 RESEARCH PROPOSALS

EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON GROWTH AND GERMINATION OF

MUNG BEAN PLANTS

FIELDS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

By :

FIERO TRISTAN AN

XII IPA PA

Adviser :

Al-Husaini,M.Pd

MAS KULLIYATUL MUBALLIGHIEN

KAUMAN MUHAMMADIYAH PADANG PANJANG

SUMATERA BARAT

2025
 ENDORSEMENT SHEET

 RESEARCH PROPOSALS

“EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON GROWTH AND GERMINATION OF
MUNG BEAN PLANTS”

Oleh :
Name : FIERO TRISTAN AN

NIS : 131213740003220088

research field : SAINS AND TEKNOLOGY

Submitted to Fulfill the Requirements for Graduation

at MA Level at MAS Kulliyatul Muballighien

Kauman Muhammadiyah Padang Panjang

Padang Panjang, May 2025

Mentored by :

Advisor 1, Advisor 2,

AL Husaini,M.Pd Nora Vitrini, S.Si.

knowingi :

Mudir,

Dr. Derliana, M.A

NKATM. 972 970

2
 FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude to God Almighty, because with His grace and guidance, I
can complete this research report proposal as well as possible. This report was prepared
as a requirement for my graduation at Mas Kulliyatul Muballighien Kauman
Muhammadiyah Padang Panjang.

On this occasion. I would like to thank all parties involved, for providing
support to me while I was working on this research proposal. Especially to my
supervising teacher (Ustad AL HUSAINI) who has always patiently guided and helped
me in working on this research proposal. And indirect support that means a lot to me
given by my parents.

This report discusses “the effect of sunlight on the growth and germination of
mung beans” Hopefully this report can have a positive influence in the daily lives of
readers. I realize that this report is still far from perfection, therefore criticism and
suggestions are needed for the future to be better. I also hope that this report can be
useful and can provide useful information for readers. Finally, I would like to thank the
readers and all parties involved.

Padang Panjang, 24 April 2025

Penulis

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Endorsement Sheet………………………………………………………………….. ii

Foreword.……………………………………………………………………….......... iii

Table of content……………………………………………………………………… iv

CHAPTER 1NTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….. 1

1. problem background………………………………………………………....... 1
2. problem formulation………………………………………………………....... 3
3. Research objectives…………………………………………………………... 3
4. Benefits of research……………………………………………………….........4
5. Hypothesis……………………………………………………………………..4

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL STUDIES……………………………………….. 5

1. literature review………………………………………………………………. 5
2. relevant research…………………………………………………………….. 7

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………….. 9

1. Type of research……………………………………………………………..... 9
2. Population and sample..........................................................................................9
3. Data Collection Technique ………………………………………………….. 9
4. Data Analysis Technique……………………………………………………... 10
5. Research Procedure …………………………………………………………. 10

LITERATURE …………………………………………………………………….. 11

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1. Problem background
Mung beans (Vigna radiata) are a strategic commodity in Indonesia that
ranks third after soybeans and peanuts in the legume crop group. This crop has
high economic value due to its protein content which reaches 22-24%, as well as
a relatively short harvest period (55-60 days) (Kementan RI, 2022). As a tropical
crop, mung beans have wide adaptation to various environmental conditions, but
its productivity is still fluctuating with a national average of 1.2-1.4 tons/ha, far
below its genetic potential which can reach 2.5 tons/ha (Balitkabi, 2023).).

Sunlight is a major abiotic factor that affects plant growth through three
main mechanisms: (1) as a source of photosynthetic energy, (2) as a
morphogenic developmental signal, and (3) as a circadian regulator of plant
physiology (Taiz et al., 2015). In the germination phase, plant responses to light
are complex because they involve interactions between phytochromes (red/far-
red light receptors) and gibberellin hormones (Smith et al., 2018). Research in
Thailand by Laosatti et al. (2021) showed that local mung bean varieties tend to
show optimal germination at light intensities of 60-70% of full light.

