MY AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IA
Name: Lydia Ebanks
School: ST.Elizabeth Technical High School
Centre Number: 100106
Candidate Number: 1001061877
Teacher: Mr. Rowe
Introduction
Agriculture continues to play a vital role in ensuring food security, supporting economic
growth, and sustaining livelihoods globally. As the world’s population increases, there is a
growing need to adopt more effective, sustainable, and modern farming practices. This
Internal Assessment (IA) explores the cultivation of four different types of crops: a legume, a
fruit, a root, and a leafy vegetable. This assessment aims to investigate the processes involved
in growing these crops successfully. It will focus on key elements such as land preparation,
planting methods, maintenance practices, pest and disease control, and harvesting. It also
includes insights from a site visit to a local farm that employed an extensive mixed cropping
system. During the visit, various crop production techniques such as mulching, weed control,
and fertilisation were observed. These practices contributed to crop health and productivity.
Through this study, I intend to gain a deeper understanding of practical crop production and
evaluate how various techniques affect crop health, yield, and quality.
Table of Contents
Site Visited...........................................................................................................................................................
Field Practical Activity.......................................................................................................................................
Business Plan.......................................................................................................................................................
Marketing Plan....................................................................................................................................................
Production Plan...................................................................................................................................................
Financial Plan......................................................................................................................................................
Bibliography........................................................................................................................................................
Site Visited
Farming System:
The type of farming system that was observed was an extensive farming system that
involved mixed cropping. Mixed cropping is an agricultural practice where two or more
different crops are grown simultaneously on the same piece of land.
Crop production practices:
The farmer utilised mulching, which is an agricultural and gardening practice that
involves placing a layer of material on the soil surface. He also utilised weed control, which
is the practice of managing unwanted plants (weeds) that compete with cultivated plants for
resources such as nutrients, water, light, and space. Lastly, he utilised fertilising, which is the
process of adding nutrients to the soil or plants to enhance their growth and productivity.
Benefits of mulching include: moisture retention, weed suppression, soil temperature
regulation, soil erosion prevention and nutrient improvement. Weed control provides
numerous benefits, including increased crop yields and quality, reduced pest populations,
improved soil health, and enhanced aesthetic appeal. Landowners and farmers can create
healthier environments for crops and landscapes by managing weeds while promoting
sustainable practices. Fertilising is crucial for promoting healthy plant growth and
maximising crop yields. Understanding the types of fertilisers available, their benefits, and
best practices for application can help achieve optimal results while maintaining soil health
and sustainability. Proper fertilisation contributes to thriving gardens, landscapes, and
agricultural systems.
Challenges with crop production:
The farmer faced challenges with his crop production, such as,
● Praedial larceny - during the growing of certain crops, they get stolen as yams, sweet
potatoes and cassava. Some solutions to this highly faced problem could be to
alternate planting schedules and diversify crops, which can reduce predictability,
making it harder for thieves to target specific times or produce. Another solution
could be to install stronger fencing and gates, along with natural barriers like thorny
bushes, which can deter thieves.
● Irrigation - as he only depends on rainfall to water the crops. Some solutions to this
challenge could be to plant drought-resistant crops that require less water and are
suited to the local climate. Another solution could be to create systems to collect
rainwater to use during dry times.
Observation on how TWO marketing strategies are used and/or could be used by the farmer:
A marketing strategy that was observed was relationship marketing. This involves
maintaining direct relationships with customers, allowing for personalised communication
about available crops. The farmer uses this strategy by interacting with customers through
personalised messages, newsletters, or social media. Sharing stories about their farm, the
growing process, and seasonal updates creates a connection. A suggested marketing
technique he could use is direct sales, which involves selling produce directly to consumers
through farmers’ markets or roadside stands. Direct sales can be an effective marketing
strategy for farmers, allowing them to sell their products directly to consumers without the
need for intermediaries.
