Influences on Rizal’s Intellectual Development / Life of Rizal

- What is JR's social environment that influenced his intellectual development?

Jose Rizal's intellectual development was influenced by his family, friends, education, and travels. His mother,
Teodora Alonso, nurtured his love for learning, while his brother Paciano introduced him to social and political
issues. Friends like Graciano Lopez-Jaena taught him about the government in and outside the Philippines. His
education at schools like Ateneo and UST exposed him to liberal ideas. And through his travels, he saw how
liberal ideas were applied in different societies and governments.

- How did his travels influence his intellectual development?

Rizal's travels allowed him to experience various governments and cultures, broadening his views on democracy,
equality, and fraternity. He observed the workings of democratic societies in countries like the U.S. and France,
inspiring his ideals of freedom and justice. His travels exposed him to liberal ideas that strengthened his desire
for reform in the Philippines. Comparing other nations to the Philippines, he realized the need for social and
political changes back home.

- Why do you think Rizal’s ideas were evolving?

Rizal's ideas evolved due to the changing circumstances he encountered and the diverse influences around him.
His experiences, especially his travels, opened his eyes to different forms of governance and social structures.
Additionally, his exposure to various reformist and nationalist ideals from his companions shaped his evolving
viewpoints. As a person responsive to his environment, he continuously adapted his ideas to address his
observed realities. He is a person of contradictions – his ideas were evolving, not constant, temporariness and
changes in his ideas.

- How did JR distinguish Ateneo and UST?

Rizal valued his education at Ateneo, where he learned discipline and excellence, while he had a more complex
view of UST. At Ateneo, he developed his intellectual and moral character, but at UST, he viewed it as outdated
and old-fashioned. He encountered limitations and discrimination due to his race. His experiences at both
institutions shaped his awareness of social inequalities. This contrast in his educational experiences influenced
his critical outlook on colonial society.

- Was Jose Rizal's execution justified?

From the Spaniards' perspective, Rizal's execution was justified as they saw him as a symbol of Filipino
nationalism and a threat to colonial rule. However, many Filipinos believed it was unjust since he advocated for
reforms, not independence, and was not involved in the armed revolution. His death inspired the revolutionary
movement, making him a martyr for Philippine independence. Ultimately, his execution was seen as a grave
injustice by those who valued his peaceful methods for change.

- Why was Rizal both a reformist and revolutionary?

Rizal was a reformist who advocated for peaceful changes through education and political reforms, aiming for
equal rights and representation under Spanish rule. Yet, his progressive ideas challenged the colonial status quo,
making them revolutionary for the time. His works, such as his novels, inspired nationalist sentiment and
resistance against oppression. We can also see his revolutionary tendencies through the characters of his
novels, such as Elias and Simon. Despite his focus on reform, his radical ideas inadvertently fueled revolutionary
fervor among Filipinos.

- How were Rizal's revolutionary tendencies shown?

Rizal's revolutionary tendencies were evident in his writings, such as Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
which exposed the injustices of Spanish colonial rule. His characters, such as Elias and Simon, show his
revolutionary tendencies. His works inspired Filipinos to seek independence and fueled nationalist sentiments. He
promoted unity and civic action among Filipinos by forming groups like La Liga Filipina. Despite his commitment
to peaceful reform, his efforts contributed to the intellectual foundation for the revolution.
 Accelerators and Decelarators of Filipino Nationalism

- Why's the Opening of the PH to World Commerce accelerated Filipino nationalism?

Those who participated in trade gained wealth and knowledge because of the opening of the Philippines to World
Commerce. This allowed Filipinos to learn about democratic and liberal ideals, leading to greater awareness of
Spanish oppression.

- What happened in the Cavite Mutiny?

In 1872, 200 Filipino soldiers rebelled against the Spanish government because of the lack of salaries and
exemptions from taxes and forced labor. The Spanish government used this opportunity to frame GomBurZa.
They made it appear that the priests were the ones who instigated the mutiny and made it look like a revolution.
The Government in Spain decided that whoever initiated the mutiny should be punished, and so the three priests,
GomBurZa, were executed through garrote. Paciano, Jose Rizal’s brother and also friends with Jose Burgos, saw
the execution. The Cavite Mutiny in 1872 accelerated the rise of Filipino nationalism.

- What happened in the Secularization Controversy?

The friars needed more priests, so they decided to train Filipinos to become priests so that they could continue
their missionary work. But, immediately regretted the decision afterwards because the trained Filipino priests
were educated. They felt that the parishes should be in the hands of Filipino priests—the Secularization
Movement happened To transfer churches from friars to seculars.

- How did the rise of clase media threaten the Spaniards?

Because of the opening of the PH to world commerce, Filipinos could send their children to school. Filipinos
became socially and politically aware. Educated Filipinos from the middle class believed they were entitled to
deserve rights and privileges equal to those of Spaniards, posing a threat to colonial rule. They wanted change
and became propaganistas like Jose Rizal.

- Did the bodies of water connect us in the pre-colonial period?

Yes, before the Spanish colonization, the bodies of water did connect us. Filipinos were industrious and engaged
in trade (maritime southeast Asia). We also had an active trade with China, as taken from a 13th-century Chinese
manuscript. Pigafetta’s account in 1521 also talked about the abundance of the Philippine Islands and maintained
relations with neighboring countries and even with distant ones like Siam.

- Why did the archipelagic nature of the PH affect the development of PH nationalism?
The Philippines is an archipelago. Our islands are surrounded by water, and the Spanish government took this
advantage. They controlled transportation, requiring permits and documents for Filipinos to be able to trade with
each other. Spain also took control of the balangays or boats, exploited the Philippines’ nature, and Filipinos lived
and felt apart from each other. Thus making the geography of the Philippines a decelerator of Filipino nationalism.

Reform Movement and Revolutionary Movement

- Give a similarity between the Reform and Revolutionary Movement.

Both the Reform and Revolutionary Movements sought significant changes in response to the socio-political
issues under Spanish colonial rule. They emerged from shared frustrations with oppression, seeking to uplift the
Filipino people. While the Reform Movement aimed for peaceful assimilation and the Revolutionary Movement
pursued independence, both aimed to improve Filipino society. Despite different approaches, their shared
objective of liberation connected the two movements.

