Mind Mapping | for (all Chapters _/ By: Dr. Manu Sood Head, Dept. of Physical Education DAN. College, Jalandhar, N.D.413, Sharda Nand Street, Adda Hoshiarpur, JALANDHAR (Pb,) INDIA, Customer Care :0181-2456906, 2457906 Order Booking : +91 84274-66399 (Whatsapp Only) For Specimen / Sales Related enquiry : +91 85588-38307 (Whatsapp Only) For Any Suggestion or Complaint: +91 82640-42641 (Whatsapp Only) E-mail: spbooks001@gmail.com Scanned with CamScannerWe are committed to serve students with the best of our knowledge and resources. We have taken utmost care and attention while editing and printing this book but we would beg to state that Authors and Publishers should not be held responsible for unintentional mistakes that might have crept in. However, errors brought to our notice, shall be gratefully acknowledged and attended to. © Alll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Any breach will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice. Printed at : Mukul Graphic 136 Sarabha Nagar, Santokhpura JALANDHAR, Published by : SP Books N.D. 413, Sharda Nand Street, Adda Hoshiarpur, JALANDHAR (Pb.) INDIA. Customer Care : 0181-2456906, 2457906 Order Booking : +91 84274-66399 (Whatsapp Only) For Specimen / Sales Related enquiry : +91 85588-38307 (Whatsapp Only) Shop Online (i eons online at amazonin Flipkart @ sphooks001@gmailcom [FJ SP Books, Jalandhar Scanned with CamScannerTHIS BOOK COVERS ALL THE TOPICS AS PER NEW SYLLABUS ISSUED BY CBSE. THIS BOOK CONTAINS ALL THE QUESTIONS ASKED IN PREVIOUS YEAR BOARD EXAMINATIONS. ALL THE QUESTIONS HAVE BEEN ANSWERED STEP-BY-STEP IN THE SOLUTION BOOK (FREE WITH THIS BOOK). THE ANSWERS GIVEN IN THE SOLUTION BOOK GUIDE YOU ON HOW TO WRITE AN ANSWER THAT WILL SCORE MAXIMUM MARKS IN THE EXAMINATION. AT THE END OF EACH CHAPTER WE HAVE INTRODUCED MIND-MAPPING FOR EASY UNDERSTANDING AND LAST MINUTE REVISION OF CHAPTER. WE HAVE ALSO GIVEN CHAPTERWISE GLOSSARY AT THE END OF THE BOOK FOR EASY UNDERSTANDING OF DIFFICULT WORDS. FOLLOWING THINGS SHOULD BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE ATTEMPTING THE QUESTION PAPER TO SCORE MAXIMUM MARKS: 1. GO THROUGH THE WHOLE QUESTION PAPER. 2. READ THE QUESTION TWICE, LOOK AT THE MARKS ALLOTTED FOR EACH PART AND THEN DECIDE EXACTLY WHAT IS REQUIRED IN ANSWERING IT. WRITE THE ANSWER PRECISELY AND CONCISELY WITHOUT FILLING THE ANSWER SHEET WITH ANY IRRELEVANT TEXT. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS KEEPING IN MIND THE NO. OF WORDS, CONTENT AS WELL AS MARKS ALLOTTED. PUT STRESS ON IMPORTANT FACTS, EXAMPLES ETC. IN YOUR ANSWER. 5. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS IN POINTS FORM. MAKE HEADINGS FOR ALL POINTS AND UNDERLINE THE HEADING. ANSWER IT IN A SYSTEMATIC AND LOGICAL MANNER. MAKE THE CHARTS, GRAPHS, DIAGRAMS ETC. IN THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY. ATTEMPT ALL THE QUESTIONS ASKED IN THE QUESTION PAPER. IF YOU GET TIME AFTER ATTEMPTING THE WHOLE PAPER, GO THROUGH ALL YOUR ANSWERS TO CHECK THAT ANYTHING IS NOT LEFT. PL NOTE : TAKE REASONABLE CARE THAT YOUR HANDWRITING SHOULD BE CLEAR TO READ AND UNDERSTAND 62 Best of Lick / We HOPE THAT YOU GET 100/100 MARKS IN THE EXAMINATION AND SEND US YOUR PHOTOGRAPH TO BE PRINTED IN Seuy of the year" PAGES OF OUR BOOK. Scanned with CamScanner: PLANNING IN SPORTS. x @--. HH 1 Meaning and Objectives of Planning Various Committees and their Responsibilities (Pre; During and Post) Tournament — Knock-Out, League or Round Robin and Combination Procedure To Draw Fixtures — Knock-Out (Bye and Seeding) and League (Staircase and Cyclic) Intramural and Extramural — Meaning, Objectives and Its Significance Specific Sports Programmes ~ (Sports Day, Health Run, Run For Fun, Run For Specific Cause and Run For Unity) SPORTS AND NUTRITION # —___________a 4g Balanced Diet and Nutrition : Macro and Micro Nutrients Nutritive and Non-Nutritive Components of Diet Eating For Weight Control — A Healthy Weight, The Pitfalls Of Dieting, Food Intolerance and Food Myths UNIT-II: YOGA AND LIFESTYLE e@_— —@—______________a gg Asanas as Preventive Measures Obesity : Procedure, Benefits and Contraindications for Vajrasana, Hastottanasana, Trikonasana, Ardha Matsyendrasana Diabetes : Procedure, Benefits and Contraindications for Bhujangasana, Paschimottan- asana, Pawan Muktasana, Ardha Matsyendrasana Asthma : Procedure, Benefits and Contraindications for Sukhasana, Chakrasana, Gomukhasana, Parvatasana, Bhujangasana, Paschimottanasana, Matsyasana Hypertension : Procedure, Benefits and Contraindications for Tadasana, Vajrasana, Pawan Muktasana, Ardha Chakrasana, Bhujangasana, Shavasana Back Pain : Procedure, Benefits and Contraindications for Tadasana, Ardha Matsyendr- asana, Vakrasana, Shalabhasana, Bhujangasana Scanned with CamScannerUNIT-IV : PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS FOR CWSN (CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS-DIVYANG) «w= 133 Concept of Disability and Disorder Types of Disability, its causes and nature (cognitive disability, intellectual disability, physical disability) Types of Disorder, its cause and nature (ADHD, SPD, ASD, ODD, OCD) Disability Etiquettes Advantage of Physical Activities for children with special needs Strategies to make Physical Activities accessible for children with special need : CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SPORTS #———————————-» 160 Motor development and factors affecting it Exercise Guidelines at different stages of growth and Development Common Postural Deformities - Knock Knee; Flat Foot; Round Shoulders; Lordosis, Kyphosis, Bow Legs and Scoliosis and their corrective measures Sports participation of women in India Special considerations (Menarche and Menstrual Dysfunction) Female Athletes Triad (Osteoporosis, Amenorrhea and Eating Disorders) UNIT-VI : TEST AND MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS x ———________—-== 198 * Motor Fitness Test — 50 M Standing Start, 600 M Run/Walk, Sit and Reach, Partial Curl Up, Push Ups (Boys), Modified Push Ups (Girls), Standing Broad Jump, Agility-4 x 10 M Shuttle Run. General Motor Fitness — Barrow three item general motor ability (Standing Broad Jump, Zig Zag Run, Medicine Ball Put - For Boys: 03 Kg and For Girls: 01 Kg) Measurement of Cardio Vascular Fitness — Harvard Step Test/Rockport Test Computation of Fitness Index: Duration of the Exercise in Seconds x 100 5.5 x Pulse count of 1-1.5 Min. after Exercise Rikli and Jones - Senior Citizen Fitness Test 1. Chair Stand Test for lower body strength 2. Arm Curl Test for upper body strength Scanned with CamScanner3. Chair Sit and Reach Test for lower body flexibility 4. Back Scratch Test for upper body flexibility 5. Eight Foot Up and Go Test for agility 6. Six Minute Walk Test for Aerobic Endurance UNIT-VII : PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS *&—* 225 Physiological factors determining components of Physical Fitness Effect of exercise on Cardio Respiratory System Effect of exercise on Muscular System Physiological changes due to ageing Sports injuries : Classification (Soft Tissue Injuries : Abrasion, Contusion, Laceration, Incision, Sprain and Strain) Bone and Joint Injuries : (Dislocation, Fractures : Stress Fracture, Green Stick, Comminuted, Transverse, Oblique and Impacted) Causes, Prevention and Treatment. * First Aid — Aims and Objectives UNIT-VIII ; BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS "270 * Meaning and Importance of Biomechanics in Sports * Types of movements (Flexion, Extension, Abduction and Adduction) * Newton's Law of Motion and its application in sports © Friction and Sports UNIT-IX : PSYCHOLOGY AND SPORTS #&————————————————————" 294 Personality; its definition and types — Trait and Types (Sheldon and Jung Classification) and Big Five Theory Motivation, its types and techniques Exercise Adherence, Reasons to Exercise, Benefits of Exercise Strategies for Enhancing Adherence to Exercise Meaning, Concept and Types of Aggressions in Sports TRAINING IN SPORTS #&£@-——_—__—\_——— 334 Strength — Definition, types and methods of improving Strength — Isometric, Isotonic and Isokinetic Scanned with CamScannerEndurance — Definition, types and methods to develop Endurance — Continuous Training, Interval Training and Fartlek Training Speed — Definition, types and methods to develop Speed — Acceleration Run and Pace Run Flexibility — Definition, types and methods to improve flexibility Coordinative Abilities — Definition and types Circuit Training — Introduction and its importance Glossary » = 374 Sample Question Paper, = 378 Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerPlanning in SPORTS Planning is the primary function in sports as it gives a view of the future course of action. an ASAOUM BL eCtVeSs effective plan should be specific, logical, flexible and complete in all aspects and should assist in Meaning and Objectives of Planning controlling future events. It is a systematic attempt Various Committees and their to anticipate the future course of action and decide Responsibilities (Pre, During and Post) the most een one. Hd