Prepared By:
Dr. Vikas Rena
Faculty, AEC: Environmental Science-
Theory Into Practice©VRII
IUCN PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT
CATEGORIES
• Category Ia — Strict Nature Reserve
Strict protection
• Category Ib — Wilderness Area
• Category II — National Park
• Category III — Natural Monument or Feature
• Category IV — Habitat/Species Management Area
• Category V — Protected Landscape/Seascape
• Category VI – Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources
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Biodiversity conservation strategies
In situ Ex-situ Reduction of Rehabilitatio
biotic pressure n
Protected Botanical Zoological
areas garden park
National
Gene bank
park
Wildlife
sanctuaries
Biosphere
reserves
Conservatio
n Reserves
Community
reserves
Marine
Protected
Areas ©VR
Biodiversity- Conservation
Biodiversity- Conservation Approaches:-
• In situ Conservation (Within Habitat)- This is
achieved by protection of wild flora and fauna in
nature (Original Habitat) itself. E.g. Biosphere
Reserve, National Parks, Sanctuaries, Reserve
Forests etc.
• Ex situ Conservation (Outside Habitat)- This is
done by establishment of Gene-banks, Seed-
banks, Zoos, Botanical garden, Culture-collection
etc.
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Protected Areas of India (as on July, 2018)
No. Total area % coverage
(Km2)
National Parks 104 40501.03 1.23
Wildlife 544 118931.8 3.62
Sanctuaries
Conservation 77 2594.03 0.08
reserves
Community 46 72.61 0.002
reserves
Biosphere 18
Reserves
Marine protected 106
areas
Source: http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/Database/Protected_Area_854.aspx
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National parks (Category II)
• This is an area dedicated for the conservation of wildlife along with its
environment. It is also made for enjoyment through tourism with its
environment.
• Grazing of domesticated animals, all private rights and forestry activities are
prohibited within a National Park.
• There are 104 existing national parks in India covering an area of 40,501 km2,
which is 1.23% of the geographical area of the country (National Wildlife
Database, Aug. 2018).
• In addition to the above 75 National Parks covering an area of 16,608 km2 are
proposed in the Protected Area Network Report (Rodgers & Panwar 1988).
• The network of parks will go up 179 after full implementation of the above
report.
• The Jim Carbett National Park in Uttarakhand was the first national park
established in India.
• Manas National Park, Assam is the house of approx. 20 highly endangered
species such as Hispid Hare and Pigmy Hog.
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Some important national parks in India
Name of National Park State Important Wildlife
Kaziranga Assam One horned Rhino
Gir National Park Gujarat Indian Lion
Dachigam J&K Hangul
Bandipur Karnataka Elephant
Periyar Kerala Elephant, Tiger
Kanha M.P. Tiger
Corbett U.P. Tiger
Dudwa U.P. Tiger
Ranthambore Rajasthan Tiger
Sariska Rajasthan Tiger
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Wildlife Sanctuaries (category IV)
• Wildlife sanctuaries are also protected areas where
killing, hunting, shooting or capturing of wildlife is
prohibited except under the control of highest
authority.
• Private ownership and forestry activities are also
permitted to an extent that they do not affect
wildlife adversely.
• There are 543 existing wildlife sanctuaries in India
covering an area of 118,918 km2, which is 3.62 %
of the geographical area of the country (National
Wildlife Database, June, 2017).
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Some important Wildlife Sanctuaries of
India
Name of Sanctuary State Major Wild Life
Ghana Bird Sanctuary Rajasthan 300 species of birds (including migratory)
Hazaribagh Sanctuary Bihar Tiger, Leopard
Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary Haryana Migratory birds
Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary Gujarat Water birds
Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary Tamil Nadu Tiger, Elephant, Leopard
Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu Water bird
Jaldapara Wild Life Sanctuary W. Bengal Rhinoceros, Elephant, Tiger
Wild Ass Sanctuary Gujarat Wild Ass, Wolf, Nilgai, Chinkara
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Biosphere Reserves
• The Biosphere Reserves conserve some
representative ecosystem as a whole for
long term in situ conservation.