- What is masonry?
Masonry is a secret organization, often seen as a brotherhood or fraternity, bound by common ideals and
objectives. In Rizal's time, it represented liberal and progressive thoughts, with members advocating for reforms
and freedom. Masonry is one of the similarities between the Reform and Revolutionary movements. Reform is a
brotherhood; fraternity of people that are united to achieve assimilation. Revolutionary is a brother of Filipinos
who are united by the cause of Political Independence. Masonry influenced both movements. The reformists and
revolutionaries were masons, using the organization to advance their nationalist goals.

- How are the Reform and Revolutionary Movements different in terms of composition?
The Reform Movement was mainly composed of educated and wealthy individuals, known as illustrados,
advocating peaceful assimilation into Spanish society. In contrast, the Revolutionary Movement consisted largely
of farmers, laborers, and the masses, aiming for complete independence from Spanish rule. These differences in
socioeconomic backgrounds influenced their approach to achieving change. While one favored diplomatic efforts,
the other turned to radical and violent means.

- Why did the Reform and Revolutionary Movement fail?

The Reform Movement failed due to a lack of resources, internal conflicts (rivalries), and Spain's disregard for
Filipino reforms. Similarly, the initial phase of the Revolutionary Movement faced failure due to disunity in the
ranks, lack of resources, and the execution of Andres Bonifacio. Both movements also encountered resistance
from Spanish authorities, which hindered their progress. These factors combined led to the eventual failure of
their efforts.

- What are the two rival factions in the Revolutionary Movement?

The two factions within the Revolutionary Movement were the Magdalo and Magdiwang factions. The Magdalo
faction, led by Baldomero Aguinaldo, focused on establishing a new government structure to supersede the
current government of Katipunan. The Magdiwang faction, under Mariano Alvarez, prioritized continuing the war
efforts without reorganizing because having an election was counterproductive. Their conflicting goals caused
divisions that weakened the revolutionary forces.

- How or why did the Naic Military Government established?

Andres Bonifacio established the Naic Military Government after a dispute at the Tejeros Convention, where he
felt disrespected and undermined. The Magdalo faction had questioned his qualifications, leading Bonifacio to
declare the convention void. In response, he and his supporters formed the Naic Military Government as an
alternative authority. It was a symbolic of their resistance to the new government.This split reflected the
deep-seated rivalries within the revolutionary leadership.

- Was Andres Bonifacio's death justified?

From Aguinaldo’s supporters’ perspective, Bonifacio’s execution was seen as necessary to protect the Katipunan.
However, in my own opinion, Andres Bonifacio’s death was not justified. He was executed after being accused of
treason by a faction led by Emilio Aguinaldo. Andres Bonifacio, as the supremo of the Katipunan, played a crucial
role in the fight for Filipino independence. His execution was more of a reflection of power rather than legitimate
justice. His death weakened the unity of the revolution, which eventually caused the failure of Katipunan.

- Was the signing of Emilio Aguinaldo to the execution documents of Andres Bonifacio justified? Explain.
Aguinaldo's decision to sign the execution documents for Bonifacio was driven by a desire to prevent further
divisions within the revolutionary ranks. Aguinaldo and his advisors believed Bonifacio posed a threat to their
newly established government. It was to protect the Katipunan. However, the act remains controversial, as many
consider it an unjust removal of a rival leader rather than a justified action for unity.

Indolence of the Filipinos

- Does indolence exist in the Philippines?

Yes. As stated by Jose Rizal in his essay, we must confess that indolence does actually and positively exist. Still,
instead of holding it to be the cause of the backwardness and trouble, we regard it as the effect of the trouble and
the backwardness. The word indolence is misused. It is not inherent laziness or lack of love for work but rather
the consequences of many factors, including the Spanish colonization's misgovernment
.
- What accounts for the natural predisposition of Filipinos to indolence?
Filipinos have a natural tendency to be indolent because of the tropical climate. The tropical climate is something
natural and normal that everyone should accept, as Rizal stated, it is natural to rest for us to survive. We should
accept indolence is natural, as we can't change nature's laws. Without it, Filipinos might not have survived.

- How did the Spanish-imposed economic institutions awaken the indolence of the Filipinos?
Spanish-imposed economic institutions forced Filipinos into labor that mainly benefited the colonizers, such as
building galleons and working on Spanish-owned lands. The encomienda and polo y servicio systems stripped
them of their freedom to work for their own welfare, discouraging any motivation for personal growth. Heavy taxes
and forced labor led to poverty and exhaustion, leaving little incentive to work beyond survival. These oppressive
systems created a cycle of dependency and discouragement, fostering indolence among Filipinos.

- Why and how were the natives discriminated against during the Spanish colonization, as per JR's
essay?
The training of the natives is brutalizing, depressive, and anti-human. Natives faced discrimination through
restrictions on education, work, and social mobility. TNatives were only taught to be obedient Christians, with
priests believing it was wrong for them to learn Castialn or aspire beyond manual labor. This limited education
kept them from menial tasks, denying them opportunities to grow or improve their lives. Rizal argued that this
oppression reduced the natives’ dignity and stifled their potential.

- How is gambling antithetical?

Gambling creates a false promise of quick wealth without hard work, which contradicts the value of steady and
meaningful labor. Instead of motivating people to work hard, it fosters laziness and dependency. The Spanish
colonial government encouraged gambling because it brought in revenue, further harming the Filipino work ethic.
This practice discouraged sustainable efforts that could benefit society.

- How did religious teachings contribute to the indolence of Filipinos during Spanish colonization?
Religious teachings discouraged hard work by promoting the idea that God would provide for everything, making
effort seem unnecessary. Friars taught that rich men won't go to heaven, implying that it was better to remain
poor. They also suggested that God favored the poor, giving them a special place in heaven. This mindset led
many Filipinos to accept poverty, seeing it as a path to spiritual rewards rather than striving for improvement on
earth.

- Why was education needed, as per JR's essay?