mucess a‘ Tournament - Knock-Out, League or competion depends upon how ti planned an Rods Rbie aad Carubvrati Procedure to draw Fixtures - Knock- In sports and sports events, planning plays an important role to make the event run smoothly, Out (Bye and Seeding) and League effectively and remain free from conflict. For (Staircase and Cyclic) planning a competition, the organisers have to plan Intramural and Extramural - Meaning, many things. The organisers have to keep in mind Objectives and its Significance the type of activity, the time requirement for each 4.6 Specific Sports Programmes - (Sports game and the time at the disposal with the 4 Day, Health Run, Run for Fun, Run for organisers to complete the tournament. They also have to look after facilities and equipment, units of fmm SPectfic Cause and lun for Unity) competition (open, seniors or juniors etc.), number of teams, officials, cost of the competition publicity, opening and closing etc. For a successful competition, appropriate planning is most important. Thus, we can say that the success of sports events depends upon efficient staffing, good direction, proper control, good supervision, good coordination and minimising the chances of mistakes. MEANING OF PLANNING Planning plays a vital role in every field of life. “Planning can be understood as the process of making a sequence of work for a future line of action”. According to Cryill L. Hudson, “To plan is to produce a scheme for future action, to bring about specified results at specified costs in a specified period of time.” According to Koontz & O’Donnell, “Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do and wha is to do it. Planning bridges the gap between where we are to, where we want to go. It makes possible things to occur which would not otherwise occur”. SR Qh BORER Prvsical Education—Xil = — @ Scanned with CamScannerAccording to Kennith H.Killen, “Planning is the process of deciding in advance what is to be done and when is to be done, who is to do it, how is to be done and where is to be done.” To conclude, it can be said that + Planning is a rational process of thinking in advance about our aims and how we can attain them. * Planning is extremely important in physical education and sports. Various types of planning required in physical education are :— * Short term and long term planning. © Training session plans such as weekly plans, micro cycle plans and annual plans. * Planning events such as athletic meet, knock out tournaments, league tournaments ete. + Effective planning can help in achieving good performances in sports. Planning in sports : It is an intellectual process of thinking in advance about setting goals and developing strategies which are required to attain the goal efficiently in the field of sports. It means deciding the future course of action and developing strategies to attain the goals efficiently in the field of sports. OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING Following are the objectives of planning in sports : 1. Goal oriented : Planning is a goal-oriented activity. Planning aims at realistic goal settings and their attainment. For example, if the physical education department of the school desires to conduct a tournament, they must plan well in advance. Various aspects must be planned like whether the tournament will be intramural or extramural, venue for the tournament, time required to complete, number of events, feasibility, infrastructure, number of participants etc, 2. Development of Policy : Development of policy is an important aspect of Planning. It helps in serving as a guide and assists in decision making. It sets the boundaries for overall conduct of the event. Policy specifies the broad rules and guidelines or framework in which decisions can be taken to achieve aims and objectives like decisions on formation of various committees, finance, technical issues, defining content of organizing etc. 3. Economy : Planning helps in cost reduction by increasing coordination and financial control. Total Budget for the event should be prepared in quantitative terms which should cover all aspects of the sports event to be conducted. It should focus on the amount of funds available, details of income and expenditure under different heads and various stages of approvals and disbursal Physical Education-xil_ BEAK SK Be Scanned with CamScanner4. Avoiding any last minute pressures : A tournament involves a large number of people who need to work together to make it a success. But if tournaments are conducted without proper planning, certain last minute problems can create unnecessary pressure. Planning helps in avoiding these kinds of last minute hassles. If the organisers are prepared beforehand, there will be no undue pressure. 5. Increasing Efficiency : Planning process tries to make utilization of all available resources in the best possible manner. One of the objectives of planning is to get highest performance by increasing the efficiency of everyone involved in the process. With the help of proper planning, every individual performs his duties efficiently and effectively. 6. Good Control : Planning helps in keeping good control in organising a tournament as planning and control are connected with each other. A good plan helps in keeping good control over activities. Sports planning has an objective to help to control and limit the problems which might arise without planning. 7. Defining the course of action : Good planning helps in deciding the course of action. The course of action refers to fixing the procedure and deciding the steps to be taken to accomplish a task keeping in view the policies and predetermined objectives. It helps in standardizing the work of committees, heads or individuals. The committees are allotted various tasks and they are interlinked with each other. Planning ensures that there is proper coordination between these committees ; thus making it easy to organise the competition. Increase creativity : To increase creativity is another important objective of planning. Planning helps in innovative and creative thinking because many new ideas come when persons of different committees communicate with each other and seek cooperation and suggestions when they make a plan. As a matter of fact, proper planning increases the creativity among the officials, coaches and physical education teachers. 9. Reduce chances of mistakes : Though mistakes are bound to happen when competitions or tournaments are organised, but with proper planning the chances of mistakes can be reduced Proper planning helps to work in a more systematic way which leads to more positive and desirable results. COMMITTEES TO ORGANISE SPORTS EVENTS AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES Sports events or tournaments require lot of planning and preparation. Lot of people are involved and various committees are made so that the plans are implemented and executed properly. Formation of committees should be based on three levels of management — top, middie and lower levels. For an intramural event, members of the governing body or the Principal will remain the top level of management, whereas in an extramural event, the Director/Deputy Director/ Supervisor of the state/ zone may be at the top level of management. They prepare policies or aims and objectives of the sports event. Middle level of management consists of department heads, physical education teachers etc, to execute policies and achieve aims and objectives. The Lower level of management consists of teachers, administrators, finance officers etc. They implement the orders and directives of the top level. &R Qh BORA Prvsical Education—Xil Scanned with CamScannerHierarchy of Organising Committee to conduct Intramural Event (Prindpal of Schoo! 2 Convener (Physical Education Teacher) o Menino) (Teachers of School) s eed bey7 Gior sper) Secretary / President Hierarchy of Organising Committee to conduct Extramural Event in Schools/ institutions School/ institution Director of Physical Education and Sports in State Government (Chairperson) 4 Physical Education Teachers of diferent ‘Schools (Members) There is no fixed number of committees to be constituted to organise a sports event; it depends on the number of participants, level of event, area of specialization, dedication of volunteers etc. Given below is the description of various committees and their responsibilities: LAYOUT OF ORGANISING COMMITTEE Tournament Director/President/Chairman Executive Committee Organising Committee ) Accreditation) Finance ) Publicity Jransport) Reception | Ceremony &) Prizes & Committee | committee ! Committee Committee! Committee! Decoration | Certificates Committee | Committee i d “Comptes ) ens Exipment| “commmee'| commitee! “Eommitce’') foroficas | prepares Comes Cone . | Education—Xil SS Physical Edveation-xil_ BEE ¥S Sof Be Scanned with CamScanner1, Tournament Director / President / Chairman : Director of the tournament is incharge of overall activities. He has to see everything regarding tournament and conducts meetings with various committees to organise the tournament successfully. 