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 CAD REPORT
How sanctioned countries
cope with CAD embargoes p.10

3D PRINTING
Multi-process 3D printer enables rapid
fabrication of aerospace parts p.20

IIOT
How smart technologies are
transforming manufacturing p.18

DESIGN-ENGINEERING.COM OCTOBER 2023

MODULAR
ROBOTICS
Beckhoff’s ATRO designed to address
shortcomings of industrial robots
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 October 2023 design-engineering.com

14

20 16

INSIDE 14 A Powerful Synergy Columns

AI-driven CFD simulation solves difficult design
problem in Velo3D’s Sapphire XC 3D printer. 6 Design News
Rockwell acquires Clearpath and
16 Modular Robotics other engineering news.
Beckhoff’s ATRO robotics system designed to
address common shortcomings of industrial robots. 10 CAD Report
How sanctioned countries cope
18 How Smart Devices Impact Productivity with Western CAD embargoes.
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FROM THE
EDITOR UPFRONT

OCTOBER 2023
Volume 68, No.5

Flying
design-engineering.com

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DESIGN
NEWS UPFRONT

ROBOTICS

ROCKWELL TO ACQUIRE
CLEARPATH ROBOTICS
Rockwell Automation announced
it has signed a definitive agree-
ment to acquire Kitchener-based
Clearpath Robotics Inc. Founded
in 2009, Clearpath got its start
offering robotics technology to the
global research and development
markets.
In 2015, it launched its OTTO
Motors Division which produc-
es Clearpath’s AMRs and fleet
management and navigation soft-
ware. According to Rockwell, the The heavy-duty AEROSPACE and Spacecraft with aircraft ac-
addition of OTTO Motors’ AMR OTTO 1500, counting for the largest market
products will allow it to create a created by AM IN AEROSPACE, share and largest projected growth
complete portfolio of advanced Kitchener-based DEFENSE MARKET TO rate (29.7%) until 2030.
material handling solutions. Clearpath REACH $8B BY 2030 As to build materials, the spe-
Paired with data from Rock- Robotics. According to analysis by Straits cial metal segment accounts for
well’s offerings, Clearpath’s AMRs Photo credit: Clearpath Research, the global 3D printing the largest market share and is
Robotics
will be harnessed by AI-powered in aerospace and defense market, estimated to grow at a CAGR of
Software as a Service information valued at US$1.35B in 2021, 24.4% but plastics like ULTEM
management applications, such as will reach an expected value of has gained popularity due to its
Rockwell’s Plex and Fiix business- US$8.66B by 2030. In the market heat resistance, the report says.
es. With this, Rockwell says it will analysis firm’s latest report, the Aerospace companies are increas-
deliver a unified solution for man- sector is projected to experience ingly utilizing polyetherimide,
ufacturing and amplify Kalypso’s a CAGR of 26.1% between commercially known as ULTEM,
production logistics consulting 2022–2030. to produce the inner shells that
practice. Driving the market expansion, comprise all required mounting
“Rockwell and Clearpath to- Straits’ report says, is increased components.
gether will simplify the difficult acceptance of 3D-printed parts in Regionally, the report finds that
and labor-intensive task of moving aerospace supply chains and the Europe commands the market and
materials and product through an advantages of 3D printing, nota- is estimated to grow at a CAGR
orchestrated and safe system to bly the decrease in processing and of 24.4% to 2030. Of European
optimize operations throughout manufacturing costs. nations, the UK is a center of
the entire manufacturing facility,” By application, the report says R&D for innovative materials for
said Blake Moret, Chairman and the market is segmented into Air- the aerospace industry, and the
CEO, Rockwell Automation. “The craft, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles existence of numerous aerospace
combination of autonomous ro- incumbents generates a consistent

Photo: Matveev_Aleksandr/ iStock / Getty Images Plus/Getty Images.

bots and PLC-based line control demand for advanced composites.
has long been a dream of plant North America is expected to see
managers in industries as diverse the strongest growth at a CAGR of
as automotive and consumer pack- 25.2%, due to the presence of key
aged goods.” industry players, such as Boeing,
According to Rockwell, the Lockheed Martin, and NASA,
acquisition will be funded by which have embraced 3D printing
proceeds from the sale of its in- technology, the report says.
vestment in PTC. Subject to reg- Asia-Pacific is the third-largest
ulatory approval, the acquisition is region, the report finds and points
expected to close in the first quar- out that the Chinese government
ter of Rockwell’s fiscal year 2024. has designated aeronautical equip-
At close, Clearpath will report to ment and 3D printing as import-
Rockwell’s Intelligent Devices ant growth drivers for Chinese
operating segment. manufacturing industries under
www.rockwellautomation.com the Made in China 2025 vision.
https://clearpathrobotics.com https://straitsresearch.com

6 DESIGN ENGINEERING October 2023 DESIGN-ENGINEERING.com

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 AUTOMOTIVE

FORD, SK ON TO BUILD
CATHODE PLANT IN
QUEBEC
Ford Motor Co and its South Kore-
an partners, SK On and EcoProBM,
announced a CAD$1.2 billion
investment to build a cathode man-
ufacturing facility in Becancour,
Que. The 280,000-square-meter
facility will provide materials that
supply batteries for Ford’s future
electric vehicles.
According to Ford, production
will begin in the first half of 2026.
Once operational, the site will EcoProBM, SK ROBOTICS accounted for nearly 69% of the
have the capacity to produce up On and Ford are Canadian manufacturing indus-
to 45,000 tonnes of cathode active planning to STUDY EXPLORES try’s revenue in 2021.
materials (CAM) per year. The car invest C$1.2 STATE OF CANADIAN Application areas targeted by
maker says the facility – its first in billion to build ROBOTICS MARKET most robot and automation sup-
Québec – will support production a cathode HowToRobot.com and the Asso- pliers include handling and picking
of up to 225,000 EVs annually and manufacturing ciation for Advancing Automation (130 suppliers), inspection and
is part of the automaker’s plan to facility in (A3) have released a market study quality control (90 suppliers), and
localize key battery raw material Bécancour, that offers an overview of Canada’s packing and palletizing (89 suppli-
processing in regions where it pro- Québec. robot and automation suppliers. ers). The industries served by most
duces EVs. Photo credit: Ford According to the report, most of robot and automation suppliers are
Motor Co.
EcoProBM subsidiary, EcoPro the automation industry in Can- the robotics industry itself (141 sup-
CAM Canada LP, will oversee ada is tied to the manufacturing pliers), metal and machinery man-
the day-to-day operations of the sector; however, other sectors are ufacturing (108 suppliers) and the
facility, which will manufacture becoming increasingly important, automotive industry (89 suppliers).
Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM) including healthcare (20%) and According to the report, the ro-
cathodes for rechargeable batteries energy (19%), the report finds. bot brands used by most suppliers
based on EcoPro’s core shell gradi- In total, the study identifies 249 include Fanuc (64 suppliers), ABB
ent (CSG) technology. SK On and Canadian robot and automation (44 suppliers), and KUKA (39
Ford will become investors once suppliers, including 142 integra- suppliers).
the deal is closed; the joint venture tors, 49 sub-component suppliers The Association for Advancing
is subject to closing conditions and and 33 robot manufacturers. Automation, a global advocate
regulatory approvals. Additionally, the study identifies for the benefits of automating, is
“Through the cathode JV, the 16 advisors and 9 distributors sup- composed of 1,160 automation
three companies can have a stable plying systems and components to manufacturers, component suppli-
supply of battery raw materials in the industry. ers, system integrators, end users.
North America,” said SK On Chief Geographically, the market HowToRobot.com is a leading
Commercial Officer Min-suk analysis says Ontario and Quebec global automation marketplace.
Sung. “We will continue to work are home to 81% of the robot and HowToRobot.com
with our partners to lead electrifi- automation supplier offices and www.automate.org
cation of the global auto market.”
“We are building the foundations MOTION CONTROL
of an industry that will allow Que-
bec to become a leader in the green EMERSON ACQUIRES
ELECTRIC MOTION
Photo: imaginima/E+/Getty Images.

economy in North America and the

world,” Quebec Premier, François COMPANY, AFAG
Legault. Emerson announced it has ac-
“With the energy transition, we quired Afag Holding AG, a man-
have the chance to make a name ufacturer of electric linear motion,
for ourselves in the new economy, feeding and handling automation
to become richer all while reducing solutions. Headquartered in Zell,
global GHG emissions.” Switzerland, Afag customer base
https://corporate.ford.com includes battery manufacturing,

@design_eng_mag  October 2023 DESIGN ENGINEERING 7

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DESIGN
NEWS UPFRONT

automotive, packaging, medical,

life sciences and electronics.
According to Emerson, the ac-
quisition enhances the company’s
factory automation portfolio by
combining Afag’s electric linear
motion solutions with Emerson’s
pneumatic motion technology.
“Afag brings exciting technol-
ogy that will enable Emerson to
accelerate growth in our existing
$900 million factory automation
business,” said Emerson COO,
Ram Krishnan. “As discrete and
hybrid customers continue to ac-
celerate electrification across their
manufacturing processes, Afag’s
technology is ideally suited to pro- A visualization Line Management at Vention. that examined Canada’s support
vide improved energy efficiency of the EV “We are excited to empower our for Volkswagen’s electric vehicle
and performance gains.” battery Universal Robots’ customers with (EV) battery manufacturing
www.emerson.com gigafactory Coordinated Motion and looking plant. Since this publication, the
www.afag.com Volkswagen forward to sharing the impact it will federal government and the gov-
intends to build have on their automated systems.” ernment of Ontario announced
AUTOMATION in St. Thomas, According to Vention, Coordi- new production subsidies for the
Ontario. nated Motion will officially be avail- Stellantis-LG Electric Solutions
VENTION UNVEILS CO- Photo credit: able within the next six months. (LGES) EV battery manufactur-
ORDINATION MOTION Volkswagen AG
https://vention.io ing plant. Based on the federal gov-
TECHNOLOGY ernment’s estimates, this brings
Vention announced the launch of AUTOMOTIVE federal and provincial production
Coordinated Motion, a robotic subsidies for Stellantis-LGES and
control solution that synchronizes EV BATTERY DEALS Volkswagen to $28.2 billion by the
the motion control of a six-axis WILL TAKE 20 YEARS end of 2032.
cobot with a 7th external linear TO BREAK EVEN, PBO The federal government also
axis. Developed in collaboration SAYS announced a cost-sharing agree-
with Universal Robots, the tech- The Parliamentary Budget Officer ment with the government of
nology enables precise Tool Center (PBO) released an analysis of the Ontario under which the federal
Point (TCP) trajectory execution funding agreements struck with government will cover two-thirds
through multiple waypoints, Ven- Stellantis-LG Energy Solutions of the production subsidies for
tion says. and Volkswagen to estimate the Stellantis-LGES and Volkswagen
“This new innovation exem- period over which government ($18.8 billion), while Ontario will
plifies Vention’s and Universal revenues generated from their EV now cover one-third ($9.4 billion).
Robots’ commitment to providing Visit design- battery manufacturing plants will “We estimate that federal and
our users with cutting-edge solu- engineering.com equal the subsidies announced by provincial government tax rev-
tions that streamline operations for the latest new the governments of Canada and enues generated from the Stel-
and enhance productivity,” said products, news and Ontario. lantis-LGES and Volkswagen EV
Anik Roy Trudel, VP of Product industry events. In June, PBO released a report battery manufacturing plants over
the period 2024 to 2043 will be
equal to the total amount of pro-
duction subsidies,” says PBO Yves
Giroux. “That is, the break-even
timeline for the $28.2 billion in
production subsidies announced
for Stellantis-LGES and Volkswa-
gen is estimated to be twenty years,
Photo credit: Vention

significantly longer than the Gov-

ernment’s estimate of a payback
within five years for Volkswagen,”
said PBO Yves Giroux.
www.pbo-dpb.ca

8 DESIGN ENGINEERING October 2023 DESIGN-ENGINEERING.com

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CAD
REPORT FEATURE

MCAD in the Second Cold War

How trade sanctioned countries work-around embargoes of Western
design software. BY RALPH GRABOWSKI

Russia’s invasion of 3D piping design to the strength of Russian mathe- is, for the most part, Teamcenter
the sovereign country made with maticians, who also founded CAD from Siemens.
of Ukraine is despica- Kompas-3D from programs now considered indis- Under the hood, many Rus-
ble, but the subsequent Ascon Group pensable to the West, such as Pro/ sian CAD programs rely on the
Western embargoes, designed to Engineer from PTC (renamed Parasolid geometric kernel, also
hobble the Russian war economy, Creo) and Revit from Autodesk. from Siemens, while AutoCAD
instead had the unintended side Russian CAD is also strong in the work-alikes need APIs (applica-
effect of accelerating Russia’s areas of P&ID and vessel design tion programming interfaces) and
self-sufficiency. Its official “im- (needed for their hydrocarbon and translators from the USA’s Open
port substitution” (zamena im- pipeline industries) and the design Design Alliance – ironically, pro-
porta) program replaced Western and decommissioning of nuclear grammed largely by Russians.
products with homegrown ones, power plants. As Western software firms with-
whether no-longer-Mcdonalds On the other hand, its architec- drew from Russia, their software
hamburgers, IKEA-like furniture tural and BIM software is, in my kept operating – for a time. Some
or geometric kernels in CAD opinion, weak. By weak, I mean ground to a halt after a year as li-
software. that the few that exist are not as censes ran out, or when servers were
Even before the embargoes capable as Revit or AutoCAD blocked, or when security patches
Photo credit: Ascon Group

began, Russia already had a with add-ons, because the two lagged too far into the past. Even
strong subset of CAD programs, American brands had dominat- hardware is affected; Mercedes
mostly AutoCAD-workalikes for ed the market in Russia. PLM blocked its servers from assisting
general CAD and parametric software, which runs Russian repair shops in diagnosing and
history-based CAD systems for manufacturing firms through updating its automobiles in Russia.
mechanical designs. This is due product lifecycle management, On the other hand, according