Education was needed to reform the indolent society. Rizal believed education, mainly secular education, was
essential for Filipinos to gain self-respect, knowledge, and the skills necessary for progress. He saw education as
a way to empower Filipinos to demand their rights and stand against oppression. Without proper education,
natives were vulnerable to manipulation and unable to advocate for societal improvements. Education would help
Filipinos develop as individuals and as a nation.

- What were the internal wars as per JR's essay?

The internal wars were one of the reasons why the indolence of the Filipinos awakened. This came about as
resistance or revolts against the Spanish occupation, like the Muslims versus Christians. Muslimes felt the need
to protect themselves from the colonizers. Piratical attacks in the South. It was easy for Muslims because
Christianized Filipinos were left with no means to protect themselves. Also, the Naives’ uncoordinated revolts
against the Spaniards led to the massive depopulation of able-bodied Filipinos. Abled-bodied Filipinos were
supposed to tend their fields and do productive activities like agriculture. But these were left behind because of
the wars.

- What were the external wars per JR's essay, and why did they make the Filipinos indolent?
External wars were one of the reasons why the indolence of the Filipinos awakened. Filipinos fought for Spain
against the Borneans, Dutch, Siamese, and Cambodians because, at the time, Spain was expanding their
territory, a time of imperialism. Many Filipinos died because of the wars. Abled-bodied Filipinos were supposed to
tend their fields and do productive activities like agriculture. But these were left behind because of the wars.
- For the Spaniards, the backwardness and troubles were caused of the Filipino's indolence. However, for
Rizal, it is not. Explain.
For Rizal, indolence among Filipinos was not the cause but the result of Spanish misrule and oppression. He
argued that exploitation, poverty, and forced labor discouraged Filipinos from working hard, as their efforts did not
benefit them. Rizal explained that natural rest due to the tropical climate was misunderstood as laziness by the
Spaniards. He saw indolence as a symptom of colonial injustices rather than an inherent flaw in Filipinos.

To the Women of Malolos

1. Rizal called the friars "little tin gods" because they arrogantly represented themselves as the embodiment of
God's will on Earth, demanding blind obedience from others. He viewed this as presumptuous and contrary to
true religiousness, which he believed required reason and moral integrity【5†source】.

2. Living the real Christian way, according to Rizal, means using one’s ability to think to discern right from wrong,
rather than following others blindly. This thoughtful approach, rather than strict rituals or appearances, defines
true Christian faith【5†source】.

3. A woman of Sparta was someone who participated actively in her society, receiving the same education and
training as men. Her main role was motherhood, as she raised capable and disciplined children who served the
state【5†source】.

4. Feminism is the belief in equality between men and women, advocating for equal rights, opportunities, and the
elimination of gender-based discrimination. It has evolved through waves, focusing on political rights, social
rights, and addressing layered discriminations【5†source】.

5. If I were a wife, Rizal would expect me to support and encourage my husband, share his burdens, and be a
source of strength in difficult times. He emphasized the role of a noble wife who brings honor to her family and
society【5†source】.

6. Liberation and feminism are similar because both seek equality and freedom from oppression, particularly
advocating for women’s rights. They aim to empower women and give them a voice in society【5†source】.

7. One patriarchal value is that men are seen as providers, while women are expected to focus on home and
family. This traditional view limited women's participation in other areas of society, such as politics and education【
5†source】.

8. Before the Spanish period, women in the Philippines held significant roles, like inheriting property and
participating in commerce. However, during the Spanish period, their roles were restricted to domestic duties,
with limited opportunities for education and public involvement【5†source】.

9. Women can “break a nation” by raising future generations who lack critical thinking and knowledge. If women
are not educated, they may not instill the values needed for a progressive and rational society【5†source】.

10. The cure for the enslavement of women is education, as it provides them with knowledge and skills, allowing
them to be more self-reliant. Rizal argued that educated women could contribute to the progress of society【
5†source】.

11. Education cures the enslavement of women by empowering them to make informed choices and participate in
social and political spheres. It fosters independence, which enables them to challenge traditional roles and
inequalities【5†source】.

12. Rizal wrote his letter to encourage Filipino women to be brave, self-reliant, and educated, which he saw as
key to achieving freedom and equality. He praised the women of Malolos for their efforts toward self-improvement
【5†source】.
13. The Castilian language was important because it was the language of politics and higher society, allowing
Filipinos access to liberal ideas and knowledge. Learning Spanish empowered Filipinos to understand and
challenge colonial authority【5†source】.

14. The women of Malolos conducted a peaceful reform to establish a night school and learn Spanish, showing
their desire for education and self-improvement. This action represented a push for equal opportunities despite
restrictions placed on them【5†source】.

15. A woman can break a nation by influencing the values and morals of future generations, whether positively or
negatively. Educated and independent women contribute to a rational and progressive society, while uneducated
women may perpetuate ignorance【5†source】.

1. During the Spanish period, women were mostly confined to household roles like housekeeping and
childbearing. They were expected to be obedient to their husbands and elders and had limited access to
education. Their lives were defined by religious and social expectations, emphasizing submission and modesty【
5†source】.

2. The two salient points in Rizal’s letter were the rejection of the friars' spiritual authority and the defense of
prudence, emphasizing reason and justice over blind obedience【5†source】.

3. A Filipina mother should teach her children to value honor, love for their country, and duty over personal
comfort. Rizal believed mothers should raise their children to be brave and morally upright, similar to the women
of Sparta【5†source】.

4. A Filipina maiden should set high standards and seek a partner with noble qualities and strength of character.
She should value a man’s moral integrity over appearance【5†source】.

5. A Filipina wife should be noble. She should be righteous, honorable, and virtuous. A wife should support her
husband, inspire him with courage, and help him face challenges. Rizal saw the wife as a source of strength who
brings honor to her family【5†source】.

6. Yes, Rizal was a feminist, as he believed women played a crucial role in shaping a progressive society. He
encouraged women's education and independence to promote a rational, fair society【5†source】.

7. Rizal was a liberal feminist, advocating for women's rights, education, and equal opportunities. He believed
that educated women would create a more enlightened society【5†source】.

8. Education during the Spanish period was limited, especially for women, as it mostly focused on religious
instruction. Only privileged families had access to basic education, while most women were denied formal
schooling【5†source】.