2, Executive Committee : Executive Committee consists of the members from various committees. Executive Committee may have one member from each committee to decide important matters regarding tournament. 3. Organising Committee : It includes the following : (i) Accreditation Committee : The responsibility of accreditation committee includes ‘management of accreditation centres during the activity. It also registers all participants with an operational role. The production and distribution of the validation pass is also the duty of accreditation committee. It also assigns the access rights and privileges to which a participant is entitled. (ii) Finance Committee : Finance Committee prepares the budget of the tournament and every expenditure is maintained by the finance committee. It is the duty of the finance committee to arrange finance for the tournament. It also helps in making purchases of sports equipment and other things required for the tournament. Financial reporting as well as monitoring of internal controls and accountability policies are done by the finance committee. Once the event is over, the Finance Committee examiners all records related to settlement of the bills and accounts and prepares the financial report. (ii) Marketing Committee : The Marketing Committee develops plans and strategies to place the event in the market with the purpose of generating publicity and sponsorships. Publicity can be done through various modes like social media, print media, TV, e-mail etc. and sponsorship can be generated in terms of cash or kind by making media partners, food partners, drink partners etc. through calling on, meeting various companies etc. Marketing Committee also organises campaigns related to the event. (iv) Boarding and Lodging Committee : This committee has to make all the arrangements for boarding and lodging for outside teams and officials. All these arrangements are made well in advance, so that the teams may not face any problem during the tournament. (v) Transport/Logistics Committee : Transport/Logistics committee makes all the transportation related arrangements before the start of the tournament, during tournament and after the tournament, so that there is no problem for the teams and officials to go from one place to another. It takes special care for the arrival and departure of the teams. (vi) Reception Committee : Invitations are sent by the reception committee and on the day of function the guests are received by the reception committee. (vii) Ceremony and Decoration Committee : Decoration of the pandal where chief guest has to sit or the area where the guests have to sit are to be decorated by the decoration committee. All the ceremonies have to be performed by the ceremony committee. (viii) Prizes and Certificates Committee : All the prizes i.e. cups, medals, shields and certificates are to be purchased and distributed by this committee. The mementoes for the chief guests and for other guests also have to be bought by this committee. {ix) Ground and Equipment Committee : Preparation and maintenance of the ground, pitch, table tennis tables or any other ground has to be managed by the ground committee. & ox BALA Prisca! Education-Xil s) Scanned with CamScannerThis is according to the type of matches to be played. This committee has to arrange the proper quality of equipment required for the competition. If it is an athletic meet then material required for an athletic meet has to be arranged by the equipment committee (x) Refreshment Committee : Refreshment committee has to arrange the refreshment for the chief guest, guests, officials and players. (xi) First-Aid Committee : First aid committee has to arrange a first-aid team consisting of one or two qualified doctors, compounders or nurses etc. During tournament or athletic meet the players may meet with an accident, in that case the proper first-aid and medical help is given by first-aid committee. (xii) Announcement Committee : There should be two or three good announcers with few assistants, so that the announcements can be made properly and in time. It is one of the important committees. (xiii) Committee for Officials : Their responsibility is to select officials such as marshalls, track officials, referees, time keepers etc. in case of games ; as per the requirement. (xiv) Entries and Programmes Committee : This committee sends registration forms for entry, to receive them on time and allot numbers to participants. They are also responsible for preparing the programme list and get it printed. PRE, DURING AND POST TOURNAMENT RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMMITTEES To organise sports tournament in a smooth way, it is necessary that every aspect of planning process is kept in mind which can be classified into pre-tournament responsibilities, during tournament responsibilities and post-tournament responsibilities. 1. Pre-Tournament responsibilities : These are done before the tournament starts. They need a lot of planning which is to be done in a systematic way and is generally performed by physical education teacher. (i) To plan schedule of the tournament which includes finalising the dates, venue of the tournament etc. (ii) To arrange the facilities which include equipment, playfields etc. (iii) To make the budget of the tournament and take approvals from higher authorities. (iv) Formation of various committees and the grouping of staff members according to their potential. (v) To send information of the tournament to the concerned teams. (vi) After confirmation of participation, to arrange meeting of officials of various teams for drawing fixtures. (vii) To arrange officiating teams and their approvals for supervision. (viii) To arrange mementos and certificates for prize winners and participants. (ix) To arrange and plan lodging and boarding of players and officials. (x) To plan out transportation for teams. 2. During-Tournament responsibilities : The success of tournament depends upon whether the tournament is going on as per schedule. The responsibilities during the tournament include: () To check the arrangements for inaugural ceremony. (i#) The regular check of arrangements of tournaments. (iii) To check the eligibility of teams in general and athletes in particular. Ce) Physical Education—Xil BEEP Sod Be Scanned with CamScanner(i) To make sure that tournament is running as per schedule. (¥) To supervise the officiating staff for the smooth conduct of tournament. (vi) To prepare the record of score sheet etc. (vii) To arrange for the refreshments for officials and players. (viti) To make the announcements and progress of the tournament. (ix) To provide first aid in case of any injury. (x) To provide daily progress of tournament to media. 3. Post-Tournament responsibilities : These are the last responsibilities of tournament. They include : ()_ Check out of the teams, their security refund (if any). (#i) Arrangement of prize distribution function to present medals and trophies to winning teams. (iii) To make press note and send it to the media. (®) To collect the records and file up and save in the final report and submit it to the authorities. (x) To make the due payments of the people concerned. (vi) To make the exact report of finances. TOURNAMENT Tournament is a series of games or matches played among players or teams to determine the winner. A tournament is a competition between various teams playing a particular game according to a fixed schedule in which a team finally wins and rest of the participating teams lose the matches. Tournaments can be organised at zonal, district, state, na- tional & international levels. Olympic Games, Fifa World Cups, Cricket World Cups, IPL, Pro Kabaddi League etc. are few examples of different tournaments. There are different types of tournament based on duration, cost, manpower, level, interest etc. IMPORTANCE OF TOURNAMENTS Tournaments play a very important role in the field of sports. Players participate in tournaments with a great zeal and zest. The tournaments are not only significant to the players but also to the coaches and physical education teachers. The importance of taurnaments is described below. 1. Development of Sports Skills : By participating in tournaments various skills of sports are developed. The participation in tournaments not only develops technical skills of the sports but eR Rh BRA Prisical Educotion-xil ~~ @ Scanned with CamScannertactical skills also. Players acquire efficiency in skills and thus, they show improvement in the game. 2. Help in popularisation of Sports : Tournaments are helpful in publicising the sports. When a tournament of a new sport is organised, the spectators come to know about that sport. Thus, it creates interest in that sport. 3. Helpful in Selection of Good Players : Good players can be selected easily by observing their performance in the tournament. Those players, who present good performance, can be selected for upper level tournaments. So, a tournament is the right way to select a good team of players. 