ASEMINARREPORTON

AN SOLAR GRID Pv CONNECTED POWER plant

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED
IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
OF THE DEGREE OF
DIPLOMA
IN
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING BY
Ajay Kumar jha AJU/221423

Under the supervision of

Dr. MD IRFAN AHMED
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

School of Engineering & IT,

ARKA JAIN University, Jharkhand
(2022-2025)

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6
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that the seminar report entitled AN solar grid pv

Connected power plant submitted by me to ARKA JAIN University, Jharkhand in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of DIPLOMA in ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING is a record of bonafide project work carried out by me under the
guidance of Dr MD IRFAN AHMED I further declare that the work reported in this seminar has not been
submitted and will not be submitted, either in part or in
full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this university or any other institute or
university.

We will be solely responsible if any kind of plagiarism is found.

Date: - 0 5 / 0 3 /2025
Place:ARKAJAINUniversity,Jharkhand

Ajay Kumar jha

AJU/221423

7
 iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We like to share our sincere gratitude to all those who help us in completion of this seminar. During
the work we faced many challenges due to our lack of knowledge and experience but these people
help us to get over from all the difficulties and in final completion of our idea to a shaped sculpture.

We would like to thank Dr. MD IRFAN AHMED for his governance and guidance, because of which
our whole team was able to learn the minute aspects of a seminar.

We would also like to thank show our seminar Coordinator Dr. Md Irfan Ahmed for his continuous
help and monitoring during the seminar work.

In the last we would like to thank the management of ARKA JAIN University for providing us such an
opportunity to learn from their experiences.

All of our team is thankful to Assistant Dean, Dr. Ashwini Kumar, all the faculties and staff of
Department of ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS Engineering, AJU, Jharkhand, for their help and
support towards this our team.

We are also thankful to our whole class and most of all to our parents who have inspired to face all the
challenges and will all the hurdles in life.

DATE :- _05/03/2025
ARKA JAIN University

Ajay Kumar jha

AJU/221423

8
 ABSTRACT

In this seminar is an important phase of a student life. A well planned, properly executed and evaluated
in seminar helps a lot in developing a professional Attitude. It develops an awareness of industrial
Approach to problem solving based on a broad Understanding of process and mode of operation of
Organization. The aim and motivation of this in seminar Training is to receive discipline, skills,
teamwork and technical knowledge through a proper training Environment, which will help me, as a
student in the Field of Electrical Engineering, to develop a Responsiveness of the self-disciplinary
nature of Problems in transmission system.

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 CONTENTS

Declaration by the student iii

Certificate iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
Table of contents vii
List of figures viii
List of table ix List of symbols x

CHAPTER-1INTRODUCTIONOF SOLAR GRID

1.1What is solar grid

CHAPTER-2 HISTORY OF SOLAR GRID

2.1 Early Concepts

2.2 Notable Developments

CHAPTER-3 KEY FEATURES OF SOlAR GRID

3.1 Human like Appearance

3.2 Movement and Dexterity

3.3 Communication

CHAPTER-4 COMPONENTS OF A SOLAR GRID

4.1 Actuators

4.2 Sensors

4.3 Power Source

4.4 Processing Unit

CHAPTER-5 TYPES OF SOLAR GRID

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 5.1 Service Robots

5.2 Research Robots

5.3 Healthcare Robots

5.4 Entertainment Robots

CHAPTER-6 TECHNOLOGIES BEHIND SOLAR TECHNOLOGY

6.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

6.2 Computer Vision

6.3 Motion Control

6.4 Human Robot Interaction (HRI)

CHAPTER-7 APPLICATION OF SOLAR GRID

7.1 Healthcare

7.2 Customer Service

7.3 Education

7.4 Entertainment

CHAPTER-8 CHALLENGER IN SOLAR GRID

8.1 Mobility

8.2 Balance

8.3 Energy Consumption

8.4 Ethical and Legal Concerns

CHAPTER-9 FUTURE OF SOLAR GRID

9.1 Integration in Daily Life

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 9.2 AI Advancements

9.3 Collaboration with Humans

9.4 Improved Mobility and Efficiency

CHAPTER-10 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

10.1 Impact on Jobs

10.2 Privacy Concerns

10.3 Right of Robots

10.4 Human Robots Relationships

CHAPTER-11 THE FUTURE OF SOLAR GRID: TRENDS AND

INNOVATIONS

11.1 Advancement in AI

11.2 Improved AI Algorithms

11.3 Soft Robotics

11.4 Collaborative Robots

CHAPTER-12 CONCLUSION

12.1 Summary

12.2 Challenges Ahead

12.3 Future Prospects

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Disadvantages:
• Solar panels can be expensive to install resulting in a time-lag of many years for savings
on energy bills to match initial investments.
• Electricity generation depends entirely on a countries exposure to sunlight; this could be
limited by a countries climate.
• Solar power stations do not match the power output of similar sized conventional power
stations; they can also be very expensive to build.
• Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered devices can be used at night.
The batteries can often be large and heavy, taking up space and needing to be replaced from
time to time.

