for t he preservat ion of knowledge and for t he maint enance of civil order).[29] Et hics
considered t hat what had been inherit ed should not be consumed, but should be handed over,
possibly enriched, t o successive generat ions. This was a moral imperat ive for all, except in t he
final life st age of sannyasa.
What one generat ion considers "cult ural herit age" may be reject ed by t he next generat ion, only t o
be revived by a subsequent generat ion.
World heritage movement
Plaque stating the designation of
Carthage as a World Heritage Site.
The Convent ion Concerning t he Prot ect ion of World Cult ural and Nat ural Herit age was adopt ed
by t he General Conference of UNESCO in 1972. As of 2011, t here are 936 World Herit age Sit es:
725 cult ural, 183 nat ural, and 28 mixed propert ies, in 153 count ries. Each of t hese sit es is
considered import ant t o t he int ernat ional communit y.
Underwat er cult ural herit age is prot ect ed by t he UNESCO Convent ion on t he Prot ect ion of t he
Underwat er Cult ural Herit age.[30]
In addit ion, UNESCO has begun designat ing mast erpieces of t he Oral and Int angible Herit age of
Humanit y. The Commit t ee on Economic, Social and Cult ural Right s sit t ing as part of t he Unit ed
Nat ions Economic and Social Council wit h art icle 15 of it s Covenant had sought t o inst ill t he
principles under which cult ural herit age is prot ect ed as part of a basic human right .
Key int ernat ional document s and bodies include:
At hens Chart er, 1931
Roerich Pact , 1935
Hague Convent ion for t he Prot ect ion of Cult ural Propert y in t he Event of Armed Conflict , 1954,
(wit h a definit ion of cult ural herit age it em adopt ed by some nat ional law)
Venice Chart er, 1964
Barcelona Chart er, 2002 (regarding marit ime vessel preservat ion)
ICOMOS
The Blue Shield, a net work of commit t ees of dedicat ed individuals across t he world t hat is
"committed to the protection of the world's cultural property, and is concerned with the
protection of cultural and natural heritage, tangible and intangible, in the event of armed conflict,
natural- or human-made disaster."
Int ernat ional Inst it ut e for Conservat ion
The U.S. Government Account abilit y Office issued a report describing some of t he Unit ed St at es'
cult ural propert y prot ect ion effort s.[31]
National and regional heritage movements
Rediscovery of the Muisca
Indigenous Heritage
El redescubrimiento de la tradición
indígena (https://www.youtube.com/p
laylist?list=PLTzY9kTw5ufmn65JEvya
J80Bp75zEQizL)
Youth and Heritage in Syria
Passing on traditional values (http
s://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL
B4802C95983ACCC5)
Much of herit age preservat ion work is done at t he nat ional, regional, or local levels of societ y.
Various nat ional and regional regimes include:
Aust ralia:
Burra Chart er
Herit age Overlay in Vict oria, Aust ralia
Bosnia
KONS
Brazil:
Nat ional Inst it ut e of Hist oric and Art ist ic Herit age
Canada
Herit age conservat ion in Canada
Chile
Nat ional Monument s Council (Chile)
China
St at e Administ rat ion of Cult ural Herit age
Egypt
Supreme Council of Ant iquit ies
Est onia
Minist ry of Cult ure (Est onia)
Nat ional Herit age Board (Est onia)[32]
Ghana
Ghana's mat erial cult ural herit age
Honduras
Secret ary of St at e for Cult ure, Art s and Sport s
Hong Kong
Herit age conservat ion in Hong Kong
India
Minist ry of Cult ure (India)
Nat ional Archives of India
Archaeological Survey of India
Ant hropological Survey of India
Cult ure of India
Indian Nat ional Trust for Art and Cult ural Herit age
Nat ional Museum Inst it ut e of t he Hist ory of Art , Conservat ion and Museology
List of World Herit age Sit es in India
Herit age st ruct ures in Hyderabad
Iran
Cult ural Herit age, Handcraft s and Tourism Organizat ion
Japan
Cult ural Propert ies of Japan
Kenya
Nat ional Museums of Kenya
Int ernat ional Invent ories Programme
Nort h Macedonia
Inst it ut e for Prot ect ion of Cult ural Monument s
Malaysia
The Nat ional Herit age Act
Namibia
Nat ional Herit age Council of Namibia
Nat ional Monument s Council
New Zealand
New Zealand Hist oric Places Trust
Pakist an
Lahore Museum of Art and Cult ural Hist ory
Lok Virsa Herit age Museum
Nat ional Museum of Pakist an
Pakist an Monument and Herit age Museum
Philippines
Nat ional Commission for Cult ure and t he Art s
