SUBHADIPTA CHAUDHURY 1

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CET,BHUBANESWAR

BPLAN:SURVEYING AND
PHOTOGRAMMETRY(UESCE202)

SUBHADIPTA CHAUDHURY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CET, BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA-751003

DEFINITION
Surveying is defined as the science of making measurements of the earth
specifically the surface of the earth. This is being carried out by finding the spatial
location (relative / absolute) of points on or near the surface of the earth.
Different methods and instruments are being used to facilitate the work of surveying.
The primary aims of field surveying are :
• to measure the Horizontal Distance between points.
• to measure the Vertical elevation between points.
• to find out the Relative direction of lines by measuring horizontal angles with
reference to any arbitrary direction and
• to find out Absolute direction by measuring horizontal angles with reference to a
fixed direction.
These parameters are utilized to find out the relative or absolute coordinates of a
point / location.

Civil surveying is an engineering operation that involves assessing and

recording details about an area of land. These observations can then be used to help
plan construction projects. The main purpose of surveying in civil engineering is to
determine the three-dimensional relationships between different locations.

Uses of Surveying
Some of the numerous functions of surveying are given below.

1. Topographical maps showing hills, rivers, towns, villages, forests etc. are
prepared by surveying.
2. For planning and estimating new engineering projects like water supply and
irrigation schemes, mines, railroads, bridges, transmission lines, buildings etc.
surveying is required.
3. Cadastral Map showing the boundaries a field houses and other properties are
prepared by surveying.
4. Engineering map showing the position of engineering works like roads, railways,
buildings, dams, canals etc. are prepared through surveying.

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SUBHADIPTA CHAUDHURY 2
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CET,BHUBANESWAR

5. To set out a work and transfer details from map to ground knowledge of
surveying is used.
6. For planning navigation routes and harbors, marine and hydro-graphic surveying
are used.
7. To help military strategic planning, military maps are prepared by surveying.
8. For exploring mineral wealth, mine survey is necessary
9. To determining different strata in the earth crust, geological surveys are required
10. Archaeological surveys are used to unearth relics of antiquity.

Fig: Cadastral map

Fig: Contour map.

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SUBHADIPTA CHAUDHURY 3
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CET,BHUBANESWAR

Fig: Topographical map

Objectives of Surveying

 To collect field data;

 To prepare plan or map of the area surveyed;
 To analyse and to calculate the field parameters for setting out operation of actual
engineering works.
 To set out field parameters at the site for further engineering works.

Principles of Surveying

The fundamental principles upon which the surveying is being carried out are
 working from whole to part.
 after deciding the position of any point, its reference must be kept from at least
two permanent objects or stations whose position have already been well defined.

The purpose of working from whole to part is

 to localize the errors and
 to control the accumulation of errors.

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SUBHADIPTA CHAUDHURY 4
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CET,BHUBANESWAR

CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING

i)PLANE SURVEYING
Plane Surveying is defined as the division of Surveying in which all the survey
works are carried based on the assumption that,the surface of earth is a plane and
curvature of the earth is Ignored. In Dealing with the plane Surveying,plane geometry
and Trigonometry are only required. The Surveys having an area of about 260km2
may only be treated as plane surveys.

USES:
Plane Surveys which generally include the area upto 260km2 are carried out for
engineering projects,on large scales to determine relative positions of individual
features on the earths surface. Plane Surveys are used to prepare the layout for
highways,canals,railways,construction of various features etc.

ii)GEODETIC SURVEYING:
The Surveys in which curvature of the earth is taken into account and higher
degree of accuracy required is called geodetic surveying.

USES:
Geodetic Surveys carried out with higher degree of accuracy to provide the spaced
control points on the earth surface.It Requires advanced instruments.In India Surveys
carried out by the department of survey of India under the control and direction of
surveyor general of India.

SURVEYING
Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON

PURPOSE OF NATURE OF METHODS INSTRUMENT

SURVEYING FIELD ADOPTED USED
1.Engineering 1.Engineering 1.Triangulation 1.Chain Surveying
Surveys Surveys
2.Military or a.Topographical 2.Traversing 2.Compass
Defence b.Cadastral Survey Surveying
3.Mine Surveys c.City Survey 3.Levelling 3.Plane Table
Surveying
4.Geological or 4. Tacheometry 4.Levelling
Geographical Surveying
Surveys
5.Archaeological 2.Marine Survey 5.Theodolite
Surveys Surveying
6.Route and 3.Astronomical 6.Total Station
Location Surveys Survey

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SUBHADIPTA CHAUDHURY 5
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CET,BHUBANESWAR

UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS

There are 4 kinds of measurements used in plane surveying.

