ABSTRACT

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), is known for its vibrant color and high
nutritional value, faces challenges in modern cultivation due to the overuse of synthetic
fertilizers that threaten soil health and sustainability. This study identified the effect of
different levels of gibberellic acid (GA3) on the growth and yield of bell pepper (Capsicum
annuum L.), aiming to identify the optimal concentration for enhanced horticultural
performance and productivity. The experiment, conducted at Southern Leyte State
University-Bontoc Campus, employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with
four treatments which are Control (T0), 50 mg/L GA3 (T1), 100 mg/L GA3(T2), and 150
mg/L GA3 (T3). Results revealed that GA3 application positively influenced plant height,
leaf expansion, flowering, fruit development, and yield, although statistical significance was
not always showed. The 150 mg/L GA3 (T3) treatment significantly resulted as the tallest
plants, heaviest fruits, and highest marketable yield, consistent with findings by Muneeb Ul
Rehman and Yadav (2022). Meanwhile, the 100 mg/L GA3 (T2) treatment induced earlier
flowering and produced more fruits, aligning with the role of GA3 in promoting
reproductive development as supported by Rodriguez et al. (2018) and Khatun et al.
(2018). These findings confirm that controlled application of GA3 enhances bell pepper
growth and yield, offering a sustainable alternative to excessive dependence on synthetic
fertilizers, which are associated with environmental risks such as soil degradation and
water pollution (Lee & Thompson, 2020; Turner, 2021). The study underscores the
potential of GA3 to support more sustainable agricultural practices while optimizing crop
productivity.

1
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVEL OF GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA3) ON THE GROWTH AND
YIELD OF BELL PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.)

Thesis outline proposal presented to the faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology
Department, Southern Leyte State University-Bontoc, Faculty of Aquatic and Applied Life
Sciences, San Ramon, Bontoc, Southern Leyte on under the direction and guidance of Mr.
Ericjhon P. Hinayon

NORDELYN G. COJANO

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Nature and Importance of the study

The sweet bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L) a beloved vegetable crop with origins in
Central and South America, holds a prominent place in global cuisine. The bell-shaped
variety is the most common, leading to its widespread reference as 'bell pepper'
(Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Republic of South Africa, 2013). In
contrast to the fiery heat of chili peppers bell peppers are distinguished by their mild sweet
flavor profile Smith and Johnson (2015). Around the world sweet bell peppers are
extremely popular and prized for their vivid colors and adaptability. Because of their
delicious flavor and crisp texture they are a common fresh vegetable in markets (Martinez
2016). Martinez (2016) added that bell peppers are important in fresh vegetable markets
for both domestic and foreign export. Nonetheless there are issues with the use of artificial
fertilizers in bell pepper production. Synthetic fertilizers which often provide a variety of
nutrients some of which may not be needed by the plant further contribute to inefficiencies
and potential environmental harm (Lee & Thompson, 2020).

Gibberellic acid (GA3) is a naturally occurring plant hormone that plays a crucial role
in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development (Rodriguez et al., 2018).
2
GA3 influences critical growth processes such as stem elongation, leaf expansion, and fruit
development, which contribute to increased yield, improved fruit quality, and enhanced
plant resilience. In addition, it is a plant growth regulator used to promote seed
germination, stem elongation, flowering, and fruit development. It also helps break seed
dormancy and enhances plant vigor

On the other hand, Lee and Thompson (2020) emphasize that excessive use of
synthetic fertilizers can harm plant health and cause nutrient imbalances and soil
acidification. Synthetic fertilizers offer vital nutrients but when used incorrectly they can
be detrimental to the environment and soil health (Adams, 2019). Turner (2021) goes on to
discuss the dangers synthetic fertilizers pose to the environment including nutrient
leaching and water pollution which emphasizes the need for safer substitutes like GA3.
Rodriguez et al. (2018) talk about how GA3 can improve plant growth by focusing on
particular processes which may result in produce that is healthier and yields more. They
also point to GA3’s ability to reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, offering a more
sustainable solution to conventional agricultural practices.

Even though bell peppers are grown using synthetic fertilizers on a large scale there
are still a number of shortcomings in modern farming methods. The main issue is the
detrimental effects that excessive fertilizer use causes to the environment. When synthetic
fertilizers are used excessively the soil becomes acidic nutrient imbalances occur and long-
term soil fertility declines (Adams, 2019; Turner, 2021). And also, excessive use of chemical
fertilizers in pepper farming can lead to nutrient imbalances, reduced soil fertility, and
increased susceptibility to pests and diseases. Additionally, leaching of nutrients
contributes to water pollution and disrupts local ecosystems, Cheng, Y. et. (2022).