Nat ional Hist orical Commission of t he Philippines
Poland
Nat ional Ossoliński Inst it ut e [33]
Serbia
Immovable Cult ural Herit age of Except ional Import ance
Immovable Cult ural Herit age of Great Import ance
Sout h Africa
Sout h African Herit age Resources Agency
Provincial herit age resources aut horit ies
Amafa aKwaZulu-Nat ali
Herit age West ern Cape
Nort hern Cape Herit age Resources Aut horit y
Nat ional Monument s Council
Hist orical Monument s Commission
Unit ed Kingdom
Conservat ion in t he Unit ed Kingdom
English Herit age
English Herit age Archive
Nat ional Trust
Cadw
Nort hern Ireland Environment Agency
Hist oric Environment Scot land
Nat ional Trust for Scot land
Unit ed St at es of America
Nat ional Park Service
Nat ional Regist er of Hist oric Places
Nat ional Hist oric Sit e (Unit ed St at es)
List of nat ional memorials of t he Unit ed St at es
Nat ional Milit ary Park
Zambia
Nat ional Herit age Conservat ion Commission
Nat ional Museums Board
Zimbabwe
Nat ional Monument s of Zimbabwe
Issues in cultural heritage
Emblem used to clearly identify
cultural property under protection of
the Hague Convention of 1954,
regarding cultural property during
armed conflicts.
Broad philosophical, t echnical, and polit ical issues and dimensions of cult ural herit age include:
Cult ural herit age repat riat ion
Cult ural herit age management
Cult ural propert y law
Herit age t ourism
Virt ual herit age
Sust ainable preservat ion
Climat e change and World Herit age (ht t ps://whc.unesco.org/en/climat echange/)
Management of cultural heritage
Issues in cult ural herit age management include:
Exhibit ion of cult ural herit age object s
Radiography of cult ural object s
St orage of cult ural herit age object s
Collect ions maint enance
Disast er preparedness
Cultural heritage digital preservation
Ancient archaeological art efact s and archaeological sit es are nat urally prone t o damage due t o
t heir age and environment al condit ions. Also, t here have been t ragic occurrences of unexpect ed
human-made disast ers, such as in t he cases of a fire t hat t ook place in t he 200 years old Nat ional
Museum of Brazil and t he UNESCO World Herit age Sit e of t he Not re Dame Cat hedral in Paris.
Therefore, t here is a growing need t o digit ize cult ural herit age in order t o preserve t hem in t he
face of pot ent ial calamit ies such as climat e change, nat ural disast er, poor policy or inadequat e
infrast ruct ure. For example, t he Library of Congress has st art ed t o digit ize it s collect ions in a
special program called t he Nat ional Digit al Library Program.[34] The Smit hsonian has also been
act ively digit izing it s collect ion wit h t he release of t he "Smit hsonian X 3D Explorer," allowing
anyone t o engage wit h t he digit ized versions of t he museum's millions of art ifact s, of which only
t wo percent are on display.[35][36]
3D scanning devices used for herit age preservat ion produce a high-precision digit al reference
model t hat not only digit izes condit ion but also provides a 3D virt ual model for replicat ion. The
high cost and relat ive complexit y of 3D scanning t echnologies made it quit e impract ical in t he
past , but t echnology advances and lower relat ive cost s have made even mobile based scanning
applicat ions able t o creat e a virt ual museum.
There is st ill a low level of digit al archiving of archaeological dat a obt ained via excavat ion,[37]
even in t he UK where t he lead digit al archive for archaeology, t he Archaeology Dat a Service, was
est ablished in t he 1990s. Across t he globe, count ries are at different st ages of dealing wit h
digit al archaeological archives,[38] all dealing wit h differences in st at ut ory requirement s, legal
ownership of archives and infrast ruct ure.[39] [40]
See also
Ant iquarian
Archit ect ural Herit age
Collect ing
Herit age film
Int ernat ional Council on Monument s and Sit es
Values (herit age)
Digital methods in preservation
DigiCULT
ERPANET
Int ellect ual propert y issues in cult ural herit age (IPinCH)
References
1. Logan, William S. (2007). "Closing Pandora's Box: Human Right s Conundrums in Cult ural
Herit age". In Silverman, Helaine; Ruggles, D. Fairchild (eds.). Cultural heritage and human
rights . New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 9780387713137. OCLC 187048155 (ht t ps://search.worl
dcat .org/oclc/187048155) .