4. Development of Unity and Peace : Sports tournaments help in developing national integration as well as international unity and brotherhood. Tournament is one of the best means of enhancing international peace and unity. 5. Development of Social Qualities : Social qualities like tolerance, sympathy, cooperation, brotherhood and discipline, etc. are developed among participants through sports tournaments. 6. Source of Recreation : Sports tournaments provide ample recreation to the spectators. For getting recreation, they do not hesitate to spend money. That is why, a large number of people go to watch the Olympic games and World cups of various games and sports. So, tournament is a good source of recreation. 7. Development of Ethical values : Sports tournaments help in the development of ethical values in the sportspersons like honesty, fair play, respect for others etc. TYPES OF TOURNAMENT There are various types of tournament formats based on advancement or elimination criteria of _fayers or teams. TOURNAMENTS ) ‘There are four main types of tournaments which are listed below 1, 2 3 4 Knock-out League or Combination } Challenge ) or Elimination Round robin tournaments tournaments tournaments tournaments 1 Knock-out or Single Elimination Tournament Single knock-out Consolation Double knock-out or Single Elimination tournament or Double elimination tournament (Type Ist and type tind) tournament Physical Education—Xil BEES Sod RB Scanned with CamScanner2 League or Round Robin Tournaments a | mae es) ae. ete Cyclic Staiccave) | method } “method | method 3 Combination Tournaments 4 Pe ae Knock-out Knock-out- League- League- ‘cum-knock-out cum-league cum-knock-out cum-league ‘tournament tournament ‘tournament tournament 4 Challenge Tournaments Ladder ) Pyramid ) Cobweb tournament tournament tournaments, Various types of tournaments are : 1. Knock-out tournament : In this type of tournament, a team once defeated gets eliminated. Only the winners continue in the competition. It is a fast method to know about the winner team in the tournament. For example, if 4 teams are participating in the tournament, then winner is declared in the following way : IR 1 A —) B eS _ D = 2 Qt BRA Prvsical Education-XIl ———= - @) Scanned with CamScannerIn Ist round, Team A plays with Team B and Team C plays with Team D. Team A and D win their respective matches and play against each other in round 2. Team A wins the match and is declared as winner. Types of knock-out tournaments (i) Single knock-out tournament : In this tournament, every team losing once is eliminated. No second chance is given. Number of matches to be played are calculated using n-1 ie (Number of teams-1). Good team once lost cannot make a come back. It is less expensive. (ii) Consolation Tournament : It provides a chance to the defeated teams to play again and show their skill performance and win subsidiary honours. We know the fact that in single knock out tournament a good team may get itself eliminated by chance or by other reason it does not have another chance to show its real worth therefore consolation tournaments are suggested. Type | : In this type of tournament all the teams that were defeated in the first match play among themselves in the consolation tournament. Type Il : In this type of tournament every loser of the regular round is given opportunity to play in the consolation round to win the subsidiary honour. (iii) Double knock-out tournament : This tournament is an extension of the consolation tournament type lind i.e the winner of the regular tournament will have to play with consolation winner to decide the true winner. Every team losing twice except the winner is eliminated. Every losing team gets a second chance. Number of matches = 2(n-1). Good team once lost can make a come back. It is expensive. .“dvantages of Knock-out tournament : (i) These are less expensive and can be finished in less time. (ii) Standard of game improves as every team has to perform at the highest level to remain in the competition. (iii) Less officiating staff is needed. Disadvantages of Knock-out tournament : () There may be many chances of elimination of good teams in early round and giving chances to weak teams to move ahead. (ji) Fear of defeat makes even a good team feel psychologically depressed. (ii) Interest in tournament is lost when some times good teams are eliminated. 2. League or Round Robin tournament : League tournament is also called round robin tournament. In League or Round Robin Tournament, a player or team will play fixed number of matches that are allotted before the start of the tournament. In league tournament all the teams are treated at par. One team has to play with all other teams irrespective of victory or defeat. It can be called the best type of tournament because it provides every team with the ‘opportunity to show its best performance. It is also called as ‘Berger system’ after Mr. Johann Berger, who first thought about the idea of league tournament. Types of league tournaments (A) Single league tournament : In this type of tournament every team plays with every other (10) ~ Physical Education—Xil BEE SS Be Scanned with CamScannerteam once. The total number of matches is determined by using the formula where ‘n’ refers to the total number of teams. Example : if 8 teams are taking part, then total number of matches to be played a(n-1) _ 8(8-1) 87) _ 56 2 2 22 (ii) Double league tournament : In double league tournament every team plays with every other team twice. The number of matches is determined by using the formula n(n 1), where ‘n’ refers to the total number of teams Example : If 9 teams are taking part in a double league tournament, then total number of matches to be played : =28 n(n ~ 1) = 9(9~ 1) = 9(8) = 72 Advantages of League or Round Robin Tournament () It decides the real strong team as winner because one team has to face all other teams. In case one team loses by chance that team gets a chance in other matches to cover up. (ii) Greater number of matches are played by the teams. (iii) Every team gets the rank according to its ability. (iv) The teams need not wait to know the winner of the round for playing a match as in knock-out tournament. (x) Every team gets the equal chance to show their capability because they have to play with all other teams. (vi) Numerous chances are available for players to improve their performance. (vii) Audience gets a good chance to watch many matches. Disadvantages of or Round Robin Tournament : (i) The tournament requires lot of time to finish and to know the winner. (ii) Large quantities of resources required (iif) In this method no team is seeded or can be given any advantage to any strong or outstanding team. (iv) It costs more. (v) It requires more arrangement for sport officials and teams. (vi) Teams that get defeated often will lose interest in the game and that particular match becomes boring for the participants, spectators and even for officials. 3. Combination tournament : Combination tournaments are conducted when there are large number of teams. These teams are arranged into groups and zones. The winner teams of the groups or zones play together to determine the final winner. For example, in case of national level competition, it becomes difficult for all the state teams to reach at one place for tournament. To avoid such type of difficulty, zones can be made and a tournament can be organised at a central place in each zone. After that, winner of each zone can participate at national level. Depending upon the number of teams in each zone and the availability of time, the tournament &q Ri BRA Irvsical Education-Xil a Scanned with CamScannercan be organised on the basis of knock-out or league and after that at national level | tournament can also be conducted either on knock-out or league basis. Types of Combination tournaments (@ Knock-out cum Knock-out : In this type of tournament the total number of teams : divided in different zones. First of all, the teams of each zone play on knock-out basis. this way, a team becomes the winner from each zone. All the winner teams again p their matches on knock-out basis. The team that wins in the final becomes the winner inter zonal tournament. Example. Zonal Tournament on knock-out basis 1 1 zal zal ZoneA| 3 Winner-Zone A ZoneB) 3 Winner ~ Zone B 4 4 2 ae 2 2 ZoneC| 3 ‘| Winner-Zone C ZoneD| 3 ‘| Winner - Zone D 4 4 Inter Zonal Tournament on Knock-out basis Winner— Zone A Winner— Zone B —Winner Winner— Zone C Winner— Zone D (ii) League cum League : In this type of tournament total number of teams are divided different zones. All the teams play their matches in their respective zones on league bas One team from each zone becomes the zonal winner, Itis called zonal or group tournamer After that all the zonal winner teams again play the matches on league basis and one tea becomes the winner of inter zonal or group tournament. Example. Group or Zonal Tournament—On league basis 1-2 1-2 Zone A| 1-3 2—3 Winner-Zone A Zone B | 1—3 2—3 Winner-Zone 1-4 2-4 3-4 1-4 2-4 3-4 1-2 1-2 