@AGAHAL

J_CKJFNJ IA^JK TYAN[CNJ TAKA GJTJYARA[AF IJFNAFA

Kcsusuf uftug `j`jfulc

`j`jfulc tubas `ata Guhcal @afamj`jf Ijfnafa
Kesjf Tjfba`pu= Gusfcawatc, ^.Gjp, Fjrs, @.Gjp

KC^Z^ZF EHJL
Gjhe`peg >=
Crwaf ^jtcawaf (T9234:11<411)
Mj
Mjff
ffcc Astr
Astrcc Kjsc
Kjscst
staa Ir [a`
[a`iu
iufa
faf
f (T
(T92
9234
34:1
:11<
1<41
419)
9)

Muhocafas ij
ijgtc wa
walyufc (T9234:11<41>)
Glacruffcsa iaglctal (T9234:11<41;)
Ge`arukcf (T9234:11<41:)

TEH[JGGJ^ GJ@JFGJ^ IAF[JF

MZYZ^AF GJTJYARA[AF [AFBJYAFB
TYEBYA@ ^[ZKC TJFKCKCGAF TYEOJ^C FJY^
9494
 GA[A TJFBAF[AY

Kjfbaf
Kjfbaf `jfyjiut
`jfyjiut fa`a
fa`a Ahhal
Ahhal ^R[ yafb @ala
@ala Tjfbas
Tjfbascl
cl habc
habc @ala
@ala

Tjfyayafb, ga`c pafmatgaf puma kaf pumc syugur atas gjlakcrat-Fya, yafb tjhal
`jhc`palgaf ral`at, lckayal, kaf cfayal-Fya gjpaka ga`c, sjlcfbba ga`c kapat
`jfyjhjsacgaf `agahal cfc.
[umuaf
[umuaf karc
karc pjfyus
pjfyusufa
ufaf
f `agahal
`agahal cfc akahal
akahal uftug
uftug pj`jfu
pj`jfulaf
laf tubas
tubas
@afamj`jf
@afamj`jf Ijfnafa yafb kca`pu
kca`pu ehjl Ciu Gusfcawatc,
Gusfcawatc, ^.Gjp, Fjrs, @.Gjp.
@agaha
@agahal
l cfc tjh
tjhal
al kcsusu
kcsusuf
f kjfbaf
kjfbaf `agsc`
`agsc`ah
ah kaf `jfkap
`jfkapatg
atgaf
af iaftua
iaftuaf
f karc
karc
ijriabac pclag sjlcfbba kapat `j`pjrhafnar pj`iuataf `agahal cfc. Zftug ctu
ga
ga`c
`c `jfy
`jfya`
a`pa
pacg
cgaf
af ia
iafy
fyag
ag tjrc
tjrc`a
`a ga
gascl
scl gj
gjpa
paka
ka sj`ua
sj`ua pc
pcla
lag
g ya
yafb
fb tj
tjhal
hal
ijrpartcscpasc kaha` pj`iuataf `agahal cfc.

[jrhjpas karc sj`ua ctu, ga`c `jfyakarc sjpjfulfya ialwa `ascl aka
gjgurafbaf iacg karc sjbc susufaf gahc`at `aupuf tata ialasafya. Ehjl garjfa
ctu
ctu ga
ga`c
`c `jfj
`jfjrc`
rc`aa sj
sjba
baha
ha saraf
saraf ka
kaf
f grct
grctcg
cg ka
karc
rc pj
pj`i
`iana
ana ab
abar
ar ga
ga`c
`c ka
kapa
patt
`j`pjriacgc `agahal cfc.
Aglcr gata ga`c ijrlarap sj`eba `agahal cfc kapat `j`ijrcgaf `afoaat
`aupuf cfpcrasc tjrlakap pj`iana.

