VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI-590018
A
Seminar Report
on
“6G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY”
A seminar report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering
Submitted
by
Ambika
(3LA20CS003)
Under the Guidance:
Prof. Neelambika
Asst. Professor
LINGARAJ APPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Gornalli, Bidar-585403
2023-2024
LINGARAJ APPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Gornalli, Bidar-585403
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar work entitled “6G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY” has
been successfully carried out by Ambika, a bonafide work carried out by me at Lingaraj
Appa Engineering College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
degree in Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during academic year 2023- 2024. The
seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of
project work for the said degree.
Guide H.O.D Principal
Name of the Examiners Signature with Date
1.
2.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The satisfaction that I feel at the successful completion of my seminar report, “6G wireless
technology” would be incomplete if I did not mention the people, whose able guidance and
encouragement, crowned my efforts with success. It is my privilege to express my gratitude and
respect to all those who inspired and helped me in the completion of my seminar. All the
expertise in this seminar project belongs to those listed below.
I express my sincere thanks to our President Poojya Dr. Sharanbaswappa Appaji and
Secretary Shri. Basavaraj Deshmukh for providing all the required facilities for the completion
of the seminar Report.
I express my sincere thanks to our beloved Principal Dr. Vinita Patil, LAEC, Bidar for
giving me an opportunity to carry out my seminar report.
I am greatly indebted to Prof. Veeresh Biradar HOD, Computer Science and Engineering
Department, LAEC, Bidar for facilities and support extended to me.
I express my deepest gratitude and thanks to my guide Prof. Neelambika, Asst. Prof,
LAEC, Bidar for giving her valuable cooperation and excellent guidance in completing the
seminar Report.
I express my sincere thanks to all the teaching & Non-teaching staff of Computer Science
and Engineering Department and the friends for their valuable cooperation during the seminar
Report.
Finally, I convey my sweet thanks to my beloved parents who supported me to pursue
higher studies and providing me a pleasant environment at home to prepare for the seminar
Report in time.
Date:
Place: Bidar
Ambika
(3LA20CS003)
DECLARATION
I, AMBIKA bearing the USN 3LA20CS003, student of B.E. Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, Lingaraj Appa Engineering College, Bidar, declare that the
seminar work entitled “6G Wireless Technology”, has been duly executed by me under
the guidance of Prof. Neelambika, Asst Professor, Department of Computer Science and
Engineering. The seminar report of the same is submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Department of Computer
Science and Engineering by Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum.
Date :
Place : Bidar
Ambika
(3LA20CS003)
ABSTRACT
The standardization activities of the fifth generation communications are clearly over and
deployment has commenced globally. To sustain the competitive edge of wireless networks,
industrial and academia synergy have begun to conceptualize the next generation of wireless
communication systems (namely, sixth generation, (6G)) aimed at laying the foundation for the
stratification of the communication needs of the 2030s. In support of this vision, this study
highlights the most promising lines of research from the recent literature in common directions for
the 6G project. Its core contribution involves exploring the critical issues and key potential
features of 6G communications, including: (i) vision and key features; (ii) challenges and potential
solutions; and (iii) research activities. These controversial research topics were profoundly
examined in relation to the motivation of their various sub-domains to achieve a precise, concrete,
and concise conclusion. Thus, this article will contribute significantly to opening new horizons
for future research directions.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Definition 2
1.2 Properties 2
Chapter 2: Evolution From 1G to 6G 3
2.1 1st Generation 3
2.2 2nd Generation 4
2.3 3rd Generation 5
2.4 4th Generation 6
2.5 5th Generation 7
2.6 6th Generation 7
Chapter 3: Comparison Of All Generation 8
Chapter 4: key concept 9
Chapter 5: Architecture of 6G 10
5.1 terminal design 10
5.2 Comparison with OSI module 10
5.3 Open wireless architecture 11
5.4 Network layer 11
5.5 Open Transport protocol 12
5.6 Application layer 12
5.7 Functional architecture 12-14
Chapter 6: Hardware and software of 6G 15
Chapter 7 Features advantages and application 16-17
Chapter 8: Conclusion 18
References
6G Wireless Technology
z
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In the relentless pursuit of faster, more reliable, and innovative connectivity solutions, the
world is already turning its attention to the next frontier: 6G wireless network technology. As the
successor to the currently evolving 5G networks, 6G promises to revolutionize the way interact
with the digital world, pushing the boundaries of what's possible in terms of speed, latency,
capacity, and connectivity. 6G refers to the sixth generation of wireless communication
technology, expected to succeed 5G networks. While 5G is still in the process of global
deployment and optimization, discussions about 6G have already begun, driven by the need to
anticipate and address future demands for connectivity. 6G is projected to deliver
unprecedented speeds, potentially reaching terabits per second. This colossal increase in
bandwidth will enable lightning-fast downloads, seamless streaming of high-definition content,
and support for emerging technologies like augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and
holographic communication.