10 DESIGN ENGINEERING October 2023 DESIGN-ENGINEERING.com

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to the Russian ministry for digi- to do business in China, to inte- out of Florida. Gstarsoft’s
tal development, approximately grate with local partners. Those GstarCAD general design pro-
100,000 programmers have left local partners then benefited gram is an IntelliCAD-based
the country since the start of the from “technology transfers” – AutoCAD workalike that runs
war. Even though the government which I see as legalized theft of on ODA’s APIs. One of China’s
countered with inducements, such intellectual property. According PLM makers, CAXA, owns the
as not being drafted into the war, to the Wall Street Journal, 20% USA’s IronCAD.
programmers continue to be extri- of wind turbines illegally use As for operating systems,
cated by Western software compa- control software developed by Windows dominates in Russia
nies, desperate for their skill set. American Semiconductor. Fur- and China due to widespread
ther, FBI director Christopher bootlegging. Attempts to replace
The Situation in China Wray testified in July that China it with homegrown desktop op-
In contrast to Russia, China de- requires foreign-owned com- erating systems based on Linux
pends more so on Western CAD panies to host internal political have wallowed, as elsewhere in
software but hasn’t been able cells. In addition, Wray said the the world.
to independently create its own CCP government “exploits”
AutoCAD or Solidworks-level of these cells and joint business Replacing the Kernel
design programs, in my opinion. ventures to gain access to com- in Russia
Whereas Russian mathematicians panies’ intellectual property. Private firms and the Russian
keenly constructed original algo- To keep up with Western ad- government have a variety of tac-
rithms since Soviet times, China vances and to avoid having their tics to transition Western software
has taken a different route – copy- exports blocked, Chinese firms to local versions. For instance,
ing software, rather than engage over the decades have purchased, Ascon Group of St Petersburg,
in original works. licensed or invested in Western Russia’s biggest CAD vendor,
The Chinese government ones. ZW3D, marketed by Chi- offers a 30% discount on its CAD
raised copying to legal status by nese-owned ZwSoft, is the old VX products to those with now-can-
requiring Western firms, wishing MCAD, still being programmed celed AutoCAD licenses.
23_006934_Design_Engineering_OCT_CN Mod: August 18, 2023 5:16 PM Print: 08/30/23 page 1 v2.5

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CAD
REPORT FEATURE

tables, and handling electronic

signatures.
According to Isicad, the firm’s
options turned out to be sub-stan-
dard. For one Russian replace-
ment, the firm would have to pay
to have a Creo translator written;
another lacked product configu-
rations; the third supported only
Russian-language products, and
no English ones (like Creo), along
with providing poor support.
The firm’s conclusion was se-
vere: Russian “vendors’ marketing
claims that give the impression of
a wide range of system capabilities
and ease of data transfer do not
stand up to scrutiny. The biggest
stumbling block was importing
PLM data, which is done easily
with Western PLM, but doesn’t
The geometric kernel is the core Completed provided editing work to C3D work well with Russian PLM.”
of every CAD system, and so a de- model made Labs prior to the invasion.] Pulling out of Russia was rela-
cade ago the Russian government with T-flex CAD tively easy for most Western CAD
funded an early version of import from Moscow- Replacing PLM firms, particularly since the cost of
substitution with the Russia Geo- based Top A more urgent task is to replace doing so was low; Russia typically
metric Kernel. The RGK failed Systems Western PLM. Ripping out PLM represented only 2% of global
due to the dominance of Parasolid systems and replacing them with revenues. In China, however,
– why go from an excellent kernel different ones is more painful some Western firms are increasing
to an immature one? But with last than replacing kernels. While a their investment. For Volkswagen,
year’s newfound urgency, RGK kernel operates in many areas for example, China represents
has been resurrected. The lead of CAD programs, PLM runs 40% of the German car maker’s
developer is Top Systems of Mos- the operations in many areas of global revenues, but has seen its
cow, which gained its knowledge manufacturing. EV market share fall behind Chi-
by first working with ACIS and PLM is a multi-user database nese competitors, like BYD Co.
then with Parasolid in its T-Flex that reads (through translation) all and other local brands. Others,
CAD software. kinds of CAD file formats, and then like Apple, are sensibly looking at
There’s no mystery as to what displays them with linked drawings, India and Vietnam to reduce their
functions the RGK still needs; data and other documents – all the dependence on China.
it must match Parasolid. “Top while managing workflows in man- While the West depends on the
Systems sets itself the task of ufacturing, installation, operations capabilities of Russian program-
reaching the level of existing and decommissioning. So, it ought mers to write software cheaply,
Western world leaders in the field not to be difficult to replicate, but many have emigrated to the West.
of geometric modeling as soon as Russians are finding it is.The prob- On the other hand, the West still
possible, and possibly surpassing lem may be that Russians are not depends on Chinese factories to
this level,” the company has that good at the grunt work of data make stuff cheaply. That doesn’t
boasted, but admits the project translation, plus most firms that bode well, especially if the Taiwan
will take years to complete. specialize in data conversion are in defense minister’s prediction that
The only other home-grown Europe. China could mount a “full-scale”
kernel is C3D, an off-shoot of In July, the Russian-language invasion of Taiwan in 2025, the
Ascon Group, which has been Isicad magazine, now relocated year by which China hopes to be
successful in commercializing the to Tel Aviv, published the experi- 70% self-sufficient in manufac-
kernel Ascon wrote in-house for ence of a firm looking for Russian turing. |DE
Photo credit: Top Systems

its Kompas-3D MCAD program. replacements for Teamcenter.

C3D lacks the imprimatur of the Russian PLM had to work with Ralph Grabowski writes on the CAD
Russian government, but never- legacy Creo and AutoCAD files, industry on his WorldCAD Access blog
theless found success interna- as well as any Russian CAD pro- (www. worldcadaccess.com) and has
tionally, such as in Altium’s PCB gram, doing things like reading authored numerous articles and books on
design software. [Disclosure: I attributes, recognizing family CAD and other design software.

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CAD
BEAT FEATURE

A POWERFUL
resources while achieving an extremely
robust evaluation of the design in every

SYNERGY
applicable environment.
Hundreds of thousands of design can-
didates can be simulated and evaluated
in less than a day. Bottom line: Applying
AI amplifies the typical 10-20% per-
AI-driven CFD simulation solves difficult formance improvements of simulation
design problem in Velo3D’s Sapphire XC 3D tools alone—up to 30% and higher. Of
course, it follows that real-world testing
printer. BY ROBIN TULUIE of finished parts remains an essential
task to ensure that all quality and per-
formance metrics are met.

A unique opportunity for AI

While machine learning can certainly
benefit the design of products that are
produced via any type of manufacturing
process or technology, it’s with additive
manufacturing (AM) that AI is perhaps
the most complementary.
Machine learning can fully explore
the AM-design space, identifying the
true limit of every type of physics that
will apply to a specific component.
This unleashes AM’s unique power
to deliver whatever level of geometric
complexity will enable the most creative
and cost-efficient solution to a difficult
engineering challenge.
This combination of additive manu-
facturing and AI has now been success-
fully applied to optimize and improve
the performance of such disparate parts
as a 3D-printed heat exchanger used on
CFD simulation of the thermal behavior of a conformal heat exchanger, used widely in jet engines, a championship-winning
jet-engine cowlings, for a Tier 1 supplier. The company used PhysicsX to replace a motorbike and the impeller blades of a
traditionally manufactured heat exchanger with a 3D printed one. (Image credit: PhysicsX) cardiac pump.
What’s more, certain AM-system
In the digital design-engi- of whatever attributes its makers have makers have also recognized the value
neering world, AI’s “deep prioritized: lighter weight, stress and of this capability to improve their own
learning” has the potential to fatigue reduction, optimum fluid flow, machines – saving time, boosting per-
transform how the world heat exchange, conductivity, durability, formance and fine-tuning the accuracy
makes products. There’s an urgent op- part consolidation, and more. of their prints.
portunity to fully exploit the tools of Of course, there’s no escaping the Here’s an interesting example of
computer-aided engineering (CFD, laws of physics; engineers still have to one AM equipment provider that used
FEA, etc) using the capabilities of AI. do their design diligence, using what- deep-learning software to optimize their
That means design optimization, but ever CAE tools are appropriate. But 3D printer. Several years ago, Califor-
automated by machine learning, en- what AI software can add is the ability nia-based Velo3D began designing its
abling a speed and level of precision far to work within existing simulation tools larger-volume Sapphire XC 3D printer
beyond what can be currently accom- and reduce the need to calculate every to include eight 1,000-watt lasers, four
plished by most manufacturers. single differential equation involved. times as many as its original Sapphire
AI tools, for example, can cut simula- AI accomplishes this feat by solving the machine.
tion times from hours to only seconds, CFD or FEA equations in a non-tradi- There was just one problem. Lasers
employing deep learning to automati- tional way: Machine learning examines, produce soot when they melt metal
cally evaluate, and then incrementally and then emulates, the overall physical powder material inside an AM build
modify, the geometry of a part to create behavior of a design, not every single chamber. During this process, some
specific outcomes. The resulting, final math problem that underlies that behav- of the material vaporizes and condens-
design achieves the ideal combination ior. This uses far fewer computational es into very small particles that can

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occlude the lasers as they target the In the Velo3D window nozzle case,
powder bed. The solution for this is to a number of metrics were used to au-
provide a constant flow of an inert gas tomatically quantify the fraction of the
like Argon to sweep away the soot as it’s recirculating flow within the argon cur-
generated. tain that was traveling upward towards
Sometimes, however, particles can es- the window. PhysicsX benchmarked the
cape this flow and land on the windows Sapphire window solution at the start
through which the laser light enters the of the project, then applied the compa-
chamber, causing contamination and ny’s proprietary AI/machine-learning
heating that can distort the window software, and ran huge volumes of
itself. This creates what’s in effect an simulations to optimize the final design.
unintended “lens” in the optical path, This resulted in a nozzle design that
bending the laser light from its intended produced the optimum Argon curtain
direction and defocusing its spot size on flow, while working within the manufac-
the material bed. As this understandably turing envelope of the additive machine.
affects build quality, it’s imperative Two CAD images of a patent-pending The intricacy of the final turning-vane
that the laser windows remain clean Velo3D Sapphire AM system window design would be a challenge to many con-
throughout the build. nozzle (full and cut views) designed and ventional AM systems, but the Sapphire
optimized by PhysicsX. The lower CFD machine’s ability to 3D print extremely
Solving the challenge analysis image shows a section view of thin, smooth and low-angle vanes de-
of going bigger the highly consistent flow distribution, livered the geometry that allowed the
Velo3D had already thought through the result of geometrical shaping and nozzles to function as intended.The final
the optimum gas flow for its bigger ma- progression of the individual nozzle guide design was optimized for and produced
chines’ build chambers overall. But they vanes achieved through machine on an original Sapphire and the first-ev-
knew that the longer powder bed, greater learning. (Image credit: PhysicsX and Velo3D) er-manufactured Sapphire XC was run
interior volume, and tighter packing of successfully with the new window-nozzle
more lasers would be a challenge when parts in place—an example of an AM
creating optical window nozzles for their machine printing its own parts.
XC system. It was anticipated that the This AM-nozzle-optimization exam-
amount of soot generated by the new ple exemplifies the potential synergy
machines would be about four times as between AI design optimization and
much as the original ones. 3D printing in a number of ways. No
The company first tried some in- advanced-technology development can
house computational fluid dynamics happen these days without computer
(CFD) simulations, then outsourced to simulation playing a role. Yet the sim-
a software provider as well—but the re- ulation process still involves significant
sults fell short of their performance ex- computing resources and hands-on
pectations. The time involved in setting optimization skills that slow process
up multiple CFD simulation iterations, improvement.
while manually changing parameters Here is where AI can step in to intelli-
like the diameters of the nozzle holes, gently accelerate and automate decision
was labor-intensive – essentially a lot of making for designers and engineers
painful guess-and-check. working in additive. In the case above,
Velo3D requested PhysicsX to design deep learning optimization not only
and simulate a solution. PhysicsX has Different orientations of flow images of transformed the geometry of a working
deep experience in simulation, optimi- one-half of the eight-window Sapphire 3D-printer component, but also im-
zation and designing for tight packages, XC, showing the consistent gas flow proved the function of the key laser system
plus proprietary simulation-validated quality achieved despite the extremely that enables extreme acuity and therefore
tools that can automatically iterate on tight packaging volume. final product quality. These are the very
designs using machine learning/AI- (Image credit: PhysicsX and Velo3D) attributes that the AM industry still needs
based simulations. to scale up and deliver on a global basis—
The PhysicsX approach involves method in another machine learning what aerospace, automotive, science,
creating a loop between the CFD, gen- loop, which deeply optimizes the design medicine and other fields are looking for
erative geometry creation tools and an towards whichever multiple objectives from the technology. Deep learning can
AI controller to train a geometric deep the engineer decides are important. The be the accelerator that pushes the AM
learning surrogate. The surrogate’s fidelity of the deep learning tools and ro- industry to achieve these goals. |DE
speed, producing high-quality CFD re- bust workflow enables a highly accurate www.physicsx.ai
sults in under a second, is then exploited solution for final validation of the results
with a super-fast geometrical generative against the validated CFD model. Robin Tuluie is the founder and co-CEO of PhysicsX.