9. The strategy to liberate women was through education, as it empowered them with knowledge and skills for
self-reliance. Rizal believed education would allow women to participate more actively in society【5†source】.

10. Opening a school was a symbol of liberalism because it promoted freedom of thought and access to
knowledge. It allowed people to challenge established norms and fight for equality【5†source】.

11. Teodoro Sandiko, with support from Doroteo Cortes and Maestra Guadalupe Reyes, supported the young
women’s request to establish a night school for learning Spanish【5†source】.

12. The school was closed because of pressure from Spanish authorities and accusations that it taught ideas
against morality. The Church and government saw it as a threat to their power【5†source】.
13. Though it only lasted three months, the school was significant as it represented women's determination to
seek education. It inspired others to fight for social and educational reforms【5†source】.

14. Marcelo H. del Pilar requested Rizal to write to the young women of Malolos to encourage their bravery and
dedication to education. He hoped Rizal’s words would inspire Filipinos to support reform efforts【5†source】.

15. There was internal conflict between reformists who wanted change and pro-friar sectors who opposed any
challenge to Spanish authority. This division affected public support for reforms like those pursued by the women【
5†source】.

16. The 20 young women of Malolos were from well-to-do families of the 4 major-Sangley clans of Malolos:
Tiongsons, Tantocos, Reyeses, & Santoses and wanted access to education. They pushed for reform to open a
night school where they could learn Spanish【5†source】.

17. The young women of Malolos faced opposition from friars and society, who believed women should stay in
traditional roles. They struggled to gain approval and faced threats from authorities【5†source】.

18. Education was a threat to Spanish friars because it exposed Filipinos to liberal ideas and empowered them to
question authority. The friars feared losing their influence if people became educated and sought equality【
5†source】.

Philippines a Century Hence

1. Why did Rizal said that the deterioration and disappearance of filipino indigenous culture caused
misery to Filipinos?
Rizal believed that the loss of Filipino indigenous culture led to suffering because it erased the people’s original
identity and traditions. When the Spanish arrived, they imposed foreign ways, replacing Filipino systems in
politics, economy, and religion with their own. This cultural replacement took away the Filipinos' sense of
belonging and pride in their heritage, making them feel alienated in their own land. By demonizing indigenous
beliefs, the Spanish made Filipinos ashamed of their own traditions, which led to low self-esteem. This loss of
identity weakened the Filipino spirit, contributing to a feeling of helplessness and misery.

2. What is the main factor of passivity and submissiveness of Filipinos?

Rizal argued that Catholicism, introduced by the Spanish, encouraged a culture of blind obedience among
Filipinos. The teachings pushed Filipinos to follow the friars without question, treating any defiance as a sin or
moral failing. This discouraged critical thinking and questioning of the colonizers’ authority, resulting in a passive
attitude toward Spanish rule. Over time, this religious influence cultivated a habit of silence and obedience,
making it easier for the colonizers to control the population. The Filipinos were taught to accept their situation
rather than challenge it, reinforcing their submissiveness.

3. Why is it impossible for Spaniards to exterminate Filipino race?

Rizal believed it was impossible for the Spaniards to completely eliminate the Filipino people due to their
resilience and adaptability. Despite centuries of hardship, Filipinos survived poverty and oppression, building a
natural resistance to difficulties. Exterminating them would require extensive resources and troops, which Spain
could not afford. Additionally, such an act would have been costly and impractical for Spain to maintain in the long
term. Thus, while the Spanish could try to keep the Filipinos in poverty, they couldn’t completely erase them as a
people.

4. What is amor propio? How did it awaken Filipinos from racial discrimination?
"Amor propio" is a sense of self-worth and pride in oneself, which is strong in Filipino culture. This inner pride
helped Filipinos recognize the unfair treatment they received from the Spanish, stirring their awareness of racial
discrimination. Filipinos began to see the value of their dignity and humanity, realizing they deserved respect and
equality. This growing sense of self-worth motivated them to push back against their inferior status. As they
embraced their pride, many Filipinos felt driven to fight for change and reject colonial injustices.
5. What is the interest of United States in the Philippines?
The United States saw the Philippines as a strategic location in the Pacific. Rizal noted that the United States
might be interested in the Philippines for several strategic reasons, including military and economic benefits. The
U.S. saw the Philippines as a potential base for naval operations in the Pacific, which would strengthen its military
presence in Asia. Economically, the islands offered an opportunity to expand American trade and markets in the
region. Additionally, the U.S. was interested in using the Philippines as a center for spreading Protestant beliefs
across Asia. This combination of military, economic, and religious interests made the Philippines an attractive
prospect for American expansion.

6. Prove that the Philippines had a colonization before the Spanish came
The Philippines had a form of colonization or organized society prior to the arrival of the Spanish, as observed
by Antonio de Morga in Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, later annotated by Rizal. Filipinos had a structured political
system known as the barangay, where local leaders governed distinct communities. They practiced a
barter-based economy with international trade relations. Additionally, Filipinos had their indigenous religious
beliefs centered around deities such as Diyos, Bathala, and Maykapal, along with rich traditions that connected
and organized communities long before Spanish rule.

7. Why was it impossible for Spain to maintain poverty in the Philippines?

It was impossible for Spain to maintain poverty in the Philippines because, over time, poverty itself inspired
Filipinos to seek change. With nothing to lose, many Filipinos grew willing to risk everything to improve their lives
and gain freedom. This hardship became a driving force, motivating Filipinos to unite and fight for reform and
independence.

8. What were the reforms suggested by Rizal?

Rizal suggested key reforms to improve the lives of Filipinos, including freedom of the press, representation in
the Spanish Cortes, and greater individual security. He also advocated for education and government positions to
be based on merit rather than prestige. His proposed reforms aimed to empower Filipinos and ensure fair
treatment under Spanish rule.

9. Does divide and conquer still work in the Philippines?

According to Rizal, divide et impera would not be as effective anymore because Filipinos had better ways to
connect and communicate. Improved transportation and ideas from other countries helped Filipinos unite over
common experiences. This unity made it harder for Spain to prevent them from seeking reforms and
independence.