1. HORIZONTAL DISTANCE
2. VERTICAL DISTANCE
3. HORIZONTAL ANGLE
4. VERTICAL ANGLE

Linear measurements: According to Standards of Weights and Measures Act India

1956, the unit of measurements of distance is meters and centimeters. Prior to the
introduction of metric units in India feet yard were used.

BASIC UNITS OF LENGTH

BRITISH UNITS METRIC UNITS
12 inches = 1 foot 10 mm = 1 cm
3 feet= 1yard 10 cm = 1decimetre
5.5yards = 1 rod or pole or perch 10 decimetre = 1 m
4 poles = 1 chain(66 feet) 10 m = 1 decametre
10 chain = 1 furlong 10 decametre = 1 hectometre
8 furlongs = 1 mile 10 hectometre = 1km
100 links = 1 chain(66 feet) 1852 m = 1 Nautical mile
6 feet = 1 fathom
120 fathoms = 1 cable length
6080 feet = 1 Nautical mile

Conversion factor 1m=1.0936yards=3.2808feet=39.37inches

1km=0.53996Nautical miles=0.6214miles

BASIC UNITS OF AREA

BRITISH UNITS METRIC UNITS
144sq inch = 1sq foot 100sqmm = 1sqcm
9sq foot = 1 sq yard 100sqcm = 1sq decimetre
30.5sq yard = 1sq rod or pole or perch 100sq decimetre = 1sq metre
40sq rods = 1sq rood 100sq metre = 1 acre or decametre
4 roods = 1 acre 100 acre = 1 hectare or sq hectometre
640 acre = 1sq mile 100 hectare = 1sqkm
484sq yards = 1sq chain
10sq chain = 1 acre

Conversion factor 1sqm=1.196sqyards=10.7639sqfeet=1550sqinches

1acre=4840sq yards
1sq mile=640 acre=258.999hectare

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SUBHADIPTA CHAUDHURY 6
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CET,BHUBANESWAR

Angular Measurements
Sexagesimal System Centesimal System Hours System
1 circumference = 360° 1 circumference=400grads 1 circumference = 24hrs
1° = 60ʹ 1grads = 100 centigrads 1hr = 60ʹ
1ʹ = 60ʺ 1ʹ = 60ʺ

CONCEPT OF SCALES, MAPS AND PLAN

The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance
on the ground. This simple concept is complicated by the curvature of the Earth's
surface, which forces scale to vary across a map. Because of this variation, the
concept of scale becomes meaningful in two distinct ways.

The first way is the ratio of the size of the generating globe to the size of the Earth.
The generating globe is a conceptual model to which the Earth is shrunk and from
which the map is projected. The ratio of the Earth's size to the generating globe's size
is called the nominal scale (= principal scale = representative fraction). Many maps
state the nominal scale and may even display a bar scale (sometimes merely called a
'scale') to represent it.

The second distinct concept of scale applies to the variation in scale across a map. It is
the ratio of the mapped point's scale to the nominal scale. In this case 'scale' means the
scale factor (= point scale = particular scale).

If the region of the map is small enough to ignore Earth's curvature, such as in a town
plan, then a single value can be used as the scale without causing measurement errors.
In maps covering larger areas, or the whole Earth, the map's scale may be less useful
or even useless in measuring distances. The map projection becomes critical in
understanding how scale varies throughout the map.When scale varies noticeably, it
can be accounted for as the scale factor. Tissot's indicatrix is often used to illustrate
the variation of point scale across a map.

Representation of scale
Map scales may be expressed in words (a lexical scale), as a ratio, or as a fraction.
Examples are:

'one centimetre to one hundred metre = 1:10,000 or 1/10,000

'one inch to one mile' = 1:63,360 or 1/63,360
'one centimetre to one thousand kilometre = 1:100,000,000 or 1/100,000,000.

Classification Range Examples

1:0.00001 for map of virus; 1:5,000 for
large scale 1:0 – 1:600,000
walking map of town
1:600,000 –
medium scale Map of a country
1:2,000,000
1:50,000,000 for world map; 1:1021 for map of
small scale 1:2,000,000 – 1:∞
galaxy

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SUBHADIPTA CHAUDHURY 7
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CET,BHUBANESWAR

USES OF CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS IN SURVEYING

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SUBHADIPTA CHAUDHURY 8
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CET,BHUBANESWAR

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SUBHADIPTA CHAUDHURY 9
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CET,BHUBANESWAR

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