BUILDING SERVICE – I

BAR 4121AR
PRESENTED BY:
AR. SUNAINA SHAKYA
LECTURER, ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT
KHWOPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AFFILIATED TO PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY)
VERY NEW SYLLABUS – UPDATED YEAR 2078

OLD

NEW
REFERENCE BOOKS
COURSE TOPICS

WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
COURSE TOPICS

SANITARY
SYSTEM
COURSE TOPICS

RAIN WATER
HARVES-
TING
SYSTEM
SYLLABUS DISPLAY
BACKGROUND
WHAT IS SERVICE ?

the action of helping or doing work for someone.

a system of supplying a public needs such as transport,
communications, or utilities such as electricity and water etc.
BACKGROUND
WHAT IS BUILDING SERVICE ?
Building services are the service systems installed in buildings to make
comfortable, functional, efficient and safe.
How best a building might have been planned & built, it is impossible,
till adequate building services aren’t provided to it.

Building services are also sometimes, termed as plumbing services:

1)Providing water supply in adequate quantity to building
2)Providing sanitary fittings to the building
3)Providing adequate and effective drainage to the building
BACKGROUND
BUILDING SERVICES MIGHT INCLUDE
• Water, drainage and plumbing(including sustainable urban
drainage systems(SUDS).
• Heating, ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC).
• Fire safety, detection and protection.
• Energy supply( gas, electricity and renewable sources such as solar,
wind, geothermal and biomass).
• Information and communications technology(ICT) networks.
• Lighting(natural and artificial) & Lightning protection.
BACKGROUND
BUILDING SERVICES MIGHT INCLUDE
• Refrigeration, Escalators and lifts.
• Façade engineering(such as building shading requirements).
• Security and alarm systems.
Unit 1: Introduction to Water Supply System
1.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
FLOW DIAGRAM OF A
WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
INTRODUCTION
Water supply system deals with the supply of safe water for
various purposes(e.g. domestic, industrial, commercial and
public supply) in sufficient amount efficiently.
1.1.1 OBJECTIVE
Main objective: to bring water from source and supply safe water to
consumer in adequate quantity efficiently at low cost.

Objectives of Organized water supply system:

1.To supply safe and wholesome water
2.To supply reliable and adequate water
3.To make water available within easy reach of consumers
4.To supply water reach in reliability, quality, quantity in effective and
efficient way so that the general cleanness is obtained and the water
related diseases are greatly reduced
1.1.1 OBJECTIVE
Objectives of Organized water supply system:
5.To make provision for future demands due to increase in population,
increase in standard living, storage and conveyance.
6. To make adequate provision for emergences like fire fighting,
festivals, meeting etc.
1.1.2 IMPORTANCE
After air, water is second essential requirements for human existence
among five requirements: air, water, food, heat and light.
Water is vital:
• All life depends on water, which is main components of living cells
from less than 40%(certain species of plants) to more than
95%(Jelly fish)
• Human body contains 80% of water i.e. 4/5 of its weight.
• A day without water is sufficient for the brain to become unable to
work properly and one can die in 2 or 3 days without water
1.1.2 IMPORTANCE
• Water is essential in human activity:
• Agriculture(irrigation), Industry, Electricity, production, Cooking,
Cleaning, Transportation, Recreation
• Human living standards depends on water quality.
• Nearly 80% of communicable diseases transmitted through
drinking water.
• It is an indication of: cleanliness, Hygenic sanitation, Health,
Development
1.1.3 FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGN OF
WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
• Population
• Consumption Pattern
• Quantity and Quality of water at source
• Landscape and topography
• Trend of development (Present and future)
• Users point of view
• Political matters
1.2 SOURCES OF WATER
• Source may be defined as the place from where water is obtained.
• Water is primarily obtained from rain and melting of snow.
• Water covers 75% of earth surface
• 97.3% of water is contained in great oceans that are saline
• 2.14% is held in icecaps glaciers in the poles, which are also not
useful
• Remaining 0.56% found in earth, is in useful form for general
livelihood
1.2.1 SELECTION OF WATER SOURCES
Selection of sources of water depends on following factors.