Light is not only a source of energy for plants, but also an environmental
signal that triggers various biological responses. In the context of germination
and early growth of plants, such as mung beans, light intensity can be a
triggering or inhibiting factor depending on the growth phase and genetic
adaptation of the plant. Mung beans are known as a fast-growing crop, but their
response to light variation has not been studied in depth at the primary to
secondary education level. Many assume that light is only important after the

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plant grows leaves, even though the process of activating enzymes in seeds
during germination is also influenced by light stimuli. This research tries to
promote the understanding that light intensity is not just a requirement for
growth, but also part of the communication between the environment and living
cells in mung bean seeds. Through this approach, a new understanding of how
plants respond to environmental conditions is expected to emerge from the
beginning of their lives.

Furthermore, an understanding of light intensity is also important in

modern agricultural practices, such as hydroponic cultivation or indoor farming,
where artificial lighting is the only light source. By knowing the effect of light
intensity on mung bean growth, we can determine the most effective and
efficient light treatment, thereby improving crop yield and quality. This research
also encourages the realization that proper regulation of environmental factors
from the early stages of plant life can have a long-term impact on the success of
its growth and productivity.

Balitkabi's survey (2023) in three major production centers (East Java,

NTB, and South Sulawesi) revealed several critical findings, namely: 65% of
farmers planted without paying attention to optimal light patterns, Productivity
dropped 30-40% in the long dry season due to high light stress, and 45% of the
land experienced accelerated evaporation due to excessive light intensity

On the other hand, variety adaptation tests by BB Biogen (2022) showed

that Vima-1 and Vima-2 varieties have different responses to light stress, where
Vima-1 is more tolerant of high light intensity.Changing rainfall patterns and
increasing global temperatures have changed the distribution of light intensity in
various regions. BMKG data (2023) recorded an increase in daily solar radiation
by 12-15% in the last decade in Java-Bali, which has implications: Increased leaf
surface temperature, Photosynthetic stress, Disruption of plant hormone balance,
This condition is exacerbated by the lack of understanding of farmers about

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 mitigation techniques such as the use of shading nets or adjustment of planting
time.
Meta-analisis oleh Nguyen (2020) terhadap 25 penelitian tentang respon
legum terhadap cahaya menunjukkan bahwa: 80% penelitian fokus pada fase
vegetative, Only 15% have examined the quantitative light intensity-germination
relationship, Specific data for tropical varieties are very limited This gap is the
basis for the importance of comprehensive research that integrates observations
from germination to early vegetative phases with more detailed gradations of
light intensity.
From the above explanation, I raised a research on the effect of light
intensity on the growth and germination of mung bean plantsThe findings of this
research are expected to be applied in Indoor farming system Optimization of
the use of shading net, Breeding of adaptive varieties, Preparation of precision
planting calendar

2` Problem Formulation
a) How do different light intensities (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) affect the speed
and uniformity of mung bean germination?
b) s there a significant difference in the development of radicle and plumula under
dark, dim, and bright conditions?
c) How the results of this study can be adapted to indoor farming systems or the
use of shading nets?

2. Research Objectives
a) Analyzing the effect of gradations of light intensity on the performance of
germination and growth of mung beans.
b) To determine whether there is a significant difference in the development of
radicle and plumula of mung beans under different lighting conditions, namely
dark, dim, and bright.

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c) To evaluate how the results of this study can be adapted to indoor farming
systems or the use of shading nets to increase the efficiency of mung bean plant
growth.

3. Benefits of research
● Theoretical Benefits: This research can shed light on the mechanisms of
mung bean physiological responses to light stress (photoinhibition,
etiolation, and morphogenic adaptation) and can serve as a reference for
climate change studies, especially the impact of solar radiation variation on
crops.
● Practical Benefits: Can educate on the use of shading nets with a shade level
of 25-50% in areas of high intensity light, as well as adjusting plant spacing
to optimize light absorption.
4. Hypothesis
General hypothesis:
● Light intensity of 50-75% of full sunlight produced the most optimal
germination and growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata), with a
combination of good germination speed and balanced vegetative growth.
Derived (more specific) hypothesis :
● Ho : There is no significant effect of light intensity on the parameters
tested.
● H1 : Total dark conditions (0% light) will accelerate radicle emergence
(day 1) but produce plumules that are etiolated (pale and elongated).
● H2 : Light intensity of 25-50% produced the fastest germination
synchronization (T50) compared to the extreme treatments (0% or 100%)

