SECTION 2E

TIRES AND WHEELS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Description and Operation ................................... 2E-2 Component Locator ........................................... 2E-12
General ............................................................... 2E-2 Tire and Wheel Assembly .................................. 2E-12
Tire’s Abnormal Action ........................................ 2E-3 Repair Instructions .............................................. 2E-13
Wheel Alignment ................................................. 2E-4 ON-Vehicle Service ............................................... 2E-13
Specifications ...................................................... 2E-5 General Tire ....................................................... 2E-13
Diagnostic Information and Procedures .............. 2E-6 Spare Tire .......................................................... 2E-14
General Inspection ............................................... 2E-7 Maintenance and Replacement ........................ 2E-15
Inspection the Appearance .................................. 2E-7 Separation ......................................................... 2E-15
General Inspection .............................................. 2E-9 Maintenance ...................................................... 2E-16
Installation ......................................................... 2E-17
2E-2 TIRES AND WHEELS

DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

GENERAL 2. Breaker
A cord belt between tread and carcass prevents
Tire And Wheel Balancing damages of inner code due to outer shock and
There are two types of the tire and wheel balancing: vibration.
static and dynamic. 3. Carcass
Static balance is the equal distribution of weight around This major part made by pilling code papers of
the wheel. Assemblies that are statically unbalanced strong synthetic fiber forms a structure of tire. Since
cause a bouncing action called wheel tramp. This it maintains tire pressure and endures applied load
condition may eventually cause uneven tire wear. and shock to tire, it should have a high anti-fatigue
Dynamic balance is the equal distribution of weight on characteristic.
each side of the centerline so that when the assembly 4. Side Wall
spins there is no tendency for it to move from side to
It is provided to improve the comfortable driving
side. Assemblies that are dynamically unbalanced may
by protecting carcass and cushion movement.
cause wheel shimmy.
5. Bead
General Balance Precautions A steel wire winding the ending part of carcass
Remove all deposits of foreign material from the inside code, coated with rubber film and wrapped with
of the wheel. nylon cord papers. It fixes tire to a rim.

Caution: Remove stones from the tread in order to

avoid operator injury during spin balancing.

Inspect the tire for any damage. Balance the tire

a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e q u i p m e n t m a n u f a c t u r e r’ s
recommendations.

Structure of Tubeless Tube

YAD2E010

The tire structure is different slightly according to the

types of the tire but a various type of the tire has the
common structure as following;
1. Tread
A part (that contacts) road surfaces directly is fixed
YAD2E020
on the outsude of carcass and breaker.
It is a strong rubber coat made of high anti-abrasion
rubber. Its running performance depends on is
surface profile.

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 TIRES AND WHEELS 2E-3

Convention for Radial Tire The Relation Between Load and Tire
P 225 / 75 R - 15 102 T

Max Speed :
190 km/h

Load Index :
850 kg

Rim Diameter : 15 inch.

Radial Tire

Aspect Ratio = (Section Height ÷

YAD2E040
Section Width) x 100 : 75 %

Section Width : 225 mm

TIRE’S ABNORMAL ACTION
Passenger Car
Standing Wave
Max Speed Symbol Load Index

Limit Speed Limit Speed

Symbol Symbol
(km/h) (km/h)
F 80 94 670
M 130 95 690
N 140 96 710
P 150 97 730
Q 160 98 750
R 170 99 775
S 180 100 800
YAD2E050
T 190 101 825
U 200 102 850 During running the rotating tire repeats deformation
and restoring movement generated in tread. But when
H 210 103 875 the wheel rotating speed reaches high, the next
V 240 104 900 deformation applied to tire before restoring last
Z Above 240 105 925 deformation so the trembling wave appears in the tread
portion. The lower the tire pressure the severe the
trembling wave appears during the high speed.
The Relation Between Inflation Pressure and
Tire Hydroplaning

YAD2E030 YAD2E060

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2E-4 TIRES AND WHEELS

The condition of driving a vehicle fast on the road Camber

surface covered with water can cause tires to fail to
rotate with a good contact on the surface, so results in
remaining them a float. This is so-called hydroplaning.
It causes brake failure, lower tractive force and losing
the steering performance so it is very vulnerable
condition.