2. Ann Marie Sullivan, Cult ural Herit age & New Media: A Fut ure for t he Past , 15 J. MARSHALL
REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) ht t ps://reposit ory.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcont ent .cgi?
art icle=1392&cont ext =ripl
3. "Indigenous Cult ural and Int ellect ual Propert y (ICIP) (AITB)" (ht t ps://www.art slaw.com.au/in
format ion-sheet /indigenous-cult ural-and-int ellect ual-propert y-icip-ait b/) . Arts Law Centre
of Australia . 18 April 2011. Ret rieved 21 July 2021.
4. "UNESCO Legal Inst rument s: Second Prot ocol t o t he Hague Convent ion of 1954 for t he
Prot ect ion of Cult ural Propert y in t he Event of Armed Conflict 1999" (ht t p://port al.unesco.o
rg/en/ev.php-URL_ ID=15207&URL_ DO=DO_ TOPIC&URL_ SECTION=201.ht ml) .
5. UNESCO convenes Libyan and int ernat ional expert s meet ing for t he safeguard of Libya's
cult ural herit age. UNESCO World Herit age Cent er – News, 21. Okt ober 2011.
6. Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Prot ect ion of Cult ural
Propert y. Milit ary Manual." UNESCO, 2016, S. 73ff.
7. Eric Gibson: The Destruction of Cultural Heritage Should be a War Crime. In: The Wall St reet
Journal, 2 March 2015.
8. UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue
Shield International General Assembly. UNESCO, 13 Sept ember 2017.
9. UNIFIL – Act ion plan t o preserve herit age sit es during conflict , 12 Apr 2019. (ht t ps://unifil.un
missions.org/act ion-plan-preserve-herit age-sit es-during-conflict )
10. Unesco, Concept of digit al herigat e (ht t ps://en.unesco.org/t hemes/informat ion-preservat io
n/digit al-herit age/concept -digit al-herit age) , accessed 9 May 2023
11. Schut z des kult urellen Erbes (German - Prot ect ion of cult ural herit gage), Aust rian Armed
Forces (ht t ps://www.bmi.gv.at /magazinfiles/2011/01_ 02/files/kult urgt erschut z.pdf)
12. Tit i, Cat harine (2023). The Parthenon Marbles and International Law (ht t ps://link.springer.co
m/book/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6) . Springer. p. 248. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6
(ht t ps://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-26357-6) . ISBN 978-3-031-26356-9.
13. Fiankan-Bokonga, Cat herine (Oct ober–December 2017). "A hist oric resolut ion t o prot ect
cult ural herit age" (ht t ps://en.unesco.org/courier/2017nian-di-3qi/hist oric-resolut ion-prot ect
-cult ural-herit age) . The UNESCO Courier.
14. Corine Wegener, Marjan Ot t er: Cult ural Propert y at War: Prot ect ing Herit age during Armed
Conflict . In: The Get t y Conservat ion Inst it ut e, Newslet t er 23.1, Spring 2008.
15. Roger O’Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Prot ect ion of Cult ural
Propert y. Milit ary Manual." UNESCO, 2016.
16. Eden St iffman "Cult ural Preservat ion in Disast ers, War Zones. Present s Big Challenges" in
The Chronicle Of Philant hropy, 11 May 2015.
17. "UNESCO Direct or-General calls for st ronger cooperat ion for herit age prot ect ion at t he Blue
Shield Int ernat ional General Assembly.", UNESCO - 13 Sept ember 2017.
18. Friedrich Schipper: "Bilderst urm: Die globalen Normen zum Schut z von Kult urgut greifen
nicht " (German - The global norms for t he prot ect ion of cult ural propert y do not apply), In:
Der St andard, 6 March 2015.
19. The ICRC and t he Blue Shield signed a Memorandum of Underst anding, 26 February 2020. (ht
t ps://www.icrc.org/en/document /icrc-and-blue-shield-signed-memorandum-underst andin
g)
20. "Aust rian Armed Forces Mission in Lebanon" (ht t ps://www.krone.at /1911689) (in German).