To accommodate the growing demand for wireless bandwidth, 6G will likely leverage
higher frequencies, advanced antenna technologies, and intelligent spectrum management
techniques to maximize spectral efficiency, ensuring optimization of available radio spectrum.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to play a pivotal role in 6G networks, facilitating dynamic
network optimization, predictive maintenance, intelligent resource allocation, and personalized
services tailored to individual users' preferences and behaviors.
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6G Wireless Technology
1.1 DEFINITION
➢ 6G refers to the sixth generation of wireless communication technology, expected to
succeed 5G networks. While 5G is still in the process of global deployment and
optimization, discussions about 6G have already begun, driven by the need to
anticipate and address future demands for connectivity.
➢ 6G is expected to revolutionize the way we interact with digital devices and
services, offering ultra-high-speed data transmission, ultra-low latency, massive
device connectivity, and seamless integration with emerging technologies such as
artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR). This next-
generation technology aims to address the increasing demand for connectivity
driven by the proliferation of IoT devices, the growth of data- intensive
applications, and the emergence of new use cases requiring real-time responsiveness
and high bandwidth.
1.2 PROPERTIES
➢ Ultra-High Speeds: 6G aims to provide unprecedented data transfer speeds,
potentially reaching terabits per second (Tbps).
➢ Ultra-Low Latency: One of the defining features of 6G is its ultra-low latency,
reducing the delay between sending and receiving data to almost imperceptible
levels.
➢ High connectivity: Connectivity speed of 5G is almost 25 Mbps.
➢ Massive Connectivity: 6G is expected to support a massive number of connected
devices simultaneously, facilitating the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT).
➢ Energy Efficiency: 6G networks are expected to be more energy-efficient compared
to their predecessors.
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CHAPTER 2
EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 6G
2.1 1st GENERATION
• Developed in 1980s & completed in early 1990s.
• Based on analog system.
• Speed up to 2.4 kbps.
• AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was launched by the US & it
wasthe 1Gmobile system.
• Allows user to make voice calls in 1 country.
Fig 2.1 1GMobile
2.2 2ndGENERATION
• Developed in late 1980s & completed in late 1990s.
• Based on digital system.
• Speed up to 64 kbps.
• Services such are digital voice & SMS with more clarity.
• Semi global facility.
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Fig. 2.2 2G Mobile
2.3 3rd GENERATION
• Developed between late 1990s & early 2000s until present day.
• In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer networking
(WCDMA, WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phone and
GPS).
• Transmission speed from 125 kbps to 2 Mbps.
• Superior voice quality.
• Good clarity in video conference.
• Data are sent through technology called packet switching.
• Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching.
• Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, E-mail, PDA, information surfing,
on-line shopping/ banking, Multi Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D
gaming, multi-Gaming etc.
• Global roaming.
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Fig.2.3 3G Mobile
2.4 4th GENERATION
• Developed in 2010.
• Faster & more reliable.
• Speed up to 100 Mbps.
• Both cellular and broadband multimedia services everywhere.
• High performance.
• Easy global roaming.
• Low cost.
Fig.2.4 4G Mobile
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Some of the applications of 4G are:
1. Mobile TV – a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phonewhere
it can be watched.
2. Video on demand – a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.
3. Video conferencing – subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.
4. Location-based services – a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditionsto the
phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends.
2.5 5th GENERATION
• Next major phase of mobile telecommunication & wireless system.