Zone C | 1—3 2-3 Winner-Zone C Zone D |1—3 2—3 inner-Zone 1-4 2-4 3-4 1-4 2-4 3-4 @ ——— Phvsicar edueation-xi BES Sok 4 Scanned with CamScannerInter Group or Zonal Tournament on League Basis A-B A-C B-C —Winner A-D B-D C-D (ii) Knock-out cum League : All the teams are divided in different zones. First of all, the teams play their matches in their respective zones on knock-out basis and one team becomes the winner from each zone. After that the winner teams again play their matches on league base and one team becomes the winner of inter group or zone tournament. Example. Group or Zonal Tournament on knock-out basis 1 1 = al Zone A Winner Zone A ZoneB | 3 5 Winner - Zone B =| 4 =] J ‘| Winner-Zone D BUN | J Inter Group of Zonal Tournament on League Basis A-B L A-C B-C | —Winner A-D B—D C—D (iv) League cum Knock-out Tournament : All the teams are divided into different zones. All the teams play their matches in their respective zones on league basis. One team from each zone or group becomes the winner. It is called zonal tournament. After that the winner teams play their matches on knock-out basis and one team becomes the winner of inter group or zonal tournament. Example. Group or Zonal Tournament on League Basis 1-2 1-2 Zone A 1-3 2-3 Winner-Zone A Zone B| 1-3 2—3 Winner-Zone B 1-4 2-4 3-4 1-4 2-4 3-4 1-2 1-2 ZoneC | 1—3 2-3 Winner-Zone C Zone D| 1-3 2—3 Winner-Zone D 1 Zone C Bwne | Winner - Zone C Zone D Bwne 1-4 2-4 3-4 —4 2-4 3-4 &R Qh BRA Prisca! Educotion-X!] ———=>=>>____— BS Scanned with CamScannerinter Group or Zonal Tournament on Knock-out Basis Winner—A Winner—B Winner—C 7 Winner—D 4. Challenge tournament : In this type of tournament there are one to one contests or there are two players on each side. One player challenges the other and the other player accepts the challenge. Games in which such tournaments are held are - Boxing, Tennis, Table Tennis, Badminton ete. Types of Challenge tournaments () Ladder tournament : Challenge ladder systems provide a friendly and competitive environment to help players improve their skills and meet others at about the same level. Best suited for individual sports, such as tennis, racquetball and squash, ladders use a leapfrog format — players move up the ladder by challenging and beating higher- rank competitors. Designed to attract players who can’t commit to a regular match schedule, ladders typically run for several months, allowing players many challenge opportunities. To make a successful ladder, consider the participants’ skill levels, and your options establishing procedures and format and enforce the rules. —Winner Advantages of ladder tournaments : Competition ladders require very little hands-on involvement and basically run themselves Unlike tournaments where administrators face match scheduling headaches, tournament expenses and must be on site for the duration of the event, ladder participants contact each other, decide on a day, time and place to play their match, and report the score. (i) Pyramid Tournament : This type of challenge tournament is recommended for a large number of individuals. Players may challenge any player horizontally. Winners may challenge opponents in the row above. A variation may be used in which winners of a challenge are placed in the bottom row. Bottom row winners move to the second row if a vacancy exists. They continue in this manner to move up until a winner is determined. (iii) Cobweb Tournament : The Cobweb or spider web tournament takes its name from the bracket design, which is the shape of a spider's web, The championship position is at the centre of the web. The bracket consists of five lines drawn radically from the centre, and the participants names are placed on concentric lines crossing these radial lines. Challenges may be made by persons on any concentric line to any person on the next line closer to the centre. This tournament provides more opportunity for activity. This type of tournament organisation adopted should be the one best for the group, activity, and local interests The goal should be to have as much participation as possible for the facilities and time available. Cs) Physical Education~Xil_ BEE KA SF RB Scanned with CamScannerFIXTURES Fixtures are the schedules fixed for the matches to be played, their time, place, court or ground number and date etc. It is a detailed programme made by the organisers before few days or on the same day of the competition. This is to inform the teams about the time, place and date of the match to be played by their team. Fixture or tie or heat include multiple and progressive matches. In athletics and swimming the term Heats is used, in Tennis, badminton and other games, we frequently use the terms Ties or Fixtures. There are many types of fixtures, that are fixed according to time, grounds, equipment, officials, facilities and teams participating etc. Bye: Bye is the advantage given to a team usually by drawing a lot, exempting the team from playing a match in the Ist round. In a tournament, bye is generally assigned to teams by the organizing committee not to play a round due to one of the several reasons : * Uneven distribution of teams in tournament (In knock out tournament, number of teams equals to power of two [e.g., 8, 16, 32, 64, ....] and in League tournament, if there is an odd number of teams. * Separate pooling of previous winners in same group to create even competition, * To avoid one team from playing more matches on a single day than the other, so creating disadvantage for some. The number of byes are decided by subtracting the number of teams from the next higher numbe which is in power of two's. For example, if 12 teams have entered for a tournament, the neat higher number above 12 which is power of two is 16(2°). So the number of Byes to be given are 16-12=4. Seeding a team : Generally in a knock-out tournament, the fixture is drawn by lots. If the draw is purely on the basis of lots without thinking about the standard of the teams, it is likely that two strong teams can meet with each other in earlier rounds and get inated. So the weak teams get chance to reach to quarter final or semifinal stages. To avoid this defect the strong teams are seeded. Seeding is the process of sorting the teams and fitting them in the fixtures so that the stronger teams do not meet each other in earlier rounds. This procedure is generally implemented to reduce the chance of elimination of good teams at an early stage. Method of Seeding : If two teams are to be seeded then winner of the previous tournament will be placed at the bottom of lower half and the second team on the top of upper half. If 4 teams are to be seeded then first and second will be on same places as mentioned above, and 3rd team of the previous tournament will be placed on the top of lower half and 4th team on the bottom place in upper half. PROCEDURE TO DRAW FIXTURES IN KNOCK-OUT TOURNAMENT Following rules should be kept in mind while drawing the fixtures for knock out tournaments : (Total number of teams participating in the tournament. (ii) Total number of matches to be played in the tournament. 2 Qh) BORA Mrvsical Education—XIl Gs} Scanned with CamScanner(ii) (iv) ) (vi) Formula for calculating, number of matches = n ~ 1, where n is the total number of teams participating in the tournament. Example : Number of teams participating = 11 Therefore, total number of matches that will be played in the tournament = 11 - Total number of rounds played in the tournament depends upon two things : (a) The number of teams playing in the tournament. (b) The higher nearest number from the total number of teams in power of two's. Example : If 11 teams are playing in a tournament the number of rounds will be 4, as the higher nearest number from 11 in power of two's (24) is 4. If 20 teams are playing in a tournament the number of rounds will be 5, as the higher nearest number from 20 is in power of two’s (25) is 5. Method of determining the number of teams in upper half and lower half. (a) If the number of teams is even then equal number of teams will be n divided in both halves i.e. > where n is the total number of teams. (b) If the number of teams is odd then following procedure is applied ntl Number of teams in upper half =—>—, where n = number of teams. n-1 Number of teams in lower half = , where n = number of teams. (c) Lots are drawn. The number of byes in a knock-out tournament are decided by subtracting total number of teams from the next higher nearest number in power of two's. Example: 1. Total number of teams = 11 Next higher nearest number in power of two's = 16 (i.e. 24) Thus number of byes = 16-11=5 I. Total number of teams = 20 Next higher nearest number in power of two's = 32 (i.e. 25) Thus number of byes = 32-20=12 Method of determining number of byes to be given in upper and lower half (a) If number of teams are even then number of byes in each half (i.e. Upper and Lower) nb =] where nb = number of byes a {b) if number of teams are odd then number of byes in upper half = nb+1 , and in lower half = , where nb = number of byes. Physical Education—Xil_ B® EB Soh B Scanned with CamScannerHow to place Byes in Even number of Teams The first bye is given to the last team of the lower half. The second bye is given to the first team of the upper half. 1 2 3. The third bye is given to the first team of the lower half. 4. The fourth bye is given to the last team of the upper half. 5. . The next bye or byes will be given in the same order as described above. GD GD @® GD 1 a By oe 3. ce 8, H 9. em. . 