History of the United

States of America
Contact # 0318-9726729
0317-7767462
Muhammad Ali Kiani Email # ali_mct37@yahoo.com

Qualification:
1- M.A International Relations from UOS (Bronze Medal) -2022
2- PhD in Mechanical Engineering 2022
3- MS in Mechanical Engineering from CEME College of NUST – 2019
4- BS in Mechanical Engineering from UET, Taxila – 2015
 History of USA

First word Second word

History: The unbroken chain of events that connects

the past with the present is known as History
USA: The United states of America
 History of USA
First word
History: The unbroken chain of events that connects the past with the present is known as
History
Indeed, all history happens somewhere. It is the task of geography to supply answers about
where a place is, what it is like, how the people live there, how people from different places
interact with one another, and how one place on Earth is like others on Earth.
GEOGRAPHY-the study of Earth's surface and the processes that shape it, the relationship
between people and their environments, and people and place connections-is an integral
part of the web of history.
 History of USA
First word
The geography of a region not only includes its physical landscape, natural
resources, and climate but also the people who have settled there and their
distinctive way of life (Culture).
•The Geography of the USA Played a significant role in shaping the history of the
USA
•The geography of America has been a source of strength to the American
Continent.
 History of USA
Second word

USA: The United States of America

The states of American continent are united,(is known as the USA), but how many states are
united ??
50 States and 1 Federal Unit (Washington DC) ---- which is the capital of USA
48 states are on the mainland of USA and 2 states are not on the mainland of the USA
Alaska with Canada (1867) and Hawaii Island in the Pacific (1898)
United States at a Glance
Discuss the Physical Features of
the U.S.A. ? What has been the
impact of Geography on
History?
Discuss the Physical Features of
the U.S.A. ?

A brief overview of a World Map

The Strait of
Malacca is the
shortest shipping
route between
the Far East and
the Indian Ocean
 Geography of the USA

1. Area and Boundary

2. Physical features
1) The Atlantic Slope
2) The Appalachian Highland
3) The Mississippi Valley
4) Rockey Mountain System
5) Pacific Slope
3. Climate
4. Vegetation and Natural resources
 Geography of the USA

Introduction
 Source of strength to the American continent
 30⁰ to 49⁰ longitude
 70⁰ to 124⁰ latitude
1. Area and Boundary
 3615211 square miles (comprises of 50 states and 1 district(district of
Columbia))
 The 13 original states were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
 Area and Boundary
Name of the territory Year of addition Area in square miles
Original us (13 colonies) 1783 818,811
Louisiana 1803 827,192
Florida 1819 72,003
Texas 1845 390,144
Oregon 1846 285,580
Mexican cession 1848 592,017
Gadsden purchase 1853 29,640
Alaska 1867 586,400
Hawaii 1898 6,424
Total Area 3,615,211
 Divide The USA into its
Geographical Zones
1) The Atlantic Slope
2) The Appalachian Highland
3) The Mississippi Valley
4) Rockey Mountain System
5) Pacific Slope
 Divide The USA into its
Geographical Zones
Every Continent has a major mountain series
North America Rockies
South America Andes
Asia Himalya
Europe Alps Mountain
Australia The Great Dividing Range
1) The Atlantic Slope
i. This region lies between the Appalachian mountains and the Atlantic Ocean
ii. The land is quite fertile
iii. Climate similar to one found in England

2) The Appalachian Highland

i. The region is too steep for Cultivation
ii. Rich deposits of Coal, limestone, and sandstone

3) The Mississippi Valley

i. Between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountain system
ii. Highly suitable for agriculture