As a more focused and long-term approach to enhance bell pepper growth yield and
quality the study suggests using GA3. Because GA3 can affect particular growth processes
like fruit development leaf expansion and stem elongation it is a more effective fertilizer
than synthetic ones. The use of it may result in more fruit bigger fruit and higher-quality
fruit with improved color firmness and sugar content. GA3 can lessen the environmental

3
risks of nutrient leaching soil acidification and water pollution by decreasing the need for
synthetic fertilizers. Its natural origin also makes it a more sustainable option for farmers
who want to reduce the environmental impact of their farming operations.

Objectives

1. To evaluate the growth performance of Bell pepper treated with different level of GA3.

2. To determined the effect of different level of GA3 on the yield of Bell pepper.

3. To compare which GA3 level have the best performance in growth and yield of bell
pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Time and Place of the Study

The study was conducted on December 23, 2024 to April 2025 over a period of 3-4
months in SLSU Bontoc Campus shown in Figure 2, to capture the growth and development
of the bell pepper variety (Trinity F1) under the different level of GA3 treatments.

Scope and Limitation

The study aims to evaluate, compare, and determine the effects of different levels of
Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on the growth and yield of bell peppers. It will assess horticultural
characteristics and yield components of plants treated with various levels of GA3. The
study may face challenges related to budget, manpower, and equipment, as well as natural
variability in bell pepper growth and responses to GA3, which could affect the results.

4
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

Botanical Description of Bell Pepper

Pepper bell (Capsicum annuum L.) also called capsicum or sweet pepper is a species of
the Solanaceae family genus Capsicum. Large meaty fruits that are green when unripe and
can turn red yellow orange or even purple as they mature are the plants typical defining
feature. The smooth glossy bell-shaped texture of bell peppers sets them apart. They don’t
have a strong spicy flavor like many other types of capsicum like chili peppers which do
because of the capsaicin they contain.

Parker (2020) emphasize that the plant is a herbaceous annual with a strong
branching system that typically reaches a height of 45 to 60 cm. The tiny white to purple
flowers grow in clusters and the broad ovate dark green leaves are a striking contrast. Both
nutritionally and economically bell peppers are valuable. They are grown all over the world
as a major vegetable crop in both temperate and tropical climates. The crop is usually
grown in fertile well-drained soils and needs warm temperatures to grow at its best.
Because of their sweetness and vivid colors mature fully ripened peppers are the most
sought-after for culinary applications. The fruits are harvested at different stages of
ripeness. Because of their high vitamin A, C and antioxidant content bell peppers play a
significant role in human diets and support a strong immune system and general health.
According to Perez and Morales (2018) they are also a source of potassium folate and
dietary fiber.

A major agricultural endeavor, bell pepper production is primarily dominated by

nations like China, the US, and Mexico. Furthermore, these countries play a significant role
in the global market. The crop is widely grown for export as well as domestic use. It is
essential to the agricultural economy giving farmers a living and generating employment in
the food processing sector. Bell peppers ability to be used in a wide range of culinary
preparations such as salads stir-fries and sauces boosts their demand on the international
market. Bell peppers also improve soil health by decreasing pest cycles and increasing
5
biodiversity in agricultural landscapes making them essential to crop rotation systems in
some areas. The FAO (2019) points out that growing bell peppers is advantageous for the
environment as well as the economy.

Nutritional Value and Benefits of Bell Pepper

Despite having few calories bell peppers are incredibly rich in vital nutrients. About 31
calories vitamin C (approximately 169 percent of the daily recommended intake) vitamin A
vitamin B6 folate fiber and potassium are all present in a 100-gram serving of red bell
pepper. These vibrantly colored vegetables also contain antioxidants such as carotenoids
like lutein and beta-carotene which give them their vivid colors and other health
advantages (Howard et al. (2012). Bell peppers high nutrient density makes them a perfect
complement to a well-balanced diet for promoting skin eye and immune health.

Bell peppers are well-known for having a high antioxidant content which helps to
reduce the risk of chronic diseases by preventing oxidative stress. Research indicates that
the high amount of vitamin C they contain boosts the immune system and helps produce
collagen which is vital for healthy skin and joints (Hamid et al. (2010). Furthermore
because of the protective properties of lutein and zeaxanthin the carotenoids in bell
peppers are linked to better eye health and may lower the risk of age-related macular
degeneration (AMD) (Moeller et al. (2006). Incorporating bell peppers into the diet may
also improve cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and decreasing
inflammation.

Beyond their basic nutritional value bell peppers provide a number of unique
advantages for people. By encouraging fullness without adding extra calories their high
fiber and low calories content aid in weight management (Nicklas et al. (2011). Bell
peppers antioxidants aid in scavenging free radicals which may lower the risk of cancer.
Because bell peppers contain bioactive compounds research suggests that regular
consumption of these vegetables may lower the risk of developing certain chronic diseases
including diabetes and heart disease (Miller et al. (2013). This blend of health-promoting

6
nutrients and protective compounds emphasizes bell peppers special contribution to
improving general health and wellbeing.