11, kK 12. L How to place byes in odd number of teams If there are 11 teams taking part in the tournament, byes are given in the following ways. i.e. Number of competing teams is 11. The next higher number above 11 which is power of two is 16 (24), Number of Byes = 16-11=5 How to divide the byes : n= Number of Teams and nb represents number of byes. nb-1 In upper half, number of byes = —>—= XR Rho BARR Prvsical Education-Xll ——— - @ Scanned with CamScanner+1 6 =O ar a2 53 In lower hatf, number of byes = — TR Thus, 2 byes will be given in upper half and 3 byes in lower half. Example : Draw a Single Knock-out Fixture For 11 Teams. Seeding Teams A,B, C, D and! Total number of teams = 11 Number of teams in upper half (is) — ~~ Physical Education~Kil_ BE 7 $B Sc Be Scanned with CamScanneraD ap aD 1. A Seeded Bye Bye a. 8 Seeded Bye Number of teams in lower half = Total number of byes = Number of byes in upper half Number of byes in lower half Number of rounds = (2)*= 4 Number of matches =-1= 11 SPECIAL SEEDING Special seeding is a privilege given to outstanding players to straight away compete in quarter- finals or semi-finals. Example : if 20 players are participating in a Lawn Tennis Tournament on knock-out basis, and four players are to be kept in special seeding, draw their fixtures. &R Rich BARI Pmvsical Education—Xil ——= — Scanned with CamScannerSeeded-Q-Final 1; 7s a 4. 5. 6. Ms 8. 9. - 10. Seeded-Q-Final 11. Seeded-Q-Final 12) 13. 20. Seeded-Q-Final Number of teams in each Quarter : If the number of teams is less, the teams are divided into upper half and lower half only. But, if the number of teams is more, teams are divided into upper and lower halves and these halves are further divided into two parts. It means that the upper half has two quarters, ie., | quarter and I! quarter and the lower half has Ill quarter and IV quarter. For determining the number of teams in each quarter, the total number of teams is divided by 4. If the remainder remains zero, there will be 4 quarters with equal number of teams. If the remainder remains 1, the first quarter with comprise 1 extra team, whereas, the remaining quarters will have equal number of teams. If the remainder remains 2, then each quarter (I and ll!) will have 1 extra team and the Il and IV quarters will comprise the same number of teams. If the remainder remains 3, each quarter (I, I! and II!) will have 1 extra team. This procedure can be easily understood with the help of the following table. Fixture for 19 teams : Number of teams = 19 (20) == Physical Education~Xi|_ BE Ze Sof Be Scanned with CamScannerNumber of matches =n -1=19-1=18 Number of rounds = Nearest Next power of 2 to 19 =(2)°=5 Number of teams in each quarter =n /4= 19/4 = Quotient = 4, Remainder = 3 Number of teams in quarter 1 =4+1=5 Number of teams in quarter 2 =4+1=5 Number of teams in quarter 3 =4+1=5 Number of teams in quarter 4 = 4 Total Number of byes, nb = Next power of 2~-Number of teams. (2)5-19 = 32-19=13 Number of byes in upper half Number of byes in 1st quarter = 3 Number of byes in 2nd quarter = 3 Number of byes in lower half = Number of byes in 3rd quarter = 3 Number of byes in 4th quarter = 4 ~& Vm B 32K Physical Education—Xll Gy Scanned with CamScannerPROCEDURE TO DRAW FIXTURES IN CONSOLATION TOURNAMENT Type of Consolation : It is of two types. (i) Consolation tournament Type |. (if) Consolation tournament Type II ( Consolation tournament Type I : In this type of tournament all the teams that were defeated in the first round of regular single elimination tournament and the teams that got byes in the first round but were defeated in second round will play among themselves in consolation tournament for subsidiary honour. If byes have to be given in consolation tournament, it shall be given by lots and preferably to the team that have not enjoyed the byes in regular rounds. Example : Number of teams in type | consolation is = 13 (2) Physical Education—Kil_BE- 98+ $B Sof RB Scanned with CamScannerNumber of teams in upper half = 7 Lower half = 6 Number of Byes = 16~13=3 Number of Byes in Upper half = 1 Lower half = 2 Regular Rounds =D €=D =D aD ‘ 12) it 2. lind Position 12 | 8. 8 a0: (Illrd position) 13 ~z Ro 2 ALR Prysical Education—Xil (a) Scanned with CamScanner(ii) Consolation Tournament Type I In this type of tournament every loser of regular round will have an opportunity to play in the consolation round to win the subsidiary honours. The arrangement of the teams should be such that teams that met in regular rounds do not meet in early rounds of the consolation. Example: Fixture for 8 Teams : (it is power of two so byes are not given) 4 5 6 415t place 6. 8 7 8 8. Loser of Respective Rounds : 1 Round wr’ Round 1’ Round 1 2 4 3 6 5 7 So, Consolation round type-I! will be. bP eA 3 . *6 3 a Ss = 5 : 5 Consolation Winner i pa at sMwwe 2nd place {lll°4 position) * Loser of 2" Round + Loser of 3 Round @-— — Physical Education~Kil_ BE 7 FO Sof ee Scanned with CamScannerLEAGUE OR ROUND ROBIN TOURNAMENT Methods for drawing fixtures in league tournament are as follows : (i) Staircase method : In this method the fixtures are drawn in staircase form. In this method no bye is given to any team and there is no problem of even or odd number of teams. The number of rounds in case of even number of teams will be n — 1, where n = number of teams, The number of rounds in case of odd number of teams will be n, where n= number of teams. Example : If 8 teams are playing, the fixture is drawn in following method : -1 Total no. of matches = ; 12, 13°23, _8(8-1)_ 8x7 14 2-4°345 “TS 2 15125135145, 1-6 2-6 3-6 4-6 5-6, 56 og 4-712-713-7147 { 1-8 92-84 3-8 4-8 (ii) Cyclic method : In cyclic method if the number of teams is even then the team number 1 is fixed on the top of right hand side and other teams in ascending order consecutively downward and then upward on the left side and rotate them clockwise. If the number of teams is odd then bye is fixed on top right side and the rest procedure remains same. The number of rounds in case of even number of teams will be n - 1, where n = number of teams, The number of rounds in case of odd number of teams will be n, where n = number of teams. Example (a) If total number of teams = 6 n(n—1) _ 6 Total number of matches = —>—~ Number of rounds =n-1=6-1=5 Fixtures =a =a =H = Se—2| |4e—6| |3e—5||2e—4 40—34|30e—26120—66|6e—5. Example (b) If total number of teams =5 nln-1) _ 5¢ Total number of matches = 2 AR Sty BARR Prisca Educotion-xi| BY Scanned with CamScannerTotal number of rounds Fixtures [ecules esse isee 4e—1]|3e—5 | |2e—4|/1e—3 | |5e—2 3e—246]2e—16|1e—54|5e—44| 40-3 Example (c) If total number of teams = 16 Total number of matches =n (n-1)/2 = 16 (16-1)/2 = 16 (15)/2 = 240/2 = 120 Number of rounds = n-1=16-1=15 Fixtures 16 e—9| 915 e—€9| 914069 | P13e 9 fize 9 15e—2| | 14e—16] |13@—15] | 12e—14] |11e— 13} 14e—3| |13¢—2 | |12e—16] |11e—15] |100e—14) 13e—4| |12e—3 | |11e—2 | |10e—16|| 9e—15 12e—5/ |11e—4 | |10e—3 || 9e—2 || se—16 11e—6| |10e—5 || 9e—4 || 8e—3 || 7e—2 10e—7| | 9e—6 || 8e—5 || 7e—4 || 6e—3 9e—86| 8e—-76] 7e-6 46! Ge—5 4] Se—4 11¢—] | f10e—-8 | f9°¢- |¢ se 9 10e—12| | 9e—11] | 8e—10| | 7e—9 9e—13 8e@—12| | 7¢—11 6e—10 ge—i4| | 7e—13| | 6e—12| | 5e—11|| 4e—10 7e—15| | 6e—14| | 5e—13| | 4e—12|| 3e—11 6e—16| | se—15| | 4e—14| | 3e—13|| 2e—12 SO 4e—16) | 3e—15 2e@—14| |16e—13 4e—3 4] 3e—24/ 2e—164 |16e—156|15e—1 (38) Physical Edueation-xl_ BE P--* SK Be Scanned with CamScanner6e—O | 5e—B |? 4e—B |f3°-8 20-8 se—7 || 4e—6 || 3e—5 || 20e—4 | |160e—3 4e—8 || 3e—7 || 2e—6 | |16e—5 | |150—4 3e—9 || 2e—8 | |16e—7 | |tse—6 | |14e—5 2e—10| |16e—9 | |15e—8 | |14e—7 | |130—6 16e—11| |15e—10] |14e—9 | |13e—8 | |120—7 15e—12| |14e—11| |13¢—10| |1ze—9 | |11e—8 140— 136 |13e— 126 l12e— 116 111e— 106! 10e—9 (iii) Tabular method : In this method the fixtures are drawn in table form. If the number of teams are even then n + 1 rows and columns are made, where n = number of teams. If number of teams are odd then n + 2 rows and columns are made, where n = number of teams. Pe ead Pee Hoe; POCO ry A-C, D-G,E-F Ere een A-D, E 4th Round Matches Cooma Br icity en} CTC cued Pantie cat B-G, C-F, D-E Example : If 7 teams are playing in a league tournament then fixture using tabular form can be drawn as follows : Number of teams =7 ala (7-1) Number of matches Number of columns or squares Number of rounds SR Qh BRR Prisical Education-Xil — @ Scanned with CamScannerMETHOD OF DECIDING THE WINNER IN A LEAGUE TOURNAMENT The team which gets maximum points in the tournament, is declared the winner. The following way is used to give the points Winner of the match gets 2 points Draw gets 1 point Loser of the match gets Opoint If top two teams have equal points, their match is held again. But if their match ends in a draw, the team which had won the maximum number of matches is declared as the winner. If the tie still remains, the team that had scored maximum number of goals is declared as the winner. If the tie still remains, a match is played again between these teams. If there is a draw again, the winner is decided by a toss. In addition to this, there are some other methods which are also used to declare the winner. 