[afbjrafb, 1< ^jptj`ijr 9494

Tjfyusuf

c
 KAO[AY C^C

GA[A TJFBAF[AY..........................
TJFBAF[AY................................................
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KAO[AY C^C............................................
C^C..................................................................
..................................................
....................................
........cc
cc
IAI C (TJFKALZHZAF)
A. Hatar Ijhagafb..........................................
Ijhagafb................................................................
..............................................
........................ 1
I. [umuaf...................................
[umuaf.........................................................
............................................
............................................
...................... 1
IAI CC (TJ@IALA^AF)
( TJ@IALA^AF)
A. Kjocfcsc
Kjocfcsc Jvckafnj
Jvckafnj Iasjk Trantcnj (JIT).....
(JIT)..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...............
.............
... 9
I. Lcjrargc
Lcjrargc Jvckafnj Iasjk Trantcnj
Trantcnj (JIT)........
(JIT).............
..........
..............
..................
...................
............ 9
N. Ijfnafa........................................
Ijfnafa..............................................................
............................................
.....................................
............... >
K. Tjfafbbuhafbaf Ijfnafa..........................................
Ijfnafa.......................................................................
............................. >
J. Erbafcsasc
Erbafcsasc Tjfafbbuha
Tjfafbbuhafbaf
fbaf Ijfnafa....
Ijfnafa.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...........
...............
.............
.... :
O. Ahur Tjfafbbuha
Tjfafbbuhafbaf
fbaf Ijfnafa...
Ijfnafa........
..........
..........
..........
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..........
..........
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.... ?
B. Jvckafnj Iasjk Trantcnj..............................................
Trantcnj.........................................................................
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IAI CCC (TJFZ[ZT)
>.1 Gjsc`puhaf......................................
Gjsc`puhaf............................................................
.......................................................14
.................................14
>.9 ^araf...........................................
^araf.................................................................
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14
KAO[AY TZ^[AGA..................................
TZ^[AGA........................................................
.......................................................11
.................................11

cc
 IAI C
TJFKALZHZAF
A. Hata
Hatarr Ijh
Ijhag
agaf
afb
b

^jmaral jvckjfnj kc`uhac paka taluf 1324 gjtcga Arnlcj Nenlrafj

`jfjbasgaf
`jfjbasgaf pjrhufya
pjrhufya `jfbjvahua
`jfbjvahuascsc pjhayafaf
pjhayafaf gjsjlataf
gjsjlataf ijrkasargaf
ijrkasargaf
iugtc-iugtc ch`cal (sncjftcocn jvckjfnj). ^jmag ctu ijriabac cstchal
kcbufa
kcbufagaf
gaf tjrgac
tjrgactt kjfbaf
kjfbaf jvckjf
jvckjfnj
nj iasj,
iasj, kcafta
kcaftaraf
rafya
ya jvckjf
jvckjfnj
nj iasj
iasj
`jkc
`jkcnc
ncfj
fj (JI@
(JI@),
), jv
jvck
ckjf
jfnj
nj ia
iasj
sj fu
furs
rscf
cfb
b (JIF
(JIF),
), ka
kaf
f jv
jvck
ckjf
jfnj
nj ia
iasj
sj
prantcnj (JIT). Jvckjfnj Iasjk Trantcnj (JIT) `jrupagaf upaya uftug
`jfba`ich gjputusaf ghcfcs ijrkasargaf su`ijr yafb pahcfb rjhjvaf kaf
vahck. Ehjl garjfa ctu JIT `jrupagaf mahaf uftug `jftrafsoer`ascgaf
lasch pjfjhctcaf gj kaha` pragtjg sjlcfbba pjrawat kapat `jfcfbgatgaf

‘quahcty eo narj‐ tjrlakap pascjf.

Jvckjf
Jvckjfnj-I
nj-Iasjk
asjk Trantcn
Trantcnjj (JIT),
(JIT), `jrupa
`jrupagaf
gaf pjfkjg
pjfkjgata
ataf
f yafb
yafb
kapat kcbufagaf kaha` pragtcg pjrawataf gjsjlataf, yafb ijrkasargaf
jvckjf
jvckjfnj
nj atau
atau oagta.
oagta... Tjfbbu
Tjfbbufaa
faaf
f jvckjf
jvckjfnj
nj iasj
iasj kaha`
kaha` pragtj
pragtjg
g agaf
agaf
`jfmakc kasar sncjftcocn kaha` pjfba`ichaf gjputusaf ghcfcs sjlcfbba
cftjrvjfsc yafb kcijrcgaf kapat kcpjrtafbbufbmawaigaf.
Fjbara Cfkefjsca `jrupagaf fjbara yafb `j`chcgc wchayal yafb
safbat huas kaf tjrhjtag paka pescsc schafb aftara kua ijfua ijsar kaf kua
sa`ukjra ijsar, Cfkefjsca muba ijraka
ijraka kc atas hj`pjfb ijfua
ijfua yafb `ascl