4) Rockey Mountain system

i. Rich in mineral resources but poorly suited to agriculture

5) Pacific Slope
i. West of Rocky Mountain
ii. Very fertile
3- Climate
1) Diverse climate
2) The North Pacific coast- is super humid
3) The east of line –Humid
4) The belt of about 300 to 500 miles west of the humid zone – Sub
humid zone
5) Mid-North semi-arid and snowfall common in this region
6) In the states of Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and
Southeast California –summers are very hot
4- Vegetation and Natural Resources
1) The Areas of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia suited to agriculture
1) Vegetables, wheat, tobacco, etc
2) The South of Appalachian –raw material
3) The lower Mississippi Valley- fertile soil
1) Sugarcane, rice, soya bean, cotton
2) More industrial than agriculture
4) The interior great plains
1) Corn and wheat are in abundance
2) Poultry, dairying and cattle breeding
5) The Rocky Mountain system
6) Rich in mineral wealth – gold, silver, copper,lead,zinc,etc
Impact of Geography on the History of US
1) Vastness of territory
1) In 1607 only 104 whites landed on the coast of Virginia
2) 1900 population touched 10 million
3) 1960 population rose to 180 million
2) Ever moving frontier
1. The frontiers made the American Life more democratic
2. Complex foreign policy
 Impact of Geography on the History of US
3) Impact on a Communication System
1) Cut off from the west due to the Appalachian Mountains
2) After the defeat of the French in 1763, people started crossing the mountains and
settled down in the Mississippi Valley
3) The Purchase of Louisiana in 1803 gave further incentives to settlement
4) The Mountains obstructed the transportation of the farm products
4) Diversity of Society
1) Westward movement greatly slowed down beyond the Mississippi valley
2) California … Gold Rush (1849)
3) The people of the industrial north were quite different from the people of the
agricultural south
 Impact of Geography on the History of US
4) Emergence of New Culture
Geography has also greatly influenced the emergence of an independent American culture.
Though at the initial stages the Americans distinguished themselves as Southerns,
Northerns and Westerms and belonged to different races like, English, Irish, Germans,
French and Spanish, but in course of time, as they made concerted efforts, they came
closer to each other. The inter-marriage and patching up of religious differences helped
in creating a feeling of one nation among them. Their outlook, thinking and way of life
underwent changes and gave rise to a new culture and a new society.
5) Impact on foreign policy
1) America separated from Europe by about 2500 miles of sea
2) For more than a century kept aloof from European politics- Monroe Doctrine (1822)
Exploration and Colonization
 Native
Americans
 Scientists --- 20,000 years ago
 Frozen Oceans
 Unique culture and civilization
 Diversity and Unity
 Tectonic Drift theory
 Native Americans were isolated
from the world
 The people of other continents
were unaware of America
 Native Americans Divided
into different groups
Division Of Native Americans divided on the basis of

 Culture
 Language
 Customs
 Politics
 Americans Natives

Indians

Mayas

Toltecs
and Aztecs

Incas
 1- Indians
 It is estimated that the Indian population on the American
continent in 1492 ranged between 25 to 50 million.
 It was mainly concentrated in Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru
 The Indians were mainly agriculturists and were so
backward that did not know the use of wheel, and could
not make tools of steel.
 The Indians had no political system.
 1- Indians
On the basis of their language and culture these Indians may be divided into
following categories:
(i) Alguonquians settles in the central America and in Northern continent.
(ii) Irquois, settled in the Eastern Sea coast and North America These Indians
were the most warlike of all the Indian tribes.
(iii) Pueblo Indians, settled in the South Western United States. They were
most civilized among the Indians.
(iv) Athapascans, settled in the Northern and Westernm Canada.
 HISTORY OF USA (2023)

Q. No. 6. Discuss in detail how the

Iroquoian people and their cultural traits
are associated with early American history.
 The History and Culture of the Iroquois
The name "Iroquois" refers to a language, not the particular tribe itself. In fact, the
Iroquois people called themselves the Haudenosaunee, or "the people of the
longhouse." The Algonquins, their rivals, were the group to name them the Iroquois,
which means "rattlesnake." The Algonquins called them this because they were
skilled fighters and hunters and could not be heard sneaking up on their enemies until
the last minute.
"Iroquois" also refers to a group of five separate tribes. These five tribes were:
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca.
This diverse and influential group of Native people impacted the politics and history
of their time, and their contributions to society and voices in media are still felt today.
 Where Did the Iroquois Live?
The Iroquois lived mainly in Ontario, upstate New York, and some
sections of Pennsylvania. An established group, they settled near
lakes and weren't as nomadic as other Native American tribes. They
did move every ten years or so not to deplete the wildlife of one area
too quickly. The Iroquois mainly lived in the regions that were easy
to defend, like those close to hills and water.
Their choice to live on the northern shores of Lake Ontario helped the
Iroquois gain control of the fur trade from the north and west.
Where Did the Iroquois Live?
 The Iroquois Tribes
The IROQUOIS consisted of five tribes prior to European colonization. Their society serves as an outstanding
example of political and military organization, complex lifestyle, and an elevated role of women
Governance and War
Until the 1500s, the five tribes of the Iroquois devoted much energy toward fighting and killing each
other. According to ORAL TRADITION, it was about this time that they came to their senses and united
into a powerful confederation.
The five tribes designed quite an elaborate political system. This included a bicameral (two-house)
legislature, much like the British Parliament and modern U.S. Congress. The representatives,
or SACHEMS, from the SENECA and MOHAWK tribes met in one house and those of
the ONEIDA and CAYUGA met in the other. The ONONDAGA sachems broke ties and had the power to
veto decisions made by the others. There was an unwritten constitution that described these proceedings
at least as early as 1590. Such a complex political arrangement was unknown in Europe at that time.
 The Iroquois Tribes
Governance and War
Although the tribes began to work together, they surely did not renounce war.
They fought and captured other native tribes as well as wave after wave of
European immigrants who presented themselves. They fought the early French
and British settlers. During the French and Indian War they remained
officially neutral, but would join either side to exploit an advantage. Both sides
courted Iroquois support during the Revolution. As a result, there was a split in
the Confederacy for the first time in over 200 years. Iroquois fought Iroquois
once more.
 The Iroquois Tribes
Iroquois Society
The longhouse was the center of Iroquois life. Archaeologists have unearthed
longhouse remains that extend more than the length of a football field.