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ROBOTICS COVER STORY

Modular Robotics
Beckhoff’s ATRO robotics system designed to address the shortcomings
of industrial robots. BY MIKE MCLEOD
According to the latest World market, as the ATRO incorporates inno- constructed in place with little tooling by
Robotics report by the Inter- vative improvements on the typical small a single person since each segment is rel-
national Federation of Robot- to medium six-axis robot. atively light. Once connected, a ring light
ics (IFR), the number of First and foremost is the system’s indicator verifies that the segment has
industrial robots installed in 2022 hit a modularity. Instead of a pre-constructed been properly attached and recognized.
record high of more than half a million. arm, the ATRO system is composed of An electronic nameplate in each segment
In total, the IFR report found that the a base unit and variously shaped motor allows the company’s TwinCAT software
number of operational robots globally and link units that can be combined, add- to recognize the robot’s kinematic pieces
reached approximately 3.5 million units, ed to and later repurposed as required. and configure a digital twin of the com-
also a new record. Each segment attaches to the next via pleted robot.
For all their popularity, industrial a self-centering Hirth coupling held in According to Beckhoff Motion Prod-
robots, especially those in the ~10kg place by a self-locking screw connection. uct Manager, Christian Mische, the
payload range, aren’t without their Mountable in any orientation, the base philosophy of the ATRO is similar to
challenges. Beyond the upfront expense, units incorporate the connection ports the interconnected linear motors track
integrating robotics with existing work- for the robot – more on this later – as segments of Beckhoff’s XTS conveyance
flows and equipment can be a drawn well as its own servo motor, EtherCAT system. In essence, the approach allows
out endeavor that may incur the costs of drive, holding break and double encoder. customers to build the conveyor or robot
commissioning, custom programming, The motor modules come in two shapes they need and may need in the future
Photo credit: Beckhoff Automation

employee training. And that’s assuming (I-shape and L-shape modules), each rather than one they have to accept.
the robot’s role doesn’t change for the available in five power sizes. Lacking “If you buy a robot for a specific ap-
foreseeable future. drives, the link modules come in I-shape, plication, then it is what it is,” Mische
To address these and other shortcom- L-shape and Y-shape, the last of which says. “If you want to change it later on
ings, Beckhoff Automation announced allows for more than one robotic arm to for different applications, you can’t
its ATRO robotic system last summer. In fork from a common base unit. make it longer or have a higher payload
characteristic style, the company showed Whatever the configuration, the or something like that. The ATRO is
it wasn’t content to be an also-ran in the company says a complete robot can be flexible in that you can create two-axis

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kinematics now but, later on, evolve that a cage and running them faster, because capabilities: 3 kg/0.6m, 5 kg/0.9m and
to multi-axis kinematics by reusing the they want more production out of it. At 10 kg/1.3m.
modules you’ve already bought.” the end of the day, customers want to “We have prototypes running but
To illustrate, Mische says customers make parts, so we’re focused on making ATRO is still in development,” Mische
could create a 1-axis indexing table from a fast and efficient industrial robot.” says. “Because of its unique features,
just an ATRO base unit. Later, with the It should be noted that ATRO has in that we have media running through
addition of some motor and link modules, yet to be officially released. However, all the motor and link modules, we
the base unit can be changed to a 3-axis Beckhoff does offer evaluation kits, with need much more experience to get that
delta bot, 4-axis picker or a 5-axis paletiz- defined module sets, to facilitate real ready. The plan is to release ATRO in
er. Add in Y- or X-shaped link module, world testing. Currently, there are three 2025.” |DE
and the ATRO becomes a multi-armed kits with escalating payload and reach www.beckhoff.com
robot with 7 or more axes. In addition,
Beckhoff says the ATRO is easier to fix
than a conventional robot, since a faulty

Rolling Ring
module can be swapped out.
Given the extensive number of single-
and multi-arm configurations possible,
it would seem that the routing of power,
data or pneumatic cabling could quickly
become a tangled mess. However, this
highlights the ATRO system’s other de-
LINEAR DRIVES
fining feature. As mentioned previously,
the ATRO base unit contains all the
robot’s ports; from there, all channels, Zero backlash. Jam-proof design.
including power, data and fluid, are con-
tained internally within the robot arm.
“Usually, robots are limited because
you have the cables on the outline of
the robot,” Mische explains. “If you are
lucky, you can turn it by 360 degrees, but
then you have to go back and unwind it.
ATRO can turn 360 degrees in one or the
other direction endlessly. And that could
be helpful for some specific applications,
because it saves time in that you don’t
have to go back the long way.”
For control, the ATRO system taps
into an industrial PC and the company’s
TwinCAT software for programming. As
such, ATRO can easily integrate with the
company’s smart conveyance and vision
systems, as well as TwinCAT’s machine
learning and analytics functions for pre-
dictive maintenance.
For less demanding tasks, the system
can be configured using a teach pendant,
but the company makes clear that ATRO
isn’t a cobot. Example applications:
“The idea with cobots is you want
to collaborate with it and if it hits you,
it stops nicely,” Mische explains. “The Many different sizes
regulations to make that happen, howev-
er, require the cobot to not move as fast
as a standard industrial robot. When we
started designing [ATRO], we debated
whether to focus on it being a cobot or on
For more information call
high speed.Through market research, we
found that a lot of people were buying co-
bots, but then ended up putting them in

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SHOP
TALK FEATURE

How Smart Devices Impact

Manufacturing Productivity
Smart, connected technologies are driving a seismic shift in
manufacturing. BY ERIC WHITLEY
The transition from tradi- to enhance manufacturing processes. environment where engineers can share
tional manufacturing to this For example, the use of passive and real-time data and visualizations. This
digital age is not merely a wearable vest exoskeletons in automo- is particularly beneficial for OEMs who
technological evolution but a tive manufacturing is a game-changer. operate across multiple locations.
paradigm shift that demands a rethink- These devices, designed to support the AR isn’t just a tool for visualization;
ing of established norms and processes. musculoskeletal system, enable workers it’s an optimization engine. Engineers
The stakes are high, with the potential to perform tasks with reduced physical use AR to perform virtual “dry runs”
for significant gains in efficiency, quality strain. For engineers, the challenge lies of designs, identifying potential bottle-
and scalability, but also the risk of being in customizing these exoskeletons to necks or flaws before physical proto-
left behind if one fails to adapt. suit specific manufacturing tasks. types are built.
Photo: gorodenkoff/ iStock / Getty Images Plus/Getty Images.
Engineers play a pivotal role in this The enhanced human performance AR is also a powerful tool for training
transformation. They are the architects of the technologies above also has a and skill development. Engineers can
of this new digital landscape, responsi- direct impact on quality control. En- create immersive training modules that
ble for integrating smart technologies gineers are leveraging data analytics to can be accessed remotely, ensuring that
into existing manufacturing processes. assess the performance improvements staff are uniformly trained, irrespective
This article covers the specific ways brought about by these devices, there- of their geographical location.
smart devices are revolutionizing man- by ensuring that quality standards are Prototyping with AR gives engineers
ufacturing productivity, along with their consistently met. the ability to project virtual prototypes
challenges and opportunities. This sec- into the real world and interact with
tion will dissect the role of smart devices Design and Engineering their designs in a 3D space, making nec-
in various manufacturing sectors. Smart devices are also revolutionizing essary adjustments before the product
the way designers and engineers work. goes into production. This is a signifi-
Automotive For example, connected worker tech- cant leap forward in reducing the time
The automotive industry has been a nology, when integrated with augment- to market for new products.
pioneer in adopting smart technologies ed reality (AR), creates a collaborative

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 Biomedical Devices analytics is becoming a vital tool for product meets the required standards.
The biomedical sector is a high-stakes engineers in the biomedical sector. Real-time component tracking and
arena where precision and reliability are Given the stringent regulations in inventory management, using smart
paramount. Smart devices are playing the biomedical field, engineers are le- devices equipped with RFID and bar-
an increasingly crucial role in meeting veraging smart devices to automate the code scanners, is particularly useful for
these demands. documentation process so that all com- managing complex supply chains and
Robots equipped with smart sensors, pliance requirements are met without ensuring that the right components are
for example, are becoming indispens- human error. available at the right time.
able in the manufacturing of biomed- The next wave of innovations is al-
ical devices. Engineers are tasked with Electronics ready on the horizon. Some of these
programming these robots to perform The electronics sector is characterized innovations include self-optimizing
intricate tasks with micron-level preci- by rapid innovation and a constant push machines, decentralized manufactur-
sion. for miniaturization and functionality. ing and further-augmented workers, all
Quality assurance is a critical aspect Automated soldering and assembly, designed to support sustainable manu-
of the production process, given the using smart robots, is revolutionizing facturing.
life-saving nature of biomedical devices. the way electronic components are as- The manufacturing landscape is
Integrating smart sensors and machine sembled. Engineers are programming rapidly evolving due to smart devices
learning algorithms to monitor the these robots to handle intricate solder- and technologies. The above is just a
manufacturing process in real time al- ing tasks to make sure connections are glimpse into what lies ahead and how
lows for immediate corrective actions, accurate and reliable. engineers and OEMs will be central to
ensuring that the end product meets all Testing and quality control is another these changes.|DE
regulatory standards. area where smart devices are making a www.l2l.com
Smart devices generate a wealth significant impact. Engineers are using
of data that engineers can analyze to automated testing rigs equipped with After an extensive career as a reliability and
make informed decisions. Whether it’s smart sensors to perform a range of business improvement consultant, Eric Whitley
optimizing the manufacturing process tests, from electrical conductivity to joined L2L, where he currently serves as the
or predicting maintenance needs, data thermal resistance, ensuring that each Director of Smart Manufacturing.

CM

MY

CY

CMY

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ADDITIVE
MANUFACTURING FEATURE

PUSHING
THE ENVELOPE
Electroimpact continuous fiber-reinforced 3D
printer enables rapid fabrication of aerospace-
grade integrated composite structures.
Aerospace and defense The Seattle-area company’s
design engineers, and system combines an in-situ
the complex compo- out-of-autoclave thermoplastic
nents they develop, re- Automated Fiber Placement
quire true manufacturing agility. (AFP) process, an advanced
Shepherding ideas from seeming Fused Filament Fabrication
impossibilities to groundbreaking (FFF) 3D printing process, a
products can be both exhilarating Fused Granulate Fabrication
and maddening.To iterate quickly (FGF) 3D printing process,
using additive manufacturing, and subtractive machining into an industrial, 6-axis continuous
aerospace engineering teams are a unified Scalable Composite fiber-reinforced 3D printer that
looking to Electroimpact’s Robotic Additive Manufacturing enables tool-less rapid fabrication
SCRAM system. (SCRAM) system. The result is of aerospace-grade composite
structures.

True 3D Printing
Most 3D printing processes are
more accurately described as
2.5D printing. The material is de-
posited successively in flat slices
that, when stacked together, form
a 3D object.
In contrast, the SCRAM pro-
cess renders true 3D printing.
The system is an integration of
multiple additive and subtractive
processes, enabled by Electroim-
pact’s patented robot, a rotating
build platform in a climate-con-
trolled build chamber.
Layers of continuous fiber-re-
inforced thermoplastic are
crafted into shapes with complex
contours, including aerodynamic
surfaces and ducts for fluid flow.
As a 6-axis process, fiber orienta-
tion within each layer can be tai-
Photo credit: Electroimpact

lored to the specific application,

providing optimal strength and
appropriate stiffness distributed
throughout the part, much like a
conventional AFP system.
In addition to the continuous
fiber-reinforced thermoplastic

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 Factory in a Cell produced in the thousands.”
“Electroimpact expanded from “Our customers are doing ex-
doing mostly drilling and fasten- traordinary work, and we are right
ing to additive manufacturing there alongside them,” he adds.
about 15 years ago,” Bischoff “Your Electroimpact engineer
says. “That move, and the ad- is with you though the lifespan
vancements over the years, led to of the system for all questions
the development of a system that and requests. We are here to help
we call a ‘factory in a cell.’ Instead builders push boundaries.We ser-
of needing a whole assembly line, vice our equipment till the day it
with each dedicated machine only dies. Support is one of the things
performing a single function, it is Electroimpact does better than
one system, which can be printing anyone else in the industry.”
ducts for jet engines one day and With the SCRAM system, 3D
a wing component the next. It can printing replaces the need for
be quickly changed and adapted the traditional complex tooling
according to needs.” development typically used for
The SCRAM system enables automated carbon-fiber layup.
the tool-less rapid fabrication of This eliminates the inflated cost
aerospace-grade integrated com- and time investments needed in
posite structures. This factory-in- traditional tooling and develop-
a-cell gives builders the option to ment; therefore, the SCRAM sys-
produce low-run parts that make tem allows for faster corrections
all the difference in their designs. and modifications.
printing process and the FGF Ryan Bischoff, This might be a carbon fiber ele- Once the complex tooling is
support tool printing process, Electroimpact ment for Formula One racing or a printed, the SCRAM system
SCRAM cells are also fitted engineer, part made from an alloy destined changes to a multi-axis milling
with two FFF nozzles optimized discusses the for space. head that finishes the form to
for deposition of thermoplastic capabilities of “Here is where the factory- exacting specifications. It then
material reinforced with short or the SCRAM in-a-cell helps teams develop changes once again to the 6-axis
“chopped” fiber. system for parts much more quickly than a carbon-fiber placement head and
A proprietary laser heating sys- prototyping traditional facility,” Bischoff says. applies the intricate pattern of
tem is incorporated, producing and low volume “You complete the whole process carbon fiber tape to the support
exceptionally strong bonds be- production of within the SCRAM system. It material. Bischoff explains that
tween layers. This process is ideal complex makes sense because these are the tape is deposited quickly,
for situations in which layering carbon-fiber not the kind of parts that are establishing the form. Next, the
continuous fiber is geometrically components.
impossible or otherwise doesn’t
make sense.
“It allows us to deposit the
material exactly where it needs
to be and only where it needs to
be, achieving the highest possible
strength and lowest weight,” says
Ryan Bischoff, senior composite The SCRAM
engineer at Electroimpact. system provides
This is a true 3D printing a true 3D
process where the layers are not printing
simply a stack of planes. Com- process, where
plex geometries such as variable the layers are
density core and other internal not simply
structures can be printed directly stacked on top
onto continuous fiber-reinforced of each other.
layers with widely varying curva- The 6-axis tool
ture. If desired, additional con- paths place
tinuous fiber-reinforced layers continuous
can then be deposited on top of fiber filament
the chopped fiber-reinforced core as well as
structure, forming an upper skin. chopped fiber.