• 10 times more capacity than others.
• Expected speed up to 1 Gbps.
• Faster & reliable than 4G.
• Lower cost than previous generations.
Fig.2.5 5G Mobile
2.6 6th GENERATION
• Low -letency communication at pace multiple times fasterthen
fifth-generation networks.
• 6G is almost available, likely in the 2029 to 2031 range.
• Significantly more energy-efficient.
• Improved reliability.
• Provide increased connectivity.
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Fig.2.6 6G Mobile
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CHAPTER 3
COMPARISION OF ALL GENERATION
Technology 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G 6G
Requirements No official No official ITU’S ITU’s IMT At least Access to an
Requiremen Requiremen IMT-2000 Advanced 1GB/s or order- of-
ts Analog ts digital required requiremen more data
technology technology 144 kbps ts include rates to magnitude
mobile,38 ability to support ultra- more
4 kpbs operate in high spectrum,
pedestrian up to 40 definition utilization
, 2 Mbps MHz radio video and of
indoors channels virtual frequencies
and with reality, between
very high applications,1 100 GHz
spectral 0 GB/s data and 1 THz
Efficicienc rates to
y. support
mobile cloud
service
Data 1.9 kpbs 14.4 kbps to 2 Mbps 2 Mbps to 1 Gbps & 11 Gbps
Bandwidth 384 kbps 1 Gbps Higher(as
demand)
Core PSTN PSTN Packet All IP Flatter IP
netwirk Packet network Network Network &
Network 5G Network
Interfacing(5
G-NI)
Service Analg Digital Integrate Dynamic Dynamic 6G networkwill
voice voice dhigh informati information be ableto use
higher quality on access,wear- higher
capacity, audio,vid able devices, frequenciesthan
access,we
pacetized eo and HD 5G network and
ar-able
streaming;an provide
data data devices,H y demand of substaintial
D users; ly higher
streamin upcoming all capacity and
g;global technologies; much lower
roaming; global latency.
roaming
smoothly;
Switching Circuit Circut Circut Packet All Packets All packets
Packt Packt
Multiple FDMA TDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA & NOMA
Access CDMA BDMA
Starts from 1970-84 1990 2001 2010 2015 2025
Frequency 800-900 850- 1.6-2.5 2-8 GHz 410 MHz to 6 3.3 GHz to 3.8
MHz 1900MHz GHz GHz GHz
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CHAPTER 4
KEY CONCEPT
➢ Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone issues.
➢ Wearable devices with AI (Artificial Intelligence) capabilities.
➢ Extreme High Frequencies (EHF): 6G is expected to utilize frequencies beyond
the mm Wave spectrum used in 5G, possibly reaching into the Terahertz (THz)
range One unified global standard.
➢ Hyperconnectivity: 6G aims to further enhance connectivity by enabling
seamless integration of various devices and networks, including Internet of
Things (IoT) devices, wearables, autonomous vehicles, drones, and more.
➢ User centric (or cell phone developer initiated) network: concept instead of
operator-initiated (as in 1G) or system developer initiated (as in 2G,3G and 4G)
standards.
➢ World Wide wireless web (WWWW), : i.e., comprehensive wireless- based web
applications that include full multimedia capability beyond 5G speeds.
➢ AI and Machine Learning Integration: AI and machine learning are
expected to play a crucial role in 6G networks, optimizing various aspects such
as resource allocation, network management, security, and user experience. AI-
driven network intelligence could enable efficient and adaptive networking
capabilities
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CHAPTER 5
ARCHITECTURE OF 6G
5.1 TERMINAL DESIGN
Fig.5.1 Mobile terminal design of 6G
5.2 COMPARISION WITH OSI MODEL
Let us compare the protocol stack of 6G wireless with the OSI Model using the
Fig. 5.2 Comparison with OSI Model
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5.3 OPEN WIRELESS ARCHITECTURE (OWA)
➢ Physical layer + Data link layer = OWA
➢ OSI layer 1 i.e., Physical layer & OSI layer 2 i.e., Data link layer define the
wireless technology.
➢ For these two layers the 6G mobile network is likely to be based on Open
Wireless Architecture (OWA).
5.4 NETWORK LAYER
➢ All mobile networks will use mobile IP.