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 CHAPTER III

LITERATURE REVIEW

1. THEORY REVIEW

Physiology of germination

Physiology means the work process inside living things, so germination

physiology means the work process inside seeds as they grow into sprouts.
Innovation Diffusion Theory Physiology means the work process inside living
things, so germination physiology means the work process inside seeds as they
grow into sprouts (Salisbury and Ross, 1992).

Plant Photobiology

Plant photobiology is the study of how light affects plant growth and
development. Light is not only used for photosynthesis, but also acts as a signal
that helps plants determine their growth direction, flowering time, and
adjustment to the environment. Plants have light receptors that can recognize the
color and intensity of light, allowing them to respond to environmental changes
in an appropriate way. For example, plants will grow in the direction of light or
flower at specific times according to the length of day and night (Lichtenthaler
1981).

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process of green plants making their own food with
the help of sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, then producing glucose and
oxygen (Joseph Priestley).

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 Physiology of germination according to experts :

1. Salisbury and Ross (1995): The physiological process of seed germination

begins with imbibition (water absorption).
According to Salisbury and Ross. Germination is initiated by the process
of imbibition, which is the absorption of water by the seed that causes swelling
and triggers physiological activities in the seed.
2. Taiz and Zeiger (2002): Hormonal changes in the germination process,
particularly the role of gibberellins
According to Taiz and Zeiger, the germination process involves
hormonal changes, especially gibberellins, which stimulate enzymes to break
down food reserves into energy needed by the embryo.
3. Bewley and Black (1994): Stages of germination that include imbibition,
metabolic activation, and embryo growth.
According to Bewley and Black, germination consists of three stages:
imbibition (water absorption), metabolic activation (enzyme activation), and
embryo growth until it breaks through the seed coat.
4. Fahn (1990): Germination as a complex physiological process influenced by
the environment.
According to Fahn, germination is a complex physiological process
influenced by environmental and biochemical factors, in which enzymes play an
important role in the mobilization of food reserves.
5. Hartmann et al. (2011) : Germination physiology and seed response to
environmental signals
According to Hartmann et al, germination physiology occurs when seeds
receive appropriate environmental signals, such as water, oxygen and
temperature, and trigger biochemical activities for root and shoot growth.

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 6 Frank B. Salisbury (1992): Physiological Studies of Germination in Plants
According to Frank B. Salisbury Germination is a physiological process
that begins with water absorption and is followed by increased cellular
respiration, new protein synthesis, and enzymatic activity that converts food
reserves into energy and cellular building blocks for embryonic growth.
Thus, this literature review aims to examine various studies and theoretical views that
discuss how digital apps can influence society in Indonesia.

Physiology of germination

The physiology of germination is the process by which seeds begin to

grow into sprouts after receiving water, oxygen and the appropriate temperature.
In this process, the seeds absorb water, then the enzymes in them begin to
activate and convert food reserves into energy for the growth of the embryo,
which then develops into roots and small shoots. Meanwhile, the effect of light
intensity on the growth and germination of mung beans can vary. In the early
stages of germination, light is not very influential because the seeds still depend
on their food reserves. However, after growing into sprouts, sufficient light
intensity will help the photosynthesis process and make mung bean growth
faster and healthier. If the light is too little, the sprouts may grow longer and
weaker as they try to find light (Salisbury, 1992).

2 . . RELEVANT RESEARCH

Previous research related to the effect of light intensity on the growth

and germination of mung bean, namely:

Waruwu et al. (2024) - Journal of Agricultural and Fisheries Sciences

This study compared the growth of mung beans in dark and light. The
results showed that plants in the dark experienced etiolation - stems grew longer

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but were weak and pale - while plants in the light grew slower but had sturdier
and greener stems and leaves. This phenomenon was attributed to the activity of
the hormone auxin, which is more active in dark conditions.