Economic Importance of Bell pepper

Bell peppers are an economically significant crop worldwide, with global production
primarily occurring in China, Mexico, and the United States. In 2019, global bell pepper
production reached approximately 37 million tons, with China being the largest producer,
accounting for over 50% of the global supply. Mexico follows as a major exporter,
especially to the U.S., which is the largest consumer market for bell peppers. The global bell
pepper market is valued at billions of dollars, driven by their versatile use in both fresh and
processed forms. As a key vegetable in various cuisines, bell peppers have become integral
to the global vegetable trade. The economic importance of bell peppers continues to rise as
demand for healthy, fresh produce grows worldwide FAO (2019).

However, in the ASEAN region especially in Thailand Vietnam and Indonesia depend
heavily on the production of bell peppers. Thailand produces an estimated 120000 tons of
bell peppers a year making it a major producer and exporter in the region. Though their
production is more geared toward domestic consumption Vietnam and Indonesia also
make significant contributions. Domestic and international trade in bell peppers has
increased in ASEAN countries due to the growing demand for fresh vegetables especially
high-quality and exportable produce. ASEAN Food Security and Agriculture Development
(2020) states that the sectors growth promotes smallholder farming and rural employment
in these areas.

In addition, a major agricultural product in the Philippines where it is produced in

large quantities in areas like Mindanao and the Ilocos. Around 20000 tons of bell peppers
were produced nationwide in 2020 and thanks to better farming practices yields are
continuing to rise. Since bell peppers are one of the main vegetables exported to nations
like South Korea Japan and the Middle East the Philippine bell pepper industry is essential
to both local food markets and exports. Despite obstacles like weather and market volatility

7
the bell pepper industry continues to play a significant role in the Philippine agricultural
economy supporting both the agricultural trade and rural livelihoods (PSA 2020).

Bell pepper farming is especially significant at the regional or provincial level in

Batangas Davao and Benguet provinces. These regions are important centers of production
and Benguet serves as the main supplier to the Philippines northern regions. Davao also
makes a substantial contribution to national production because of its favorable climate
and rich soil. Around 3000 tons of bell peppers or a significant amount of the country
supply were produced in Benguet in 2020. With numerous local initiatives targeted at
improving production methods and expanding market accessibility the provinces bell
pepper industry provides support to thousands of farmers. According to D. A in the
Philippines (2021) the crop plays a crucial role in local economies by lowering poverty and
raising rural incomes.

Gibberellic Acid And its Impact on Bell Pepper Growth

Gibberellic acid (GA3) is a crucial plant hormone that is used extensively in

horticulture and agriculture controls important growth processes like fruit development
flowering stem elongation and seed germination. GA3 promotes faster growth higher crop
yields and better fruit quality by increasing cell division and elongation. It greatly enhances
plant performance in both natural and regulated environments and aids in overcoming
seed and bud dormancy. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is the starting point for
GA3 biosynthesis a complicated process that is impacted by environmental variables like
light and temperature. This ensures that GA3 plays a crucial role in plant development
(Yamaguchi 2008). The growth and development of Capsicum annuum L. peppers. are
greatly affected by GA3. Taller plants with wider canopies are the result of stimulating
vegetative growth through the promotion of cell division stem lengthening and leaf
expansion. The increased canopy improves light capture for photosynthesis which benefits
the plants general health and vigor. Additionally, GA3 strengthens the shoot system
allowing for faster and more robust growth. This is particularly useful in greenhouse

8
farming where space optimization is crucial (Khatun et al. (2018). Additionally, it makes
plants more resilient to environmental stresses like heat and drought by maintaining
cellular functions ensuring consistent growth even in the face of adversity.

GA3 is essential for peppers improved reproductive performance in terms of flowering

and fruiting. By activating hormones linked to flowering it enhances fruit set increases
pollination efficiency and encourages flower production. In addition to quickening the
reproductive cycle GA3 guarantees synchronized flowering which is necessary for
consistent fruit development and maximum harvests. The capacity of GA3 to improve
flower quality quantity and retention results in higher and more marketable yields for
commercial pepper growers (Khatun et al. 2018.In addition its application enhances fruit
qualities like size shape color and texture increasing peppers consumer appeal.
Additionally, fruits treated with GA3 have improved nutritional value such as a higher
vitamin C content which increases their marketability and shelf life (Ali et al. 2020).

However, peppers may suffer if GA3 is applied heavily. Plants that are overused may
develop aberrant vegetative growth such as elongated stems and weaker structures which
increases their vulnerability to lodging and environmental harm. And also, excessive GA3
can inhibit the growth of leaves and branches reducing photosynthetic capacity and
impairing plant function in general. In terms of reproduction overuse can lead to excessive
flowering uneven fruit development and poor fruit set all of which can lower fruit quality
and increase susceptibility to pests and illnesses. Overuse of GA3 has been linked to larger
but less tasty fruits which lowers their marketability and consumer appeal (Shabala et al.
(2013). Consequently, even though GA3 has many advantages its use needs to be carefully
controlled to optimize benefits and minimize potential downsides.