➢ Each mobile terminal will be FA (Foreign Agent).
➢ A mobile can be attached to several mobiles or wireless networks at the same
time.
➢ The fixed IPv6 will be implemented in the mobile phones.
➢ Separation of network layer into two sub-layers.
➢ Lower network layer (for each interface).
➢ Upper network layer (for the mobile terminal).
Fig.5.4 Network layer of 6G wireless
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5.5 OPEN TRANSPORT PROTOCOL (OTP)
• Transport layer + Session layer = OTP.
• Wireless network differs from wired network regarding the transport layer.
• In all TCP versions the assumption is that lost segments are due to
networkcongestion.
• In wireless, the loss is due to higher bit error ratio in the radio interface.
• 5G mobile terminals have transport layer that is possible to be downloaded
&installedwhich is based on Open Transport Protocol.
5.6 APPLICATION LAYER
• Presentation layer + Application layer = Application layer (6G)
• Provides intelligent QoS (Quality of Service) management over variety of networks.
• Provides possibility for service quality testing & storage of measurement
informationin information database in the mobile terminal.
• Select the best wireless connection for given services.
• QoS parameters, such as, delay, losses, BW, reliability, will be
stored inDB(Database) of 6G mobile.
5.7 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE
Below figure 5.7.1 shows the system model that proposes design of network
architecture for 5G mobile systems, which is all-IP based model for wireless and mobile
networks interoperability.
The system consists of a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the new
architecture) and a number of independent, autonomous radio access technologies.
Within each of the terminals, each of the radio access technologies is seen as the IP link to
the outside Internet world. However, there should be different radio interface for each
Radio Access Technology (RAT) in the mobile terminal. For an example, if we want to
have access to four different RATs, we need to have four different access - specific
interfaces.
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Fig.5.7.1 Functional Architecture of 6G Wireless
Application connections are realized between clients and servers in the Internet via sockets.
Internet sockets are endpoints for data communication flows. Each socket of the web is a
unified and unique combination of local IP address and appropriate local transport
communications port, target IP address and target appropriate communication port, and
type of transport protocol. Considering that, the establishment of communication from end-to-
end between the client and server using the Internet protocol is necessary to raise the
appropriate Internet socket uniquely determined by the application of the client and the
server.
Fig.5.7.2 Protocol layout for the elements of the proposed architecture of 6G
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Each IP interface in the terminal is characterized by its IP address and net mask
and parameters associated with the routing of IP packets across the network. In regular
inter- system handover, the change of access technology (i.e., vertical handover) would
mean changing the local IP address. Then, change of any of the parameters of the socket
means and change of the socket, that is, closing the socket and opening a new one.
This means, ending the connection and starting e new one. This approach is not-
flexible, and it is based on today’s Internet communication. In order to solve this
deficiency, we propose a new level that will take care of the abstraction levels of
network access technologies to higher layers of the protocol stack. This layer is crucialin
the new architecture. To enable the functions of the applied transparency and control or
direct routing of packets through the network access technologies to higher layers of the
protocol stack. This layer is crucialin the new architecture. To enable the functions
of the applied transparency and control or direct routing of packets through the most
appropriate radio access technology, in the proposed architecture we introduce a control
system in the functional architecture of the networks, which works in complete
coordination with the user terminal and provides a network abstraction functions and
virtual network level (or network level of abstraction). routing of packets based on
defined policies.
At the same time this control system is an essential element through which it can
determine the quality of service for each transmission technology. this is on the Internet
side of the proposed architecture, and as such represents an ideal system to test the
qualitative characteristics of the access technologies, as well as to obtain a realistic
picture regarding the quality that can be expected from applications of the user
towards a given server in Internet (or peer). Protocol setup of the new levels within the
existing protocol stack, which form the proposed architecture, is presented in Figure
(Protocol Layout for the Elements of the Proposed Architecture). The network
abstraction level would be provided by creating IP tunnels over IP interfaces obtained
by connection to the terminal via the access technologies available to the terminal
(i.e.,mobile user). In fact, the tunnels would be established between the user terminal
and control system named here as Policy Router, which performs routing based on
given policies. In this way the client side will create an appropriate number of
tunnels.