agtco sjrta
agtco sjrta Cfkefj
Cfkefjsca
sca akahal
akahal fjbara
fjbara yafb
yafb `ascl
`ascl kcmjmjr
kcmjmjrcc ehjl
ehjl iarcsaf
iarcsaf
bufufb apc yafb `ascl agtco, sjlcfbba Cfkefjsca sjrcfb sjgahc kcsapa
kjfbaf
kjfbaf fjbara yafb safbat
safbat agrai kjfbaf
kjfbaf ijfnafa.
ijfnafa. Gefkcsc bjebraocs
bjebraocs
Fjbara Cfkefjsca ctuhal yafb `jrupagaf oagter pjfyjiai gjrjftafaf
Cfkejfsca tjrlakap ijfnafa.
I. [umuaf
[umuaf karc `agahal cfc akahal uftug `jfbjtaluc nara pjfafbbuhafbaf
ijfnafa kaf jvckjfnj iasjk prantcnj (JIT) paka pjfbbuhafbaf
pjfbbuhafbaf ijfnafa

1
 IAI CC
[CFMAZAF TZ^[AGA

A. Kjocfc
Kjocfcsc
sc Jvckaf
Jvckafnj
nj Iasj
Iasjk
k Trant
Trantcnj
cnj (JIT
(JIT))
Nhcfcn
Nhcfcnah
ah Iasj
Iasjk
k Jvckjf
Jvckjfnj
nj atau Jvckjf
Jvckjfnj
nj Iasjk
Iasjk Trantc
Trantcnj
nj (JIT)
(JIT)
akah
akahal
al tcfk
tcfkag
agaf
af yaf
afb
b tjhc
tjhctc
tc kaf ijr
jrta
taf
fbb
bbuf
ufb
b ma
mawa
wai
i kj
kjf
fba
baf
f
`jfb
`jfbbu
bufa
faga
gaf
f iu
iugt
gtcc (i
(ijri
jriasc
ascss iu
iugt
gtc)
c) ya
yafb
fb ij
ijrl
rlui
uiuf
ufba
baf
f kj
kjfb
fbaf
af
gjalhcaf
gjalhcaf ghcfcs
ghcfcs kaf fchac-fchac
fchac-fchac pascjf uftug `jfuftuf
`jfuftuf pjfba`icha
pjfba`ichaf
f
gjputusaf kaha` presjs pjrawataf ([cthjr, 944<).
@jfu
@jfuru
rutt Cfstctutj eo @jkcncfj kah
kaha`
a` Bhasfj
Bhasfjrr (9414)
(9414) Jvckjf
Jvckjfnj
nj
Iasjk
Iasjk akahal
akahal cftjbr
cftjbrasj
asj lasch
lasch pjfjhc
pjfjhctcaf
tcaf ijrkas
ijrkasarg
argaf
af iugtc
iugtc ch`cal
ch`cal
kjfbaf gjalhcaf ghcfcs kaf fchac fchac pascjf.

I. Lcjrargc
Lcjrargc Jvckaf
Jvckafnj
nj Iasjk
Iasjk Trant
Trantcnj
cnj (JIT)
(JIT)
Lcjrarg
Lcjrargcc kaha`
kaha` pjfjhc
pjfjhctcaf
tcaf ch`cal
ch`cal tjrkap
tjrkapat
at lcjrar
lcjraragc
agc karc
karc tcfbga
tcfbgatt
gj
gjpj
pjrn
rnay
ayaa
aaff
ffya
ya ya
yafb
fb pa
pahc
hcfb
fb rj
rjfk
fkal
al lc
lcfb
fbba
ba ya
yafb
fb pa
pahc
hcfb
fb tcfb
tcfbc.
c.
Kciawal cfc `uhac karc yafb pahcfb rjfkal lcfbba yafb pahcfb tcfbbc =
Haperaf ojfe`jfa atau gjmakcaf-gjmakcaf yafb gcta tj`uac sjlarc-larc
^tukc gasus
^tukc hapafbaf atau haperaf kjsgrcptco
^tukc pjrneiaaf tafpa pjfbbufaaf tjglfcg pjfba`ichaf sa`pjh sjnara
anag (rafke`)

^tukc pjrneiaaf
pjrneiaaf yafb `jfbbufagaf
`jfbbufagaf sjtckagfya
sjtckagfya aka satu gjhe`peg
pj`iafkcfb, kaf `jfbbufagaf
`jfbbufagaf sa`pjh sjnara anag
^ystj`cn rjvcj ws uftug gjhe`peg icmag ijstarc atau `jta-afahcsa yactu
rjvcjws
pjfbgamcaf ijriabac pjfjhctcaf yafb aka kjfbaf tcfbgat gjpjrnayaaf
yafb tcfbbc.