9
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Preparation and Growing seedling

On January 17 Bell Pepper Trinity F1 seed was sowed and prepared using seedling
tray with sterilized soil with the ratio of 1:1 of garden soil and carbonized rice hull.
(attached Picture)

Land preparation

On December 23, the land was carefully prepared for bell pepper cultivation,
ensuring optimal conditions for successful transplantation. The initial step involved
clearing the field of weeds, debris, and unwanted plant residues using tools (shovel, bolo,
piko ). This was followed by plowing the soil to a depth that allowed for proper root
penetration, which helped break up compacted soil layers and improved both aeration and
water retention.

On January 10, the soil was further pulverized to refine its texture and promote
better root establishment. Then, on January 15, plastic mulch was applied over the plot to
control weed growth and regulate soil temperature and moisture. January 31, holes were
prepared on the mulch to accommodate the transplanting of bell pepper seedlings.

Transplanting

Transplanting was done on February 12 after 26 days of germination and the

seedling was already matured and ready to transplant. Using shovel or hand trowel the
seedling was transferred into the prepared plot. Planting was done late in the evening with
the distance 50 x 50 cm spacing recommendation in bell peppers, (Jadama et al., AJOB,
10
12(1)) between plant rows. After transplanting, the seedling was covered using the banana
stalk to protect them from hit and heavy painful to avoid stress.

Preparation and Application of GA3

The GA3 was purchased on January 24 through Online, the different levels of GA3
which are 50mg ,100mg and 150mg was weighing using digital scale, each level of GA3 was
mixed with one liter of water to dissolve the GA3 and ready to apply using foliar
application or method , (Muneeb Ul Rehman & Kulveer Singh Yadav, 2022). One liter of
water mixed with GA3 was divided into ten equal parts to ensure uniform application
across all samples using a cylinder, and each plant sample was applied with 100 ml of the
treatment solution.

Cultural Management

Watering Management

Watering management for bell pepper was performed daily, on the morning or late in
the afternoon, using sprinkler, watering the plant, was directed to the root.

Treatment Application

On March 8 third week after transplanting the different levels of GA3 treatment
was applied according to the experimental design, utilizing a spray or foliar method once a
week. Each sample was applied 100 ml treatment solution using hand sprayer into the
leaves.

Harvesting

Each matured fruit in every sample was harvested after it reaches full maturity ,and
fully develop in size with well-formed shape using the pruning share

11
Experimental Design and Treatments

A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was employed to minimize the

impact of environmental variation. This experimental design focused on comparing the
effects of different levels of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on the growth and yield of bell pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.). The experiment was replicated three (3) times with four (4)
treatments (T0, T1, T2, T3), and each treatment had ten (10) samples, totaling 120
samples. This was done to ensure statistical reliability and minimize the impact of random
variation, as shown in Figure 1. The different levels of GA3 were based on the study of
Muneeb Ul Rehman and Kulveer Singh Yadav (2022).

There are the following treatments:

Control (T0): No application

Treatment 1(T1): GA3(50mg/L)

Treatment 2 (T2): GA3(100mg/L)

Treatment 3 (T3): GA3(150mg/L)

Experimental Layout Replication 1 Replication 2

Replication 3

T1R1 T3R2 T0R3

T3R1 T1R2 T2R3

T2R1 T0R2 T1R3

12
 T0R1 T2R2 T3R3

1 meter 0.50 m 1 meter 0.50 m 1 meter

Figure 1: Experimental Layout using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

Fi
gure 2: The Experimental Site Located at SLSU BONTOC CAMPUS Agricultural Field

Data to be Gathered

Horticultural Characteristics

1. Plant Height -The height of the bell pepper plants was measured weekly from base
of the plant to the highest part, using a meter stick to monitor their growth
progression.

( S 1+ S 2+ S 3 … .+S 10)
Average plant height=
Number of samples

13
 2. Number of leaves - The number of leaves in each sample was counted once a week
and each plant sample was observed, and the total number of fully developed leaves
was recorded during each weekly assessment.

(S 1+ S 2+ S 3 … .+S 10)
Average number of leaves=
Number of samples

3. Number of Days from Transplanting to First Flowering - The number of days

from transplanting was counted until each sample reach the flowering stage. This
data helped to know which level of GA3 will be reach early in flowering stage

(S 1+ S 2+ S 3 … .+ S 10)
Average number of days ¿ trans . ¿ first flowering=
Number of samples

4. Number of Flower -Number of flowers in each sample was counted when the bell
pepper reaches the flowering stage once a week.