1. British Method : In this method, the total points obtained are divided by the total possible points. For example, if a team has played 10 matches in a tournament and won 6 matches, loses 2 and 2 remain draw, the percentage of points will be : Total points = 12+2 = 14 Possible points = 20 Total points obtained Total possible points Percentage of points = 100 = = 100, Percentage of points = 70 2. American Method : In this method, the number of matches won are divided by the total number of matches played. If a team plays 10 games and wins 5 games in a tournament, then Matches won Percentage = ——————.x 100 Be * Matches played 5 Its percentage will be = 75%100 = 50 In this way the percentage of other teams is calculated. In this method, tie is not counted. MEANING OF INTRAMURALS The word ‘intramural’ is derived from a Latin word ‘intra’ which means ‘within’ and ‘muralis’ which means ‘wall’. Thus, intramural means ‘Within the Walls’. It can be said, that intramurals are the activities within the walls or within the campus or institution. The main aim of the intramural is the mass participation. These activities are organized only for the students of a school or Ga} Physical Education~Xxi|_ BE ZEB SK RB Scanned with CamScannerinstitution. No student of other schools can participate in these activities. Students get maximum educational benefits from such competitions. Intramural activities provide the enjoyment through physical education or activities. These activities can be indoor or outdoor, minor games or major games. These activities provide satisfaction and enjoyment which participants get through their experiences in these competitive sports and in physical recreational programmes. HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF INTRAMURALS Intramurals were introduced many years back in United States of America (USA) to motivate the students to take part in sports activities. By the passage of time, intramurals became very popular throughout the world. The benefits of intramural activities are to every student of the institution in order to achieve the aim of education and these competitions help in “All round development of the child.” ACTIVITIES FOR INTRAMURAL COMPETITION Many activities can be included in intramural competitions. The activities for intramurals should be selected very carefully. Mainly, the selection of activities should be based on two factors i.., interests of students and availability of facilities in the institution. All the intramural activities must provide recreation to the students. These activities should aid in achieving the goals of education and contribute to general development of the students. Hence, the selection should be made out of the following categories of activities 1, Major Games like Volleyball, Hockey, Cricket, Basketball, Kabaddi, Swimming, Athletics, Wrestling, Lawn tennis, Football, Badminton, ete. 2. Minor Games like Kho-Kho, Circle games, Tag game, Potato Race, Sack Race, Three-Legged Race, ete. 3. Rhythmics like Marching, Folk dance, Group dance, Solo dance, Mass PT, Rhythmic gymnastic, etc. 4, Creative Activities like Painting, Drawing, Making models etc. 5. Combative Activities like Boxing, Judo, Taekwondo, Karate, etc. JECTIVES / ADVANTAGES / SIGNIFICANCE OF INTRAMURALS nce of intramurals which are described below : 1. Selection for extramural : Intramural tournaments provide an opportunity to select talented players or team to participate in extramural tournaments. Those players who show skill and fitness in these events can be selected for extramurals. 2. Group cohesion : Intramurals is an opportunity where students from different classes or houses come together as a team, share their experiences, display cooperation and coordination and lead their team to win the game. Students from different background, and communities come together as a group and gain self-confidence, develop social relations, tolerance in culture ete. &q Qh BRB Prvsica Educotion-Xil (9) There are various objectives/advantages/sign Scanned with CamScanner5. % 10, i. Professional experience : As per the interest of students and need of institution, students can help in conducting the tournament which gives them good experience of officiating, in event management etc. In future, this experience helps them in professional and personal aspects. Health : These tournaments help in developing healthy and active lifestyle. Children enjoy the sports events because it is another medium to display their desired skills. It helps them to stay fit and healthy. Intramurals help in contributing to the physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being of children. Mass Participation : The major objective of Intramurals is that every student should take part in the games, Generally, few students are able to participate at zonal level or district level games and sports. Mass participation is not possible at higher level tournaments, but intramurals provide ample opportunities to each and every student to take part in games and sports of his or her choice. Development of leadership qualities : Intramural activities are helpful in developing leadership among the students who participate in these activities. Younger leaders can effectively develop leadership qualities through sports. Spending time learning, practicing and then executing your skills in a team game against a committed opposition helps build effective leadership qualities in oneself. Develop sportsmanship : Through sports, children can learn sportsmanship. They can learn how to accept and cope with losses rather than feeling completely defeated. Through sports, children can understand that sometimes it’s okay if they lose. The important part is to get back up and try again. They learn that there's no harm in being competitive, but if they lose, they should show good sportsmanship and accept defeat. Development of Social Skills : Intramurals develop social skills among students. Playing a sport helps children develop social skills which would benefit them even when they grow older. Playing sports teaches them about teamwork and cooperating with others. They learn to interact with people from different ages. Also, joining a sports team helps give children a sense of belonging and gives them an opportunity to make friends. With more friendship circles it would help improve their communication skills, which will help them in their future careers and relationships. Developing Self-Esteem : Taking part in a sport at schoo! level can help in the development of child's self-esteem and confidence. Gestures such as a high-five from a teammate, a pat on the back, or a handshake, when a match is over, helps build confidence. Also, words of praise or of encouragement from the coach or players help build self-esteem. This also helps them learn to trust their own abilities and push themselves in their pursuits. Recreation ; Participating in intramurals are a healthy means of recreation for students. Intramural activities provide recreation to the students which help in refreshing them. They get a lot of fun and enjoy themselves by participating in various activities. Intramurals help in creating an atmosphere of excitement and provide a good opportunity to bring everyone together. Help in learning a variety of games and skills : Intramural activities provide additional opportunity for students to learn new games which they might not have been previously aware of. The students become efficient in various games by learning their skills and rules etc. They learn about various new skills and work on them to improve themselves. Physical Education—Xil BES Sok Be Scanned with CamScanner12. Experience of devising strategies and organisational skills : Sport gives its players ample opportunities to devise game plans and smart strategies to help them win. They systematically analyse their opponents’ game and carry out careful research on their strengths and weaknesses. Game plans are made before every match depending on whom they are playing against. While organising intramural competitions, students are directly or indirectly involved in these competitions which give them idea about organisational skills. 