9
N. Ijfnafa
ZZ Fe. 9; taluf 9442 `jfkjocfcscgaf ijfnafa sjiabac ‘pjrcstcwa
atau
atau rafb
rafbga
gaca
caf
f pjrc
pjrcst
stcw
cwaa yafb
yafb `jfb
`jfbaf
afna
na`
` ka
kaf
f `jfb
`jfbba
bafb
fbbu
bu

gjlckupaf kaf pjfblckupaf `asyaragat yafb kcsjiaigaf, iacg ehjl

oagter aha` kaf/atau oagter fef aha` `aupuf oagter `afusca sjlcfbba
`jfb
`jfbag
agci
ciat
atga
gaf
f tc`i
tc`iuh
uhfy
fyaa ge
geri
riaf
af mc
mcwa
wa `afu
`afusc
sca,
a, gj
gjru
rusa
saga
gaf
f
hcfbgufbaf, gjrubcaf larta ijfka, kaf ka`pag pscgehebcs‐. ^j`jftara
Ascaf Kcsastjr Trjparjkfjss Njftjr (AKTN) `jfkjocfcscgaf ijfnafa
kaha` oer`uhasc ‘[lj sjrceus kcsruptcef eo tlj oufntcefcfb eo sencjty,
nauscfb wckjsprjak lu`af, `atjrcah er jfvcref`jftah hessjs, wlcnl
jxnjjk tlj aichcty eo tlj aoojntjk ne``ufctcjs te nepj uscfb tljcr ewf
rjseurnjs‐ (Aiarqujz & @ursljk, 944;).

Kjocfcsc ijfnafa sjpjrtc kcpapargaf kcatas `jfbafkufb tcba aspjg

kasar, yactu=
a. [jr
jrma
mak
kcf
cfya
ya pjr
jrcs
cstc
tcwa
wa atau
atau baf
afbb
bbu
uaf yafb
yafb `jf
`jfba
bafn
fna`
a` ka
kaf
f
`jrusag (lazark).
i. Tjrcstcwa atau bafbbuaf tjrsjiut `jfbafna` gjlckupaf,
pjfblckupaf, kaf oufbsc
oufbsc karc `asyaragat.
n. Afna
Afna`a
`af
f tjrs
tjrsji
jiut
ut `jf
`jfba
bagc
gci
iat
atga
gaf
f geri
riaf
af ka
kaf
f `jh
jha`
a`pa
pau
uc
gj`a`p
gj`a`puaf
uaf `asyarag
`asyaragat
at uftug
uftug `jfbat
`jfbatasc
asc kjfbaf
kjfbaf su`ijr
su`ijr kaya
kaya
`jrjga.

Ijfnaf
Ijfn afaa ka
kapa
patt tjr
tjrma
makc
kc,, ga
garj
rjfa
fa ak
akaa ku
kuaa ge
gefk
fkcs
cscc ya
yact
ctu
u ak
akaf
afya
ya
pjrcstcwa atau bafbbuaf yafb `jfbafna` kaf `jrusag (lazark) kaf
gjrjft
gjrjftafa
afaf
f (vuhfj
(vuhfjrai
raichct
chcty)
y) `asyar
`asyaraga
agat.
t. Icha
Icha tjrmak
tjrmakcc lazark
lazark,, tjtapc
tjtapc
`asyaragat tckag rjftaf, `aga ijrartc `asyaragat kapat `jfbatasc
sj
sjfk
fkcr
crcc pjrc
pjrcst
stcw
cwaa yafb
yafb `jfb
`jfbba
bafb
fbbu
bu,, sj
sj`j
`jft
ftar
araa ic
icha
ha ge
gefk
fkcs
cscc
`asyarag
`asyaragat
at rjftaf
rjftaf,, tjt
tjtapc
apc tckag
tckag tjrmakc
tjrmakc pjrcstc
pjrcstcwa
wa yafb
yafb `jfbaf
`jfbafna`
na`
`aga tckag agaf tjrmakc ijfnafa.
K. Tjfafb
Tjfafbbuh
buhafb
afbaf
af Ijfnaf
Ijfnafa
a
Gjsakaraf
Gjsakaraf agaf pjftcfbf
pjftcfbfya
ya upaya pjfburaf
pjfburafbaf
baf rcscge
rcscge ijfnafa
ijfnafa