The Iroquoi Tribes, also known as the

Haudenosuanee, are known for many
things. But they are best known for their
longhouses. Each longhouse was home
to many members of a Haudenosuanee
family.(Joint Family system )
 The Iroquois Tribes
Iroquois Society
Agriculture was the main source of food. In Iroquois society, women held a special role.
Believed to be linked to the earth's power to create life, women determined how the food
would be distributed — a considerable power in a farming society.
Women were also responsible for selecting the sachems (representatives) for the
Confederacy. Iroquois society was matrilineal; when a marriage transpired, the family moved
into the longhouse of the mother, and family lineage was traced from her.

What is patrilineal and matrilineal?

 Patrilineal ---- Men
 Matrilineal --- Female
 The Iroquois Tribes
Proved to be the most persistent military threat the
European settlers
The Iroquois society proved to be the most persistent military threat the European settlers
would face. Although conquest and treaty forced them to cede much of their land, their legacy
lingers. Some historians even attribute some aspects of the structure of our own
Constitution to Iroquois ideas. In fact, one of America's greatest admirers of the Iroquois was
none other than Benjamin Franklin.
 The Iroquois Tribes
Iroquois Food
The Iroquois primarily used agriculture as their primary food source, employing the slash-and-burn
farming method to ensure fertile land for crops. They harvested crops from what they called the three
sisters: corn, beans, and squash.
Iroquois also harvested maple syrup, blackberries, raspberries, huckleberries, strawberries, walnuts,
hickory nuts, acorns, beechnuts, chestnuts, skunk cabbage, mustard greens, dandelions, and milkweed.
Men hunted deer, elk, moose, bears, geese, ducks, pigeons, and rabbits. The men used spears,
hooks, and nets to fish.
The Iroquois traditionally only ate one meal a day, and if one was hungry outside of that meal, one
was expected to find and prepare their food. Traditional Iroquois dishes included corn soup, succotash,
Indian pudding, and samp, a type of porridge with beans and dried meat.
 The Iroquois Tribes
Iroquois Religion and Spirituality
The Iroquois believed in many spirits, including the spirits of the three sisters, who were responsible
for harvesting corn, beans, and squash. They prayed to the spirits that provided food and everything
necessary for life before eating to thank them and ask for the food to be nourishing.
Iroquois also believed that all plants and animals have spirits, so they asked permission from the
spirit before killing animals. As an expression of their reverence for the spirits of animals and plants,
Iroquois didn't take more than they needed from the earth and used every part of the animals
they hunted.
The Iroquois also place a high value on dreams and their interpretation. They believe dreams give
information about what a person desires and help people fulfill the things shown to them in dreams.

"More than one god" is called polytheism.

 The Iroquois Tribes
Are the Iroquois Still Around Today?
Today, approximately 45,000 Six Nations people live in Canada, and over 81,000 reside in the
United States. Most of them are categorized based on the eighteen registered communities. Iroquois
people today are making an impact on movies, television, and print media.

A famous person from the Iroquois tribe is actor Graham Greene, who has worked on stage and in
filmed productions in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. His filmography includes
roles in Dances with Wolves, Transamerica, The Shack, The Green Mile, and Wind River. Part of
the Oneida tribe, Greene was born on the Six Nations Reserve in Ontario and continues to make a
difference in how Natives are portrayed in the media through his work.
 Americans Natives

Indians

Mayas

Toltecs
and Aztecs

Incas
 2- Mayas
Another race of native population was Mayas, who inhabited
Guitimalas, parts of Mexico, Honduras, El-Salvador. Mayas were
civilized people and knew astronomy, arithmetic, architecture,
sculpture, spinning, weaving, wood carving and were on the way to
use alphabet. They were living in small city states under rulers. A
little before the advent of European they came under the Aztecs. Men
and women used clothes, and jewelry. Maize was the staple food.
Roast dog was a great delicacy and both fish and fowl were commonly
taken.
 3- Toltecs and Aztecs
These people were mostly settled in the Mexican region. They
were civilized people and possessed knowledge of
cultivation, industry, and commerce. They knew
mathematics and astronomy. They had no written language
and their writing was hieroglyphic. The society was highly
stratified.
They were a politically organized people.
 4- Incas
Incas had well organized political and social system when Columbus
discovered America. They had control over a large area of South America
including Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina. The
tribe was the fundamental unit of their organisation. Their empire was feudal
and decentralised. It was an organisation based largely upon blood and tribal
ties a well developed military system. They worshipped the Sun the earth,
the moon and the creator. They possessed a rich store of poetry and religious
dramatic and historical literature but they too did not have system of writing.
Thus the Incas surpassed all the other peoples in the pre-Columbus period
and had a well organised religious, social and political system.