10. Which among Rizal's reforms is relevant today?

The push for freedom of the press remains highly relevant, as it ensures transparency and accountability in
governance. Rizal’s advocacy for press freedom is essential for empowering citizens with information and
protecting democracy. This reform continues to be important in addressing social issues and fostering informed
public discourse.

11. Why did Spain destroy Filipino religious culture?

Spain aimed to eradicate indigenous Filipino religious practices to impose Catholicism and reinforce colonial
control. By replacing native beliefs with Christianity, the Spanish solidified their authority, making Filipinos more
submissive to Spanish rule. This cultural destruction served as a means of political and social domination,
ensuring loyalty to the colonial government.

12 Give me 1 misery of filipinos

One major misery Filipinos faced was the severe poverty imposed by colonial rule, complicated by military
policies that exploited them and suppressed their potential. The Spanish regime kept the Filipino population
impoverished, limiting their social and economic mobility. This poverty was used as a form of control but
eventually fueled Filipinos’ desire for independence.

13 Why did Jose Rizal write this article (The Philippines a Century Hence)
Rizal wrote “The Philippines a Century Hence” to predict and reflect on the future of the Philippines under colonial
rule, expressing his hopes and concerns. Through this article, he aimed to warn Spain about the consequences
of oppression, including potential Filipino rebellion or independence. It also served as a call for reforms to prevent
the exploitation of the Filipino people.

14 Can the Spaniards prevent the Philippines to progress?

While the Spaniards tried to keep the Philippines under control, they couldn’t entirely stop Filipinos from
progressing. The spread of liberal ideas, foreign trade, and the education of Filipinos like the ilustrados brought
new ways of thinking. Despite poverty and oppression, Filipinos grew more determined to seek change and
development.

15 According to Rizal, what would happen to the Ph in a 100 years

Rizal believed that if Spain continued its oppressive rule, the Philippines would inevitably seek independence. He
predicted that Filipinos would eventually demand freedom, either through peaceful reform or by revolution. If
Spain did not change its ways, other powers or internal forces would take control.

16 What was the article “The Philippines in a Century Hence” all about
In "The Philippines a Century Hence," Rizal analyzed the potential future of the Philippines under continued
Spanish rule. He discussed the negative effects of colonialism and warned that Filipinos would eventually seek
independence if oppression persisted. Rizal suggested reforms Spain could adopt to prevent a revolution and
foster a better society.

17 What made Filipinos realize their sad plight in Ph?

Filipinos began to realize their unfortunate situation under Spanish rule due to the racial discrimination they faced
and the suppression of their rights. They observed that the Spanish treated them as inferior, creating resentment
and a desire for equality. The exchange of ideas with other nations through trade also introduced liberal concepts,
inspiring Filipinos to seek change.

Noli Me Tangere

1. Explain the meaning of Noli

"Noli Me Tangere," meaning "Touch Me Not," was used by Rizal as the title of his novel to warn Filipinos about
the sensitive and forbidden nature of the social issues it addressed. It implies that those reading the book should
be cautious, as it exposes the realities of Spanish rule. Rizal intended it as a message to provoke awareness and
reflection among Filipinos under colonial oppression.

2. What does Padre Damaso represent in the novel?

Padre Damaso embodies the abuses and corruption of Spanish friars who exploited and oppressed Filipinos.
His character reflects the hypocrisy, discrimination, and arrogance of the colonial clergy. Through Damaso, Rizal
criticizes the moral decay and unchecked power of the religious institutions under Spanish rule.

3. How was Ibarra implicated in the uprising of San Diego?

Ibarra was implicated in the uprising after his name was used by instigators to recruit people, making it appear
as though he supported the rebellion. Padre Salvi forged letters and evidence to incriminate him, exploiting his
reformist ideals. This setup led to Ibarra’s arrest, branding him as a traitor in the eyes of the authorities.

4. How did Maria Clara find out the truth about her birth?
Maria Clara discovered the truth about her parentage when Padre Salvi exchanged letters that revealed her
mother was raped by Padre Damaso, making him her biological father. This revelation crushed her emotionally
and deepened her sense of betrayal. It also influenced her decision to enter the convent as an escape from her
troubled past.

5. Why did Padre Salvi want to transfer to Sta. Ana?

 Padre Salvi requested a transfer to the convent in Sta. Ana, motivated by his desire to be closer to Maria Clara,
whom he lusted after. He sought the position to maintain control over her and prevent her from escaping his
influence. His transfer also reflects his manipulative character and obsession.

6. How did Elias and Ibarra first meet?

When Ibarra and Maria Clara took a break by having a picnic on the shores of Laguna de Bay.. Elias and Ibarra
first encountered each other during the boating trip when Elias was the pilot of the boat they were riding. Elias
saved Ibarra from a crocodile attack. Ibarra, in turn, helped Elias subdue the creature, leading to a bond based on
mutual respect. This meeting was an important moment that established their alliance and contrasting visions for
societal change.

7. Why did Elias leave Ibarra when the planned uprising happened?
Elias left Ibarra when the planned uprising happened because he discovered that Ibarra’s grandfather had
falsely accused his own grandfather of arson, which destroyed his family. Elias was forced to be away from his
sister & became a rogue and a bandit. This discovery made Elias feel betrayed, as he realized Ibarra’s family had
caused his suffering. Angry and hurt, Elias decided to distance himself from Ibarra.

8. How did Elias die?

Elias was fatally wounded while helping Ibarra escape from the authorities after the failed uprising. Despite his
injuries, he managed to reach the mausoleum where he met Basilio and instructed him on what to do with their
bodies. Elias died lamenting that he would not see the dawn of freedom for his people.

9. Why did Sisa become deranged in the Noli?

Sisa lost her sanity due to the brutal treatment of her sons, Crispin and Basilio, by the Spanish friars and church
officials. After Crispin was unjustly beaten to death and Basilio faced constant persecution, Sisa's grief and
hopelessness drove her to madness. Her story symbolizes the suffering of the marginalized under colonial rule.

10. If you were to end the Noli differently, how would you end it (and why)?
I would end *Noli Me Tangere* with Ibarra successfully establishing his school, symbolizing the hope for reform
and enlightenment through education. This ending would align with Rizal’s advocacy for education as a means to
empower Filipinos. It would show that change can come through knowledge and collective action, inspiring future
generations.