@design_eng_mag  October 2023 DESIGN ENGINEERING 21

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ADDITIVE
MANUFACTURING FEATURE

Electroimpact controls engineer,

Martineau, says. “I am extreme-
ly excited about supporting
SCRAM in our customers’ en-
deavors moving forward. Each
customer is pushing what is pos-
sible. They are reaching for ideas
that are slightly out of the ordi-
nary. With this true digital twin,
instead of needing to travel for an
on-site visit or asking for photos
or video footage of their challeng-
es, the PLC will allow simulation
right inside the control.”
Just as customers can run the
digital twin from their computer,
Martineau says she will be able to
operate the digital control of a cus-
tomer’s SCRAM right from hers.
“We hear from customers when
they’re striving for the next level,
pushing the system to the max.
additive support material is then Brian McMinn, Brian Cubie, account manager Being able to jump in and see
dissolved away, leaving behind head of Siemens for Siemens, agrees. “Our system what’s happening is so valuable,”
a component in the exact shape Machine Tool is the foundation on which they she says. “The digital twin capa-
needed. Systems are building, and it is just incred- bilities of SINUMERIK ONE
“We are working to make an business, Brian ible to experience,” he says. “I will enable us to work extremely
open system that will support the Cubie, account have been in robotics for many close to our customers in the
material choices and make the manager for years, and to see what the engi- future, supporting their desires
parts each customer needs. We Siemens, Kylie neers at Electroimpact are doing to push the envelope of product
are driven by customer demand,” Martineau, in terms of digitalizing the factory development. With digital twin
Bischoff explains. controls floor is exciting. They are always technology this accurate, custom-
To facilitate the quick change engineer at at the forefront. Electroimpact ers will benefit from knowing we
over between multiple 3D Electroimpact, does a phenomenal job of taking can jump in anytime to seamlessly
printing operations, plus the and Ryan our new SINUMERIK ONE help troubleshoot.”
subtractive milling process, while Bischoff, senior control and adding encoders for Siemens and Electroimpact
enabling the complex and accu- composite feedback and run it though their have been partners for more than
rate motion paths of the printer, engineer at own kinematics.” 10 years. The SCRAM previous-
Electroimpact’s SCRAM relies Electroimpact ly included the SINUMERIK
on the SINUMERIK ONE from with the SCRAM Digital Twin 840D sl, a precision CNC control
Siemens. According to the com- system. Looking to the future, Electroim- favored by the aerospace industry.
pany, the CNC control system is pact says the SINUMERIK ONE SINUMERIK ONE is faster and
ideally suited to the SCRAM’s control platform will allow the excels at more complex code.
ability to shift from 3D printing company to implement advanced “Electroimpact is always push-
to finishing and continuous car- digital twin technology into its ing the envelope,” says Brian
bon-fiber placement, all from one SCRAM system. The company McMinn, head of the Siemens
control. says this will help its teams engi- Machine Tool Systems business.
“The faster processor times for neer a fully functioning machine “Their approach is to always be at
both motion control and PLC, even before a real-life prototype the very leading edge of manufac-
combined with new functional- exists and for teams to transfer turing technology. We are glad to
ities of the SINUMERIK ONE, tasks from the real world to the be a part of their team as SINU-
further enable the incredible virtual environment. It will also MERIK ONE has the power and
work Electroimpact is doing with keep projects moving consistently speed to make it all possible.”|DE
the SCRAM system,” says Steve to the work preparation phase. https://usa.siemens.com
Czajkowski, engineering manager “There‘s a huge industry
at Siemens. push to having a digital twin,” This article was provided by Siemens USA

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MOTION
CONTROL FEATURE

All About Motion

Omron motion control specialist details the state of motion
controllers and the trends shaping their future.
The following is adapted from systems, RFID, barcode readers, is just flexibility of a dedicated motion control-
a Design Engineering podcast amazing now. We’ve even started to ler is important.
interview with Greg Dieck, build in databasing, right from the PLC, Also, a lot of controllers use program-
product manager for motion so you don’t need to have a third party mable languages that are script-based
control at Omron Automation – Ameri- PC for that. They’ve also accelerated and require a bit of overhead. Most
cas. Over the two decades he’s spent as in motion control as well, but there are PLCs run either IEC 61131 or func-
an engineer in the automation industry, still times where a dedicated motion tional blocks, which is easy to learn,
Dieck says the line between controllers controller really brings a lot to the table easy to program, and it’s easy to diag-
(PLCs, machine automation controllers because of its flexibility. nose machines that are having issues.
and IPCs) has increasingly blurred, es- But it does have a little bit of overhead
pecially in terms of their motion control
capabilities. In this Q&A, he delves into
what sets a pure play motion controller
Q What are the advantages of a
dedicated motion controller
given the capabilities of other
while you’re trying to get down to very
high speeds. For instance, some of our
motion controllers can do five axes of
apart from other controllers and discuss- controllers? coordinated motion at a 15 microsec- Photo: loonger/ iStock / Getty Images Plus/Getty Images.

es the trends guiding the present and ond update rate. I don’t think there’s a
future of motion control technology. Dieck: A lot of times, it comes down PLC, or even IPC, out there that could
to flexibility. When you’re doing really hit that kind of speed. So if you’re doing

Q What sets a motion controller

apart from other controllers,
like PLCs, PACs and IPCs, that are
complex motion control, off-the-shelf
motors and drives often don’t accom-
plish what you want them to do. So you
some very tight kinematics, the motion
controllers have a distinct advantage.

capable of motion control?

Dieck: Over the last 10 years, it’s been

might be looking at multiple different
types of feedback devices, multiple
different types of interfaces in different
Q There’s a move toward visual
programming or low code
programming for PLCs. Are there
fun to watch how PLCs. programma- servos, drives, motors, or even steppers, similar trends for more dedicated
ble automation controllers, or machine but also custom-made kinematics. For motion controllers?
automation controllers, have advanced customers in industries like semiconduc-
and become amazingly good. The con- tor, where very high precision and very Dieck: We’re seeing a move toward a
nectivity of PLCs to things like vision high throughput is extremely critical, the graphical operator interface in motion

24 DESIGN ENGINEERING October 2023 DESIGN-ENGINEERING.com

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controllers. PLCs have done a fabulous
job with that but motion controllers are
getting there. A lot of it is graphical set-
up. But when we’re getting into the very
complex, high speed motion, when it’s
really going to run fast, we are still seeing,
in a lot of cases, proprietary scripting lan-
guages. But we also do run C++ so that
for new engineers coming out of school,
there are some of the native languages
they’ve learned.
So, in dedicated motion controllers,
we’re seeing more of the configura-
tion and the setup done in more of a
graphical interface. We are seeing some
motion controllers do IO and things like Omron Automation’s Programmable Multi-Axis Controller (PMAC) line Photo credit: Omron
that and some of that kind of devices in
an IEC 61131 environment, but then some of the things we do more in motion Dieck: I’ve always told people that there
still having the script language to run controllers that we can’t do in PLC- are some things our motion controllers
the motion control to get the best per- based motion. can do that I could write into the ma-
formance out of it. chine automation controller. With the

Q Is there a clear point at which

a dedicated motion controller
Q If that gray area is growing, is
there a push for motion
controllers to get smarter to
motion controller, however, they’re
pre-done. Look ahead is a great capabil-
ity within controllers nowadays and so is
becomes the obvious choice over differentiate from other feed forward. That is, being able to really
a PLC or PAC? controllers? accurately do well with the tangential ac-
cess, such as glass cutting, wood cutting,
Dieck: That gray area is really growing; Dieck: All the components are getting foam cutting, where you have to follow
it’s getting harder and harder to distin- smarter. One of the things I’ve been the tangent of the machine.
guish between the two. For example, we working on lately has to do with the ef- Are those things that could you write
brought some G-code capability into ficiency of the machines, and how long into a machine automation controller?
our machine automation controller, can we keep them running. Downtime Yes, you could. But it’s all going to be
but we couldn’t bring our full G-code is a big killer. We address that very well functional blocks and it’s going to cause
capability. So, when I’m talking to cus- in PLCs, but we’re starting to do more overhead. Motion controller now have
tomers, what I look at is, what type of in motion controllers. So we’re utiliz- that built right into their framework.
capabilities they need. ing what some call machine learning We’re also seeing a lot of very high-
Take integrating a laser, for instance. or artificial intelligence now to watch end tuning to get higher accuracies in
Whether it’s etching, cutting, or whatev- the machine and spot an anomaly that motion controllers. You’re able to take
er you happen to be doing with a laser, could create a bad part. the PWM control, the tuning, out of the
those applications require very complex When you start talking about the semi- drive and let the motion controller fire
kinematics that a machine automation conductor, or the automotive industry, directly. That gives you very tight accu-
controller or programmable automation those end product are worth a lot of racies. If we get really intense with it, we
controller don’t handle quite as well. So money. If you can say, ‘Hey, we’re about can get some encoder count accuracies
when I start looking at the application, to make a bad part, stop and fix the issue down way beyond the micron, where we
it’s really G-code, and what kind of ac- before continuing’, it’s a tremendous were years ago. Now, we can get down
curacies and speeds they’re trying to hit. cost saving for the customer. So we’re to single digit or double digit nanometer
A lot of times, in PLCs, we either cut just seeing everything down to the sen- accuracies in some cases.
speed to try to gain accuracy or cut ac- sor level become more smart. And then, So, for example, if mechanical bear-
curacy to gain speed. There’s usually a with IIoT, and IO link, we’re starting to ings have too much inaccuracy, we can
point where you can only get so accurate look at how to get that information out do compensation tables and air bear-
and so fast. Motion controllers, because to the controller, and then how to use it ings. And we can actually control the
of what they do, can help. For example, in the controller. It’s just amazing how accuracy of the bearings with the coils of
integrating lasers is very critical now as everything, every aspect of the industry, the motors. I’ve done motion for a lot of
the they are becoming more and more seems to just be getting smarter, faster years, but when I go to our engineering
integrated in the industry. I’ve been able and better. center of excellence, it amazes me what
to do some of those with very high accu- the motion control guys are doing and
racy, while also overcoming mechanical
systems, implementing compensation
tables, and things like that. Those are
Q What other trends do you see
that are coming up in motion
control?
what they’re going to be doing in the
future. |DE
www.automation.omron.com