Relationship marketing helps farmers enhance customer loyalty, understand their
audience better, and create personalised experiences that lead to increased sales. By building
trust and fostering long-term connections with customers, farmers can not only boost
immediate sales but also create a sustainable business model that thrives over time. In
summary, direct sales can significantly enhance a farmer’s sales performance by increasing
profit margins, fostering customer loyalty, and creating a more personalised and engaging
shopping experience. By leveraging direct sales strategies, farmers can build strong
relationships with consumers, gain insights into their preferences, and respond more flexibly
to market demands.
Impact of TWO ways sustainable energy is and/or could be used on agricultural practice:
The farmer utilised biomass as a natural fertiliser, improving soil fertility by adding
essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The farmer can also use residues
from crops like sugarcane, rice, and vegetables as mulch to enhance soil moisture retention
and suppress weeds. Adding biomass as a natural fertiliser enhances soil structure by
increasing its organic matter content. This leads to better aeration, water retention, and
drainage, creating a healthier environment for plant roots. A thick layer of mulch obstructs
sunlight, making it difficult for weed seeds to germinate and grow, thus significantly
reducing weed competition.
Despite its potential benefits, the use of biomass as a natural fertiliser poses several
challenges that need to be addressed for effective implementation. Careful management,
appropriate treatment methods, and an understanding of the specific needs of crops and soils
are essential to overcoming these limitations and maximising the benefits of biomass in
sustainable agriculture.
Field Practical Activity
Crop: Beetroot
i) Production System Preparation
A mixture of soil and pen manure was prepared using a 2:1 ratio—two wheelbarrows of soil
to one wheelbarrow of pen manure—and placed into containers. This ratio was used to ensure
the soil was nutrient-rich without causing nutrient imbalance, promoting healthy plant
growth.
ii) Cultural Practices
Fertiliser Application: A 26:6:14 NPK fertiliser was used to support healthy leaf and root
development. One tablespoon of the fertiliser was diluted in a gallon of water and applied
with a watering can one week after the plant began leafy growth.
Pruning: Damaged or yellowing leaves were pruned to allow the plant to channel energy into
root development and reduce the risk of pest or disease infestation.
Weeding: Weeds were manually removed from around the base of the plants to prevent
competition for nutrients and moisture.
Moulding: Soil was gently mounded around the base of the beetroot plants to protect the
developing root from sunlight, which can cause bitterness and discolouration.
iii) Pest and/or Disease Management
Pests, mainly caterpillars, were manually removed and destroyed by squashing them.
iv) Method of Harvesting
When mature, the beetroot was carefully pulled from the soil by hand. Excess soil was
removed, the roots were washed, and the leaves were trimmed.
Crop: Water Spinach
i) Production System Preparation
Soil was combined with pen manure in a 2:1 ratio (two parts soil to one part manure) and
placed in containers. This provided a fertile growing medium to support the plant’s rapid
leafy growth.
ii) Cultural Practices
Fertiliser Application: A 26:6:14 NPK fertiliser was applied by mixing a tablespoon into a
gallon of water and watering the plants one week after the leaves started forming.
Pruning: Old or yellowing leaves were trimmed regularly to maintain plant vigour and reduce
disease risk.
Weeding: Weeds were hand-pulled from the base of the plant to prevent competition for
resources.
Moulding: Soil was lightly heaped around the base of the plants to enhance support and root
stability.
iii) Pest and/or Disease Management
Pests such as caterpillars were hand-picked from the plant and destroyed manually.
iv) Method of Harvesting
Harvesting involved cutting the stems just above the soil surface once the plant had
developed sufficient foliage.
Crop: Bodi Bean
i) Production System Preparation
Soil was mixed with pen manure in a 2:1 ratio and placed inside old tires used as planting
containers. This mix enriched the soil and provided good structure for plant development.
Seeds were directly sown in a tripod pattern to accommodate future staking.
ii) Cultural Practices
Fertiliser Application: A tablespoon of 26:6:14 NPK fertiliser was mixed into a gallon of
water and applied after the seedlings emerged to support early growth.