11. If you were to change one character in the Noli, who would it be (and why)?
I would modify Maria Clara’s character to give her more agency, reflecting her resistance to oppressive social
norms. Empowering her to act on her own would address Rizal’s goal of inspiring Filipinos, particularly women, to
assert their rights. Her stronger character could symbolize a break from traditional expectations of passivity
among Filipino women.

12. Which character in the Noli do you resonate with the most, and why?
The character I resonate with the most is Maria Clara, as she embodies the inner conflict many people face
between loyalty to family and love. Despite her deep feelings for Ibarra, she is torn by her sense of duty and her
father’s influence, showing how challenging it can be to stand up for oneself in difficult situations. Her story
reflects the struggle to find freedom and identity within restrictive circumstances.

13. Why is Lieutenant Guevarra important in Noli?

Lieutenant Guevarra is important because he helps Ibarra by revealing the truth about his father's unjust
imprisonment and death. He is one of the few honest officials, standing against the corruption around him. His
support shows that there are still good people within the colonial system who believe in justice.

14. What was Ibarra's first step in reforming the Philippines?

 Ibarra’s first major reform was his plan to build a school in San Diego, aiming to provide modern education. He
believed that education was essential for societal improvement and individual empowerment. Through his school
project, Ibarra hoped to instill knowledge that would inspire Filipinos to uplift their lives.

15. Why was Ibarra excommunicated?

Ibarra was excommunicated after he nearly killed Padre Damaso in a fit of rage during a heated confrontation.
The Church viewed his actions as an attack on a friar, which was seen as a grave offense. Although his
excommunication was later lifted, this event marked him as a target of the friars’ vengeance.

16. Why is Sisa important in Noli Me Tangere?

Sisa represents the suffering of the poor under Spanish colonial rule, particularly the injustices inflicted by the
clergy. Her tragic story of losing her sons due to abuses by church authorities highlights the oppression faced by
Filipino families. Sisa’s being a deranged mother emphasizes the destructive impact of a corrupt colonial system
on vulnerable individuals.

17. Who is Alfonso Linares in the Noli Me Tangere?

Alfonso Linares is a Spanish mestizo who becomes Maria Clara's suitor, arranged by Kapitan Tiago and Padre
Damaso. He is portrayed as an ambitious but weak-willed character, lacking genuine love for Maria Clara. His
role serves to illustrate the manipulation and control exercised by Spanish authorities over Filipinos’ personal
lives.

18. How did Kapitan Tiago gain the name 'Kapitan'?

Kapitan Tiago, or Don Santiago de los Santos, earned the title due to his former position as a cabeza de
barangay, or head of the local community. His wealth and close ties with influential Spanish friars elevated his
social status. The title “Kapitan” reflects his influential role in the town, though it also reveals his willingness to
align with colonial powers for personal gain.

19. Describe the character of Pilosopo Tasyo in Noli Me Tangere.

Pilosopo Tasyo, also known as Don Anastacio, is a wise and eccentric scholar who symbolizes Rizal’s vision of
reform and enlightenment. He is respected for his intellect but ridiculed as a madman by those who don’t
understand him. Through Tasyo, Rizal portrays the struggle of intellectuals who are misunderstood and dismissed
in a conservative society resistant to change.

20. Why is the Noli Me Tangere a controversial novel?

Noli Me Tangere was controversial because it exposed the abuses and corruption of the Spanish friars and the
colonial government, challenging the social and religious institutions of the time. Its critical portrayal of Spanish
rule threatened the status quo, making it seen as a dangerous text. The novel inspired Filipinos to question
authority and demand reforms, leading it to be censored by Spanish authorities.

21. What is the full name of Doña Victorina, and why did she want to alter her name?
Doña Victorina de los Reyes de de Espadaña sought to change her name to appear more Spanish, adding “de”
to align with Spanish nobility. Obsessed with social status and rejecting her Filipino identity, she attempted to
assimilate into Spanish culture. This reflected the colonial mentality and internalized inferiority felt by some
Filipinos under Spanish rule.

22. Which character in Noli Me Tangere captures the problems in the Philippines the most?
Padre Damaso most clearly embodies the problems facing the Philippines, representing the abuse, corruption,
and arrogance of the Spanish clergy. His oppressive behavior and disdain for Filipinos highlight the injustices
perpetuated by colonial authorities. Through Damaso, Rizal criticizes the power imbalance and lack of
compassion prevalent in colonial society.

23. What do you think was the meaning of Elias' final words before he died?
Elias’ final words express his hope for a future where Filipinos attain freedom and equality, even though he
knows he won’t witness it. He urges those who survive to continue the struggle and honor those who sacrificed
their lives in darkness. His last words reflect a call for perseverance and unity in the pursuit of liberty for future
generations.

Why did Jose Rizal named the book “Noli Me Tangere”

Rizal chose the title Noli Me Tangere, meaning "Touch Me Not," as a warning about the sensitive and painful
social issues faced by Filipinos under Spanish rule. He wanted readers to recognize the injustices without feeling
fear or shame in addressing them. The title implies that the novel contains truths that may be hard to confront, but
are necessary for awakening Filipino consciousness.

Who is Crisostomo Ibarra

Crisostomo Ibarra is the main protagonist in Noli Me Tangere, a young Filipino who returns to the Philippines after
studying in Europe. He is idealistic and committed to reforming his country through education, but faces
numerous challenges from the colonial powers. Ibarra’s experiences and character reflect Rizal’s hope for a
peaceful path to reform and enlightenment.

Who is Maria Clara

Maria Clara is the love interest of Crisostomo Ibarra and is known for her beauty, grace, and religious devotion.
She represents the idealized Filipina, embodying modesty, obedience, and loyalty, yet she is torn by her
conflicting loyalties to her family and Ibarra. Maria Clara’s character illustrates the constraints placed on Filipino
women under colonial society.

