Patungong Kalayaan:

Amante, Rheza (13-14)

Albado, Ivy (15-16)

Castañeda, Dan-Fer (17-18)

To:

Sir. Dhong Ytang

José Rizal's journey across Europe and Asia wasn't just about seeing the world—it was about

shaping the future of his nation. From the vibrant streets of Paris to the strategic hubs of Ghent

and Hong Kong, every stop fueled his vision for Filipino freedom, blending passion, intellect,

and revolutionary spirit.

Chapter 13

Rizal’s second trip to Europe in 1888 began in a moment of urgency, as he was forced to leave

the Philippines amidst rising tensions. His voyage commenced in Hong Kong, a city bustling with

trade and diverse cultures. He stayed for a month, exchanging letters with his friends in Europe and

chronicling his observations of Chinese society, which he found admirable for its sense of order and

discipline. It was during this time that he also reconnected with José Maria Basa, a fellow reformist in

exile, and plotted his future steps in the fight for Philippine reforms.

As his journey continued, Rizal boarded the SS Oceania and set sail for Japan, arriving in

Yokohama in February 1888. Japan, with its serene landscapes and efficient governance, left a

deep impression on Rizal. His fascination with Japanese culture was not just intellectual; he

formed a brief yet memorable romantic relationship with O-Sei-San, a beautiful Japanese woman

who showed him around Tokyo and Kyoto. However, despite the allure of staying in Japan

longer, Rizal was a man on a mission. He bid a heartfelt goodbye to O-Sei-San and sailed for the

United States, leaving Japan with bittersweet memories.

In San Francisco, Rizal’s impressions were mixed. He admired the country’s progress

and technological advancements but was disheartened by the evident racism, particularly

towards African Americans and Chinese immigrants. He spent time in cities like New York and
Washington, D.C., keenly observing how democracy worked in a nation that was both

prosperous and flawed. His critical insights during his stay in the U.S. shaped his understanding

of freedom and equality, concepts he believed were essential for the Philippines.

From America, Rizal made his way to London in May 1888, where he would embark on

a significant scholarly task—annotating Antonio de Morga’s "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas". His

goal was to challenge the Spanish colonial narrative and provide Filipinos with a truthful

account of their history. London became his intellectual haven, a place where he could focus on

his work, communicate with other reformists, and contribute to the ongoing fight for Filipino

rights. From London, he would later travel briefly to Paris and Madrid to further establish

connections within the Propaganda Movement.

Accomplishments:

Hong Kong (February 1888): Observed and documented the Filipino exile community

and Chinese society. Reconnected with reformist José Maria Basa, aligning future strategies for

reform.

Japan (February–April 1888): Strengthened cultural ties by immersing himself in

Japanese traditions. Developed a brief romantic relationship with O-Sei-San, gaining personal

insights into Japanese life and society. Furthered his understanding of a modern, independent

Asian society, which later influenced his vision for the Philippines.

United States (April–May 1888): Analyzed American democracy, focusing on both its

advancements and its racial inequalities. Critically reflected on the treatment of minorities, which

deepened his resolve to fight for equal rights in the Philippines.

Filipinas" to correct colonial historical distortions. Collaborated with European-based Filipino

reformists and furthered his advocacy for political reforms in the Philippines.

Advantages:

Rizal’s travels allowed him to observe and analyze various societies, enriching his

perspectives on governance, freedom, and equality.

His connections with reformists abroad strengthened the international advocacy for

Philippine reforms.

The time spent annotating historical texts solidified Rizal’s role as an intellectual leader,

providing Filipinos with a corrected view of their own history.

Disadvantages:

Rizal’s time abroad distanced him from the immediate issues of the Philippines, making it

harder for him to have a direct impact on the ground.

His personal relationships, such as the one with O-Sei-San, while enriching, could be

seen as distractions from his broader mission.

Chapter 14

Chapter 14 shifts to a key moment in Rizal’s intellectual influence, particularly his connection

to the young women of Malolos. While Rizal’s physical journey slowed during this time, his

ideological journey gained momentum. In 1889, a group of young women from Malolos, led by

Felipa de Jesus and Marcela Agoncillo, petitioned the Spanish authorities for the right to establish a
night school where they could learn Spanish. This was a bold act in a society where women's

education was severely restricted.