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IDEA
GENERATOR NEW PRODUCTS

Controller 100, now includes yaw stages). Option -02 is driven

BACnet, OPC/UA and DNP3 by three phase-servo motors,
protocols, as well as MODBUS and option -03 is DC servo
TCP/UDP, EtherNet/IP or motor driven. The -04 option is
EtherCAT using the two on board stepper motor driven with
EtherNet ports. The controller quadrature optical encoders for
also supports programming via position verification.
Codesys 3.5, which allows www.oesincorp.com
coding in IEC 61131-3 compatible
languages and building HTML 5 IO-LINK MASTER
visualization for its built-in web
server. The controller’s two
Ethernet ports can be assigned
two unique IP addresses, with
one port for field devices and
the other for SCADA or cloud
MOTION CONTROL services. The model also
provides a variety of built-in Emerson unveiled its G3 IO-Link
ELECTRIC CYLINDER digital and analog I/O plus RTD Master designed with the
Beckhoff has expanded its inputs, that can be used with AVENTICS Series G3 Fieldbus
AA3000 series with the AA3100, WAGO’s 750-362 MODBUS platform. The component’s
an electric cylinder designed as Coupler for I/O expansion. IO-Link capabilities allow for
a drop-in replacement for www.wago.com multiple IO-Link masters to be
hydraulic or pneumatic added on one G3 Fieldbus
actuators. To simplify replace- and USB ports. Any of the four THREE-AXIS platform. The G3 offers eight
ment, the AA3100 leverage an PLC units in the series can be POSITIONING STAGES Class A ports per module to
ISO 15552 flange size with bolting used as a stand-alone controller support multiple IO-Link smart
points on both sides, as well as with 32 built-in I/O or add up to 7 and standard analog sensors.
an external thread mount on the expansion modules for up to 244 The IO-Link master can be
shaft end of the spindle. Each additional I/O points. Expansion distributed up to 30 meters
product in the series, the AA3123 modules also add extra discrete, away from G3. Together with the
and AA3133, have two variants; communication, analog or 20-meter IO-Link cable length
all feature a 24-bit multi-turn motion control capability. The maximum, the sensors can be
encoder, One Cable Technology company’s XG5000 program- located up to 50 meters in total
(OCT) and an electronic ming software features four of from the G3 Fieldbus platform.
identification plate. The first of the five languages included in The models can also be
the AA3123’s two variants offers the IEC 61131 standard. It also OES introduced its YPR-10-15-60 configurable with the G3 web
5,300N peak force, 1,300N features more than 700 function Series of three-axis yaw, pitch, server.
continuous force and 0.28 m/s blocks, including 70 motion and roll stages that feature four www.emerson.com
maximum speed. The second control specific blocks. The motor options. The series is the
offers 2,650N peak force, 650N included XG-PM software integration of a 60mm diameter
continuous force and 0.56 m/s provides table-based position rotary stage (upper axis) MOTORS AND
max speed. The AA3133 variants configurations of up to 400 capable of 360 degrees of DRIVES
offer 12,500N peak force, moves per axis. continuous operation, and two
2,800N continuous force and www.automationdirect.com goniometers (middle and lower STEPPER DRIVE
0.12 m/s max speed or 6,000N axes). The middle stage has a
peak force, 1,400N continuous COMPACT range of +/- 15 degrees and the
force and 0.24 m/s maximum CONTROLLER lower stage has a +/- 10 degrees
speed. >> range. The four motor options
www.beckhoff.com include the -01, a stepper
motor-driven option that has
COMPACT PLC knobs for manual adjustments.
AutomationDirect has added LS The stepper motors, with a 10
Electric’s XGB PLCs that feature micro-steps per step motor
IEC programming. The stackable driver, have a repeatability of
PLCs come with integrated 2- or +/- 0.01 degree and travel
6-axis pulse/direction motion speeds of 30 degrees-per-sec-
inputs/outputs (up to 200kHz) WAGO announced that its ond (roll stage) and 14 de- Kollmorgen has introduced its
and includes Ethernet and serial small-scale PLC, the Compact grees-per-second (pitch and P80360 stepper drive, which

26 DESIGN ENGINEERING October 2023 DESIGN-ENGINEERING.com

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incorporates stepless control technology environment capabilities to its EtherCAT thermal sensors that can detect potential
and offers closed-loop position control and FlexPro line. AMC’s standard line of extended machine issues. Available as a distributed
full programmability, the company says. In environment servo drives can operate in servo drive or as an integrated servo/motor,
addition to open-loop stall detection, the temperatures from -40°C to +95°C and at the drive offers power output up to 5.5KW.
drive offers the ability to track load position altitudes from 25,000 meters above sea With IP66 certification, the line also features
via encoder feedback and automatically level to 400 meters below. The drive line CIP Security capability and integrated safety
correct for any overshoot or undershoot carries an IP65 rating for ingress protection, technology capable of achieving the SIL 3
errors. Using Kollmorgen Space software, and shock protection up to 25gms for 5 standard.
the drive can be programmed for simple minutes. The drive line is compatible with www.rockwellautomation.com
point-to-point movements as well as linked EtherCAT and CANopen network protocols.
motion sequences. The P80360 stepper www.advancedmotion.com SERVO MOTORS
drive can be used with all stepper motors
with phase current up to 3.0A rms. All DISTRIBUTED SERVO DRIVE
P8000 series drives feature CE, RoHS and
REACH certifications.
www.kollmorgen.com

SERVO DRIVES

Rockwell Automation has launched its Mitsubishi Electric Automation has

ArmorKinetix distributed servo drives, an expanded its MELESRVO-J5 product family
extension of the company’s Kinetix 5700 with two servo motors: The HK-RT/ST and
platform. The line features an architecture the HK-KT/ST motors with 3000 rpm-rated
that mounts the drive outside an electrical speed. The models include a Simple Motion
cabinet. It also includes vibration and Mode for the RD78G Motion Module,

Festo has debuted its CMMT MP multi-proto-

col servo drive family that supports multiple
protocols including EtherNet/IP, EtherCAT,
PROFINET and Modbus TCP. End-users can
choose the appropriate protocol directly on
the unit or by logging in using Festo’s
Automation Suite commissioning software.
The CMMT family includes the CMMT-ST-MP
compact DC servo drives, rated up to 300W,
and the CMMT-AS-MP compact AC servo
drives, rated up to 6 KW. The company’s 9-
and 12-KW CMMT-AS-MP units are slated for
sale later this year. CMMT MP drives are
backwards compatible with Festo’s
single-protocol CMMT drives, including
identical cabling and mounting.
www.festo.com

SERVO DRIVES

Advanced Motion Controls (AMC) has added

six CANopen servo drives with extended

@design_eng_mag  October 2023 DESIGN ENGINEERING 27

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IDEA
GENERATOR NEW PRODUCTS

Advanced Synchronous Control, and SERVO-DRIVE

positioning mode or “point table” for Siemens introduced its SIMATIC Micro-Drive,
MR-J5G servo amplifiers. Networking and designed for extra-low-voltage (24–48V)
communication feature master “follower” applications. The 20mm-wide, UL- and
operation to transmit commands to CE-marked components consist of the PDC
master and following axis in a synchro- (PROFIdrive Control) servo drive with a range
nized servo system, auto-detection of IP of motors, along with the TM (technology
address on the CC-Link IE TSN network module) format. Communication takes
and support of Line Star and Ring place over PROFINET using PROFIsafe and
topologies with CC-Link IE TSN. PROFIdrive profiles. Torque is limited by the
https://us.mitsubishielectric.com Safety Integrated function, SLT (Safely

Limited Torque). The drives are available in

280W-rating and come standard with
hardwired Safe Torque Off (STO) safety
functions. The Siemens Totally Integrated
Automation (TIA) Portal is used to
configure drives and motors. Machine
operating data can be transmitted directly
to the controller from the drive and
transferred to Cloud-based platforms such
as MindSphere over MindConnect.
https://usa.siemens.com

AUTOMATION
AUTOMATION OS

Weidmuller USA has launched its u-OS, an

open operating system engineered for
Industrial IoT and automation applications.
In addition to supporting Weidmuller’s
u-remote and u-control lines, the OS
embraces open standards including Linux,
OPC-UA and Docker, the company says.
Using containerization, users can combine
proprietary, third-party and custom-built
applications with increased stability and
security. The OS also integrates open-
source tools such as CODESYS, the
manufacturer-independent IEC 61131-3
automation software for engineering
control systems, and Node-RED, the
low-code programming tool for wiring
together hardware devices, APIs and online
services.
www.weidmuller.com

28 DESIGN ENGINEERING October 2023 DESIGN-ENGINEERING.com

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EDGE GATEWAY certifications. It also operates in DC ENERGY METER
SOFTWARE temperature range from -30°C to
70°C and also has the EN50121-4,
NEMA TS2 and E-mark E1
certifications to meet the needs
of vertical applications.
https://moxa.com
Hilscher North America released
its EtherCAT Tap software INDUSTRIAL WI-FI
application for netFIELD OnPrem- BRIDGE
ise edge gateway. The netFIELD signaling with output alarms
App EtherCAT Tap enables the allows real-time status monitor-
extraction of process data from ing. In ratings up to 10A, the
existing machines on EtherCAT modules can be used as Carlo Gavazzi announced its DCT
networks. The containerized standalone devices or integrat- Series DC Energy Meter,
software includes a built-in ed into a modular system using designed for electric vehicle fast
configuration app that is optional supply and ground chargers. The DCT1 Series
accessible via web browser. By modules, busbars and comb enables a metering system that
implementing a physical data jumpers (total system load up to can be certified according to the
switch, directly after the PLC, 40A). The modules offer a requirements of the U.S. Electric
users have access to all messag- remote set/reset function useful Vehicle Service Equipment
ing and data traffic. This is made Moxa introduced its AWK-4252A in applications where physical (EVSE), European and German
possible by Hilscher’s netX Series 3-in-1 industrial wireless access to the unit is difficult or calibration and cybersecurity
system-on-chip (SoC) hardware. Access Point/Bridge/Client that dangerous. The protectors are laws. The series features
After configuration, data can be offers aggregated data rates of UL Listed, CE marked and RoHS integrated voltage measure-
sent via MQTT to monitoring or up to 1.267 Gbps. Featuring IEEE compliant. ment, power supply and RS485
analytics applications. Addition- 802.11ac technology, the unit www.automationdirect.com port (with signature). It also
ally, the listen-only functionality can operate concurrently on
ensures that netFIELD App both the 2.4 and 5 GHz du-
EtherCAT Tap is secure by design. al-band Turbo Roaming with an
www.hilscher.com average handover time under
150 ms. Its IP68-rated weather-
SECURE CELLULAR proof metal housing withstands
ROUTER outdoor environments from -40°
to 75°C, while its enhanced
antenna port isolation protects
against up to 30kV ESD and 6kV
surges. The AWK-4252A is
certified for IEC 62443-4-2 that
ensures device-level security
and verifies that devices are
suitable for building an IEC
62443-3-3 compliant security
Moxa has introduced its OnCell environment. It also supports
G4302-LTE4, a secure cellular the latest WPA3 encryption.
router that complies with IEC www.moxa.com
62443-4-2 standards. It also
integrates MXsecurity software
and security features such as ELECTRICAL
Secure Boot, Virtual Private
Network (VPN) and Network CIRCUIT PROTECTORS
Address Translations (NAT). With AutomationDirect has added the
built-in WAN redundancy and Gladiator GECP series of
GuaranaLink technology, the modular 12/24 VDC circuit
router model recovers connec- protectors. The series offers
tion quickly, the company says. both fixed trip current versions
Suited for hazardous locations, and a version with an adjustable
the model carries CCCEx, IECEx, trip current range and adjust-
ATEX, and Class 1 Division 2 able trip characteristics. LED

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IDEA
GENERATOR NEW PRODUCTS

supports multi-protocols, Vision Association (EMVA) 1288

including RS485 Modbus RTU or testing standards to measure
SML, and measurement ranges sensor characteristics. EMVA
of 150 to 1000 VDC, 300A or 1288 measures performance in
600A max current. It also offers machine vision cameras; Vision
energy resolution of 0.0001 Research is the first to apply it to
kWh to meet EVSE certification RAM-based high-speed
requirements. Approvals and cameras. The inclusion means
certifications include cULus; the company won’t be including
NMi evaluation certificate for ISO 12232 measurements for
Eichrecht approval according to their products. Quantum
IEC 62052-11, IEC 62052-31, IEC efficiency, temporal dark noise,
62053-41, VDE-AR-E 2418-3-100 dynamic range and absolute
Annex A, WELMEC 7.2. V2G sensitivity threshold are among
compliance. POWER the parameters specified in an
www.GavazziOnline.com TRANSMISSION EMVA 1288 report. Referencing
these in addition to pixel size,
AC ENERGY METER SWIVEL JOINT resolution and throughput
BEARING provides the information
igus has expanded its iglide PRT necessary to compare cameras
series with the addition of the in terms of image response.
PRT-05-15-PC, a swivel joint www.phantomhighspeed.com
bearing made from 97%
regranulated iglide M260 and RADIOMETRIC
iglide P4 high-performance THERMAL CAMERA
plastics. The bearing consists of
an inner ring and an outer ring, thermal resolution, respectively.
which execute a sliding The Ex Pro-Series cameras also
movement on each other feature built-in 5MP digital
without balls. According to the cameras and LED lamps. The
company, it is produced by cameras are drop-tested up to
injection molding from two meters (6.6 ft) and feature
high-performance plastics. With an IP54 rating, 25G-shock, and
Carlo Gavazzi launched its EM511 a diameter of 100 millimeters 2G vibration test ratings. Ex
Series 1 Phase Energy Meters, (3.93 inches), the bearing is 10 Pro-Series cameras also offer
designed for load balancing for millimeters (0.39 inches) high four hours of continuous
Level 1 and 2 EV charging and weighs 72 grams. The operation on one charge.
applications. The series is bearing’s plastic incorporates www.teledyneflir.com Teledyne FLIR released its
bi-directional, thus enabling the solid lubricants that are Lepton 3.1R, a radiometric
separate measurement of released during operation and HIGH-SPEED thermal camera module with a
imported and generated energy, enable low-friction dry running CAMERA 95-degree field of view (FOV),
including vehicle-to-grid (V2G) without grease. 160 x 120 resolution, and a
technology. In addition to www.igus.com scene dynamic range of up to
monitoring power, real-time 400°C. The 3.1R is a drop-in
energy consumption, electrical enhancement for existing
variables, and total harmonic VISION SENSORS Lepton-based products. It
distortion, the EM511 provides incorporates the same visual
maintenance data, such as a THERMOGRAPHY object and space perception
built-in run-hour meter that CAMERA interface (VoSPI), inter-integrat-
records total operating time. Teledyne FLIR unveiled its ed circuit (I2C), and electrical
The meters support direct focus-free FLIR E5 Pro and FLIR and mechanical form and fit as
connection input up to 45A and E6 Pro cameras, which feature a predecessor Leptons. All Lepton
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Other documents randomly have
different content
 "They would say, Josephine, that a philosopher cuts no ice,
which is true, and is moreover a serious stigma to fasten on any
patriotic man or woman." But now again she has brought me to
book on the score of the feelings of the leading villains. She
appreciates that we are on terms of considerable friendliness
with some Presidents of corporations, and that though my list
contains no real names, I may give offence. Perhaps she fears a
sort of social boycott. Let me satisfy her scruples and do justice
at the same time by admitting that not every President of a
quasi-public corporation is a leading villain. Nor every Alderman
a low comedian. That will let out all my friends. But, on the
other hand, I ask the attention even of my friends to the
predicament of Thomas Barnstable, President of the People's
Heat and Power Company.)