Wimudi & Fuadiyah (2021) - Proceedings of the National Seminar on

Biology

The study observed the growth of mung beans for six days in light and
dark environments. It was found that roots and stems grew faster in the dark due
to the influence of the hormone auxin. However, the leaves of plants in the light
were greener due to optimal chlorophyll production.
Mahardika et al. (2023) - Wahana Pendidikan Scientific Journal

This study evaluated the effect of sunlight intensity on mung bean

germination on cotton growing media. Plants that did not receive light were
etiolated, with rapid but weak stem growth and pale leaves. In contrast, plants
exposed to light grew more slowly but had stronger structures and greener
leaves.
Naomi et al. (2018) - Gravity: Scientific Journal of Physics Research and
Learning
This study examined the effectiveness of light spectrum on mung bean
growth. The results showed that the red light spectrum was most effective in
supporting plant growth compared to the blue, green and violet spectra. This
shows that light quality also plays an important role in plant growth..

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Type of Research

This study uses a qualitative, descriptive research type, with a correlation

approach to determine the relationship that occurs between digital applications
and social change in Indonesian society. This research aims to identify the
significant influence whether digital applications have an effect on society in
Indonesia.
2. Population and Sample
The population used in this study were mung bean farmers in West
Sumatra, while the samples used in this study were mung bean farmers in the
long alahan area.
3. Data Collection Technique
a) Observation
Direct observation of the germination process and growth of mung beans
treated with different light intensities. Every day, plant height, number of leaves,
root length, and percentage of germinated seeds were measured and recorded in
a daily growth journal. In addition, visual documentation through photos was
used to strengthen the observations, and literature studies were conducted to
support the theoretical basis related to the effect of light on plant growth.
b) Interview

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 Description: Conduct in-depth and flexible face-to-face or online
conversations with key informants. Questions were open-ended to gain a deeper
understanding of the effect of light intensity on mung bean growth and
germination. Target Informants: Individuals with a strong need to understand
mung bean growth and germination, community influencers, groups of people
who interact with individuals who understand mung bean growth and
germination. Interview Guide: Using the interview guide as a general guide, but
questions can evolve according to informant responses. The aim is to understand
the influence of intensity on mung bean growth and germination.

4. Data Analysis Technique

Data was analyzed by regression which is used to see the relationship
between one independent variable and one or more dependent variables. The aim
is to predict the value of the dependent variable based on the independent
variable.

5. Schedule of activities
This research will be carried out for 1 month in Solok district, alahan panjang
area, as for the details of the activity schedule as attached to the following table
on the next page.

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No Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

1 Study ✔
Literatur
2 Proposal ✔ ✔
Preparation
3 Research ✔
Implementation
4 Data ✔
Analysis
5 Report ✔
Preparation

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 LITERATURE

Balitkabi. (2023). Laporan Adaptasi Varietas Kacang Hijau. Kementerian

Pertanian RI.
BB Biogen. (2022). Koleksi Plasma Nutfah Kacang Hijau. Bogor.
Bewley, J. D., & Black, M. (1994). Seeds: Physiology of Development and
Germination. New York: Plenum Press.
BMKG. (2023). Data Iklim Mikro 2013-2023. Jakarta.
Fahn, A. (1990). Plant Anatomy (4th ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Hartmann, H. T., Kester, D. E., Davies, F. T., & Geneve, R. L. (2011). Plant
Propagation: Principles and Practices (8th ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall
Kementan RI. (2022). Statistik Produksi Tanaman Pangan. Jakarta.
Laosatti, K. et al. (2021). "Legume Growth Under Light Stress". Asian Journal
of Agriculture, 15(2), 112-125.
Nguyen, T.H. (2020). "Light Stress in Legumes". Agricultural Reviews, 41(3),
205-215.
Smith, J. et al. (2018). "Phytochrome Regulation". Journal of Plant Physiology,
215, 45-60.
Salisbury, F. B., & Ross, C. W. (1995). Plant Physiology (4th ed.). Belmont,
CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Taiz, L. et al. (2015). Plant Physiology (6th ed.). Sinauer Associates..
.

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