Irrigation: Plants were watered regularly using a watering can to ensure consistent moisture
for healthy growth.
Staking: Sticks were inserted near the base of each plant to support climbing growth, as the
bodi bean is a vining crop that requires vertical support.
Moulding: Soil was mounded around the plant base using a hand shovel to provide stability
and support for the growing plant.
iii) Pest and/or Disease Management
Caterpillars observed feeding on the leaves were manually removed and crushed to prevent
further damage.
iv) Method of Harvesting
Pods were harvested by gently twisting them off the plant using the thumb and forefinger.
Crop: Tomato
i) Production System Preparation
Soil and pen manure were mixed in a 2:1 ratio and placed into tires for planting. Tomato
seedlings were then transplanted individually into these prepared containers to allow for
optimal spacing and root development.
ii) Cultural Practices
Fertiliser Application: A tablespoon of 26:6:14 NPK fertiliser was diluted in a gallon of water
and applied one week after transplanting to promote healthy vegetative growth and fruit
development.
Staking: Long slender stakes were inserted beside each plant and the stems tied gently for
support. This helped keep the plant upright during fruiting.
Irrigation: A watering can was used to apply water at regular intervals to maintain consistent
soil moisture.
Pruning: Damaged, yellowing, or diseased leaves were pruned using secateurs to encourage
healthy new growth and reduce disease risks.
iii) Pest and/or Disease Management
No pests or diseases were observed affecting the tomato plants during their development.
iv) Method of Harvesting
Tomatoes were harvested by twisting the ripe fruit (yellow or red) gently from the plant.
Reflection
Business Plan
Name of Business: Crisp Cucumbers
Mission statement:
At Crisp Cucumbers, our mission is to provide the best products from the freshest,
highest-quality cucumbers to enhance the nutrition and health of Grade 7 students at the
St.Elizabeth Technical High School.
The goal of the company:
Crisp Cucumbers aims to create innovative, high-quality cucumber products that
promote health and sustainability while offering unique, refreshing flavours that enhance our
customers' daily lives. We strive to become a trusted brand that blends freshness with
convenience, supporting a more eco-friendly lifestyle through every product we offer.
Description of the products:
Our products are made from the freshest cucumbers, low in calories and high in fibre,
a great combination for healthy eating (and healthy digestion). They also contain vitamins
and minerals your body needs to function at its best, including magnesium, potassium and
vitamins K, A and C that support everything from bone to immune health. This is very good
for the Grade 7 students.
Marketing Plan
Marketing Analysis:
Grade 7 students are energetic and need healthy, refreshing snacks to keep them
hydrated and focused throughout the school day. Cucumber-based products offer a nutritious
alternative to sugary snacks. Students prefer snacks that are affordable, easy to eat, and
available during lunch or break times. Offering budget-friendly, grab-and-go cucumber
snacks will appeal to them.
Marketing Strategy:
Strategy 1: School-Based Promotions
Introducing cucumber-based snacks through lunchtime promotions at the school
cafeteria or snack shop can attract students’ interest. Posters and student ambassadors can
also help spread the word.
Justification: Promotions like "Buy 2, Get 1 Free" or discounts during break time can
encourage purchases.
Strategy 2: Sampling
Sampling is an effective strategy, especially when targeting students who might be
hesitant to try something new or unfamiliar. Students are more likely to try new snacks when
given a free sample.
Justification: By offering free samples, you're removing the risk barrier for the students,
allowing them to taste the product without any commitment or cost.
Sales Strategy
Strategy: Direct Sales at School
Direct sales refer to selling products or services directly to consumers without
intermediaries like retailers or wholesalers. Selling directly at the school through a snack
stand ensures easy access for students.
Justification: Students typically buy snacks on campus, so having the product available at
school makes it convenient. Keeping the price student-friendly will encourage repeat
purchases.