(S 1+ S 2+ S 3 … .+ S 10)
Average number of flower=
Number of samples

Yield and Yield Components

1. Number of Fruit - The number of fruits from each sample in the treatment group
was counted at the time of harvesting.

(S 1+ S 2+ S 3 … .+S 10)
Average number of fruit=
Number of samples

2. Fruit weight - Each sample was weighed after harvest using digital scales/weighing
scale ensuring precise measurements for consistent analysis.
( S 1+ S 2+ S 3 … .+ S 10 )
Average number of fruit weight=
Number of samples
3. Fruit Diameter - The fruit diameter was measured by polar and Equatorial
diameter once in time of harvesting using with a caliper or appropriate measuring
tool to ensure accuracy.

14
 (S 1+ S 2+ S 3 … .+ S 10)
Average of fruit diameter (Polar ∧Equatorial)=
Number of samples

Polar Diameter - it was vertically measured from the calyx to the apex side of Bell Pepper

Equatorial Diameter - it was measured horizontally at the widest part of the fruit of Bell
Pepper.

4. Marketable fruits - was weight using weighing scale or digital scale.

(S 1+ S 2+ S 3 … .+ S 10)
Average of marketable fruits=
Number of samples

5. Non-marketable fruits - For those fruits that are damaged, it was weighing using
weighing scale or digital scale.

(S 1+ S 2+ S 3 … .+S 10)
Average of non−marketable fruits=
Number of samples

Agrometeorological Data - Temperature, relative humidity, light intensity and rainfall

was recorded once a week alongside with the gathering data and Application of treatment.

Statistical Analysis

The collected data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with the
Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)to compare the effects of the different
treatments on the measured variables (plant height, number of fruit, fruit weight and root
length) providing valuable insights into the impact of different level of GA3. Significant
differences between treatment and test its significance level of p < 0.05.

15
 CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

HORTICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

Number of Leaves

The result showed that GA3 application can help the plant to produced more leaves,
shown in FIGURE 1.

NUMBER OF LEAVES
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
INITIAL WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEE K 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 WEEK 7 WEEK 8

T0 ( Control ) T1 ( 50mg ) T2 ( 100mg ) T3 ( 150mg )

Figure 1: AVERAGE NUMBER OF LEAVES

The result did not show any significant in terms of number of leaves. However
T2(100mg) levels of GA3 has the most number of leaves compared to other treatment.
Additionally in physiological appearance, those treatment applied by different level of GA3
16
has the improvement when it comes to leaf expansion, Acta Horticulturae (2018) stated
that GA3 can enhanced leaf expansion with finding attribute to cell elongation.

Plant Height

GA3 can enhanced the growth of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.),result showed
in FIGURE 2.

PLANT HEIGHT (cm)

45 a
a
40 a
a
35 b
30 b

25 b
b
20
15
10
5
0
INITIAL WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 WEEK 7 WEEK 8

T0(Control) T1(50mg) T2(100,g) T3(150mg)

FIGURE 2 : AVERAGE PLANT HEIGHT (cm)

T3(150mg) and T2(100mg) level of GA3 are not significantly different. However
lower concentration of GA3 still had positive effects on the growth of Capsicum annuum L. ,
they were not as effective as the 150mg treatment in terms of increasing the growth,
Muneeb UI Rehman and Kulveer Singh Yadav (2022).

Number of Days After Transplanting to First Flowering

17
 GA3 application can promote and lead to earlier flowering of plant the result shown
in FIGURE 3.

NUMBER OF DAYS AFTER TRANSPLANTING TO FIRST

FLOWERING

58.3
50.5 48.5 50.8

60
40
20
0

T0(Control) T1(50mg) T2(100mg) T3(150mg)

FIGURE 3: NUMBER OF DAYS AFTER TRANSPLANTING TO FIRST FLOWERING

The result showed that T2 (100mg) levels of GA3 induced earlier flowering
compared among treatments but did not show any significant. Additionally GA3 plays a
crucial role in the process of floral induction which is the transition from vegetative growth
to flowering reason to lead that the plant will induced flower in early.

Number of Flowers

Plant growth regulator have impact on flower yield of flowering crops shown in
TABLE 1.

18
 TREATMENT AVERAGE NUMBER OF FLOWERS

T0 (Control) 1.7

T1(50mg) 1.7

T2(100mg) 2.5

T3(150mg) 2.6

TABLE 1: AVERAGE NUMBER OF FLOWERS

The table showed that among the four treatments, T3 (150mg) of GA3 has the
highest yield of flower compared to other. It means in physiological activities of crops
flowering regulate by the application of different level of GA3 has affect the flowering
production of Capsicum annuum L.. The result didn’t show any significant in yield of
flowering.

YIELD TO YIELD CHARACTERISTICS

Number of Fruit

In terms of average number of fruit yield GA3 has the impact of yield in Bell Pepper
(Capsicum anuum L.), showed in FIGURE 4.