Fig.1 Pictorial depiction of solar cell to array formation

Solar Cell (photovoltaic cell):

It is a device that converts photons from sun (solar energy) into electricity. Fundamentally, the
device needs to fulfill only two functions: photo-generation of charge carriers (electrons and holes)
in a light-absorbing material, and separation of the charge carriers to a conductive contact that will
transmit the electricity.
Till now, solar cells have been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is
unavailable, such as in remote area power systems, Earth orbiting satellites, consumer systems,
e.g. handheld calculators or wrist watches, remote radio-telephones and water pumping
applications.
There are currently four commercial production technologies for PV cells:
(i) Monocrystalline:
Solar cells are made out of silicon ingot, also called single-crystalline silicon (single-crystal-
Si), which is cylindrical in shape. To optimize performance and lower costs of a single
monocrystalline solar cell, four sides are cut out of the cylindrical ingots to make silicon wafers,
which is what gives monocrystalline solar panels their characteristic look. These are quite easily
recognizable by an external even coloring and uniform look, indicating high-purity silicon, as can
be seen in the picture below:

Fig.2 Monocrystalline Panels (ii)

Polycrystalline or Multi-crystalline:
The first solar panels based on polycrystalline silicon, which also is known as polysilicon (p-
Si) and multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si), were introduced to the market in 1981. Unlike
monocrystalline-based solar panels, polycrystalline solar panels do not require the Czochralski
process. Raw silicon is melted and poured into a square mold, which is cooled and cut into perfectly
square wafers.

Fig.3 Multi-crystalline Panels

(iii) String Ribbon:
String Ribbon solar panels are also made out of polycrystalline silicon. String Ribbon is the
name of a manufacturing technology that produces a form of polycrystalline silicon. Temperature-
resistant wires are pulled through molten silicon, which results in very thin silicon ribbons. Solar
panels made with this technology looks similar to traditional polycrystalline solar panels.
(iv) Amorphous or Thin Film:
Depositing one or several thin layers of photovoltaic material onto a substrate is the basic gist
of how thin-film solar cells are manufactured. They are also known as thin-film photovoltaic cells
(TFPV). The different types of thin-film solar cells can be categorized by which photovoltaic
material is deposited onto the substrate:
• Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
• Cadmium telluride (CdTe)
• Copper indium gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS)
• Organic photovoltaic cells (OPC)

Fig.4 Thin film Panels

Solar PV Module:
A PV module consists of many PV cells wired in parallel to increase current and in series to produce
a higher voltage. The module is encapsulated with tempered glass (or some other transparent
material) on the front surface, and with a protective and waterproof material on the back surface.
The edges are sealed for weatherproofing, and there is often an aluminum frame holding everything
together in a mountable unit. In the back of the module there is a junction box, or wire leads,
providing electrical connections.
Monocrystalline solar modules have the highest efficiency rates since they are made out of the
highest-grade silicon. The efficiency rates of monocrystalline solar panels are typically 15-20%.
Monocrystalline silicon solar panels are space-efficient. Since these solar panels yield the highest
power outputs, they also require the least amount of space compared to any other types. While the
process used to make multi-crystalline silicon is simpler and costs less. The amount of waste silicon
is less compared to monocrystalline. But they tend to have slightly lower heat tolerance than
monocrystalline solar panels. This technically means that they perform slightly worse than
monocrystalline solar panels in high temperatures.
Solar PV System:
A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system is a power system designed to supply
usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components,
including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the
electric current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling and other electrical accessories to set
up a working system.
PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities
from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of
megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected while off-grid or stand-alone systems
only account for a small portion of the market.
(i) Grid-Connected System:
A grid connected system is connected to a larger independent grid (typically the public
electricity grid) and feeds energy directly into the grid. This energy may be shared by a
residential or commercial building before or after the revenue measurement point. Grid
connected systems vary in size from residential (2–10 kWp) to solar power stations (up to
10s of MWp). This is a form of decentralized electricity generation. The feeding of
electricity into the grid requires the transformation of DC into AC by a special,
synchronizing grid-tie inverter.