`uhac
`uhac `ufnuh
`ufnuh paka
paka kjgakj
kjgakj 1344-1
1344-1333
333 yafb
yafb kcnafa
kcnafafbg
fbgaf
af sjiabac
sjiabac

>
Kjga
Kjgakj
kj Tjfb
Tjfbur
uraf
afba
baf
f Yc
Ycsc
scge
ge Ijfn
Ijfnaf
afaa Cftjr
Cftjrfa
fasce
scefa
fah.
h. Ijij
Ijijrap
rapaa
gefojrjfsc tcfbgat kufca kccfcscasc ehjl Zfctjk Fatcefs Cftjrfatcefah
^tratjb
^tratjby
y er Kcsastjr
Kcsastjr Ycsg
Ycsg Yjkunt
Yjkuntcef
cef (ZF-C^
(ZF-C^KY)
KY) yafb
yafb `jrupa
`jrupagaf
gaf

sahal satu iakaf pjrsjrcgataf iafbsa-iafbsa (TII) yafb kctubasgaf

uftug `jfbawah
`jfbawah Kjgakj
Kjgakj Tjfburafb
Tjfburafbaf
af YcscgeIjfnaf
YcscgeIjfnafaa Cftjrfascefa
Cftjrfascefah.
h.
@jfutu
@jfututt Nartjr
Nartjr kaha`
kaha` Lakc
Lakc Turfe`
Turfe`e
e taluf
taluf 9414,
9414, `jfkjo
`jfkjocfc
cfcscga
scgaf
f
pjfbjhehaaf ijfnafa sjiabac suatu ch`u pjfbjtaluaf tjrapaf
(aphcg
(aphcgatco
atco)) yafb
yafb `jfnar
`jfnarc,
c, kjfbaf
kjfbaf ei
eisjrv
sjrvasc
asc scstj`a
scstj`atcs
tcs kaf afahcs
afahcscs
cs
ijfnafa uftug `jfcfbgatgaf tcfkagaf-tcfkagaf (`jasurjs) tjrgact
kjfbaf
kjfbaf prjvjftco
prjvjftco (pjfnjbalaf
(pjfnjbalaf),
), `ctcbasc
`ctcbasc (pjfburafb
(pjfburafbaf),
af), pjrscapaf,
pjrscapaf,
rjspef
rjspef karura
karuratt kaf pj`uhc
pj`uhclaf
laf.. ^jlcfb
^jlcfbba
ba `jfuru
`jfurutfy
tfya,
a, tumuaf
tumuaf karc
karc
@afamj
@afamj`jf
`jf Ijfnaf
Ijfnafaa tjrsji
tjrsjiut
ut kcafta
kcaftaraf
rafya,
ya, yactu
yactu `jfbur
`jfburafb
afbcc atau

`jfblc
`jfb lcfk
fkarc
arc gj
gjru
rubc
bcaf
af sjnara
sjnara ocscg
ocscg,, jg
jgef
efe`
e`cc `aup
`aupuf
uf mcwa
mcwa ya
yafb
fb
kcaha`c ehjl pjrerafbaf, `asyaragat fjbara, `jfburafbc pjfkjrctaaf
geri
geriaf
af ijfn
ijfnaf
afa,
a, `j
`j`p
`pjr
jrnj
njpa
patt pj
pj`u
`uhc
hcla
laf,
f, ka
kaf
f `j`i
`j`ijr
jrcg
cgaf
af
pjrhcfkufbaf gjpaka pjfbufbsc atau `asyaragat yafb gjlchafbaf
tj`pat gjtcga gjlckupaffya tjrafnafa.
Kc kaha
kaha`
` Zfka
Zfkafb
fb-Z
-Zfk
fkaf
afb
b Fe`e
Fe`err 9; [alu
[aluf
f 94
9442
42 tj
tjft
ftaf
afb
b
Tjfa
Tjfaf
fbbuh
bbuhaf
afba
baf
f Ijf
jfna
nafa
fa tj
tjrk
rkap
apat
at Gjtj
Gjtjft
ftu
uaf Z`u
Z`u` yaf
yafb
`jfkjocfcsc
`jfkjocfcscgaf
gaf pjfyjhjfbb
pjfyjhjfbbaraaf
araaf Tjfafbbuh
Tjfafbbuhafbaf
afbaf ijfnafa
ijfnafa akahal
sjrafbgacaf
sjrafbgacaf upaya yafb `jhcputc
`jhcputc pjfjtapaf
pjfjtapaf gjicmagaf
gjicmagaf pj`iafbuf
pj`iafbufaf
af