Who is Kapitan Tiago

Kapitan Tiago, or Don Santiago de los Santos, is a wealthy Filipino businessman who aligns himself closely with
Spanish authorities and the Catholic Church. He is known for hosting lavish events and being highly respected in
his community, though his motivations are often selfish and politically calculated. His character represents the
Filipinos who maintained their status by cooperating with colonial powers.

Who is Padre Damaso

Padre Damaso is a Spanish friar and the antagonist of Noli Me Tangere, notorious for his abusive and corrupt
behavior toward the Filipino people. He symbolizes the oppressive influence of the Spanish clergy, often using his
position to manipulate and harm others. Damaso’s character reveals the abuses of the colonial religious
institutions and their disdain for Filipinos.

Who is Elias
Elias is a revolutionary character in Noli Me Tangere who opposes Spanish rule and seeks social change through
bold, often violent, actions. Though he befriends Ibarra, his approach to reform is more radical, as he believes
peaceful reform alone will not free the Filipinos. Elias represents the voice of the oppressed masses who are
ready to fight for their rights and freedom.

What does Donya Victorina represent for

Doña Victorina represents the colonial mentality among some Filipinos who despised their own heritage and tried
to adopt Spanish customs and mannerisms. She looks down on her fellow Filipinos and tries to elevate her social
status by associating with Spaniards. Her character reflects the internalized inferiority complex that colonialism
imposed on certain segments of society.

Give me 1 plot twist of Noli Me Tangere

A significant plot twist in Noli Me Tangere occurs when Maria Clara discovers that Padre Damaso is her biological
father. This revelation shatters her understanding of her family and society, ultimately pushing her toward a tragic
path. It reveals the hidden corruption and abuse by the church and its influence over Filipino lives.

Why did Elias leave Crisostomo Ibarra

Elias left Ibarra after discovering that Ibarra’s grandfather had wrongfully accused Elias’s grandfather of arson,
leading to his family’s ruin. This revelation made Elias feel betrayed and deepened his resentment toward Ibarra’s
lineage, though he continued to sympathize with Ibarra’s ideals. Their separation highlighted the differences
between them and symbolized the social divide caused by historical injustices.
Why did Crisostomo Ibarra return to Philippines
Ibarra returned to the Philippines after studying abroad with the hope of using his education to improve his
country through peaceful reforms. He aimed to establish a school in San Diego to provide modern education to
Filipino youth. His return was motivated by both a desire to honor his father’s legacy and a commitment to social
progress.

How did The friars took hand of the handwritten letter of Ibarra from 7 years ago
Padre Salvi intercepted a letter that Ibarra had written to Maria Clara years before, detailing his thoughts and
feelings. Salvi used the letter to forge evidence that implicated Ibarra in the uprising, exploiting its content to cast
doubt on his loyalty. This manipulation by Salvi demonstrates the friars’ immoral tactics in maintaining control
over influential Filipinos.

What happened during the dinner party of Kapitan Tiago

During Kapitan Tiago’s dinner party, Padre Damaso publicly insulted Ibarra, disparaging his education and late
father, Don Rafael. This attack led Ibarra to confront Damaso in a heated moment, nearly stabbing him before
Maria Clara intervened. The incident exposed the deep-seated tensions between Ibarra’s reformist ideals and the
friars’ oppressive authority.

How did Ibarra knew the truth about his father’s death
Ibarra learned about his father’s unjust imprisonment and death through Lieutenant Guevarra, a friend of his
father. Guevarra revealed that Don Rafael was falsely accused of killing a tax collector, though he was only
defending a child. This truth shocked Ibarra, motivating him to understand and challenge the injustices in his
society.

What happened to Maria Clara when she joined the church sisterhood
After entering the convent, Maria Clara suffered greatly and was implied to have been mistreated by Padre Salvi,
who repeatedly harmed her. Trapped and unable to leave, her life became a symbol of lost freedom and the
cruelty of the friars. Eventually, she couldn’t endure the suffering and took her own life.

What do you think is the main lesson of Noli Me Tangere

The main lesson of Noli Me Tangere is the importance of awareness and courage in confronting social injustices.
Rizal encourages Filipinos to recognize their suffering under colonial rule and take steps toward positive change.
It teaches that enlightenment and unity are essential for a nation’s progress and freedom.

Why do you think Noli Me Tangere is significant in Ph history

Noli Me Tangere is significant because it exposed the abuses of the Spanish friars and awakened Filipino
nationalism. Rizal’s novel opened people’s eyes to the injustices of colonial rule, sparking the movement for
independence. It became a powerful tool for inspiring Filipinos to fight for their rights and freedom.

If you were given to chance to rewrite the story of Noli Me Tangere, how would you change it
I would make Maria Clara a more empowered character, allowing her to actively resist the control of the friars.
This change would show that Filipino women, too, can be agents of resistance and courage. Giving her a
stronger role would emphasize the importance of all voices in the fight for justice.

Who are the secondary characters in Noli Me Tangere

Secondary characters in the novel include Pilosopo Tasyo, Doña Victorina, Sisa, Crispin, and Basilio. Each of
these characters represents different aspects of Filipino society under Spanish rule, from wisdom and social
ambitions to the tragedies faced by the oppressed. These characters add depth to the novel’s portrayal of
colonial life.

Who are the main characters and main antagonists of Noli Me Tangere
The main characters are Crisostomo Ibarra and Maria Clara, with Ibarra being the protagonist who seeks reform.
The main antagonists include Padre Damaso and Padre Salvi, representing the corrupt Spanish friars. Their
conflicts with Ibarra highlight the struggle between reform and the oppressive colonial system.
Aside from wanting to know the truth of his father’s death, why did Crisostomo Ibarra went back to Ph
Ibarra returned to the Philippines with hopes of improving his homeland by providing quality education. He
planned to build a modern school in San Diego to benefit Filipino youth. His return was driven by a desire to
honor his father’s memory and make positive changes for his people.

What was the ending Noli Me Tangere

At the end of the novel, Ibarra is believed to be dead after a confrontation with Spanish authorities, while Maria
Clara enters a convent and ultimately dies. Elias dies from his wounds, asking Basilio to continue the fight for
freedom. The tragic ending emphasizes the sacrifices made by those who opposed colonial oppression.