Fig.5 Grid-Connected System

(ii) Stand-alone or Off-Grid System:
A stand-alone or off-grid system is not connected to the electrical grid. Standalone
systems vary widely in size and application from wristwatches or calculators to remote
 buildings or spacecraft. If the load is to be supplied independently of solar insolation, the
generated power is stored and buffered with a battery. In non-portable applications where
weight is not an issue, such as in buildings, lead acid batteries are most commonly used for
their low cost and tolerance. A charge controller may be incorporated in the system to avoid
battery damage by excessive charging or discharging. It may also help to optimize
production from the solar array using a maximum power point tracking technique (MPPT).

Fig.6 Stand-alone System (iii)

Hybrid System:
Solar hybrid power systems are hybrid power systems that combine solar power from a
photovoltaic system with another power generating energy source. A common type is a
photovoltaic diesel hybrid system, combining photovoltaics (PV) and diesel generators, or diesel
gensets, as PV has hardly any marginal cost and is treated with priority on the grid. The diesel
gensets are used to constantly fill in the gap between the present load and the actual generated
power by the PV system.

Fig.7 Hybrid System

Components of Solar PV System:

A photovoltaic system for residential, commercial, or industrial energy supply consists of the solar
array and a number of components often summarized as the balance of system (BOS). The term
originates from the fact that some BOS-components are balancing the power-generating subsystem
of the solar array with the power-using side, the load. BOS-components include power-
conditioning equipment and structures for mounting, typically one or more DC to AC power
converters, also known as inverters, an energy storage device, a racking system that supports the
solar array, electrical wiring and interconnections, and mounting for other components.

(i) Solar Panel Mounting Systems:

These include hardware to permanently affix the array to, either a roof, a pole, or the ground.
These systems are typically made of aluminum and are selected based on the specific model and
number of modules in the array as well as the desired physical configuration. Solar Panels work
best at cooler temperatures, and proper mounting allows for cooling airflow around the modules.
For all locations, wind loading is an installation factor, and it is extremely important to design and
pour the cement foundation properly for any pole mount.

(ii) Charge Controller:

Every solar electric system with batteries should have a solar charge controller. A charge
controller regulates the amount of current the PV modules feed into a battery bank. Their main
function is to prevent overcharging of the batteries, but charge controllers also block battery bank
current from leaking back into the photovoltaic array at night or on cloudy days, draining the
battery bank.

The two main types are PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) and MPPT (Tracking). PWM technology
is older and more commonly used on smaller solar arrays. The controller must also have enough
capacity (in rated Amps) to handle the total current of the solar array safely. MPPT charge
controllers can track the maximum power point of a solar array and deliver 10-25% more power
than a PWM controller could do for the same array. They do this by converting excess voltage into
usable current.

(iii) Batteries:

Batteries chemically store electrical energy in renewable energy systems. They come in several
voltages, but the most common varieties are 6 Volt and 12 Volt. The three types of batteries that
are most commonly used are as follows:

• Lead Acid Batteries: Lead acid batteries are the most common type of energy storage in
PV systems due to their versatility and low cost. They are based on the lead/sulphuric acid
chemical reaction. Lead acid batteries are the most common type of energy storage in PV
systems due to their versatility and low cost. They have evolved into two groups:
6V or 12V batteries in tough plastic cases with capacities up to say 200Ah and the larger
capacity 2V battery bank Cells, ranging from about 100 Ah to several thousand Ah
capacities.
 • Nickel Cadmium Batteries: These are manufactured in many sizes. Sealed batteries are
of smaller capacities. The larger ‘wet’ NiCad is ideal for renewable energy storage. The
main disadvantages of nickel-cadmium batteries are their high cost and limited availability
compared to lead-acid designs. A typical nickel-cadmium cell consists of positive
electrodes made from nickel-hydroxide [NiO(OH)] and negative electrodes made from
cadmium (Cd) and immersed in an alkaline potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte
solution. When a nickel-cadmium cell is discharged, the nickel hydroxide changes form
[Ni(OH)2] and the cadmium converts to cadmium hydroxide [Cd(OH)2].

(iv) Solar Inverters:

An inverter takes (DC) from batteries and turns it into (AC) which is used to run most common
electrical loads. There are two main classes of inverters, or grid-capable and standalone units. Off-
grid inverters require batteries for storage. Straight grid-tied inverters don’t use batteries and grid-
capable inverters can work either with or without batteries depending on system design. There is a
wide range of available inverter features suited to differing system needs and situations. Some
inverters have integrated AC chargers so that they can use AC power from the grid to charge the
batteries during periods of low sun.