yafb ijrcsc
yafb ijrcscge
ge tc`iuh
tc`iuhfy
fyaa ijfnaf
ijfnafa,a, gjbcat
gjbcataf
af pjfnjb
pjfnjbala
alaaf
af ijfnaf
ijfnafa,
a,
tafbbap karurat kaf rjlaichctasc. Zfkafb-Zfkafb Fe. 9; taluf 9442
tjftafb Tjfafbbuhafbaf Ijfnafa kaha` Tasah 1 ayat (?) `jfyjiutgaf
ialwa pjfyjhjfbbaraaf pjfafbbuhafbaf ijfnafa akahal sjrafbgacaf
upaya yafb `jhcputc pjfjtapaf gjicmagaf pj`iafbufaf yafb ijrcscge
tc`iuhfya ijfnafa, gjbcataf pjfnjbalaf ijfnafa, tafbbap karurat,
kaf rjlaichctasc. Kaha` Tasah > ayat (1) kcmjhasgaf ialwa asas-asas
pjfafbbuhafbaf ijfnafa, yactu gj`afuscaaf, gjakchaf, gjsa`aaf
gjku
gjkuku
kuga
gaf
f kaha
kaha`
` lugu
lugu`
` ka
kaf
f pj
pj`j
`jrc
rcft
ftal
alaf
af,, gj
gjsj
sjc`
c`ia
iafb
fbaf
af,,

gj
gjsjh
sjhar
arasa
asaf,
f, ka
kaf
f gj
gjsjr
sjrasc
ascaf
af,, gj
gjtjr
tjrtc
tcia
iaf
f ka
kaf
f gj
gjpa
past
stcaf
caf lu
lugu
gu`,
`,

;
 gjijrsa`aaf,
gjijrsa`aaf, gjhjstarcaf hcfbgufbaf
hcfbgufbaf lckup, kaf ch`u pjfbjtalua
pjfbjtaluaf
f
kaf tjgfehebc.
^jhafmutfya kcatur hjicl hafmut kaha` Tjraturaf Tj`jrcftal Fe`er

91 [aluf 944< tjftafb Tjfyjhjfbbaraaf Tjfafbbuhafbaf Ijfnafa.

Taka pasah :, kcfyatagaf ialwa pjhagsafaaf pjfafbbuhafbaf ijfnafa
cfc `j`iutulg
`j`iutulgaf
af Yjfnafa
Yjfnafa Tjfafbbuh
Tjfafbbuhafbaf
afbaf Ijfnafa yafb kcsusuf
paka sctuasc
s ctuasc tckag tjrmakc ijfnafa. Kca`afatgaf gj`iahc paka pasah ?
ialwa sjtcap Trevcfsc wamci `jfyusuf Yjfnafa Tjfafbbuhafbaf
Ijfnaf
Ijfnafa.
a. ^jiaba
^jiabac`a
c`afa
fa ZZ Fe. 9; taluf
taluf 9442,
9442, Tjratu
Tjraturaf
raf Gjpaha
Gjpaha
Iaka
Iakaf
f Tjfa
Tjfafb
fbbu
buha
hafb
fbaf
af Ijfn
Ijfnaf
afaa Fe`e
Fe`err 4; ta
talu
luf
f 94
944<
4< tj
tjft
ftaf
afb
b
Tjke
Tjke`a
`af
f Tjfy
Tjfyus
usuf
ufaf
af Yjfn
Yjfnaf
afaa Tj
Tjfa
fafb
fbbu
buha
hafb
fbaf
af Ijfn
Ijfnaf
afaa mu
muba
ba
`jfyjiutga
`jfyjiutgaf
f ialwa pjfafbbuhafba
pjfafbbuhafbaf
f ijfnafa
ijfnafa tjrkcrc
tjrkcrc karc ijijrapa
ijijrapa