Who do you think deserves to be a main character of the story

Elias deserves to be a main character, as his revolutionary perspective and courage add a powerful voice to the
story. His ideals contrast with Ibarra’s reformist approach, showing another way to fight oppression. Elias’s
experiences embody the struggles of the lower class and the desire for radical change.

Who do you think deserves to have a secondary role

Doña Victorina could have a secondary role, as her character mainly serves to illustrate colonial mentality and
social pretensions. While she adds humor and critique to the story, her role is less central to the novel’s main
conflict. Reducing her presence would allow more focus on characters directly involved in the struggle for reform.

What do you think is the reason why Jose Rizal wrote this novel
Rizal wrote Noli Me Tangere to expose the injustices Filipinos suffered under Spanish rule and to inspire his
countrymen to seek change. He wanted to raise awareness of the abuses committed by the friars and colonial
authorities. Through this novel, Rizal aimed to awaken Filipino nationalism and encourage reform.

Who is the mastermind behind all the tragedies that happened to Ibarra
Padre Salvi is the mastermind behind the misfortunes that befall Ibarra, using his influence and schemes to ruin
him. Driven by jealousy and hatred, Salvi arranged plots to turn society against Ibarra. His manipulative actions
highlight his power and cruelty toward those who threaten his authority.

Who is Narcissa, Crispin and Basilio

Narcissa, also known as Sisa, is the loving but poor mother of two young boys, Crispin and Basilio, who serve as
sacristans. Crispin is unjustly accused of stealing and is beaten to death, while Basilio witnesses his family’s
suffering and searches for his lost brother. Their story represents the exploitation and suffering of the poor under
colonial rule.

How did Crisostomo Ibarra become excommunicated

Even though Padre Salvi mocked and insulted Crisostomo multiple times, why did he not take revenge
on him
Ibarra chose not to seek revenge on Padre Salvi because he believed in achieving change through peaceful
reform rather than violence. His goal was to bring progress to the Philippines, and he viewed retaliation as a
distraction from his mission. Ibarra’s restraint reflects his commitment to higher ideals despite the injustices he
faced.

Why did Maria Clara stopped Ibarra from hurting Padre Damaso
Maria Clara intervened to prevent Ibarra from harming Padre Damaso because she wanted to protect him from
serious consequences, knowing it could ruin his life. She feared that attacking a friar would result in severe
punishment and put Ibarra in great danger. Her intervention reflects her love and concern for his safety.

Why did Kapitan Tiago canceled the wedding of Crisostomo and Maria Clara
Kapitan Tiago canceled Maria Clara’s engagement to Ibarra after Ibarra’s troubles with the friars escalated, as he
did not want to risk his own standing with the Spanish authorities. Pressured by Padre Damaso and fearing
repercussions, Tiago agreed to marry Maria Clara to Linares instead. This decision reflects Tiago’s desire to
secure his own social status above his daughter’s happiness.

Who is your favorite character? And why?

My favorite character is Elias because of his bravery and commitment to fighting for justice despite his hardships.
Elias represents the revolutionary spirit, willing to risk everything to challenge oppression. His sacrifices and
loyalty make him a powerful symbol of resistance against colonial abuse.

Out of all the characters in Noli Me Tangere, who do you think deserved better?
Sisa deserved better, as she suffered greatly due to the cruelty of the friars and the loss of her children. Her tragic
fate, including the abuse of her sons and her descent into madness, reflects the injustices faced by the innocent
and poor. Sisa’s character embodies the overlooked struggles of the oppressed under colonial rule.

How did the Noli Me Tangere reflect the conditions of the Philippines
Noli Me Tangere exposed the corruption, abuse, and social injustices Filipinos endured under Spanish colonial
rule. It highlighted the oppressive power of the friars, the exploitation of the poor, and the widespread social
inequality. Through its characters and story, the novel gave a truthful account of the suffering of the Filipino
people.

Do you agree that Maria Clara symbolizes on how a Filipina woman should be
While Maria Clara symbolizes traditional Filipina virtues of modesty and obedience, her character also shows the
limitations imposed on women by society. She reflects the restricted roles expected of women under colonial and
cultural norms. However, I believe Filipinas should have more freedom and agency beyond these traditional
expectations.

Who is your most disliked character in Noli Me Tangere? And why?

Padre Damaso is my least favorite character due to his arrogance, abuse of power, and disregard for the Filipino
people. His treatment of Ibarra’s family and control over Maria Clara’s life highlight his selfish and oppressive
nature. Damaso represents the negative aspects of colonial rule and the friars’ exploitation.

How did the friendship between Crisostomo Ibarra and Elias form?
Ibarra and Elias’s friendship began when they saved each other from a crocodile attack, forming a bond based on
mutual respect. Elias saw Ibarra’s potential to bring change and initially hoped he would support revolutionary
ideas. Despite their differences, they developed a deep trust and shared the goal of improving their country.

Who was the mastermind behind all the happenings in Noli Me Tangere
Padre Salvi orchestrated much of the conflict, plotting against Ibarra and manipulating situations to maintain his
control over the town. Driven by jealousy and desire for power, he was responsible for framing Ibarra and
instigating many tragic events. His actions demonstrate the friars’ abuse of authority and disregard for justice.

How did the friars frames Ibarra as being the mastermind behind the attacks
The friars, particularly Padre Salvi, framed Ibarra by using a forged letter to link him to a planned uprising. They
manipulated evidence to make it appear that Ibarra was involved in revolutionary activities, using his reformist
ideals against him. This false accusation allowed them to turn public opinion and the authorities against him,
branding him as a traitor.

Who were the allies of Crisostomo Ibarra

Ibarra’s key allies included Elias, who helped him escape and shared his desire for justice, and Lieutenant
Guevarra, who revealed the truth about Ibarra’s father’s death. Pilosopo Tasyo also supported Ibarra’s vision for
progress and education. These allies shared Ibarra’s hopes for a better Philippines.

Give me 1 supporting character who is important in Noli

Elias is an important supporting character because he represents the revolutionary spirit and sacrifices for
Ibarra’s cause. His bravery and dedication highlight the struggles of the oppressed Filipino people. Elias’s actions
also help drive the story forward, influencing Ibarra’s perspective on change.