When Rizal learned of their bravery, he was moved to write a letter commending their

efforts. His "Letter to the Young Women of Malolos" was not just a message of encouragement;

it was a manifesto advocating for women's rights, education, and empowerment. He praised their

courage in challenging the status quo and encouraged them to continue their fight for knowledge

and equality. This letter resonated deeply, not only with the women of Malolos but with Filipinos

who were awakening to the ideas of freedom and reform. Through this powerful missive, Rizal’s

voice became louder and more influential than ever.

Accomplishments:

Letter to the Young Women of Malolos (1889): Advocated for women's rights and the

importance of education in Philippine society. Encouraged the young women of Malolos to

pursue intellectual and moral development, sparking further movements for reform. Challenged

the Spanish colonial narrative about women's roles, emphasizing equality and the power of

knowledge.

Advantages:

Rizal’s support for the women of Malolos expanded the reform movement to include

women, making it more inclusive.

His advocacy for education helped shape the intellectual development of Filipino women,

who would go on to play important roles in the reform and revolutionary movements.
 Disadvantages:

His radical ideas, particularly his support for women’s rights, further increased the

scrutiny of the Spanish colonial authorities, putting him in more danger.

Rizal’s message may have been too progressive for some segments of Filipino society at

the time, creating resistance or misunderstanding among traditionalists.

Chapter 15 & 16

Rizal's sojourn in Paris and Brussels, as chronicled in Chapters 15 and 16 of "Rizal and the

Development of Filipino Nationalism," was a pivotal period in his life and a testament to his

unwavering commitment to Philippine independence. During his time in these European cities, Rizal

played a crucial role in the Filipino propaganda movement, utilizing his journalistic skills and

intellectual prowess to expose the injustices of Spanish colonial rule.

In Paris, Rizal established the La Solidaridad newspaper, a powerful tool for disseminating

Filipino grievances and aspirations to a wider European audience. Through his incisive articles, he

eloquently condemned the abuses of Spanish colonial officials, the corrupt bureaucracy, and the

stifling of Filipino rights. His writings resonated with a growing number of Filipinos and Europeans

alike, sparking a sense of solidarity and support for the Philippine cause.

Beyond his journalistic endeavors, Rizal also engaged with the intellectual and artistic circles

of Paris. He met with renowned figures of the time, including French writer Émile Zola and Spanish

painter Mariano Fortuny. These interactions broadened his perspective and provided him with

valuable insights into European society and culture. Moreover, they helped to elevate the profile of the

Filipino struggle for independence on the international stage.

of his second novel, "El Filibusterismo." This powerful work of fiction served as a scathing critique of

Spanish colonial society, exposing its hypocrisy, corruption, and brutality. Through the character of

Crisostomo Ibarra, Rizal presented a vision of a Philippines free from Spanish oppression, a nation

united in its pursuit of progress and justice.

In Brussels, Rizal continued his work as a propagandist, contributing to La Solidaridad and

focusing on his third novel, "The Reign of Greed." However, his personal life was fraught with

challenges, as he grappled with family troubles and the increasing isolation of the Filipino community

in Europe. Despite these setbacks, Rizal remained resolute in his commitment to the Philippine cause,

recognizing the importance of his role as a leader and inspiration for his countrymen.

Ultimately, Rizal's journey through Paris and Brussels was a testament to his unwavering

dedication to Philippine independence. As a visionary journalist, a prolific writer, and a tireless

advocate for social justice, he played a pivotal role in shaping the course of the Filipino revolution.

His legacy continues to inspire generations of Filipinos, reminding them of the importance of

perseverance, intellectual courage, and the pursuit of a just and equitable society.

Advantages:

Exposure to European Thought: Being in Europe exposed Rizal to various intellectual

currents, political ideologies, and social movements. This broadened his perspectives and

allowed him to compare the Philippines' situation under Spanish rule with other societies.