1) LOCATION
• Should be near to consumer’s area or town as far as possible
• Source may either surface or ground sources and the selection
depends on other factor. If there is no river , stream or reservoir in
the area, the ultimate source is ground water
• Location may be at higher elevation such that required pressure
may be obtained and water can be supplied by gravity flow
1.2.1 SELECTION OF WATER SOURCES
2) QUANTITY OF WATER
• Should have sufficient quantity of water to meet the demand for
that design period in wet and dry season also.
• Two or more sources can be joined for required quantity
• If possible, there should be sufficient quantity for future extension
of project
3) QUALITY OF WATER
• should be safe and free from pathogenic bacteria, germs and
pollution, and so good that water can be cheaply treated
• Water quality should be such that it has less quantity of impurities,
which further needs less treatments
1.2.1 SELECTION OF WATER SOURCES
4) COST
• Should able to supply water good quality and quantity at low cost
• Cost depends on location, ground level, city to source distance
• Lesser the distance between area of distribution and source,
requires lesser length of conveyance system and lesser no. of
appurtenances, so reduced cost
• Gravity system of flow is cheaper than pumping system
• Lesser the impurities, lesser the treatment and cost is reduced
• Cost analysis is necessary for various options and suitable one is
selected
1.2.2 TYPES OF WATER SOURCES
Surface source Ground source
• Lake • Springs
• River and Streams • Wells
• Impounded reservoir • Infiltration galleries
• Ponds • Infiltration wells
• Sea/Oceans
• Stored rain water
SURFACE
SOURCE
SURFACE SOURCE
1. LAKE:
• In mountains, natural basins are formed with impervious beds.
Lakes are formed when water from spring and streams flow
towards them
• Quantity of water depends on basin capacity, catchment area,
annual rainfall, porosity of ground etc.
• Quality of water is good in large lakes than small ones
• Lakes situated in high altitudes contain almost pure water.
• It is permanent type source
SURFACE SOURCE
2. STREAMS:
• Streams are formed by surface runoff with maximum discharge
at rainy season and may dry up in summer, called raining
stream or non-perennial stream
• Some streams are formed by snow melting and spring, having
all time water and called perennial stream. Less quantity in dry
period and more in rainy season
• Water quality is good in high altitude except the water from
first runoff, but contains impurities and need some treatments
like sedimentation
• Main sources of villages in hills and small W/S schemes.
SURFACE SOURCE
2. RIVERS:
• In high altitudes, rivers are formed by melting of snow while in
hilly and low altitudes, rivers are formed by combination of
streams and springs etc.
• Size of river is larger in downstream due to tributaries merging
and increment of catchments
• River may be snow fed, rain fed and combination of both
• River are the only surface source of water which have
maximum quantity of water, which can be easily taken
SURFACE SOURCE
• On the basis of water availability:
i. Perennial river: Water is available throughout year and can be
used for W/S. E.g. snow fed and spring fed river
ii. Non-Perennial river: Water is available seasonally. Dries on
certain period of year. Generally not used for W/S. Need of
impounded reservoir
• Due to disposal of sewage, it may be polluted and may need
care on selection of intake and drawing of water
• Due to more water available, river water has self purification
action
SURFACE SOURCE
• Water quality is better in summer than monsoon. In rainy
season runoff carries clay, silt, sand, organic matters making
water turbid.
• Should be used after necessary treatments.
SURFACE SOURCE
3. IMPOUNDED RESERVOIR:
• Artificial reservoir also known as artificial lake constructed to
store water to meet demand at dry seasons
• Water stored by construction of bund, weir or dam across river
at such place where minimum area of land is submerged in
water and reservoir basins remain cup-shaped having
maximum depth of water and less width
• Objective of it is to impound or store a portion of stream flow
so that it may used for W/S
SURFACE SOURCE
• Location of impounded reservoir depends upon quality,
quantity of water available, dam site distance and elevation of
reservoir, density of population, geological condition.
• Water quality is same as in stream/river
GROUND
SOURCE
GROUND SOURCE
1. SPRINGS:
• Spring is the natural outflow of ground water, appearing at the
earth’s surface as a current of stream flowing water under the
suitable geological condition
• Can supply small quantity of water, hence can’t be used as
source of water to big towns
• A well developed or combination of numbers of springs can be
used as water supply sources for small town/village
• Generally, springs are formed under following conditions:
GROUND SOURCE
✓ when the surface of earth drops sharply below the normal
ground water table.
✓ Due to an obstruction, ground water is collected in the form of
reservoir and forces water to overflow at the surface
✓ When ground water rises through a crack in upper impervious
stratum, such spring are formed
GROUND SOURCE
2. WELLS:
A well is a vertical hole or shaft excavated in the ground for
bringing ground water to surface.
i.OPEN/DUG WELL/PERCOLATION WELL/DRAW WELL
ii.DRIVEN WELL
iii.TUBE WELL
 GROUND SOURCE
i. SHALLOW OPEN WELL:
• Well that rest on the top water bearing strata
• Quantity of water is very smaller than deep well
because it yields water from the top water
bearing strata only
• Cheap in construction and used in rural areas and
small towns
• dia - 1 to 4m, depth - upto 20m depending on the
requirement and geological structure of the earth.
• Frequently disinfected to avoid risk of
contamination
 GROUND SOURCE
DEEP OPEN WELL:
• Open well which rest on the
impervious strata and draws the