oasj, yactu
oasj, yactu oasj pjfnjb
pjfnjbala
alaf
f kaf `ctcba
`ctcbasc,
sc, oasj gjscap
gjscapscab
scabaaf
aaf,, oasj
tafbbap karurat kaf oasj pj`uhclaf.
J. Erbafcsas
Erbafcsascc Tjfafb
Tjfafbbuha
buhafbaf
fbaf Ijfnafa
Ijfnafa
Ijrcgut cfc `jrupagaf erbafcsasc pjfafbbuhafbaf ijfnafa=
1. [cfb
[cfbga
gatt Fas
Fasce
cefa
fahh  Iakaf Geerkcfasc Tjfafbbuhafbaf Ijfnafa
9. [cfb
[cfbga
gatt Tre
Trepc
pcfs
fscc ^atuaf Geerkcfasc Tjfafbbuhafbaf Ijfnafa
>. [cfb
[cfbga
gatt Gaiu
Gaiupa
patj
tjf
f  ^atuaf Hagsafa Tjfafbbuhafbaf Ijfnafa
Tjfafbbuhafbaf ijfnafa `j`jrhugaf `afamj`jf paka talapaffya, yactu=
1. [alap
[alap Tjrscap
Tjrscapaf
af (Trjpa
(Trjparjk
rjkfjs
fjss)
s)

a. Tj
Tjfb
fbj`
j`ia
iafb
fbaf
af ^TBK
^TBK[
[
i. Tjfbj`iafbaf ^K@
n. Tjfbj`
Tjfbj`iaf
iafbaf
baf ^ui scstj`
scstj` Ge`u
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fcgasc
asc
k. Tjfbj`
Tjfbj`iaf
iafbaf
baf ^ui
^ui scstj
scstj`
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[rafspert
ertasc
asc
j. Hatcl
atclaf
af Bai
Baiu
ufbaf
fbaf
o. Gjrm
Gjrmas
asa`
a`aa hcft
hcftas
as sjg
sjgte
terr
9. [ala
[alap
p Agut
Agut (Anu
(Anutj
tj rj
rjsp
spef
efsj)
sj)
a. Yjsn
Yjsnu
uj „ tr
trca
cabj
bj
i. Anutj `jkcnah rjspefsj

n. J`jrb
`jrbjf
jfny
ny rjh
rjhcj
cjoo

:
 k. J`jr
J`jrbj
bjfn
fny
y rjlai
rjlaich
chct
ctatc
atcef
ef
O. Ahur
Ahur Tjfaf
Tjfafbbu
bbuhaf
hafbaf
baf Ijfn
Ijfnafa
afa
Ijrcgu
Ijrcgutt cfc `jrupa
`jrupagaf
gaf ahur
ahur pjhaya
pjhayafaf
faf `jkcs
`jkcs kc hapafb
hapafbaf
af paka
paka

pjfafbbuhafbaf ijfnafa=
Kaha`
Kaha` lah cfc ru`al
ru`al sagct
sagct larus
larus safbbu
safbbup
p `j`ijr
`j`ijrcc pjhaya
pjhayafaf
faf
sjnara njpat, tjpat, njr`at, fya`af, kaf tjrmafbgau uftug `jfnjbal
gj`atc
gj`atcaf
af kaf gjnana
gjnanataf.
taf. Ijrcgu
Ijrcgutt cfc haijh
haijh trcabj
trcabj kaf gjtjraf
gjtjrafbaf
baf
tcfkagaf yafb larus kchagugaf=
1. @jral ^jbjra Kctafbbuhafbc tjrhjicl kaluhu
a. @jfbafna` Mcwa
i. Nanat
9. GufcfbIehjl Kctafbbulgaf

a. Gjakaaf tckag `jfbafna` Mcwa

i. ^jbjra kctafbafc icha yafb`jfbafna` Mcwa sukal tjratasc
>. Lcmau Iehjl kctufka & Yawat Mahaf
[ckag @j`ialayagaf Mcwa
;. Lcta` Iehjl Kcaiacgaf & Kctcfbbahgaf
a. Kcurus pahcfb aglcr
i. ^ukal tckag aka tafka-tafka vctah
n. Zsala-usala pjrtehefbaf a`at safbat gjnch
gjijrlaschaffya