Thomas Barnstable, the leading villain whose case I select for

detailed presentation, has none of the coarser proclivities of David J.
Prendergast, Treasurer of the Underground Steam Company. As
regards David J. Prendergast, I could almost retract my allegation of
pity and assert that he is a villain by premeditation and without
compunction. That is, his method of dealing with the twelve low
comedians is, I am told, conducted on a cold utilitarian basis without
struggle of conscience or effort at self-justification. He says to the
modern highwaymen, "Fix your price and let my bill pass. My time is
valuable and so is yours, and the quicker we come to terms, the
better for us both." What he says behind their backs is not fit for
publication; but he recognizes the existence of the tax just as he
recognizes the existence of the tariff, and he has no time to waste in
considering the effect of either on the higher destinies of the nation.
Thomas Barnstable belongs to another school. He is a successful
business man. In the ordinary meaning of the phrase, he is also a
gentleman and a scholar. His word in private and in business life is
as good as his bond; he respects the rights of the fatherless and the
widow, and he is known favorably in philanthropic and religious
circles. Having recognized the value of certain patents, he has
become a large owner of the stock of the People's Heat and Power
Company, and is the President of the corporation. Hitherto he has
had plain sailing, municipally speaking. That is, the original franchise
of the company was obtained from the city before he became
President, and only this year for the first time has the necessity of
asking for further privileges arisen. Moreover, he finds his
corporation confronted by a rival, the Underground Steam Company.
Now here is a portion of the dialogue which took place five
weeks before election between this highly respectable gentleman
and his right-hand man, Mr. John Dowling, the efficient practical
manager of the People's Company.
"Peter Lynch was here to-day," said Mr. Dowling.
"And who may Peter Lynch be?" was the dignified but
unconcerned answer.
"Peter Lynch is Peter Lynch. Don't you know Peter? He's the
Alderman from the fifth district. He has been Alderman for ten years,
and so far as I can see, he is likely to continue to be Alderman for
ten more."
"Ah."
"Peter was in good-humor. He was smiling all over."
Mr. Dowling paused, so his superior said, "Oh!" Then realizing
that the manager was still silent, as though expecting a question, he
said, "What did he come for?"
"He wishes us to help him mend his fences. Some of them need
repairing. The wear and tear of political life is severe."
 "I see—I see," responded Mr. Barnstable, reflectively, putting his
finger-tips together. "What sort of a man is Peter?"
Mr. Dowling hesitated a moment, merely because he was
uncertain how to deal with such innocence. Having concluded that
frankness was the most businesslike course, he answered, bluffly,
"He's an infernal thief. He's out for the stuff."
"The stuff? I see—I see. Very bad, very bad. It's an outrage that
under our free form of government such men should get a foothold
in our cities. I hope, Dowling, you gave him the cold shoulder, and
let him understand that under no consideration whatever would we
contribute one dollar to his support."
"On the contrary, I gave him a cigar and pumped him."
"Pumped him?"
"I wanted to find out what he knows."
"Dear me. And—er—what does he know?"
"He knows all about our bill, and he says he'd like to support it."
This was a shock, for the bill was supposed to be a secret.
"How did he find out about it?"
"Dreamt it in his sleep, I guess."
"I don't care for his support, I won't have it," said Mr.
Barnstable, bringing his hand down forcibly on his desk to show his
earnestness and indignation. "I wish very much, Mr. Dowling, that
you had told him to leave the office and never show his impudent
face here again."
There was a brief silence, during which Mr. Dowling fingered his
watch-chain; then he said, in a quiet tone, "He says that the
Underground Steam Company is going to move heaven and earth to
elect men who will vote to give them a location."
 "I trust you let him know that the Underground Steam Company
is a stock jobbing, disreputable concern with no financial status."
"It wasn't necessary for me to tell him that. He knows it. He said
he would prefer to side with us and keep them out of the streets,
which meant of course that he knew we were able to pay the most if
we chose. It seems Prendergast has been at him already."
"Disgusting! They both ought to be in jail."
"Amen. He says he gave Prendergast an evasive answer, and is
to see him again next Tuesday. There's the situation, Mr. Barnstable.
I tell you frankly that Lynch is an important man to keep friendly to
our interests. He is very smart and well posted, and if we allow him
to oppose us, we shall have no end of trouble. He is ready to take
the ground that the streets ought not be dug up, and that a
respectable corporation like ours should not be interfered with. Only
he expects to be looked after in return. I deplore the condition of
affairs as much as you do, but I tell you frankly that he is certain to
go over to the other side and oppose us tooth and nail unless we
show ourselves what he calls friendly to his 'interests.'"
"Then we'll prevent his election. I would subscribe money
toward that myself."
The Manager coughed, by way perhaps of concealing a smile.
"That would not be easy," he said. "And if it could be done, how
should we be better off? Peter Lynch is only one of fifteen or twenty,
many of whom are worse than he. By worse I mean equally
unscrupulous and less efficient. Here, Mr. Barnstable, is a list of the
candidates for Aldermen on both sides. I have been carefully over it
and checked off the names of those most likely to be chosen, and I
find that it comprises twelve out-and-out thieves, five sneak-thieves,
as I call them, because they pilfer only in a small way and pass as
pretty honest; four easy-going, broken-winded incapables, and three
perfectly honest men, one of them thoroughly stupid. Now, if we
have to deal with thieves, it is desirable to deal with those most
likely to be of real service. There are four men on this list who can, if
they choose, help us or hurt us materially. If we get them, they will
be able to swing enough votes to control the situation; if they're
against us, our bill will be side-tracked or defeated and the
Underground Steam Company will get its franchise. That means, as
you know, serious injury to our stockholders. There's the case in a
nut-shell."
"What are their names?" asked Mr. Barnstable, faintly.
"Peter Lynch, Jeremiah Dolan, William H. Bird, and John P.
Driscoll, popularly known in the inner circles of City Hall politics as
'the big four.' And they are—four of the biggest thieves in the
community."
"Dear me," said Mr. Barnstable. "And what is it you advise
doing?"
"Like the coon in the tree, I should say, 'Don't shoot and I'll
come down.' It's best to have a clear understanding from the start."
"What I meant to ask was—er—what is it that this Peter Lynch
wishes?"
"He uttered nothing but glittering generalities; that he desired to
know who his friends were, and whether, in case he were elected, he
could be of any service to our corporation. The English of that is, he
expects in the first place a liberal subscription for campaign
expenses—and after that retaining fees from time to time as our
attorney or agent, which will vary in size according to the value of
the services rendered."
A faint gleam of cunning hope appeared in Mr. Barnstable's eyes.
"Then anything we—er—contributed could properly be charged
to attorney's fees?" he said by way of thinking aloud.
 "Certainly—attorney's fees, services as agent, profit and loss,
extraordinary expenses, machinery account, bad debts—there are a
dozen ways of explaining the outlay. And no outlay may be
necessary. A tip on the stock will do just as well."
"Dear, dear," reiterated Mr. Barnstable. "It's a deplorable
situation; deplorable and very awkward."
"And the awkward part is, that we're a dead cock in the pit if we
incline to virtue's side."
Mr. Barnstable sighed deeply and drummed on his desk. Then he
began to walk up and down. After a few moments he stopped short
and said:
"I shall have to lay it before my directors, Dowling."
"Certainly, sir. But in general terms, I hope. A single—er—
impractical man might block the situation until it was too late. Then
the expense of remedying the blunder might be much greater."
Mr. Barnstable inclined his head gravely. "I shall consult some of
the wisest heads on the Board, and if in their opinion it is advisable
to conciliate these blackmailers, a formal expression of approval will
scarcely be necessary."
A few days later the President sent for the Manager and waved
him to a chair. His expression was grave—almost sad, yet resolute.
His manner was dignified and cold.
"We have considered," said he, "the matter of which we were
speaking recently, and under the peculiar circumstances in which we
are placed, and in view of the fact that the success of our bill and
the defeat of the Underground Steam Company is necessary for the
protection of the best interests of the public and the facilitation of
honest corporate business enterprise, I am empowered to authorize
you to take such steps, Mr. Dowling, as seem to you desirable and
requisite for the proper protection of our interests."
 "Very good, sir. That is all that is necessary."
There was a brief silence, during which Mr. Barnstable joined his
finger-tips together and looked at the fire. Then he rose augustly,
and putting out his hand with a repellant gesture said, "There is one
thing I insist on, which is that I shall know nothing of the details of
this disagreeable business. I leave the matter wholly in your hands,
Dowling."
"Oh, certainly, sir. And you may rely on my giving the cold
shoulder to the rascals wherever it is possible for me to do so."
That is a pitiful story, isn't it? Virtue assaulted almost in its very
temple, and given a black eye by sheer force of cruel, overwhelming
circumstances. Yet a true story, and the prototype in its general
features of a host of similar episodes occurring in the different cities
of this land of the free and the home of the brave. Each case, of
course, has its peculiar atmosphere. Not every leading villain has the
sensitive and combative conscience of Thomas Barnstable; nor every
general manager the bold, frank style of Mr. Dowling. There is every
phase of soul-struggle and method from unblushing, business-like
bargain and sale to sphinx-like and purposely unenlightened and
ostrich-like submission. In the piteous language of a defender of
Thomas Barnstable (not Josephine), what can one do but submit? If
one meets a highwayman on the road, is one to be turned back if a
purse will secure a passage? Surely not if the journey be of moment.
Then is a corporate body (a corporation has no soul) to be starved
to death by delay and hostile legislation if peace and plenty are to
be had for an attorney's fee? If so, only the rascals would thrive and
honest corporations would bite the dust. And so it happened that Mr.
Dowling before election cast his moral influence in favor of the big
four, and a little bird flew from head-quarters with a secret message,
couched in sufficiently vague language, to the effect that the
management would be pleased if the employees of the People's Heat
and Power Company were to mark crosses on their Australian ballots
against the names of Peter Lynch, Jeremiah Dolan, Hon. William H.
Bird, and the Hon. John P. Driscoll.
Let us allow the curtain to descend to slow music, and after a
brief pause rise on some of our other characters. Behold now the
fifty thousand respectable, well-intentioned, tolerably ignorant
citizens who vote but are too busy with their own affairs to pay
attention to politics, and as a consequence generally vote the party
ticket or vote to please a friend. As a sample take Mr. John Baker,
amiable and well-meaning physician, a practical philanthropist and
an intelligent student of science by virtue of his active daily
professional labors. For a week before election he is apt to have a
distressing, soul-haunting consciousness that a City Government is
shortly to be chosen and that he must, as a free-born and virtue-
loving citizen, vote for somebody. He remembers that during the
year there has been more or less agitation in the newspapers
concerning this or that individual connected with the aldermanic
office, but he has forgotten names and is all at sea as to who is who
or what is what. Two days before election he receives and puts aside
a circular containing a list of the most desirable candidates, as
indicated by the Reform Society, intending to peruse it, but he is
called from home on one evening by professional demands, and on
the other by tickets for the theatre, so election morning arrives
without his having looked at it. He forgets that it is election day, and
is reminded of the fact while on his way to visit his patients by
noticing that many of his acquaintances seem to be walking in the
wrong direction. He turns also, at the spur of memory, and
mournfully realizes that he has left the list at home. To return would
spoil his professional day, so he proceeds to the polls, and, in the
hope of wise enlightenment, joins the first sagacious friend he
encounters. It happens, perhaps, to be Dowling.
"Ah," says Dr. Baker, genially, "you're just the man to tell me
whom to vote for. One vote doesn't count for much, but I like to do
my duty as an American citizen."
"It's a pretty poor list," says Dowling, pathetically, drawing a
paper from his pocket. "I believe, however, in accomplishing the best
possible results under existing circumstances. If I thought the
Reform candidates could be elected, I would vote for them and for
them only; but it's equally important that the very worst men should
be kept out. I am going to vote for the Reform candidates and for
Lynch, Dolan, Bird, and Driscoll. They're capable and they have had
experience. If they steal, they'll steal judiciously, and that is
something. Some of those other fellows would steal the lamp-posts
and hydrants if they got the chance."
"All right," says Dr. Baker. "I'll take your word for it. Let me write
those names down. I suppose that some day or other we shall get a
decent City Government. I admit that I don't give as much
consideration to such matters as I ought, but the days are only
twenty-four hours long."
Then from the same company there is Mr. David Jones, hay and
grain dealer, honest and a diligent, reputable business man. He
harbors the amiable delusion that the free-born American citizen in
the exercise of the suffrage has intuitive knowledge as to whom to
vote for, and that in the long run the choice of the sovereign people
is wise and satisfactory. He is ready to admit that political
considerations should not control selection for municipal office, but
he has a latent distrust of reformers as aristocratic self-seekers or
enemies of popular government. For instance, the idea that he or
any other American citizen of ordinary education and good moral
character is not fit to serve on the school committee offends his
patriotism.
"What's the matter with Lynch, anyway?" he asks on his way to
the polls. "I see some of his political enemies are attacking him in
the press. If he were crooked, someone would have found it out in
ten years. I met him once and he talked well. He has no frills round
his neck."
"Nor wheels in his head," answers a fellow-patriot, who wishes
to get a street developed and has put his case in Lynch's hands.
"He shall have my vote," says the hay and grain dealer.
As for the twenty-five thousand hide-bound partisans, I will state
to begin with, my optimistic correspondent, that if this drama were
concerned with any election but a city election, their number would
be larger. But these make up in unswerving fixity of purpose for any
diminution of their forces due to municipal considerations. They are
content to have their thinking done for them in advance by a packed
caucus, and they go to the polls snorting like war-horses and eager
to vindicate by their ballots the party choice of candidates, or meekly
and reverently prepared to make a criss-cross after every R or D,
according to their faith, with the fatuous fealty of sheep. Bigotry and
suspicions, ignorance and easy-going willingness to be led, keep
their phalanx steady and a constant old guard for the protection of
comedians and villains.
In another corner of the stage stand the ten thousand superior,
self-centred souls who neglect to vote and despise politics—the
mixed corps of pessimists, impractical dreamers, careless idlers, and
hyper-cultured world-disdainers, who hold aloof, from one motive or
another, from contact with common life and a share in its
responsibilities—some on the plea that universal suffrage is a folly or
a failure, some that earth is but a vale of travail which concerns little
the wise or righteous thinker, some from sheer butterfly or stupid
idleness. Were they to vote they would help to offset that no less
large body of suffragists—the active enemies of order, the hoodlum,
tobacco-spitting, woman-insulting, rum-drinking ruffian brigade.
There are only left the ten thousand conscientious citizens, real
patriots—a corporal's guard, amid the general optimistic sweep
toward the polls. These mark their crosses with care against the
names of the honest men and perhaps some of the pretty honest,
only to read in the newspapers next morning that the big four have
been returned to power and that the confidence of the plain and
sovereign people in the disinterested conduct of their public servants
has again been demonstrated.
"Ho, ho, ho," laugh the low comedians. "Mum's the word." The
faces of the big four are wreathed in self-congratulatory smiles. At
the homes of Peter Lynch and Jeremiah Dolan, those experienced
individuals without occupation, there are cakes and ale. It is a
mistake to assume that because a citizen is an Alderman he is not
human and amiably domestic in his tastes. Jeremiah loves the little
Dolans and is no less fond of riding his children on his leg than
Thomas Barnstable, or any of the leading villains. When their father
looks happy in the late autumn, the children know that their
Christmas stockings will be full. Jeremiah is at peace with all the
world and is ready to sit with slicked hair for his photograph, from
which a steel (or is it steal?) engraving will shortly be prepared for
the new City Government year-book, superscribed: "Jeremiah Dolan,
Chairman of the Board of Aldermen." A framed enlargement of this
will hang on one side of the fire-place, and an embroidered motto,
"God Bless Our Home," on the other, and all will be well with the
Dolans for another twelve months. In his own home Jeremiah is a
man of few words on public matters. Not unnaturally his children
believe him to be of the salt of the earth, and he lets it go at that,
attending strictly to business without seeking to defend himself in
the bosom of his family from the diatribes of reformers. Still, it is
reasonable to assume that, under the fillip of the large majority
rolled up in his favor, he would be liable to give vent to his sense of
humor so far as to refer, in the presence of his wife and children, to
the young man who was willing to become an Alderman while
waiting to be Senator, as a T. Willy.
 If you have read "The Hon. Peter Stirling," you will remember
that the hero rose to political stature largely by means of attending
to the needs of the district, befriending the poor and the helpless,
and having a friendly, encouraging word for his constituents, high or
low. The American public welcomed the book because it was glad to
see the boss vindicated by these human qualities, and to think that
there was a saving grace of unselfish service in the composition of
the average successful politician. It would be unjust to the big four
were I not to acknowledge that they have been shrewd or human
enough to pursue in some measure this affable policy, and that the
neighborhood and the district in which they live recognize them as
hustlers to obtain office, privileges, and jobs for the humble citizen
wishing to be employed by or to sell something to the City
Government. To this constituency the comparative small tax levied
seems all in the day's work, a natural incident of the principle that
when a man does something, he ought to be paid for it. To them the
distinction that public service is a trust which has no right to
pecuniary profit beyond the salary attached, and a reasonable
amount of stationery, seems to savor of the millennium and to
suggest a lack of practical intelligence on the part of its advocates.
They pay the lawyer and the doctor; why not the Alderman?
 III