(v) DC and AC Disconnects:

The DC and AC disconnects of a PV system are manual switches that are capable of cutting off
power to and from the inverter. Some inverters have disconnects with switches integrated into their
structure. Other systems use an integrated power panel to support the inverter(s) and their
associated disconnects in an organized arrangement. Disconnection prevents the current being
produced from going beyond the disconnect point to a downed utility grid or damaged component.

(vi) Miscellaneous Components:

This category includes everything that is required to connect all the parts together safely and
securely. As with most specialized technologies, there are many parts and tools involved in the
proper installation of a safe and effective PV system, e.g. PV junction boxes that are used to safely
terminate multiple strings of PV panels on the DC side i.e. before connection to the inverter(s), PV
combiner boxes provide the useful functions of being able to safely isolate and fuse individual PV
strings and to aggregate many smaller PV strings into fewer cables before connecting into the
inverter(s) and Solar PV cables & connectors that are used to connect the various components and
are sized and selected to perform at their best based on; the current they will carry, the operating
temperatures where they will be used and the environments where they will be installed (outside,
in hot areas, underground etc.).

In this project work, designing of solar PV system is done. Power generation using solar PV
system is very reliable and clean that can suit a wide range of applications such as residence,
industry, agriculture, livestock, etc.
PV systems are designed and sized to meet a given load requirement. PV system sizing exercise
involves the determination of the size and capacity of various components, like PV panels,
batteries, etc. PV system design also involves a decision on which configuration is to be adopted
to meet the load requirement. Once the system configuration is decide then the size or capacity of
the various components are calculated. A low quality component (inverter, for instance) may be
cheaper initially but probably will be less efficient and may not last longer. On the other hand, a
relatively expensive but higher quality component is more likely to perform better (saving energy
and thus cost) and may be able to recover its cost in the long run.

AIM

Aim of this paper is to give an overview and designing of 1MW solar PV power plant.

Project outline:

• Using solar PV modules, solar power generates in DC which is converted into AC power
and then using a power transformer, the generated and modified AC power will be fed to
the grid.
 • No battery storage introduced here because the plant will only function in the daylight and
here the generated power will be given to the grid.

Site Selection Criteria

A criterion is a measurable facet of a judgment, which makes it possible to illustrate and enumerate
alternatives in a decision. There are few requirements, to be taken care of, for the selection of
appropriate site for solar PV system installation. These include, amount of incident solar radiation,
availability of vacant land for its present as well as for its future development, accessibility to site
from highways as it affects the transportation cost and thus the initial cost, distance from
transmission lines to minimize the losses. Solar PV panels works efficiently within a range of
temperature which is 2500C to 4500C, the degradation of cells happens due to high wind velocity,
extreme temperatures, shadow on modules and dusting on arrays, thus variation of local climate is
significant criteria for this work.

Geotechnical issues like consideration of groundwater resistivity, load bearing properties, soil pH
levels and seismic risk are important criteria. Geotechnical political issues such as Site near to
Sensitive military zones and historical places should be avoided. By considering Topography of
site, flat or slightly south facing slopes are preferable for projects in the northern hemisphere.
Efficiency of plant could be reduced significantly if modules are soiled.

It is, therefore, important to consider local weather, environmental, human and wildlife factors.
The criteria should include dust particles from traffic, building activity, agricultural activity or dust
storms and module soiling from bird excreta. The criteria are as given in table 1.

Table1. Criterion considered for site selection

S.No. Criteria
1 Availability of solar radiation
2 Availability of vacant land
3 Accessibility from national highways
4 Distance from existing transmission line
5 Variation in local climate
6 Use of nearby land 7 Topography of site
8 Geotechnical issues
9 Geotechnical political issues
10 Module soiling

Site Details

The site i.e. Central Electronics limited at Ghaziabad, has an elevation of 28o, is a shadow free area
and meeting all site selection criteria. The structures for the power plant comprises of Solar Arrays,
central inverters, control room, substation and other ancillary structures. The general information
regarding the climatic conditions of Ghaziabad district and description of the plant are given in
Tables 2 and 3.

Table2. General climatic conditions of Ghaziabad district

Height above sea level 214m
Ambient air temperature Maximum: 31.30C Minimum:
18.70C
Relative Humidity 28%
Rainfall 797.5 mm Period:
4 months

Table3. General description of power plant

Place of Installation Central Electronics Ltd., 4, Industrial area,

Sahibabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Latitude & Longitude of the place 28.670N & 77.350E
Allotted Land Area 5 acres
Nominal Capacity of PV Plant 1MW
Modules 3360
SCADA for diagnosing and monitoring Yes
Inverters 2 (500 KW)

Technical Details

In the designing of solar power plant, before going for calculation of number of solar panels
required, type of inverter and inverter working voltage is to be considered first. Based on their
application two types of inverters are used: String inverter and Central inverter. Both have their
pros and cons.