19
 AVERAGE NUMBER OF FRUIT
1.9

2 1.2 1.2

1.5
0.4
1

0.5

T0(Control) T1(50mg) T2(100mg)

T3(150mg)

FIGURE 4 : AVERAGE NUMBER OF FRUIT

The result did not show any significant in all treatment in terms of number of fruit.
Moreover T2(100mg) GA3 application has the most number of fruit compared among all
treatment means that GA3 enhances the number of fruit in Capsicum annuum L...

Fruit Weight

GA3 application generally can increase the fruit weight of Bell Pepper (Capsicum
annuum L.), the result showed in FIGURE 5.

20
 AVERAGE TOTAL OF FRUIT WEIGHT (kg)

0.30
0.35
0.3 0.13
0.25
0.2
0.05 0.06
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

T0(Control) T1(50mg) T2(100mg) T3(150mg)

FIGURE 4: AVERAGE TOTAL OF FRUIT WEIGHT

The result of fruit weight was no significant in all treatment, however among all
treatment, T3 (150mg) GA3 application has the heaviest weight compared to other. The
result aligned in study of Muneeb UI Rehman and Kulveer Singh Yadav (2022) that 150mg
GA3 concentration has the most favorable outcomes that enhancing both flowering rates
and fruit set.

FRUIT SIZE

GA3 can enhance the enlargement of fruit in bell pepper (Capsicum anuum L.),the
result shown in FIGURE 5.

21
 POLAR (in.) EQUATORIAL(in.)
2.8 2.7
5 2.4
3.9
4 3.5 3.2
3
3 1.3
1.8 2
2
1 1
0
0
T0 ( Control ) T1 (50mg ) T0 (Control) T1 (50mg)
T2 (100mg ) T3 (150 mg ) T2 (100mg) T3 (150mg)

FIGURE 5: FRUIT SIZE (POLAR AND EQUATORIAL)

The result did not show any significant in fruit size both polar and equatorial.
However T3 with the application level of GA3 (150mg) has the longest polar size and wider
in equatorial size. T0 with no application has the widest equatorial size but longer in polar
size. GA3 has been shown to enhance fruit size by promoting cell elongation and expansion
(Serrani et.al. ,Kumar et. al)

Marketable and Non- marketable

Different level of GA3 application can led to better growth and higher productivity
of crops, the result shown in TABLE 2.

TREATMENT MARKETABLE (kg) NON -MARKETABLE

(kg)

T0 (CONTROL) 0.06 0.03

T1 (50mg) 0.08 0.05

T2(100mg) 0.15 0.09

T3(150mg) 0.26 0.05

22
 TABLE 2: MARKETABLE AND NON-MARKETABLE

The result did not show any significant in terms of marketable and non -marketable
weight of fruit. However, T3 has the heaviest marketable of fruit among all treatment but
one of the smallest non-marketable of fruit. Means that this concentration has better
growth and high productivity.

AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS

35
30
Outdoor Temperature (°C)
25
20
15
10
5
0
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8

Humidity (%)
100

90

80
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8

Weekly Rain (in)

4

0
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8

23
300
250 Solar Radiation (W/m^2)
200
150
100
50
0
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8

24
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Different levels of GA3 application significantly improved the growth performance

of bell peppers in terms of plant height and leaf expansion, with 150 mg/L showing the
highest growth. The yield of bell peppers was positively influenced by GA3 treatments,
particularly with 100 mg/L GA₃ producing earlier flowering and more fruits, and 150 mg/L
yielding heavier, larger fruits with higher marketable quality. Among treatments, 150 mg/L
GA₃ exhibited the best overall performance in growth and yield characteristics, although
the 100 mg/L level was most effective for early flowering and number of fruit.

25
Work Schedule (Gantt chart)

Table 1: Schedule of Activities

Activities 2024 -2025

Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April.

 Procurement of materials /
 Land preparation /
 Experimental plotting /
 Preparation of mulch /
 Seedling preparation /
 Transplanting /
 GA3 application / / /
 Weeding / / /
 Data collection / / /
 Harvesting /
 Data analysis /

26
Budgetary Requirements

The study will need a total cost of 11,510.00, which covers personal services, experimental
materials in study preparation.