28 April 2019.
21. Hosagrahar, Jyot i (April–June 2017). "Cult ure: at t he heart of SDGs" (ht t ps://en.unesco.org/c
ourier/april-june-2017/cult ure-heart -sdgs) . Wide Angle. The UNESCO Courier. ISSN 2220-
2293 (ht t ps://search.worldcat .org/issn/2220-2293) .
22. Rick Szost ak: The Causes of Economic Growth: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Springer
Science & Business Media, 2009, ISBN 9783540922827.
23. Tanselle, G. Thomas (1998), Literature and Artifacts , Charlot t esville, VA: Bibliographical
Societ y of t he Universit y of Virginia, ISBN 1-883631-06-8, OCLC 39223648 (ht t ps://search.
worldcat .org/oclc/39223648)
24. Paolo Cignoni; Robert o Scopigno (June 2008), "Sampled 3D models for CH applicat ions: A
viable and enabling new medium or just a t echnological exercise?" (ht t p://vcg.ist i.cnr.it /Publi
cat ions/2008/CS08/) (PDF), ACM Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage, 1 (1): 1,
doi:10.1145/1367080.1367082 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.1145%2F1367080.1367082) ,
S2CID 16510261 (ht t ps://api.semant icscholar.org/CorpusID:16510261) .
25. Lowent hal, David (1985), The Past is a Foreign Country (ht t ps://archive.org/det ails/past isfor
eigncou0000lowe) , New York: Cambridge Universit y Press, ISBN 0-521-22415-2,
OCLC 12052097 (ht t ps://search.worldcat .org/oclc/12052097)
26. Open Universit y, The et hics of cult ural herit age: 1 The inseparabilit y t hesis (ht t ps://www.ope
n.edu/openlearn/mod/oucont ent /view.php?id=103687§ ion=1) , accessed 7 May 2023
27. UNESCO, Wit h President Francois Hollande, UNESCO Direct or-General inaugurat es t he
exhibit ion "Et ernal Sit es" at t he Grand Palais (ht t ps://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1608) ,
accessed 8 May 2023
28. Proposing Varanasi for the World Heritage List of UNESCO (ht t ps://docs.google.com/viewe
r?url=ht t p%3A%2F%2Fvdavns.org%2Fdat a%2Fproposing_ varanasi.pdf) (PDF), Varanasi
Development Aut horit y.
29. Singh, Rana P.B., Vrinda Dar and S. Pravin, Rationales for including Varanasi as heritage city in
the UNESCO World Heritage List, Nat ional Geographic Journal of India (varanasi) 2001,
47:177-200.
30. Robert s, Hayley (2018). "The Brit ish Rat ificat ion of t he Underwat er Herit age Convent ion:
Problems and Prospect s" (ht t ps://research.bangor.ac.uk/port al/en/researchout put s/t he-bri
t ish-rat ificat ion-of-t he-underwat er-herit age-convent ion-problems-and-prospect s(5d0f3e40
-6d37-42bb-805c-8de96b82dbae).ht ml) . International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 67 (4):
833–865. doi:10.1017/S0020589318000210 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020589318000
210) . ISSN 0020-5893 (ht t ps://search.worldcat .org/issn/0020-5893) . S2CID 149780539
(ht t ps://api.semant icscholar.org/CorpusID:149780539) .
31. "Cult ural Propert y: Prot ect ion of Iraqi and Syrian Ant iquit ies" (ht t ps://www.gao.gov/product
s/gao-16-673) . 20 July 2017.
32. "Tere t ulemast " (ht t ps://regist er.muinas.ee/public.php) . register.muinas.ee. Ret rieved
21 Sept ember 2018.
33. Mariusz Dworsat schek, ed. (2017). Nie tylko książki. Ossolińskie kolekcje i ich opiekunowie
(in Polish) (1 ed.). Wrocław: Osso Wczoraj i Dziś. ISBN 978-83-65588-31-9. "not just books.
The Ossolineum's collect ions and t heir cust odians".
34. "Library of Congress Nat ional Digit al Library Program" (ht t ps://memory.loc.gov/ammem/dli2/
ht ml/lcndlp.ht ml) . memory.loc.gov . Ret rieved 23 March 2022.
35. Opam, Kwame (13 November 2013). "The Smit hsonian is now sharing 3D scans of art ifact s
wit h t he public" (ht t ps://www.t heverge.com/2013/11/13/5100190/t he-smit hsonian-is-now-
sharing-3d-scans-of-art ifact s-wit h-t he-public) . The Verge. Ret rieved 23 March 2022.