WHEEL ALIGNMENT
The first responsibility of engineering is to design safe
steering and suspension systems. Each component
must be strong enough to with stand and absorb
extreme punishment. Both the steering system and
the front and the rear suspension must function YAD2E080
geometrically with the body mass.
The steering and suspension systems require that the Camber is the tilting of the top of the tire from the
front wheels self-return and that the tire rolling effort vertical when viewed from the front of the vehicle. When
and the road friction be held to a negligible force in the tires tilt outward, the camber is positive. When the
order to allow the customer to direct the vehicle with tires tilt inward, the camber is negative. The camber
the least effort and the most comfort. angle is measured in degrees from the vertical. Camber
influnces both directional control and tire wear.
A complete wheel alignment check should include
measurements of the rear toe and camber. If the vehicle has too much positive camber, the
outside shoulder of the tire will wear. If the vehicle has
Toe-in too much negative camber, the inside shoulder of the
tire will wear. Camber is measured in degrees and is
not adjustable.

Caster

YAD2E070

Toe-in is the turning in of the tires, while toe-out is the

turning out of the tires from the geometric centerline or
thrust line. The toe ensures parallel rolling of the YAD2E090
wheels.
The toe serves to offset the small deflections of the Caster is the tilting of the uppermost point of the
wheel support system which occur when the vehicle is steering axis either forward or backward from the
rolling forward. vertical when viewed from the side of the vehicle. A
backward tilt is positive and a forward tilt negative.
The specified toe angle is the setting which achieves-
Caster influences directional control of the steering but
degrees “0¡Æ” of toe when the vehicle is moving.
does not affect tire wear.
Incorrect toe-in or toe-out will cause tire wear and
Weak springs or overloading a vehicle will affect
reduced fuel economy. As the individual steering and
caster. One wheel with more positive caster will pull
suspension components wear from vehicle mileage,
toward the center of the car. This condition will cause
additional toe will be needed to compensate for the
the car to move or lean toward the side with the least
wear. Always correct the toe dimension last.
amount of positive caster. Caster is measures in
degrees and is not adjustable.

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 TIRES AND WHEELS 2E-5

SPECIFICATIONS
Wheel Size Aluminum Type 7JJ x 16
Steel Type 6.5JJ x 16
Wheel Nut Tightening Aluminum Wheel 8 - 12 kgf.m
Torque Steel Wheel 11 - 13 kgf.m
Tire Type Radial Tire Radial Tire
Inflation Pressure (psi) P225/75R15 30 psi
P235/70R16 30 psi
P255/65R16 30 psi
Wheel Alignment Toe-in 2 ± 2 mm
Camber 0° ± 30’ (Below 30' the difference between right and left)
Caster 2° 45 ± 30’ (Below 30' the difference between right and left)

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2E-6 TIRES AND WHEELS

DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION AND PROCEDURES

Condition Cause Action
Irregular tires wear Improper tire inflation pressure Adjust
Poor wheel balance Adjust
Improper tire rotation Rotation tires on the maintenance
schedule
Poor toe-in Adjust
Poor adjusting the pre-load of the wheel bearing Adjust
Poor braking performance Adjust
Driving noise, Vibration Low tire inflation pressure Adjust
Poor balance of wheels, tires Adjust
Severe vibration due to wheels, tires Adjust or replacement
Irregular tires wear Check and adjust
Rapid wear Excessive tire inflation pressure Adjust
High speed driving with low tire pressure Adjust
Excessive vehicle weight Proper weight

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 TIRES AND WHEELS 2E-7

GENERAL INSPECTION
INSPECTION THE APPEARANCE

Condition Cause Action

Rapid wear at Under inflation or lack of rotation Adjust inflation
shoulders pressure

YAD2E100 YAD2E110

Rapid wear at center Over inflation or rotation

YAD2E120 YAD2E130

Tread damage Low the inflation pressure

YAD2E140 YAD2E150

Uneven wear Incorrect camber Adjust camber

Incorrect toe-in

YAD2E160 YAD2E110

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2E-8 TIRES AND WHEELS

Inspection The Appearance (Cont’d)