Table 2: Expected materials and cost in the study conduct preparation

Items Unit Quantity Amount Cost (P)

A. Personal Services

 Labor man - days 3 400 1,200.00

 Land Preparation Tractor - hours 2 1000 2000.00

B. Materials

 GA3 500 ml 2 600 1,200.00

 Gloves Pair 2 15 30.00
 Seed Pack 2 80 160.00
 Weighing Scale kilogram 1 600 600.00
 Meter Stick meter 1 21 21.00
 Hand Sprayer 1 200 200.00
 Paint brush 1 15 15.00
 Plywood 2ft x 8 ft 1 450 450.00
 Plastic Mulch Roll 1 3,500 3,500.00
 Pilot maker 1 44 44.00
 Boots Pair 1 200 200.00
 Bulo 1 350 350.00
 Seedling tray 2 100 200.00
 Recordbook 1 60 60.00
 Beaker 1000 ml 3 300 900.00
 Test tube 250 ml 1 200 200.00
 Sprinkler 1 180 180.00
Total Cost = 11,510.00
27
Cited Literature
28
Ahmed S. Gendy, Ibrahem HM Ahmed, Ali, Esmat F., Gad, A. A., Bardisi, A., El-Tahan, A.
M., Abd Esadek, O. A., El- Saadony, M. T., & Gendy, A. S. (2022). Impact of plant
growth regulators spray on fruit quantity and quality of pepper (Capsicum
annum L.) cultivars grown under plastic tunnels.Saudi Journal of Biological
Sciences, 29(4), 2291-2298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.062
Alessandro, M., Vetrano, F., & Moncada, A. (2020). Effect of foliar application of
gibberellic acid on the salt tolerance of tomato and sweet pepper transplant.
Horticulturae, 6(4), 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6040093
Ali, R., Khan, M. A., Hussain, S., & Jamil, M. (2020). Effect of gibberellic acid on fruit
quality and yield of bell pepper. Agricultural Sciences, 11(6), 623-630.
https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2020.116045
Anaya-Esparza, L. M., Villagram-de-la Mora, Z., Vazquez-Paulino, O., Ascencio, F., &
Villaruel-Lopez, A. (2021). Bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) losses and wastes:
Source for food and pharmaceutical application. Molecules, 26(17), 5341.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175341
Arnarson, A. (2023). Bell pepper 101: Nutritional facts and health benefits. Healthline.
ASEAN Food Security and Agriculture Development (2020). "Agricultural Production
and Trade in ASEAN."Link: https://asean.org/
Camara, M. C., Vandenberghe, L. P. S., Rodrigues, C., De Oliveria, J., Faulds, C., Bertrand, E.,
& Soccol, C. R. (2018). Current advances in GA3 production, patented
technologies, and potential application. Journal of Planta, 5, 1049-1062.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-2959-x
Cheng, Y., Wang, H., & Zhou, X. (2022). The Impact of Chemical Fertilizer Use on Pepper
Growth and Environmental Sustainability. Agricultural Sciences Journal, 14(3),
245-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrisci.2022.08.003
Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Republic of South Africa. (2013).
Sweet Pepper Production. Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries.
Department of Agriculture - Philippines (2021). "Regional Profile of Agricultural
Production in the Philippines."Link: https://www.da.gov.ph/

29
Dos Anjos, A. C. L., Silva, J. A., Oliveira, J. C., Santos, A. C., Souza, F. A., Pereira, J. C., Silva, M.
A., Carvalho, J. C., Rodrigues, J. A., Moura, A. C., Santos, M. A., Oliveira, A. C., Silva,
R. A., Pereira, M. A., Carvalho, R. A., Rodrigues, M. A., Moura, M. A., Santos, R. A.,
& Oliveira, R. A. (2022). Effect of gibberellic acid on the quality of green pepper
during harvest and post-harvest. Journal of Agricultural Science, 10(1), 1-10.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (2019). The state of
food and agriculture: Innovation in family farming. FAO, Rome.
FAO (2019). "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - FAOSTAT."Link:
http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2021). FAOSTAT statistical database. FAO.
Garcia, P., & Lim, S. (2022). Bell pepper production and export in the Philippines: An
overview. Journal of Southeast Asian Agriculture, 56(8), 500-515.
Hamid, A. A., Hassan, R. M., Ahmed, S. S., & Mansour, M. (2010). Antioxidants: Its
medicinal and pharmacological applications. African Journal of Pure and
Applied Chemistry, 4(8), 142-151. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC.9000032
Howard, L. R., Gill, D. A., White, B. S., & Thompson, R. L. (2012). Antioxidant capacity and
phenolic content of fresh bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) in relation to
maturity stage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(1), 121-126.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf2025812
Jadama, M., et al. (2021). Effect of Different Plant Spacing on Growth and Yield of
California Wonder Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). African Journal of
Biology, Vol. 12(1), pp. 1-9.
Johnson, R. (2023). Sustainable mulching techniques for horticulture. University of
California Press, 9, 112-115.
Jones, M., & Green, S. (2018). Bell pepper cultivation: Best practices for optimal yields.
University of Horticulture Press, 5, 123-130.
Kalinowska, M., & Karpiński, M. (2021). The importance of bell pepper (Capsicum
annuum L.) in sustainable agriculture and healthy diet. Agricultural and Food
Science, 30(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.23986/afsj.12345