13. Help to find talent : Intramural competitions provide a platform to students to showcase their talents. These kinds of competitions help in finding out the hidden talent of sports persons and help in catching them young. Exceptional players get noticed during these events and they might get the chance to play at higher levels. MEANING OF EXTRAMURALS Extramural word is a Latin word ‘Extra’ and “Muralis’ means outside the walls. In other words, these activities are played outside the walls of the institution or school college. Extramurals are the inter school/college competitions. Such competitions give the opportunity to the players and athletes of various schools/colleges to show their skills/talent and bring honour to the institutions they represent. When a team of a school or college is selected after the Intramurals, and it participates in Inter school/college tournaments, that is called Extramurals. Extramurals can be of so many types e.g. (0) Friendly Matches ; Friendly matches can be arranged, so that both the participating teams get the practice and know their weaknesses before playing real tournament. (ii) Inter School/College Matches : These tournaments are inter-institutional matches. These may be city schools, District or Inter District tournaments or Inter universities tournaments. (iii) Open Competitions : Extramurals can be state, zonal or national competitions in various games and sports. OBJECTIVES/ADVANTAGES/SIGNIFICANCE OF EXTRAMURALS There are various objectives of extramurals which are described below 1. Progression in performance : Extramural Tournament helps to lift the level of performance through the athletes and spartspersons gaining experience, learning to prepare tactics and strategies, developing fitness, psychological preparation etc. Extramural activities provide opportunity for students to learn new skills which they might not have been previously aware of. The students become efficient in their game by learning advanced skills and strategies when they face tougher opponents. 2. Psychological factors : Extramural events help to balance psychological factors like stress, confidence, self-esteem, emotions, and promote qualities like leadership, team building, in students. 3. Level of fitness : As the level of tournament increases, gradually the level of fitness improves, that make an individual physically as well as mentally strong to compete at higher levels. 4. Socialization : Extramurals develop social skills among students. Students from different backgrounds come together to play against each other. They learn to interact with people from different ages. It gives them an opportunity to make new friends. With more friendship circles it would help improve their communication skills, increase harmony and unity among students. &q Qh BRR Ponsa Education= XI) ————— GB Scanned with CamScanner5. Provide experience to students : Extramurals help students to get introduced in the world of competitive sports. By participating in extramurals, students get experience to face pressure and gain ability to deal with challenges. They train harder when they face more skilled ‘opponents. They become more mentally and physically prepared for further competitions. By continuous participation in such tournaments, students display good performance. 6. Develop sportsmanship : Competitions tend to develop the traits of sportsmanship in students. By participating in extramurals, they get the experience to play with tougher opponents. Through these competitions, they can learn how to accept and manage defeats. Students can understand that it’s okay if they lose, but the important part is to get back up and try again. They learn that there's no harm in being competitive, but if they lose, they should show good sportsmanship and accept defeat. 7. Broaden the base of sports : If a country wants to produce great sports persons, then there needs to be 2 policy in place where children can be nurtured from a very young age. Extramural competitions provide a stage to students to display their talents. Many students from various schools participate in extramurals which broadens the base of sports. These kinds of competitions help in finding out the hidden talent of sports persons and help in catching them young. Exceptional players get noticed during these events and they might get the chance to play at national and international levels. These days it is very common that specific sports programmes are organised to make people aware regarding particular cause or any particular issue. These programmes are organised with special or specific aim. These programmes of sports are not usually related to competitions only, but it has special reason. Health programmes create awareness related to a particular disease like AIDS, Swine Flu, Polio etc. and help in collecting funds for special cause like floods, earthquakes etc, These specific sports programmes are usually organized by the federations, state governments, NGO's ete. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR SPECIFIC SPORTS PROGRAMMES A lot of planning is required for organising specific sports programmes. Following factors should be kept in mind while planning specific sports programmes : (0) Objective : The objective of run/marathon should be clear. The purpose will help to attract more and more people and it will lead to awareness about the objective. (ii) Schedule ; The schedule should be made beforehand. The date, day and venue should be decided well before the programme to avoid any chaos. (iii) Route : The route or path of the run should be decided so that proper arrangements can be made with the help of local authorities. (i) Funds required : A proper plan about the funds required, fees to be taken from participants and the expenditure to be incurred on the race should be chalked out. (») Safe arrangement : There should be no obstacle or traffic on the route of run. (vi) Medical examination of participants : Every participant should be checked run. A medical team should be present in case of any emergency. @) = Physical Education-Xi_BE 2 $3. Sof RB to the Scanned with CamScanner(vii) Other facilities : Facilities like proper arrangement of drinking water at different points, refreshment etc. should be made. (viii) Role of media : Proper media coverage should be given to the event so that more and more people run for the cause. SPORTS DAY crv Sports days, sometimes referred to as field days, are events staged by many schools, colleges and offices in which people take part in competitive sporting activities, often with the aim of winning trophies or prizes. Though they are often held at the beginning of summer, they are also staged in the autumn or spring seasons, especially in countries where the summer is very harsh. Schools stage many sports days in which children participate in the sporting events. It is usually held separately for elementary students. In schools which use a house system a feature of the school, the competitions are held between the houses. Games that are played on school sports days can be wide and varied. In India, Sports Day are held for two or three days the event occurs most often in the autumn (October/November). These include : Athletic Events, Games like—football, cricket, throw ball, dodge ball, volleyball, traditional games like Kho-Kho, Kabaddi etc, and fun games like sack race, spoon and egg or spoon and lemon, three leg race, slow cycle race and parent and child races etc. are played. During weeks preceding the sports day, students practice their events in which they would like to participate. These practices, and the sports days normally take place on the school play fields. It is worth to mention that school sports days have become excessively competitive due to overbearing and "over ‘2e2|0us" parents, who place too much pressure on their children to succeed. Planning procedure of sports day : Planning is an important method to achieve all the details of a particular event. The planning procedure involves advance planning about an event which is going to happen in the institution. A meeting will be held with the principal of the institute regarding sports day, What all events will be included such as march past, mass drill, aerobic dances and athletic races. HOD physical education will be responsible for the entire programme. He/She must lead his/her team as one single unit. Expected help from other resource persons can also be taken, after that distribution of work to other staff as per their capacity practice schedule of various classes will be planned only after taking permission from higher authorities. Duty list will be finalised so that each person involved is clear about his/her role on sports day. Various event in charge will submit their requirement so that timely purchase can be done. Final date will be decided along with the chief guest. National Sports Day : National Sports Day was celebrated across the country first time on Aug 29, 2013 to commemorate the birth anniversary of Indian hockey legend Major Dhyan Chand. Plan for the National Sports day celebration was conceived in 2012. Various sporting events such as walkathon and football tournaments were held across the country for the first time as a part of the celebrations, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICC!) also planned mq Rob & AQ PR. Physica! Education—Xil By Scanned with CamScanner