I am reminded by Josephine that I seem to be getting into the

dumps, which does not befit one who claims to be an optimistic
philosopher. The drama just set before you is not, I admit,
encouraging as a national exhibit, and I can imagine that you are
already impatient to retort that the municipal stage is no fair
criterion of public life in this country. I can hear you assert, with that
confident air of national righteousness peculiar to the class of blind
patriots to which you belong, that the leading politicians of the
nation disdain to soil their hands by contact with city politics. Yet
there I take issue with you squarely, not as to the fact but as to the
truth of the lofty postulate seething in your mind that the higher
planes of political activity are free from the venal and debasing
characteristics of municipal public service—from the influence of the
money power operating on a low public standard of honesty.
Most of us—even philosophers like myself—try to cling to the
fine theory that the legislators of the country represent the best
morals and brains of the community, and that the men elected to
public office in the Councils of the land have been put forward as
being peculiarly fitted to interpret and provide for our needs, by
force of their predominant individual virtues and abilities. Most of us
appreciate in our secret souls that this theory is not lived up to, and
is available only for Fourth of July or other rhetorical purposes. Yet
we dislike to dismiss the ideal as unattainable, even though we know
that actual practice is remote from it; and patriots still, we go on
asserting that this is our method of choice, vaguely hoping, like the
well-intentioned but careless voter, that some day we shall get a
decent government, municipal, state, national—that is decent from
the stand-point of our democratic ideal. And there is another theory,
part and parcel of the other, which we try to cling to at the same
time, that our public representatives, though the obviously
ornamental and fine specimens of their several constituencies, are
after all only every-day Americans with whom a host of citizens
could change places without disparagement to either. In other
words, our theory of government is government by the average, and
that the average is remarkably high. This comfortable view induces
many like yourself to wrap themselves round with the American flag
and smile at destiny, sure that everything will result well with us
sooner or later, and impatient of criticism or doubts. As a people we
delight in patting ourselves on the back and dismissing our worries
as mere flea-bites. The hard cider of our patriotism gets readily into
the brain and causes us to deny fiercely or serenely, according to our
dispositions, that anything serious is the matter.
Yet whatever Fourth of July orators may say to the contrary, the
fact remains that the sorry taint of bargain and sale, of holding up
on the political highway and pacification by bribery in one form or
another, permeates to-day the whole of our political system from the
lowest stratum of municipal public life to the Councils which make
Presidents and United States Senators. To be sure, the Alderman in
his capacity of low comedian dictating terms to corporations seeking
civic privileges is the most unblushing, and hence the most obviously
flagrant case; but it is well recognized by all who are brought in
contact with legislative bodies of any sort in the country that either
directly or indirectly the machinery of public life is controlled by
aggregations of capital working on the hungry, easy-going, or readily
flattered susceptibilities of a considerable percentage of the
members. Certainly our national and State assemblies contain many
high-minded, honest, intellectually capable men, but they contain as
many more who are either dishonest or are so ignorant and easily
cajoled that they permit themselves to be the tools of leading
villains. Those cognizant of what goes on behind the scenes on the
political stage would perhaps deny that such men as our friend
Thomas Barnstable or his agent, Dowling, attempt to dictate
nominations to either branch of the legislature on the tacit
understanding that a member thus supported is to advocate or vote
for their measures, and by their denial they might deceive a real
simon-pure philosopher. But this philosopher knows better, and so do
you, my optimistic friend. It is the fashion, I am aware, among
conservative people, lawyers looking for employment, bankers and
solid men of affairs, to put the finger on the lips when this evil is
broached and whisper, "Hush!" They admit confidentially the truth of
it, but they say, "Hush! What's the use of stirring things up? It can't
do any good and it makes the public discontented. It excites the
populists." So there is perpetual mystery and the game goes on.
Men who wish things good or bad come reluctantly or willingly to the
conclusion that the only way to get them is by paying for them. Not
all pay cash. Some obtain that which they desire by working on the
weaknesses of legislators; following them into banks where they
borrow money, getting people who hold them in their employ or give
them business to interfere, asking influential friends to press them.
Every railroad corporation in the country has agents to look after its
affairs before the legislature of the State through which it operates,
and what some of those agents have said and done in order to avert
molestation would, if published, be among the most interesting
memoirs ever written. Who doubts that elections to the United
States Senate and House of Representatives are constantly secured
by the use of money among those who have the power to bestow
nominations and influence votes? It is notorious, yet to prove it
would be no less difficult than to prove that Peter Lynch, Alderman
for ten years without occupation, has received bribes from his
fellow-citizens. How are the vast sums of money levied on rich men
to secure the success of a political party in a Presidential campaign
expended? For stationery, postage stamps, and campaign
documents? For torchlight processions, rallies, and buttons? Some of
it, certainly. The unwritten inside history of the political progress of
many of the favorite sons of the nation during the last forty years
would make the scale of public honor kick the beam though it were
weighted with the cherry-tree and hatchet of George Washington. In
one of our cities where a deputation of city officials attended the
funeral of a hero of the late war with Spain, there is a record of
$400 spent for ice-cream. Presumably this was a transcript of petty
thievery inartistically audited. But there are no auditings of the real
use of the thousands of dollars contributed to keep a party in power
or to secure the triumph of a politically ambitious millionaire.
(Note.—Josephine, who had been sitting lost in thought
since the conclusion of the drama, and who is fond of problem
plays, inquired at this point whether I consider the low
comedians or the leading villains the most to blame for the
existing state of things.
"It is a pertinent question, Josephine, and one not easily
answered. What is your view of the matter?"
"I suppose," she answered, "as you have termed the bribers
the leading villains, they are the worst. And I do think that the
temptation must be very great among the class of men who are
without fine sensibilities to let themselves become the tools of
rich and powerful people, who, as you have indicated, can help
them immensely in return for a vote. It is astonishing that those
in the community who are educated, well-to-do citizens, should
commit such sins against decency and patriotism."
"Yes, it seems astonishing, but their plea is pathetic, as I
have already stated, and somewhat plausible. Suppose for a
minute that I am Thomas Barnstable defending himself and see
how eloquent I can be. 'What would you have me do, Madam? I
am an honest man and my directors are honest men; the bills
we ask for are always just and reasonable. I have never in my
life approached a legislator with an improper offer, nor have I
used direct or indirect bribery so long as it was absolutely
impossible to avoid doing so. But when a gang of cheap and
cunning tricksters block the passage of my corporation's
measures, and will not let them become law until we have been
bled, I yield as a last resort. We are at their mercy. It is a
detestable thing to do, I admit, but it is necessary if we are to
remain in business. There is no alternative. The responsibility is
on the dishonest and incapable men whom the American public
elects to office, and who under the specious plea of protecting
the rights of the plain people levy blackmail on corporate
interests. Corporations do not wish to bribe, but they are forced
to do so in self-defence.' There! Is not that a tear-compelling
statement?"
"I can see your side," said Josephine.
"Pardon me," I interrupted. "It is Mr. Barnstable's side, not
mine. I am not a capitalist, only a philosopher."
"Well, his side then; and I feel sorry for him in spite of the
weakness of his case. Only his argument does not explain the
others. I should not suppose that men like Mr. Prendergast
could truthfully declare that all the legislation they ask for is just
and reasonable."
"Precisely. Yet they buy their desires in the open market
from the free-born representatives of the people. If anyone
states so at the time he is hushed up, if possible; if not, there is
an investigation, nothing is proved, and the integrity of the
legislative body is vindicated. I can shed a tear on behalf of men
like Mr. Barnstable, a crocodile tear, yet still a tear. But there is
the larger army of hard-headed, dollar-hunting, practical
capitalists, who are not forming corporations for their health, so
to speak, to be reckoned with. My eloquence is palsied by them.
They would tell you that they were obliged to bribe, but they do
not waste much time in resistance or remorse. They seem to
regard the evil as a national custom, unfortunate and expensive,
but not altogether inconvenient. Confidentially over a cigar they
will assure you that the French, the Spanish, the Turks, and the
Chinese are infinitely worse, and that this is merely a passing
phase of democracy, whatever that may mean."
"Dreadful," said Josephine. "And then there are the people
with money who aid and abet their own nominations for
Congress. I think I could mention some of them."
"Well, you mustn't. It might hurt their feelings, for they may
not know exactly what was done except in a general way. After
all is over they ask 'how much?' draw a check and make few
inquiries. That is the genteel way. But in some states it is not
necessary or politic to be genteel. The principle is the same, but
the process is less subtle and aristocratic. But haven't you a
word of extenuation to offer on behalf of the low comedians?
Think of Jeremiah Dolan and the little Dolans."
"I suppose he also would say it wasn't true," said Josephine.
"Oh, yes. 'Lady, there isn't a word of truth in the whole
story. Someone's been stuffing you.'"
"They must be dreadfully tempted, poor wretches."
"'Lady, it's all make-believe. But it's one thing to talk and
another to sit still and have a fellow whisper in your ear that
you have only to vote his way to get five thousand in clean bills
and no questions asked. When a man has a mortgage on his
house to pay, five thousand would come in handy. I'm only
supposing, lady, and no one can prove I took a cent.'"
"Fred," said Josephine, after a solemn pause, "the dreadful
thought has just occurred to me that the American people may
not be—are not strictly honest."
 "Sh!" I shouted eagerly, and seizing a tea table-cloth I threw
it over her head and stayed her speech.
"My dear, do you realize what you are saying?"
"Do you realize that you are tumbling my hair?"
I paid no heed to this unimportant interjection, but said, "If
any true patriot were to hear you make such an accusation you
would subject yourself and me to some dreadful punishment,
such as happened to Dreyfus, or 'The Man Without a Country.'
Not honest? By the shades of George Washington, what are you
thinking of? Why, one of the chief reasons of our superiority to
all the other nations of the world is because of our honesty—our
immunity from the low moral standards of effete, frivolous
despotisms and unenlightened masses who are without the
blessings of freedom. Not strictly honest? Josephine, your lack
of tact, if nothing else, is positively audacious. Do you expect
me to break this cruel piece of news to the optimistic patriot to
whom this letter is addressed?"
"I think you are silly," said my wife, freeing herself from the
tea table-cloth and trying to compose her slightly discomposed
tresses. "I only thought aloud, and I said merely what you
would have said sooner or later in more philosophical terms. I
saw that you were tempted by the fear of not seeming a patriot
to dilly-dally with the situation and avoid expressing yourself in
perspicuous language. T-h-i-e-f spells thief; B-r-i-b-e-r-y spells
bribery. I don't know much about politics, and I'm not a
philosopher, but I understand the meaning of every-day English,
and I should say that we were not even pretty honest. There!
Those are my opinions, and I think you will save time if you
send them in your letter instead of beating about the bush for
extenuating circumstances. If you don't, I shall—for really, Fred,
 it's too simple a proposition. And as for the blame, it's six of one
and half a dozen of the other."
"Josephine, Josephine," I murmured, "there goes my last
chance of being sent to the Philippines, in my capacity as a
philosopher, to study whether the people of those islands are fit
for representative government.")