Inverter Type Pros Cons

Central Inverter • Lower DC watt unit cost. • Higher installation cost
(in terms of system cost) • Fewer component connections. (e.g. inverter pad work).
• Higher DC wiring and
combiner costs.
• Larger inverter pad
footprint.
(in terms of total energy • Optimal for large system where • Less optimal for systems production)
production is consistent across with different array arrays. angles and/or
orientations
• Proven field reliability. since they default
to highest producing strings within a range and
block the production of lower producing string
outside of that range.
String Inverter • • Lower balance of systems costs. • • Higher DC watt unit cost.
(in terms of system cost) Lower ongoing More inverter
• maintenance costs (e.g. no • connections.
fans or air filters). Requires more distributed
Simpler design and modularity; space to mount inverters.
Ideal for limited inverter pad
spaces.
(in terms of total energy • Modularity is better for systems • Newer and less field production) with
different array angles tested product.
and/or orientations.
• Fewer arrays are impacted with one inverter failure.

Based on these pros/cons and our system requirements, it is beneficial to use central inverter as it
is optimal to use for large system in comparison with string inverter.

This 1 MW plant is divided into two independent segments of 500 KW each. Both segments are
equipped with two inverters of 500 KW and grouped together to form one LT panel. Using 300Wp
modules, two 80 PV strings are connected in parallel to both of the inverters and each string
consists of 21 modules in series.

Fig.8 Block Diagram of 1 MW Solar Power Plant Solar

PV arrangement and overall system rating:

Table4. Technical data

Total capacity of plant 1MW
Total no. of modules 3360
No. of modules in 1 string 21
No. of strings 160
No. of strings per inverter (500KW) 80

Table5. Module specifications

Watt (Wp) 300 W

DC voltage (Vmp) 35.0 V
DC current (Imp) 8.57 A
Open circuit Voltage (Voc) 45.0 V
Short circuit Current (Isc) 9.02 A
Module dimensions 1965×990×42
Number, type and arrangement of cell 72, Multi-crystalline, 6×12
Weight (kg) 25
Glass, type and thickness 3.2mm Thick, Low iron, Toughened

Electrical Calculations:
O/p voltage of each string 35×21 = 735 VDC
O/p current of each string 8.57 ADC
O/p power of each string 6.3 KW
O/p power of 160 strings 1008 KW

Inverter Type: ABB Central Inverter

Inverter Details & Specifications:

Input (DC)

Max. input power 600 KW

DC voltage range, mpp (UDC) 450 to 825 V
Max. DC voltage (Umax (DC)) 1100 V
Max. DC current (Imax (DC)) 1145 A
Voltage ripple < 3%
No. of protected DC inputs (parallel) 4 to 16 (+/-)

Output (DC)

Nominal AC output power (PN (AC)) 500 KW

Nominal AC current (IN (AC)) 965
Nominal output voltage (UN (AC)) 300 V
Output frequency 50/60 Hz
Harmonic distortion current < 3%

Transformer:

The power generated from 1MW PV plant at 300V each from two inverters, is stepped-up to 11KV
with the help of one step-up transformer and connected to existing 11KV lines. The full load rating
of the transformer is 1.25MVA.

Cable Selection:

The two common conductor materials used in residential and commercial solar installations are
copper and aluminum. Copper has a greater conductivity than aluminum, thus it carries more
current than aluminum at the same size. Aluminum may be weakened during installation especially
during bending; however it is less expensive than copper wires.

So, it is beneficial to consider copper cable for its greater conductivity and more current carrying
capacity.

Protections

As the installations and demand for PV systems increases so does the need for effective electrical
protection. The main protections and protective gears are named here:

DC side protection

1. Fuses
(i) For string protection
(ii) Fuses for array/inverter input protection

2. Fuse holders
(i) For string protection
(ii) Panel mount fuse holder
(iii) In-line fuse holders
(iv) Array/inverter input protection
(v) Dead front fuse covers

3. Surge protection devices

4. DC switch
(i) Load break disconnect switches
(ii) High power switches
5. Ground-fault protection

AC side protection

(i) Circuit breaker

(ii) Bar contractor

(iii) Insulation monitoring device