• The Biosphere Reserves are site
established by countries and recognized
under UNESCO's Man and the
Biosphere (MAB) Programme.
• The programme of Biosphere Reserve was
initiated by UNESCO in 1971.
• There are network of 631 biosphere
reserves in 119 countries in the world. 9
out of 18 Biosphere Reserve in India are
the part of this network.
• Within the Biosphere reserves, there may
have one or more National Parks.
Example: Nilgiri Biosphere Reserves has
two National Parks i.e. Bandipur and
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Nagarhole National Park.
List of Biosphere reserve in India
Date of
S. No. Name Notification
1 Nilgiri 01.09.1986
2 Nanda Devi 18.01.1988
3 Nokrek 01.09.1988
4 Great Nicobar 06.01.1989
5 Gulf of Mannar 18.02.1989
6 Manas 14.03.1989
7 Sunderbans 29.03.1989
8 Simlipal 21.06.1994
9 Dibru-Saikhowa 28.07.1997
10 Dehang-Dibang 02.09.1998
11 Pachmarhi 03.03.1999
12 Khangchendzonga 07.02.2000
13 Agasthyamalai 12.11.2001
14 Achanakamar -Amarkantak 30.3.2005
15 Kachchh 29.01.2008
16 Cold Desert 28.08.2009
17 Seshachalam Hills 20.09.2010
18 Panna 25.08.2011
Note: The 9 Biosphere Reserves in bold are part of World network of ©VR
Biosphere Reserves
Ex situ conservation
This is an artificial conservation of those species
which are so close to extinction in the future.
This type of strategy is known as ex situ conservation
where the species are conserving outside its natural
habitat in carefully controlled situation.
This type of strategy is very helpful for the conservation
of crop varieties, the wild relatives of crops and all
the local varieties by conserving the total genetic
variability of the crops species for future crop
improvement or afforestation programmes.
Ex-situ conservation of plant genetic resources can
be achieved through different methods such as
Gene Sanctuaries
Seed banks,
Field gene banks,
In vitro storage methods,
Pollen banks and
DNA banks.
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Cont…
A place where germplasm is conserved in the form of seeds is called seed gene
bank. Seed gene bank is the easiest way to store germplasm of wild and cultivated
plant at low temperature in cold rooms.
Preservation of genetic resources is also carried out in field gene banks under
normal growing condition in the case of plants, which do not produce seeds (e.g.
bananas).
In India, there are some gene bank/seed bank facilities:
National bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) is located in New
Delhi and seeds, pollen etc. preserved by cryo-preservation by using liquid
nitrogen at temperature as low as -1960C (in vitro storage method).
National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) located at Karnal,
Haryana and preserve genes of domesticated bovine animals in the form of
Semen.
National Facility for Plant Tissue Culture Repository (NFPTCR) provide
facility for the conservation of varieties of crops plants/trees by tissue culture.
The DNA bank help to regenerate whole plants but the genetic material can be
introduced to other genotypes for plant breeding and enhancement (Polymerase
Chain Reaction: PCR) purposes.
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Botanical garden and Zoological park in India
There are various botanical garden and zoological park are established for the
conservation of flora and fauna in an artificial condition.
The botanical garden mainly use for research and educational purposes.
The first botanical Garden of the country was established in Nashik.
There are a lot of zoological park or zoo are listed in India.
The oldest zoo in India is Junagarh zoo.
Beej Bachao Andolan:
Began in the late 1980s, led by
farmer and social activist Vijay
Jardhari.
The Andolan started in the village
Jardhargaon of district Tehri,
Uttaranchal, famous for its unique
movement to save the traditional
seeds of the hills. ©VR
Thank You
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