Condition Cause Action

Feathered edge Incorrect toe-in Adjust toe-in

YAD2E170 YAD2E180

Bold spot Unbalanced wheel Adjust wheel balance

YAD2E190 YAD2E200

Sharply wear at the tread outside Unbalanced wheel Adjust

Wheel bearing play Check play

Check pre-load

Ball joint play Check

YAD2E210
Faulty shock absorber Check

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 TIRES AND WHEELS 2E-9

GENERAL INSPECTION
Inspection Tread
Inspect the tread condition on the tire surface and
various damages resulting from the foreign material,
crack, stone or nail etc. If there is any damage in the
tire, repair or replace it.

Tire Wear
• Measure the depth of the tire tread. If the depth
of the tread is below the specified value, replace
the tire.
Limit of the Tread Wear 1.6 mm (0.06 in.)

• You can see the mark ‘ ’ in the groove, this is the

indicator of the tread wear limit.
• The limit of the tread wear for all season tires are
1.6 mm as same as the general tires and the
platform mark indicates as ‘↓’ .
YAD2E220

Inspection the Inflation of Tires

1. Inflation pressure
Front/Rear 2.1 kg/cm2 (30 psi)

YAD2E230

2. Inspect the pressure of the tire surface and check

the inflation pressure.
Notice:
• Lower than recommended pressure can cause
tire squeal on turns, hard steering, tire cord
breakage and tire rim bruises, etc.
• Higher than recommended pressure can cause
hard ride, tire bruising or damage and rapid
tread wear at the center of the tire.

YAD2E240

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2E-10 TIRES AND WHEELS

Inspection Wheel Runout

• Measure wheel runout with an accurate dial
indicator. Measurement may be taken with the
wheels either on or off the vehicle, using an accurate
mounting surface such as a wheel balancer.
Measurements may be taken with or without the tire
mounted on the wheel.
1. Measure the dial runout and lateral runout on both
the inboard and outboard rim flanges.
Specification
Steel Wheel
YAD2E250 • Radial runout : 0.8 mm (0.03 inch)
• Lateral runout : 1.0 mm (0.04 inch)
Alloy Wheels
• Radial runout : 0.8 mm (0.03 inch)
• Lateral runout : 1.0 mm (0.04 inch)
2. Measure free radial runout on the tire tread.
Specification
Steel and Alloy Wheels
• Free radial runout : 1.5 mm (0.06 inch)
• Free lateral runout : 1.5 mm (0.06 inch)
Notice: If any measurement exceeds the above
specifications, replace the applicable tires or
wheels.
Wheel Balance
Balance is the easiest procedure to perform and should
be done first if the vibration occurs at high speeds or
if the tires or the wheels are replaced.
When proceeding the wheel balancing procedure refer
to the following;
1. Do not the wheel weight over two at the inboard
and the outboard flanges.
2. The total weight ofthe wheel weight should not
exceed the 100 g (3.5 ounces)
3. Balancing the assemblies with the factory
YAD2E260
aluminum wheels requires the use of the special
nylon-coated, clip-on wheel weights.

Balance Weight

10 g 20 g 30 g 40 g 50 g 60 g
0.4 oz 0.7 oz 1.10 oz 1.40 oz 1.80 oz 2.10 oz

YAD2E270

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 TIRES AND WHEELS 2E-11

Rotation Tires
• Front and rear tires perform different jobs and can
wear differently depending on the tires of road
driven, driving condition, etc.
The front tires will wear faster than the rear ones.
To avoid uneven wear of tires and to prolong tire
life, inspect and rotate the tires every 5,000 km
(3,100 miles). After rotating the tires, adjust the tire
inflation pressures and be sure to check wheel nuts
tightness.

Caution at replacement tires

YAD2E280
• Do not mix different types of tires on the same
vehicle such as radial, bias and bias-belted tires
except in emergencies, because vehicle handling
may be seriously affected and may result in loss of
control.