Networking Opportunities: Rizal met with intellectuals, activists, and politicians from

different countries, expanding his network of contacts and gaining support for the Filipino cause.
 Platform for Propaganda: Europe provided a wider audience for Rizal's writings and

speeches. Through La Solidaridad and his other works, he could reach a global audience and

raise awareness of the Philippines' plight.

Education and Personal Growth: Rizal's time in Europe allowed him to continue his

education and personal development. He studied various subjects, including medicine and

philosophy, which enriched his understanding of the world.

Inspiration for Filipinos: Rizal's experiences and writings served as a source of

inspiration for Filipinos back home. His courage, intelligence, and unwavering commitment to

the cause encouraged many to join the fight for independence.

Disadvantages:

Isolation from the Philippines: Being physically distant from the Philippines made it

difficult for Rizal to stay connected to the situation on the ground. He relied on information from

others, which could sometimes be incomplete or biased.

ultural and Linguistic Barriers: While Rizal was fluent in Spanish, he still faced cultural

and linguistic barriers when interacting with Europeans. These challenges could sometimes

hinder his ability to effectively communicate his message.

Personal Struggles: Rizal's time in Europe was not without its personal hardships. He

faced financial difficulties, family problems, and the emotional toll of being away from his

homeland.

Limited Impact on Spanish Policy: Despite Rizal's efforts, his writings and activism had a

limited impact on Spanish colonial policy. The Spanish government remained committed to

maintaining its control over the Philippines, and Rizal's criticisms were largely ignored.
 Risk of Arrest or Exile: As a vocal critic of Spanish rule, Rizal faced the constant threat

of arrest or exile. This made his life in Europe precarious and filled with uncertainty.

Chapter 17.

Jose Rizal moved to Ghent, Belgium in July 5. 1891 due to financial constraints and the

capital provided lower cost of living compared to other capitals of Europe. Here, Jose Rizal was

dedicated to publish and complete his novel, the El Filibusterismo, a sequel to his first novel,

Noli me Tangere. The novel emphasized the dark side of Spanish regime in the Philippines and

its need for reformation.

Accomplishments:

The publication of El Filibusterismo is a significant accomplishment because it was a

powerful critique of the Spanish colonial regime in the Philippines, following up on Rizal’s first

novel, Noli Me Tangere. It exposed the injustices faced by Filipinos and fueled the growing

nationalist movement.

Advantages:

Lower cost of living: Ghent was a more affordable city compared to the other European

capitals, allowing Jose Rizal to stretch his limited resources to a capacity.

Affordable Printing: Rizal discovered F. Meyer-Van Loo, a printing press that offered

reasonable rates, making it possible for him to produce and publish his novel despite having

financial difficulties.
 Disadvantages:

Financial difficulties: Despite having a lower cost of living in Ghent, Jose Rizal faced

significant financial difficulties, ultimately making him rely to his friends such as Valentin

Ventura, who made it possible to publish and produce the books as he covered the expenses for

its printing.

Limited Distribution: Having El Filibusterismo published in Ghent meant that Jose Rizal

had troubles financially to promote and distribute the novel, which hindered its immediate reach

and impact to its target audience.

Isolation: Having to stay in Ghent meant Jose Rizal was marked with personal and

financial loneliness hindering and limiting his access to resources, friends and fellow reformist.

Chapter 18

After publishing El Filibusterismo in Ghent, Rizal returned to the Philippines in June 26,

1892. Upon his return, on July 3, 1892, he founded La Liga Filipina, a civic organization aimed

at promoting peaceful reforms and uniting Filipinos under a common cause for social and

political improvements. Shortly after, he was arrested and exiled to Dapitan.