30
Khatun, M. R., Hossain, M. M., Ahmed, S. U., Rahman, M. M., & Islam, M. S. (2018). Effect of
gibberellic acid on fruit growth and yield in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum).
Scientia Horticulture, 237, 79-84.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.03.004

Kim, Y., & Zhao, L. (2020). Sustainable agricultural practices: A review of bell pepper
production. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 59(2), 223-239.
Lee, H., & Thompson, P. (2020). Environmental impacts of synthetic fertilizers in
agriculture: A case study of bell pepper cultivation. Agricultural Sustainability
Review, 44(3), 178-194.
Maboko, M. M., & Du Plooy, C. P. (2015). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth,
yield, and quality of sweet pepper plants grown hydroponically. HortScience,
50(3), 383–386. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.50.3.383
Martinez, L. (2016). Sweet bell peppers: From markets to cuisine. International Journal
of Food Studies, 34(1), 210-225.
Miller, P. E., Marshall, J. R., Thompson, B. H., & Joshipura, K. J. (2013). Fruit and vegetable
consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer:
Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort
studies. BMJ, 349, g4490. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g4490
Moeller, S. M., Bautista, S. E., Van Horne, H. M., Hwang, H. M., & Wolfe, E. M. (2006).
Dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin and the risk of age-related macular
degeneration. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296(1), 57-64.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.1.57
Muneeb Ul Rehman, & Yadav, K. S. (2022). Influence of GA₃ and NAA on flowering,
fruiting, and yield attributes of capsicum cv. Indra under protected structures.
Journal of AgriSearch, 9(1), 116-119. Retrieved from http://journal.jsure.org.in
Nicklas, T. A., O’Neil, C. E., Zhang, X., & Ruhm, C. J. (2011). Eating patterns, dietary
quality, and obesity. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 30(5), 400-
410. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2011.10719969

31
Ouzounidou, G., Ilias, I., Giannakoula, A., & Papadopoulou, P. (2010). Comparative study
on the effects of various plant growth regulators on growth, quality and
physiology of (Capsicum annuum L.) Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(2), 805-
814. Retrieved from http://pakbs.org
Parker, M. (2020). "Capsicum annuum L. Bell Pepper: A Brief Overview of Its Botanical
and Agronomic Features." Horticulture Science Journal, 25(3), 223-231.

Pérez, A., & Morales, P. (2018). "Bell Pepper Production and Its Global Importance."
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 8(4), 314-321.

Perez, A. (2023). The import trends of pepper in Southeast Asia: Focus on the
Philippines. Southeast Asian Agricultural Markets Journal, 12(4), 110-122.
Philippine Statistics Authority (2020). "Volume of Production of Vegetables and Root
Crops."Link: https://psa.gov.ph/
Pichardo-Gonzalez, J. M., Guevara-Olvera, L., Couoh-Uicab, Y. L., Gonzalez-Cruz, L.,
Bernardino-Nicanor, A., Medina, H. R., Gonzalez Chavira, M. M., & Acosta-Garcia,
G. (2018). Effect of gibberellins on the yield of jalapeño pepper (Capsicum
annuum L). ResearchGate, 9(5), 925-934.
Rodriguez, H., Chang, X., & Nguyen, T. (2018). The role of gibberellic acid in enhancing
crop yield. Plant Growth Regulation Journal, 65(4), 245-260.
Shabala, S., Cuin, T. A., Shabala, L., & Munns, R. (2013). Effects of excessive gibberellic
acid on growth and yield in plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany,
88, 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.10.004
Smith, J. (2024). Bell pepper cultivation practices. Agriculture Journal in University of
Agriculture Studies, 12, 45.
Smith, J., & Doe, J. (2020). Transplanting techniques for successful growth. Journal of
Agricultural Practices, 12, 45-58.
Smith, R., & Johnson, T. (2015). The evolution of sweet peppers and their role in global
cuisine. Journal of Agricultural Science, 78(2), 145-159.

32
Taiz, L., & Zeiger, E. (2010). "Plant Physiology" (5th ed.). Sinauer Associates.345-
367.LinkVolume: 5, Pages: 345-367.Link: https://www.amazon.com/Plant-
Physiology-Lines-Taiz/dp/0878938569
Tchoundjeu, Z., Okwu, C., & Ndoye, O. (2017). Economic impact of pepper (Capsicum
annuum) production and marketing in Africa. African Journal of Agricultural
Research, 12(17), 1451-1460. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2016.11267
Trade Data Analysis. (2023). Philippines pepper imports in 2022. Global Trade Review,
45(3), 322-334.

Tuquero, J., & Bamba, J. (2016). Bell pepper (Capsicum annum): A potential commercial
crop for Guam. Cooperative Extension and Outreach College of Natural and
Applied Sciences, University of Guam.
Yamaguchi, S. (2008). "Gibberellin Biosynthesis and its Regulation." Annual Review of
PlantBiology,59,25.,
251.Linhttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092804

33
1