36. "3D Digit izat ion |" (ht t ps://3d.si.edu/) . 3d.si.edu. Ret rieved 23 March 2022.
37. Richards, J.D. (2021). "Archiving Archaeological Dat a in t he Unit ed Kingdom" (ht t ps://doi.org/1
0.11141%2Fia.58.21) . Internet Archaeology (58). doi:10.11141/ia.58.21 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.1
1141%2Fia.58.21) .
38. Richards, J.D.; Jakobsson, U.; Novák, D.; Št ular, B.; Wright , H. (2021). "Digit al Archiving in
Archaeology: The St at e of t he Art . Int roduct ion" (ht t ps://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.58.23) .
Internet Archaeology (60). doi:10.11141/ia.58.23 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.58.23) .
39. Geser, G.; Richards, J.D.; Massara, F.; Wright , H. (2022). "Digit al Archiving in Archaeology: The
St at e of t he Art . Int roduct ion" (ht t ps://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.59.2) . Internet Archaeology
(60). doi:10.11141/ia.59.2 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.59.2) .
40. Tsang, C. (2021). "Red Sky at Night : digit al archiving in England 2020" (ht t ps://doi.org/10.111
41%2Fia.58.6) . Internet Archaeology (58). doi:10.11141/ia.58.6 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.11141%2
Fia.58.6) .
Further reading
Michael Falser. Cultural Heritage as Civilizing Mission. From Decay to Recovery. Heidelberg,
New York: Springer (2015), ISBN 978-3-319-13638-7.
Michael Falser, Monica Juneja (eds.). 'Archaeologizing' Heritage? Transcultural Entanglements
between Local Social Practices and Global Virtual Realities . Heidelberg, New York: Springer
(2013), ISBN 978-3-642-35870-8.
Fiankan-Bokonga, Cat herine (17 Oct ober 2017). "A hist oric resolut ion t o prot ect cult ural
herit age" (ht t ps://en.unesco.org/courier/2017nian-di-3qi/hist oric-resolut ion-prot ect -cult ural-he
rit age) . UNESCO. Ret rieved 3 August 2021.
Ann Marie Sullivan, Cult ural Herit age & New Media: A Fut ure for t he Past , 15 J. MARSHALL REV.
INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) ht t ps://reposit ory.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcont ent .cgi?
art icle=1392&cont ext =ripl
Barbara T. Hoffman, Art and cultural heritage: law, policy, and practice, Cambridge Universit y
Press, 2006
Leila A. Amineddoleh, "Prot ect ing Cult ural Herit age by St rict ly Scrut inizing Museum
Acquisit ions," Fordham Int ellect ual Propert y, Media & Ent ert ainment Law Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3.
Available at : ht t ps://ssrn.com/abst ract =2467100
Paolo Davide Farah, Riccardo Tremolada, Desirabilit y of Commodificat ion of Int angible Cult ural
Herit age: The Unsat isfying Role of IPRs, in TRANSNATIONAL DISPUTE MANAGEMENT,
Special Issues "The New Front iers of Cult ural Law: Int angible Herit age Disput es", Volume 11,
Issue 2, March 2014, ISSN 1875-4120 (ht t ps://www.worldcat .org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1875
-4120) Available at : ht t ps://ssrn.com/abst ract =2472339
Paolo Davide Farah, Riccardo Tremolada, Int ellect ual Propert y Right s, Human Right s and
Int angible Cult ural Herit age, Journal of Int ellect ual Propert y Law, Issue 2, Part I, June 2014,
ISSN 0035-614X (ht t ps://www.worldcat .org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0035-614X) , Giuffrè,
pp. 21–47. Available at : ht t ps://ssrn.com/abst ract =2472388
Nora Lafi, Building and Dest roying Aut hent icit y in Aleppo: Herit age bet ween Conservat ion,
Transformat ion, Dest ruct ion, and Re-Invent ion (ht t ps://halshs.archives-ouvert es.fr/halshs-0156
0321) in Christ oph Bernhardt , Mart in Sabrow, Achim Saupe. Gebaut e Geschicht e. Hist orische
Aut hent izit ät im St adt raum, Wallst ein, pp.206-228, 2017
Dallen J. Timot hy and Gyan P. Nyaupane, Cultural heritage and tourism in the developing world :
a regional perspective, Taylor & Francis, 2009
Pet er Probst , "Osogbo and t he Art of Herit age: Monument s, Deit ies, and Money", Indiana
Universit y Press, 2011
Const ant ine Sandis (ed.), Cultural Heritage Ethics: Between Theory and Practice, Open Book
Publishers, 2014
Zuckermann, Ghil'ad et al., ENGAGING - A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property (h
t t ps://web.archive.org/web/20160330114112/ht t p://art s.adelaide.edu.au/linguist ics/guide.pd
f) , Aust ralian Government : Indigenous Cult ure Support , 2015
Walt ers, Diana; Laven, Daniel; Davis, Pet er (2017). Heritage & Peacebuilding (ht t ps://web.archive.