"To My Parents, Brethren, and Friends"

"The affection that I have ever professed for you suggests this step, and time alone can tell

whether or not it is sensible. The outcome judges things according to the consequences; but

whether the result be favorable or unfavorable, it may always be said that duty urged me, so if I

die in doing it, it will not matter. I realize how much suffering I have caused you yet I do not
regret what I have done. Rather, if I had to begin over again I should do just the same, for what I

have done has been only in pursuit of my duty. Gladly do I go to expose myself to peril, not as an

expiation of misdeeds for in this matter I believe myself guiltless of any, but to complete my

work and so that I, myself, may offer the examples of which I have always preached. A man

ought to die for duty and his principles. I hold fast to every idea which I have advanced as to the

condition and future of our country, and shall willingly die for it, and even more willingly

sacrifice all to secure justice and peace for you. With pleasure, then, I risk life to save so many

innocent persons - so many nieces and nephews, so many children of friends, and children too of

others who are not even friend - who are suffering on my account. What am I? A bachelor,

practically without a family and sufficiently undeceived as to life. I have had many

disappointments and the future before me is gloomy, and will be gloomy if light does not

illuminate it with dawn of a better day for my native land. On the other hand, there are many

persons, filled with hope and ambition, who perhaps might be happier if I were dead, and then I

hope my enemies would be satisfied and stop persecuting so many entirely innocent people. To a

certain extent their hatred is justifiable as to myself, and my parents and relatives. Should fate go

against me, you will all understand that I shall die happy in the thought that my death will end all

your troubles. Return to our country and may you be happy in it. Till the last moment of my life I

shall be thinking of you and wishing you all good fortune and happiness."

"The step which I am taking, or rather am about to take, is undoubtedly risky, and it is

unnecessary to say that I have considered it for some time. I understand that almost every one is

opposed to it; but I know also that hardly anybody else understands what is in my heart. I cannot

live on seeing so many suffer unjust persecution on my account; I cannot bear the sight of my
sisters and their numerous families treated like criminals. I prefer death and cheerfully shall

relinquish life to free so many innocent persons from such unjust persecution. I appreciate the

fact that at present the future of our country gravitates in some degree around me, that at my

death many will feel triumphant, and thus, many are now wishing for my fall. But what of it? I

hold duties of conscience above all else. I have obligations to the families who suffer, to my aged

parents whose sight strikes me to the heart; I know that I alone, only my death can make them

happy, returning them to their native land to a peaceful life at home. I am all my parents have,

but our country has many more sons who can take my place and even do my work better. Besides

I wish to show those who deny us the boon of patriotism that we know how to die for duty and

principles. What matters death, if one dies for what one loves, for native land and beings held

dear? If I thought that I were the only resource for the consummation of a policy of progress in

the Philippines and were I convinced that my countrymen were going to make use of my

services, perhaps, I should hesitate about taking this step; but there are others who can take my

place, who can do my services that are not utilize, and I am reduced to inactivity. Always have I

loved our unhappy land, and I am sure that I shall continue loving it till my last moment, in case

men prove unjust to me. My career, my life, my happiness - and all I have sacrificed for love of

it. Whatever my fate I shall die blessing it and longing for the dawn of its redemption.”

Accomplishments:

Ang Karapatan nang Tao: This was Rizal’s Version of the Rights of Man, A historic

document proclaimed by the French Revolution of 1789.

A la Nacion Española: This was Rizal’s Appeal to Spain to rectify the wrongs done to the

landless peasants of Calamba.

problem

The Founding of La Liga Filipina: La Liga Filipina transformed the landscape of Filipino

nationalism, paving the way for future movements and inspiring generations to rise against

oppression. It was more than an organization; it was a clarion call for unity and a brighter future

for the Philippines.

Advantages:

Founding of La Liga Filipina: The founding of La Liga Filipina provided an organized

platform for peaceful reforms and unity among Filipinos.

Continued his involvement with the Filipino reform movement.

Maintained correspondence with fellow Filipino patriots, pushing for peaceful reforms.

Disadvantages:

Dissolution of La Liga Filipina: La Liga Filipina was quickly dissolved after Rizal’s

arrest, limiting its immediate impact.

Rizal’s Arrest: Returning to the Philippines posed great personal risk, and Rizal was

arrested shortly after founding La Liga Filipina. (July 15, 1892)

Jose Rizal's travels from 1888 to 1892 played a crucial role in shaping his nationalist ideals

and reformist aspirations for the Philippines. During this period, he journeyed through various

countries, immersing himself in diverse cultures and political environments. These experiences

broadened his worldview, allowing him to critically examine the effects of colonialism and the values

of democracy and human rights. As Rizal interacted with prominent intellectuals and learned about

different political movements, he solidified his commitment to advocating for reforms in his

homeland.

