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Electrical Engineering Department

ECO 223 Credits: 3

Computer Design

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William Stallings
Computer Organization
and Architecture
8th Edition
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Chapter 1
Introduction
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Outline

◼ Organization and Architecture

◼ Structure and Function
◼ Function
◼ Structure

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 Computer Architecture 5

Computer Organization
• Attributes of a system • Instruction set, number of
visible to the bits used to represent
programmer various data types, I/O
• Have a direct impact on mechanisms, techniques
the logical execution of a for addressing memory
program

Architectural
Computer
attributes
Architecture
include:

Organizational
Computer
attributes
Organization
include:

• Hardware details • The operational units and

transparent to the their interconnections
programmer, control that realize the
signals, interfaces architectural
between the computer specifications
and peripherals, memory
technology used
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Organization and Architecture

◼ Computer Architecture:
◼ Refers to those attributes of a system visible to a
programmer or, put another way, those attributes that
have a direct impact on the logical execution of a
program.
◼ Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, memory
addressing techniques.
◼ e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

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Organization and Architecture

◼ Computer Organization:
◼ Refers to the operational units and their
interconnections that realize the architectural
specifications.
◼ Organizational attributes include those hardware
details transparent to the programmer, such as
control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
◼ e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done
by repeated addition?

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Organization and Architecture

◼ Historically, and still today, the distinction between

architecture and organization has been an important one.

◼ Many computer manufacturers offer a family of computer

models, all with the same architecture but with differences
in organization.

◼ Consequently, the different models in the family have

different price and performance characteristics.

◼ Furthermore, a particular architecture may span many years

and encompass a number of different computer models, its
organization changing with changing technology.

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IBM System:
370 Architecture
◼ Was introduced in 1970
◼ Included a number of models
◼ Could upgrade to a more expensive, faster model
without having to abandon original software
◼ New models are introduced with improved
technology, but retain the same architecture so that
the customer’s software investment is protected
◼ Architecture has survived to this day as the
architecture of IBM’s mainframe product line

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STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

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(a)
Figure 1.2 Possible Computer Operations
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(b)
Figure 1.2 Possible Computer Operations
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(c)
Figure 1.2 Possible Computer Operations
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(d)
Figure 1.2 Possible Computer Operations
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The
Computer

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Structure

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Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines

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Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer
Registers ALU
I/O

System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit

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Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Logic
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory

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◼ Computer Organization ◼ Structure

◼ CPU
◼ Computer Architecture ◼ Main memory
◼ I/O
◼ Function
◼ System interconnection
◼ Data processing
◼ Data storage ◼ CPU structural components
◼ Data movement ◼ Control unit
◼ Control ◼ ALU
◼ Registers
◼ CPU interconnection

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