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2E-12 TIRES AND WHEELS

COMPONENT LOCATOR
TIRE AND WHEEL ASSEMBLY

YAD2E290

1 Wheel Nut 5 Wheel Cap

2 Wheel 6 Wheel Cap
3 Balance Weight 7 Wheel Cap
4 Tire 8 Wheel Cap

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 TIRES AND WHEELS 2E-13

REPAIR INSTRUCTIONS
ON-VEHICLE SERVICE
GENERAL TIRE
1. Remove the wheel cap.

YAD2E300

2. Loosen the wheel nuts and then raise and suitably

support the vehicle.
3. Remove the wheel nuts.

YAD2E310

4. Installation should follow the removal procedure

in the reverse order.

YAD2E320

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2E-14 TIRES AND WHEELS

General Instruction
• Clean the contact surface between the wheel and
the hub.
• Do not apply oil or grease to the nuts and bolts
(cause the wheel to work loose).
3 1
5
• Raise the tires 3 cm off the ground using the
6 jacket.
2 4 • Tighten the wheel nuts diagonally as shown.

Tightening Steel Wheel: 80 - 120 N•m

Torque Alloy Wheel: 120 - 130 N•m
YAD2E330

SPARE TIRE
Removal Procedure
1. Prepare the spare tire handle and the wheel nut
wrench.
2 Install the handle through the hole at the rear side
of the vehicle.
3 Install the wheel nut wrench at the end of the
handle.
4 Turn the wheel nut wrench counterclockwise until
the spare tire takes down the ground.

YAD2E340

5 Pull out the lift plate as shown.

6 Install the lift plate in the center of the wheel for
installation.
7 Turn the handle clockwise until listen the sound
“click”.
8 Remove the handle and the wheel nut wrench.
Notice:
• Keep the spare tire available always.
• When reinstall the spare tire, install the tire
tightly.
• If the spare tire may move after installation,
YAD2E350 reinstall the tire or contact to the approved
service shop for repair.
• For installing the spare tire on the vehicle, follow
the installation direction. If you may install the
tire in reverse direction, it is not possible to
install it correctly.

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 TIRES AND WHEELS 2E-15

MAINTENANCE AND REPLACEMENT

SEPARATION
1. Fix the tire into the equipment and pull out the
valve core from the tire. Discharge the air inside
the tire completely.
Notice: The assembly and disassembly of the tire
is dangerous working job. So, only the skillful
worker must work this job following the approved
procedures.

YAD2E360

2. Tighten the locker in the center of the equipment

to assemble the rim to the equipment.
3. Remove the balance weight on the rim.

YAD2E370

4. Separate the tire’s bead from the rim flange using

the approved lubricant.
Notice: Do not use silicone, synthetic detergent
and gasoline, etc.

YAD2E380

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2E-16 TIRES AND WHEELS

5. Apply the lubricant between the rim and the bead.

YAD2E390

6. Insert the removal lever between the tire’s bead

and the rim and separate the rim from the tire.
Notice: Do not use the tool that may cause any
damage such as pipe, damaged bar.

YAD2E400

7. Pull out the opposite bead upward using the lever

and then separate the bead from the rim.

YAD2E410

MAINTENANCE
1. Check any damage the rim and replace as needed.
Notice:
• Do not repair the rim as welding or soldering.
• Replace the new valve as replaces new tire.

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 TIRES AND WHEELS 2E-17

INSTALLATION
1. Clean the rust, damaged rubber and dust, etc on
the rim’s surface with the brush.

YAD2E420

2. Install the rim to the equipment with the valve

upward.
3. Tighten the locker in the center of the equipment
to assemble the rim to the equipment.

YAD2E430

4. Apply the lubricant at the both bead portions and

both rim’s flange of the tire.

YAD2E440

5. Check any foreign material or liquid for the tire

inside and then install to push down the tire.

YAD2E450

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2E-18 TIRES AND WHEELS

6. Set the tire pressure to the specifications.

Notice: Do not remove the tire from the equipment
before setting the tire pressure.

Specification of the
2.1 kg•cm2 (30 psi)
tire pressure

YAD2E460

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