org/web/20170331211204/ht t ps://boydellandbrewer.com/herit age-and-peacebuilding-hb.ht m
l) . Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 9781783272167. Archived from t he original (ht t ps://boyd
ellandbrewer.com/herit age-and-peacebuilding-hb.ht ml) on 31 March 2017. Ret rieved
31 March 2017.
Kocój E., Między mainst remem a undergroundem. Dziedzict wo regionalne w kult urze
europejskiej – odkrywanie znaczeń, [w:] Dziedzict wo kult urowe w regionach europejskich.
Odkrywanie, ochrona i (re)int erpret acja, Seria wydawnicza:, St udia nad dziedzict wem i pamięcią
kult urową", t om I, Kraków 2019, red. Ewa Kocój, Tomasz Kosiek, Joanna Szulborska-
Łukaszewicz, pp. 10–35.
Dziedzict wo kult urowe w regionach europejskich. Odkrywanie, ochrona i (re)int erpret acja, Seria
wydawnicza:, St udia nad dziedzict wem i pamięcią kult urową", t om I, red. Ewa Kocój, Tomasz
Kosiek, Joanna Szulborska-Łukaszewicz, Kraków 2019, p. 300.
Hudson-Ward, A., Widholm, J. R., & Scot t , W. (Eds.). (2023). Cultural Heritage and the Campus
Community: Academic Libraries and Museums in Collaboration . ACRL.
External links
Cult ural herit age policy - hist ory and resources (ht t p://www.get t y.edu/conservat ion/research_ r
esources/chart ers.ht ml) Get t y Museum - list of major int ernat ional cult ural herit age
document s, chart ers, and t reat ies
UNESCO World Herit age Cent re (ht t ps://whc.unesco.org/) – Official websit e of t he Unit ed
Nat ions organizat ion for cult ural herit age
Int ernat ional Council on Monument s and Sit es (ht t p://www.icomos.org/)
Int ernat ional Council of Museums (ht t p://icom.museum/)
Int ernat ional Cent re for t he St udy of t he Preservat ion and Rest orat ion of Cult ural Propert y (ht
t p://www.iccrom.org/)
Cult ural rout es and landscapes, a common herit age of Europe (ht t ps://web.archive.org/web/20
060427055415/ht t p://www.cult ure-rout es.lu/php/fo_ index.php?lng=en&dest =ac_ 00_ 000&lng
=fr) (English and French language)
EPOCH – European Research Net work on Excellence in Processing Open Cult ural Herit age (ht t
p://www.epoch-net .org/)
Peace Palace Library - Research Guide (ht t p://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/research-guides/publ
ic-int ernat ional-law-special-t opics/cult ural-herit age/) Archived (ht t ps://web.archive.org/we
b/20160912203035/ht t p://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/research-guides/public-int ernat ional-la
w-special-t opics/cult ural-herit age/) 12 Sept ember 2016 at t he Wayback Machine
Nat ional Council for Preservat ion Educat ion (ht t ps://web.archive.org/web/20150518063458/ht
t p://www.ncpe.us/academic-programs/graduat e-hist oric-preservat ion-programs/#.VVuNi_ lVhB
c/)
Dédalo (ht t ps://dedalo.dev) Open source management syst em for Cult ural herit age
Cult ural herit age t ravel guide from Wikivoyage
Cent ral European Universit y (CEU) (ht t ps://cult uralherit agest udies.ceu.edu)
UNESCO UIS_ cult ural herit age (ht t ps://uis.unesco.org/en/glossary-t erm/cult ural-herit age#:~:t
ext =Definit ion,ant hropological%2C%20scient ific%20and%20social%20significance.)
Herit age for Peace
Portal: Socie ty
