The Foundations of Maratha Nationalism

Maratha nationalism arose in the 17th century as a response to external threats and internal unity,
deeply rooted in the region's geography, language, and cultural traditions. The rugged terrain of
Maharashtra, with its hills, forts, and valleys, served as a natural shield and fostered a sense of self-
reliance among its people. These geographical features not only provided protection but also created
a distinct identity tied to the land. This shared geography became the foundation upon which a
collective Maratha consciousness was built.

Language was another critical unifying factor. Marathi, the lingua franca of the region, was not just a
medium of communication but also a repository of cultural and religious traditions. Saints like
Dnyaneshwar, Eknath, and Tukaram enriched Marathi literature through devotional poetry in forms
such as ovi and abhanga. These texts reached a wide audience, cutting across caste and class
barriers. By promoting spirituality through the accessible bhakti tradition, these saints created a
sense of cultural unity, emphasizing devotion over ritualistic hierarchies.

The bhakti movement was instrumental in fostering inclusivity. While it did not directly challenge the
caste system, it democratized access to spiritual growth and fostered a sense of shared cultural
identity. These cultural underpinnings provided fertile ground for the emergence of Maratha
nationalism under Shivaji's leadership.

Additionally, the shared customs, festivals, and religious practices among the people of Maharashtra
further reinforced this cultural cohesion. Practices such as Ganesh worship, temple festivities, and
local rituals became symbols of collective identity. This cultural unity, strengthened by the Marathi
language and bhakti saints, created an environment ripe for the rise of a unifying political figure like
Shivaji, who transformed these cultural and linguistic bonds into a powerful nationalist movement.

Shivaji's Leadership: The Core of Maratha Nationalism

Shivaji's leadership was the driving force behind the transformation of cultural and social unity into a
cohesive political movement. His inclusive governance, strategic vision, and administrative reforms
laid the foundation for Maratha nationalism. As a leader, Shivaji exhibited a unique ability to unite a
caste-divided society, rallying diverse communities toward the shared goals of Swarajya (self-rule)
and Swadharma (self-respect).

One of Shivaji’s most remarkable achievements was his inclusive approach to governance. He
prioritized merit over hereditary privilege, appointing talented individuals to key administrative and
military positions, regardless of caste. The Ashta Pradhan council, his advisory body, included
members from various social backgrounds who were chosen based on competence. This emphasis
on merit ensured that his administration was effective and representative of the diverse
communities within his realm.

Shivaji's resistance to the oppressive policies of the Mughal Empire further solidified his role as a
unifying figure. His opposition to practices like the jizya tax and forced conversions resonated deeply
with his subjects, especially the Hindu majority. By actively protecting temples, holy sites, and
cultural practices, Shivaji positioned himself as a defender of their faith and traditions. However, his
leadership was inclusive; he forbade the destruction of mosques and the harming of women,
reflecting his commitment to justice and religious tolerance.
Symbolism played a vital role in Shivaji's leadership. His coronation as king in 1674 was not merely a
political event but a cultural revival. By adopting Sanskrit administrative practices and compiling the
Raj Vyavahara Kosha (a glossary of administrative terms), Shivaji reinforced Maratha pride and self-
sufficiency. His ability to inspire loyalty among his followers, coupled with his innovative military
strategies and governance, established him as the heart of Maratha nationalism and a symbol of
resistance and unity.

The Role of Communities in Swarajya

Shivaji’s success in establishing Swarajya was largely due to his ability to unify and mobilize diverse
communities across Maharashtra. He recognized the strengths of different social groups and
integrated them into his governance and military structures, ensuring inclusivity and efficiency.

The Brahmins, as the intellectual and administrative elite, were central to Shivaji's governance. They
provided expertise in administration, legal matters, and spiritual guidance. Key figures like Moropant
Pingale and Annaji Datto were instrumental in shaping Shivaji’s administrative policies. Their
contributions extended to literary efforts, with works like Raghunathpant Hanamante's Rajya
Vyavahara Kosha documenting governance practices, thus preserving and promoting the Maratha
identity.

The Kayastha Prabhus, known for their dual expertise in clerical and martial roles, played significant
roles in Shivaji's administration and battlefield strategies. Figures like Balaji Avaji Chitnis served as
trusted secretaries, while warriors like Baji Prabhu Deshpande became legendary for their bravery.