supplies from the pervious formation
lying below the impervious strata
through bore holes made in the
pervious strata
• The impervious layer gives the structural support to open wall resting
on its surface
• The quantity of water or yield is high because it draws water below
the impervious strata
 GROUND SOURCE
ii. DRIVEN WELL:
• The shallow well constructed by driving a casing pipe of 2.5cm to
15cm dia. and upto12m depth is called driven well.
• Casing pipe is driven first in the ground by hammering and by water
jet and the pipe are inserted
• Lower portion of pipe is perforated and cover with fine wire gauge
to prevent passage of sand and soil particles
• Discharge is very small, suitable for domestic purpose only and can
be obtained using hand or electric pump
• e.g. rower pump used in Kathmandu valley
 GROUND SOURCE
ii. DRIVEN WELL:
 GROUND SOURCE
iii. TUBE WELL(BORING):
• It is a well made up of small diameter installed after boring and
inserted deep to trap water from different aquifers
• A tube well is a long pipe sunk to the ground intercepting one or
more water bearing strata.
• Used for supplying water in cities, colonies, factories, industrial
areas, irrigation purposes
 GROUND SOURCE
a. STRAINER TYPE TUBE WELLS
• Mostly used tube well, dia of outer shell of these wells varies from
15cm to 100cm, dia of pipe drawing water varies from 2. 5 to 90cm
• Consists of strainer pipe in all water bearing strata and blind pipe in
hard strata
• Construction of strainer is done by wrapping and soldering or
welding the fine wire mesh screen around the perforated or slotted
pipe. It checks the entry of sand particles inside well
• Sometimes, gravel is packed around the outside of screen or strainer
pipe
 GROUND SOURCE
a. STRAINER TYPE TUBE WELLS
• Not suitable for very fine sandy water
bearing stratum
 GROUND SOURCE
b. SLOTTED TYPE TUBE WELLS
• Due to geological formation, the sufficient number of water bearing
stratum may not available for the construction of strainer type tube
well even upto100m depth
• At such condition, slotted type tube well is constructed
• Required condition is at least one water bearing strata having good
quantity of water is available
• The slotted portion of pipe is surrounded by gravel
• Small sized gravel is filled in between the casing and slotted pipe
during casing pipe removal
 GROUND SOURCE
b. SLOTTED TYPE TUBE WELLS
 GROUND SOURCE
c. CAVITY TYPE TUBE WELLS
• Not commonly used , yield is less
• This tube well consists of blind pipe through out its
length so draws its supply from the bottom and not from
the sides.The lower small portion and the bottom
consists of mesh.
• In the initial stage, when the water is pumped out fine
sand comes in the tube well with the water and
consequently a hollow or cavity is formed at the bottom.
After the cavity formation only clear water enters the
tube well. Since the rate of pumping is more, the velocity
of water entering the coarse sand layer is critical but
when it comes in the hollow the velocity is reduced.
Finally the water enters the tube well at the bottom with
a velocity lower than the critical velocity.
 GROUND SOURCE
d. PERFORATED TYPE TUBE WELLS
• Used when water table is very near to ground or
tube wells are required for obtaining water for
short duration only
• Pipes are made perforated by drilling holes in
them. Holes are covered by trapping coconut jute
rope over pipe which acts as strainer for
preventing flow of sand particles.
• Commonly used during construction of canals ,
dams and other irrigation structures for obtaining
water during construction / dewatering work / or
lowering water table.
• Not commonly used for water supply purposes.
 GROUND SOURCE
3. INFILTRATION GALLERIES(horizontal well):
• Infiltration galleries are the horizontal tunnels constructed at
shallow depth ( 3 to 5 m) along the banks of the rivers through the
water bearing strata
• Constructed with masonry
walls, with rcc slab along with
foundation.
• It extracts water from acquifer
by various porous drain pipes
located at suitable intervals in
the gallery.
GROUND SOURCE
• The collected water taken to treatment plant through sump well
and being treated.
• It is also a good source of water but cannot be supplied for a vast
population.
• However, quantity and quality also depends on the location and
area of coverage
GROUND SOURCE
4. INFILTRATION/INTERCEPTION WELLS:
• Shallow wells constructed under the
beds of rivers.
• In the sandy beds of rivers , much
quantity of water percolates down.
As the water passes through sand
which acts as filter, its all suspended
organic and inorganic impurities are
removed. Therefore, the quality of
such water is better than river water.
 GROUND SOURCE
4. INFILTRATION/INTERCEPTION WELLS:
GROUND SOURCE
• Infiltration wells and infiltration galleries are based on the same
principle.
• Large number of wells are constructed in the river bed and they
are connected to an inspection well.
• The water flows under gravity from these wells to the inspection
well and then towards jackwell from where it is pumped.
• The various infiltration wells are connected by porous pipes to a
sump well also called jack well.
GROUND SOURCE
5. POROUS PIPE GALLERIES:
• When there is large quantity of ground water existing over a wider
area, it can be cheaply collected by laying porous pipes or pipes
with open joints in the full area at some distance.
• These longitudinal and cross pipes will be
given a slope such that they bring the
water towards a point, where a well is
constructed to take out water.
• These porous pipes should be
surrounded with gravel and broken stone
pieces to increase their intake capacity.
 Your assignment
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROUND SOURCE AND SURFACE
SOURCE OF WATER IN TERMS OF QUALITY , QUANTITY AND
SUITABILITY
 Unit 1: Introduction to Water Supply System
1.3 WATER DEMANDS FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ACTIVITIES