Rizal's travels directly influenced his literary output, leading to the creation of significant

works such as "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo." These novels served as powerful critiques

of the social injustices and abuses perpetrated by Spanish colonial authorities and the Catholic Church.

Through his writings, Rizal sought to awaken the consciousness of his fellow Filipinos, urging them

to recognize their rights and strive for societal change. His eloquent prose and poignant themes

resonated deeply with the Filipino people, igniting a sense of nationalism and pride in their identity.

Ultimately, Rizal's global journey not only enriched his intellect but also cemented his

legacy as a key figure in the Philippine struggle for independence. His advocacy for education

and peaceful reform laid the groundwork for the broader revolutionary movement against

Spanish colonial rule. Rizal's ideals continued to inspire generations of Filipinos, making him a
symbol of courage and resilience in the pursuit of freedom and justice. His life and travels

remain a testament to the enduring spirit of nationalism and the fight for the rights of the

oppressed.
 Reflection

José Rizal's journey from Chapter 13 to 18 is a profound narrative of a man navigating

the complexities of revolution, reform, and self-sacrifice. These chapters chronicle not only his

physical travels across continents but also his evolving understanding of how best to achieve the

liberation of his people. Through his time in Hong Kong, Japan, the United States, and Europe,

and finally back in the Philippines, Rizal’s commitment to the cause of Filipino independence

became more urgent and nuanced, reflecting the deep lessons learned from both his successes

and setbacks.

One key lesson we can derive from Rizal’s journey is the importance of adaptability.

From his time in Hong Kong observing Filipino exiles, to his romantic entanglement in Japan,

and his critical observations of American democracy, Rizal learned that no single nation holds

the key to true freedom. Each society had its strengths and failures, and from these, Rizal

realized that reform in the Philippines would require a unique path—one that combined

knowledge of the outside world with the specific realities of colonial oppression. This

adaptability is reflected in his constant shifting between different strategies—reform through

education, revolution through literature, and peaceful settlement through colonization.

Another lesson comes from Rizal’s writings, particularly in El Filibusterismo, where he

confronts the bitterness of hope unfulfilled. As his ideas matured, so too did his understanding of

the limitations of peaceful reform. The novel’s darker tone reflects a man who has seen the

inefficacy of diplomacy and whose thoughts have turned toward the possibility of revolution. But

even in this radical shift, Rizal remained tethered to his belief that true change must come from
within the people—through education, moral fortitude, and unity. His ability to wield the pen as

a weapon is a reminder that intellectual resistance can be as powerful as armed struggle, teaching

us that ideas have the power to transform societies.

The rejection of his Borneo Colonization Project by Spanish authorities was a critical

moment of realization for Rizal—that even his peaceful, creative solutions would be stifled by a

regime intent on maintaining control. From this failure, Rizal learned that colonial powers would

not grant freedom willingly; it would have to be taken. Despite this, his founding of La Liga

Filipina shows that he never gave up on the ideal of peaceful reform. Even in the face of arrest

and exile, Rizal continued to sow the seeds of revolution—not by force, but by inspiring others

to take up the cause. His vision extended beyond his own lifetime, a testament to his unwavering

belief that meaningful change takes time, perseverance, and collective action.

Ultimately, Rizal’s journey from Chapter 13 to 18 teaches us about the power of

resilience and sacrifice. Every failure, every rejection, only seemed to deepen his resolve. He

showed that true leadership is not about immediate success but about laying the groundwork for

future generations to carry the torch of freedom. Rizal's reflection on his own failures didn’t

break his spirit; rather, it sharpened his focus. His story teaches us that the path to liberation is

often winding, full of frustrations and setbacks, but it is the commitment to the cause, and the

willingness to adapt and endure, that brings real change.

In contemplating Rizal’s journey, we are reminded that the fight for justice is not always

about grand victories but about the persistence to keep pushing forward in the face of adversity.
Rizal's life offers a blueprint for the balance between idealism and practicality, reminding us that

while the path to freedom is long, it is through continued education, intellectual bravery, and

unyielding hope that true liberation can be achieved.