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communication of client applications with Internet servers. The way IP packets
are routed through tunnels, or choosing the right tunnel, would be served by policies
whose rules will be exchanged via the virtual network layer protocol. This way we
achieve the required abstraction of the network to the client applications at the mobile
terminal. The process of establishing a tunnel to the Policy Router, for routing based on
the policies, are carried out immediately after the establishment of IP connectivity across
the radio access technology, and it is initiated from the mobile terminal Virtual
Network-level Protocol Establishing tunnel connections as well as maintaining them
represents basic functionality of the virtual network level (or network level of
abstraction).
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CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 6G
6.1 HARDWARE OF 6G
➢ 6G will likely require advanced antenna technologies capable of handling
higher frequencies and data rates.
➢ Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems could become
more prevalent, along with beamforming and beam tracking techniques for
better signal reception.
➢ 6G technologies to extend coverage to remote areas and provide seamless
connectivity across different types of environments.
➢ Base stations will evolve to support higher frequencies and more complex
signal processing.
6.2 SOFTWARE OF 6G
➢ AI and machine learning algorithms will play a crucial role in optimizing 6
G networks.
➢ 6G networks may support network slicing, allowing operators to create
virtualized, customized network instances tailored to specific applications
or user groups.
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CHAPTER 7
FEATURES, ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS
7.1 FEATURES
Frequency : 5.8GHz
Bandwidth : 1 Gbps
➢ 40 Mbps Connectivity speeds.
➢ Ultra-low latency network functions.
➢ More storage capacity.
➢ A focus on energy efficiency.
➢ Greater network reliability.
➢ The rise of new architectures.
➢ Provide the 3D Internet concept.
➢ The use of new spectrum bands.
➢ Very high data transfer speeds.
➢ Ultra-low latency network functions
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7.2 ADVANTAGES
➢ Enforces security.
➢ Supports personalization.
➢ Extend the capabilities of 5G apps.
➢ Drives the development of wireless
➢ sensing technologies.
➢ Saves costs through reduced software dependency.
➢ Inspiring new technology innovations.
➢ Improves cellular network penetration.
➢ Optimization indoor network usage.
7.3 APPLICATIONS
➢ Drone delivery system.
➢ Autonomous car.
➢ Autonomous drones swarms.
➢ Vehical platoons.
➢ Autonomous robotics.
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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
6G technology is like a superhero for our digital world, promising super speeds
and almost no waiting time. It’s in the early stages but imagines a super-efficient network,
connecting everything from cool virtual reality to advanced healthcare. 6G is expected
to be incredibly fast; data speed up to 1Tbps – at least 1000 times the speed of 5G
connections available today. Imagine downloading a two-hour movie in one to three
seconds. That’s the sort of speed we can expect from 6G. During the worldwide
deployment of 5G networks, industrial and academia synergy have commenced to
conceptualize the next generation of wireless communication systems (6G) to address the
coming challenges of the drastic increase in wireless data traffic. 6G technology
allows bitrates of up to Tbps with a latency less than 1 ms, apart from introducing a
group of new services. This study started by highlighting a vision and the key features
aimed at fostering future 6G in the following dimensions: energy efficiency; intelligence;
spectral efficiency; security, secrecy, and privacy; affordability; and customization. Then,
we discussed the several potential challenges associated with 6G technology and the
potential solutions to fostering future 6G. Finally, this work concludes with
international research activities that aim to create a vision for future 6G.
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Future of Wireless Technology 6G & 7G “ International Journal of Electrical and Electronics
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2015.
2. R.Shankar and S.Duraisamy , IoT Technology is Benefiting Today’s Modern Farming
Industry ,International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering(IJCSE),Vol.-6,
Issue- 11, pp.727-732, Nov-2018.
3. R.Shankar and S.Duraisamy , 5G Technology and its Challenges International Journal of
Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES) Volume 10, Issue 8, pp: 127 -134 ISSN: 2320-
9364 November 22, 2022.
4. https://www.lifewire.com/6g-wireless-4685524.
5. https://electronicsera.in/6g-network-architecture.
6. https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/6G.
7. https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/networking/articles/what-is-6g.
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