Distribution Strategy
Strategy: Direct distribution
Partnering with the school cafeteria and local snack vendors to sell cucumber-based
products ensures they are always available when students buy their snacks.
Justification: Students typically buy snacks during lunch breaks or between classes. By
distributing directly on campus, we can offer our products in places where students already
gather, such as the school cafeteria or snack shops.
Production Plan
Production Methods
Method: Batch
Batch production is a manufacturing process where products are produced in groups
or batches rather than in a continuous stream. For Crisp Cucumbers, this method is ideal as it
allows flexibility, control, and efficient production, especially when producing cucumber-
based snacks on a small to medium scale for a specific school audience.
Factors Influencing Processing Method:
1. Simplicity & Speed – A quick preparation method ensures fresh products daily.
2. Food Safety & Hygiene – Minimal handling reduces contamination risks.
Environmental Factor:
Water-saving practices, such as using water-efficient washing systems, recycling
water where possible, can be implemented. A closed-loop system that filters and reuses water
from previous washing cycles. For example, water used to wash cucumbers can be filtered
and reused for the next batch, reducing the total amount of fresh water needed.
HACCP Plan
Hazard 1: Contaminated Cucumbers (chemical)
● Critical Control Point: Proper washing and sanitising before slicing.
● Monitoring Strategy: Regular checks to ensure proper washing procedures.
● Corrective Action: Rewash cucumbers if contamination is suspected.
● Critical Control Limit: All cucumbers must be washed in a clean water solution
(5ml of bleach to 4 litres of water)
Hazard 2: Cross-Contamination During Packaging
● Critical Control Point: Filling Process
● Monitoring Strategy: Staff must follow hygiene protocols with routine inspections at
each point of filling.
● Corrective Action: Discard any cucumber product that comes into contact with
unsanitized surfaces or ungloved hands.
● Critical Control Limit: Staff must test for contamination before sealing.
Financial Plan
Production Costs
Title: Table
showing the
Product Ingredient Cost (JMD) list of
Ingredients
Cucumber Cucumber (per batch of 12 cupcakes) JMD 300 & Costs
Cupcake Pricing of
Product
Flour JMD 400
Sugar JMD 350
Eggs JMD 300
Baking Powder JMD 150
Butter JMD 500
Lemon Zest JMD 200
Frosting (Butter & Sugar) JMD 400
Packaging (Cupcake Boxes or Wrappers) JMD 500
Total Cost per JMD 3,100
Batch
Cost per Cupcake JMD 260
Cucumber Chips Cucumbers (per batch of 10 packs) JMD 500
Seasoning (Salt, Pepper) JMD 300
Oil for Frying JMD 500
Packaging (Small Plastic/Paper Bags) JMD 700
Total Cost per JMD 2,000
Batch
Cost per Pack JMD 200
Overall JMD 7,100
Production Cost
Cost-Plus Pricing Strategy – This method ensures that each product covers its production cost
while generating a small profit. This is because it ensures pricing is based on actual expenses,
not assumptions.
- Break Even Cost
To calculate the Break-Even Price per Unit, we use the formula:
Break-even price = Total Production Cost ÷ Total Units Produced
1. Cucumber Cupcakes
○ Total Cost per Batch (12 cupcakes): JMD 3,100
○ Break-even Price per Cupcake: 3,100÷12 = 258.33 JMD
○
2. Cucumber Chips
○ Total Cost per Batch (10 packs): JMD 2,000
○ Break-even Price per Pack: 2,000÷10 = 200 JMD
Break-even prices:
● Cupcakes: JMD 258 per unit
● Chips: JMD200 per unit
- Final cost of the product
To ensure a profit, the selling prices are set slightly higher than the break-even price:
● Cucumber Cupcakes: JMD 300 per cupcake (JMD 42 profit per unit)
● Cucumber Chips: JMD 250 per pack (JMD 50 profit per unit)
Bibliography
https://chatgpt.com/c/6818159c-d6d0-8011-9277-a13a2c5f4c50
Crop: TOMATO