Shivaji also empowered marginalized communities, offering them significant roles in his
administration and military. The Mavalas, Hetkaris, and Ramoshis formed the backbone of his
infantry and guerrilla forces. These groups, drawn from the lower castes, excelled in fort defense,
intelligence operations, and night surveillance. The Kolis and Bhandaris, with their expertise in naval
operations, were integral to Shivaji’s efforts to establish a strong coastal defense.

This inclusivity extended to Shivaji’s military reforms. By assigning specialized roles to different
communities, he ensured that each group contributed to Swarajya’s success. For instance, the
Mavalas' intimate knowledge of the terrain made them invaluable in guerrilla warfare, while the
Mahars and Ramoshis excelled in intelligence and espionage.

Shivaji’s integration of diverse communities not only strengthened his governance and military but
also fostered a sense of collective identity, uniting Maharashtra’s fragmented society under the
banner of Swarajya.

The Evolution of Maratha Nationalism Post-Shivaji

After Shivaji’s death in 1680, Maratha nationalism faced significant challenges but managed to
endure and evolve. Shivaji’s son, Sambhaji, upheld his father’s ideals, refusing to convert to Islam
even under duress. Sambhaji’s martyrdom became a symbol of resistance, inspiring the Marathas to
continue their fight for independence. Over the next 25 years, the Marathas engaged in relentless
warfare against the Mughal Empire, showcasing their resilience and unity.

In the early 18th century, under leaders like Baji Rao I, the Marathas expanded their influence across
India. This period marked a transition from regional resistance to a more ambitious vision of Hindavi
Swarajya. The Marathas began asserting their dominance in northern India, often being seen as
liberators by local Hindu populations. Their policy of granting religious freedom in newly acquired
territories, such as those wrested from the Portuguese, reinforced their image as defenders of Hindu
culture.

However, the Marathas faced limitations in their expansionist policies. They maintained a policy of
coexistence with the Mughal Empire, accepting titles and the right to collect taxes like chauth instead
of completely breaking away. This pragmatic but cautious approach reflected their desire to preserve
their autonomy without provoking outright conflict.

The Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 marked a turning point, dealing a severe blow to Maratha
ambitions. Despite their defeat, the Marathas revived their power but remained hesitant to assert
complete sovereignty. By the late 18th century, as British colonialism expanded, Maratha nationalism
transitioned into a broader Indian nationalist movement, merging its regional identity with the larger
struggle for independence.

The evolution of Maratha nationalism illustrates its adaptability and resilience, as it transformed
from a regional resistance movement into a significant force in India’s political and cultural history.

Legacy and Lessons from Maratha Nationalism

Maratha nationalism, rooted in the leadership of Shivaji, offers timeless lessons in resilience,
inclusivity, and visionary governance. It underscores the power of cultural unity and collective
identity in overcoming societal fragmentation and external threats.

One of the most enduring aspects of Maratha nationalism was its pragmatic approach. Shivaji
worked within the constraints of his time, leveraging existing social structures to build unity. Rather
than dismantling the caste system, he focused on inclusivity, integrating diverse communities into his
administration and military based on merit and ability. This pragmatic strategy not only strengthened
his governance but also created a model of inclusivity that transcended caste and class barriers.

Shivaji’s leadership demonstrated the importance of cultural pride and self-reliance. By reviving
Marathi and Sanskrit traditions, he reinforced a sense of identity and self-worth among his people.
His symbolic actions, such as his coronation and the compilation of the Raj Vyavahara Kosha,
celebrated Maratha heritage and inspired collective pride.

The adaptability of Maratha nationalism was another key lesson. It evolved from a regional
resistance movement under Shivaji to a force that shaped Indian politics and society in the 18th and
19th centuries. Its ability to merge with the larger Indian nationalist movement during British rule
highlights its enduring relevance and flexibility.

Ultimately, Maratha nationalism exemplifies the transformative power of leadership that prioritizes
unity, inclusivity, and cultural revival. Shivaji’s legacy as a visionary leader continues to inspire,
offering a blueprint for overcoming societal challenges through collective action and shared purpose.