You have read what Josephine says, my optimistic friend. She

has stated that she would write to you her summing up of the whole
matter if I did not, so I have inserted her deduction in all its crudity.
She declares the trouble to be that the American people are
dishonest. Of course, I cannot expect you to agree with any such
conclusion, and I must admit that the boldness of the accusation is a
shock to my own sensibilities as a patriot. Of course, Josephine is a
woman and does not understand much about politics and ways and
means, and it is notorious that women jump at conclusions instead
of approaching them logically and in a dignified manner. But it is also
said that their sudden conclusions are apt to be right. Dishonest?
Dear me, what a dreadful suggestion. I really think that she went a
little too far. And yet I am forced to agree that appearances are very
much against us, and that if we hope to lead the world in
righteousness and progress we must, to recur to political
phraseology, mend our moral fences. I do not indulge in meteoric
flights, like Josephine. Let us argue the matter out soberly.
You and I, as men of the world, will agree that if the American
people prefer or find it more serviceable to cherish bribery as a
federal institution, no one will interfere. The fact that it is ethically
wrong is interesting to real philosophers and to the clergy, but
bribery will continue to flourish like a bay-tree if it is the sort of thing
which the American people like. Now, to all outward appearances
they find it, if not grateful and comforting, at least endurable and
convenient. Certainly, except among the class of people whom you
would be apt to stigmatize as "holier than thous," there is
comparatively little interest taken in the question. The mass of the
community seek refuge behind the agreeable fiction that the abuse
doesn't exist or exists only in such degree as to be unimportant.
Many of these people know that this is false, but they will not admit
that they think so in order not to make such doings familiar, just as
their custom is to speak of legs as lower limbs in order not to bring a
blush to the cheek of the young person. For thorough-going
hypocrisy—often unconscious, but still hypocrisy—no one can equal
a certain kind of American. It is so much easier in this world, where
patting on the back is the touch-stone of preferment and popularity,
to think that everything is as serene as the surface indicates, though
you are secretly sure that it is not. How much more convenient to be
able to say truthfully, "I have no knowledge of the facts, so don't
bother me," than to be constantly wagging the head and
entertaining doubts concerning the purity of one's fellow-citizens,
and so making enemies.
As I have indicated earlier in this letter, the ideal is dear to our
patriotic sensibilities that we are governed by average opinion, and
that the average is peculiarly high. The fastidious citizen in this
country has been and still is fond of the taunt that men of upright
character and fine instincts—what he calls gentlemen—will not enter
public life, for the reason that they will not eat dirt. The reply has
been that the real bugaboo of the fastidious citizen is one of
manners, and that in the essentials of character, in strong moral
purpose and solid worth, the average American voter is the peer of
any aristocracy. The issue becomes really one of fact, and mere
solemn assertion will not serve as evidence beyond a certain point.
If the majority prefer dishonesty, the power is in their hands to
perpetuate the system, but believing as you and I do that the
majority at heart is honest, how are we to explain the continued
existence of the evil? How as patriots shall we reconcile the
perpetuation in power of the low comedians, Peter Lynch and
Jeremiah Dolan, except on the theory that it is the will of the
majority that they should continue to serve the people? This is not a
question of kid gloves, swallow-tailed coats, and manners, but an
indictment reflecting on the moral character and solid worth of the
nation. How are we to explain it? What are we to say? Can we
continue to declare that we are the most honest and aspiring people
in the world and expect that portion of the world which has any
sense of humor not to smile? Are we, who have been accustomed to
boast of our spotless integrity as a people, ready to fall back on and
console ourselves with the boast, which does duty nowadays on
lenient lips, that we are as honest as any of the nations of Europe
except, possibly, England? That is an indirect form of patriotic
negation under the shadow of which low comedians and leading
villains could ply their trade comparatively unmolested.
As a philosopher, who is not a real philosopher, I find this charge
of Josephine's a difficult nut to crack, and I commend it respectfully
to your attention to mull over at your leisure, trusting that it may
temper the effulgence of your thoughts on Independence Day. Yet
having had my say as a philosopher, let me as an optimist, willing to
succor a fellow-optimist, add a few considerations indicating that the
situation may not be so ultimately evil as the existing state of affairs
and Josephine would have us believe. I write "may not be," because
I am not altogether confident that my intelligence is not being
cajoled by the natural cheeriness and buoyancy of my disposition.
The sole question at issue is whether the majority of the American
people are really content to have the money power of the country
prey upon and be the prey of the lowest moral sense of the
community.
We have before us an every-day spectacle of eager aggregations
of capital putting aside scruples as visionary and impractical, and
hence "un-American," in order to compass success, and at the other
side of the counter the so-called representatives of the people,
solemn in their verbiage but susceptible to occult and disgraceful
influences. The two parties to the intercourse are discreet and
businesslike, and there is little risk of tangible disclosure. Practically
aloof from them, except for a few moments on election day, stands
the mass of American citizens busy with their own money-getting or
problem-solving, and only too ready to believe that their
representatives are admirable. They pause to vote as they pause to
snatch a sandwich at a railroad station. "Five minutes for
refreshments!" Five minutes for political obligations! Individually
there are thousands of strictly honest and noble-hearted men in the
United States. Who doubts it? The originality and strength of the
American character is being constantly manifested in every field of
life. But there we speak of individuals; here we are concerned with
majorities and the question of average morality and choice. For
though we have an aspiring and enlightened van of citizens to point
the way, you must remember that emigration and natural growth
has given us tens of thousands of ignorant, prejudiced, and
sometimes unscrupulous citizens, each of whose votes counts one.
Perhaps it is true—and here is my grain of consolation or hope—that
the average voter is so easy-going, so long-suffering, so indisposed
to find fault, so selfishly busy with his own affairs, so proud of our
institutions and himself, so afraid of hurting other people's feelings,
and so generally indifferent as to public matters, provided his own
are serene, that he chooses to wink at bribery if it be not in plain
view, and likes to deceive himself into believing that there is nothing
wrong. The long and short of it seems to be that the average
American citizen is a good fellow, and in his capacity of good fellow
cannot afford to be too critical and particular. He leaves that to the
reformer, the literary man, the dude, the college professor, the
mugwump, the philosopher, and other impractical and un-American
people. If so, what has become of that heritage of his forefathers,
the stern Puritan conscience? Swept away in the great wave of
material progress which has centred all his energies on what he calls
success, and given to the power of money a luring importance which
is apt to make the scruples of the spirit seem unsubstantial and
bothersome. An easy-going, trouble-detesting, self-absorbed
democracy between the buffers of rapacity and rascality.
A disagreeable conclusion for an optimist, yet less gloomy than
the other alternative. This condition admits of cure, for it suggests a
torpid conscience rather than deliberate acquiescence. It indicates
that the representatives are betraying the people, and that there is
room for hope that the people eventually may rise in their might and
call them to account. If they do, I beg as a philosopher with
humorous proclivities, to caution them against seizing the wrong pig
by the ear. Let them fix the blame where it belongs, and not hold the
corporations and the money power wholly responsible. It may be
possible in time to abolish trusts and cause rich men sleepless nights
in the crusading name of populism, but that will avail little unless at
the same time they go to the real root of the matter, and quicken
the average conscience and strengthen the moral purpose of the
plain people of the United States. There will be leading villains and
low comedians so long as society permits, and so long as the
conscience of democracy is torpid. The players in the drama are,
after all, only the people themselves. Charles the First was beheaded
because he betrayed the liberties of the people. Alas! there is no
such remedy for a corrupt democracy, for its heads are like those of
Hydra, and it would be itself both the victim and the executioner.
 THE POINT OF VIEW

A Question of
Accent.
I suppose there is no gainsaying the authority of
"general usage" in the matter of English
pronunciation—even when that usage is etymologically
wrong. If there is one instinct in the Anglo-Saxon race which is at
once widespread and admirable, it is surely our instinct to avoid
even the semblance of preciosity; the Prig is justly our pet
abhorrence. Maybe some of us incline to carry this instinct a thought
too far; as, for instance, the educated English lady who, when taken
to task by an American for saying sónorous, replied: "We always say
sónorous; of course we know well enough that it really is sonórous,
but it would sound awfully priggish to say so in every-day talk!" But
she was an extreme example, and, though I still persist in saying
sonórous, I am far from wishing to undo the long-done work of that
"general usage" which has given us bálcony (for balcóny) and
anémone (for anemóne). About paresis I may be in some doubt, for
the word is so young in general use that there may still be time to
check the spread of the illiterate parésis. The latter pronunciation
does not seem to me to have been consecrated by sufficiently long
usage to have won indisputable authority; there may be a chance for
páresis yet!
There are, however, many words in our language, derived from
the Latin, on the accentuation of which both authority and usage are
still divided; and I cannot think the time past for etymology fairly
having something to say about these. Yet it seems to me that the
etymological rule for accenting such words, as it is commonly set
down, leaves a good deal to be desired in point of logic. It is that
syllables which are long by derivation should be accented, that those
which are short should not; and by it we get compénsate,
contémplate, etc.; but a large number of recognizedly educated
people say cómpensate and cóntemplate, and also have the
authority of some excellent lexicographers therefore. What authority
there may be for throwing the accent upon the penult in these
words cannot yet be considered as final.
A word which leads me to an explanation of my idea is elegiac—
which the Standard Dictionary now gives as elégiac only, but which
used to be pronounced elegíac by most cultivated English speakers.
It is rather a scholarly word, and I fancy most scholars to-day still
pronounce it elegíac; it seems to me that there still hangs about
elégiac, as Walker said in his day, a "suspicion of illiteracy." But, if
elegíac is right, why is it right? The rule for accenting syllables that
are long by etymology does not hold good here, for the i in elegiācus
is short, as it is also in the Greek elegiakós. It seems to me so highly
probable as to amount almost to a certainty, that scholarly
Englishmen fell into the habit of saying elegíac simply because they
had already formed the habit of saying elegiācus. They accented the
i in English because it was accented in Latin; and in Latin it is
accented, not because it is long (which it is not), but because the a
which follows it is short. And, if English scholars said elegíac from
habit, may not the results of a similar Latin habit be found in our
pronunciation of hosts of other English words of Latin origin?
The rule for accentuation I would propose is this: "If the syllable
which is penultimate in the English word is accented in the Latin, it
should be accented in the English word also; if, however, this syllable
is unaccented in Latin, the accent in the English word should fall
back upon the antepenult." Thus the penultimate i in elegiac is
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