B. Jvckafnj
Jvckafnj Iasjk
Iasjk Trantcnj
Trantcnj
pjfbbufaaf cstchal pjrspjgtco yafb kcbufagaf kaha` tuhcsaf cfc
akahal
akahal suatu
suatu nara
nara iabac`
iabac`afa
afa kaf `jfbap
`jfbapaa cfkcvc
cfkcvcku
ku `j`ijr
`j`ijrcga
cgaf
f
pjfchacaf tjrlakap ijfnafa ijbctu muba petjfsc gjrusagaf yafb
kctc`iuhgaffya. Lah cfc tjrgact kjfbaf upaya pj`jfulaf lag gjakchaf
sescah gjpaka `asyaragat uftug `jfbjtaluc cfoer`asc gjijfnafaaf
sjnara agurat kaf `jfkjtach. Tj`jfulaf lag tjrsjiut `jfmakc pjftcfb
uta`af
uta`afya
ya kaha`
kaha` `jfbge
`jfbgefst
fstrug
rugscg
scgaf
af ijfnaf
ijfnafaa tjrsjiu
tjrsjiutt garjfa
garjfa csu
pjfafbbuhafbaf ijfnafa sjfkcrc tckag tjrhjpas karc tcba prj`cs uta`a

?
yagfc gjguasaaf (pewjr), gjakchaf (mustcnj
mustcnj),
), kaf hjbctc`asc gjguasaaf
(hjbctc`any
hjbctc`any).
).
^ahal satu oagter rcch yafb icsa `jfmjhasgaf prj`cs tjrsjiut akahal

trabjky eo tlj ne``efs(trabjkc gjijrsa`aaf). [rabjkc cfc `jrumug

paka suatu pjrcstcwa kc`afa hcfbgufbaf aha` `jfmakc rusag garjfa
uhal gjragusaf `afusca.
Oagter
Oagter rcch
rcch hacffya
hacffya akahal
akahal `jfbua
`jfbuatfy
tfyaa `argjt
`argjt way (nara
(nara pasar)
pasar)
kaha` `jfbjheha aha` yafb `jfmakc ke`cfaf gjtc`iafb statj way
(naraa fjbara
(nar fjbara)) kaf ne``ef
ne``ef peeh
peeh rjseurn
rjseurnjs
js (nara
(nara `asyarag
`asyaragat)
at) yafb
yafb
hjicl `j`afkafb aha` sjiabac su`ijr gj`ag`uraf. ^jijfarfya karc
gjtcba nara tjrsjiut, `jgafcs`j `asyaragat ijriascs ne``ef peeh
rjseurnjs sjijfarfya `jrupagaf ijftug gjsakaraf `jfblarbac rjhasc

sjc`iafb aftara aha` kaf `afusca yafb tumuaffya mjhas `jfblcfkarc

akafya
akafya ka`pag
ka`pag kjstru
kjstrugtc
gtcoo yafb
yafb kclakc
kclakcrga
rgaf
f aha`
aha` gjpaka
gjpaka `afusc
`afuscaa
apaicha `afusca tckag `jfblarbac aha` sjpaftasfya.
@agfa ijfnafa sjiabac gjmakcaf (jvjfts
(jvjfts)) kcartcgaf sjiabac gjmakcaf
huar icasa ((jxtrae
jxtraerkcfa
rkcfary jvjfts) yafb `j`chcgc pjfbarul tjrlakap
ry jvjfts)
cfstaichctas `afusca. Ijfnafa sjfkcrc kapat kcgatjbercgaf `jfmakc >
`ana` yagfc ocscg (plyscnah), wagtu (tj`perah
( tj`perah), kaf sescah ( sencah).
Kaha` geftjgs cfc, pjfafbbuhafbaf ijfnafa pjrhu `jhclat peha kasar
pj`aftcg tjrmakcfya sjiual ijfnafa. Tjfafbbuhafbaf ijfnafa muba

pjrhu `jhclat wagtu pjrcekj ijrhafbsufbfya ijfnafa tjrsjiut supaya

upaya njpat `jhagugaf jvaguasc `jfmakc hjicl jocscjf kaf jojgtco.
[jrk
[jrkap
apat
at kua
kua para
parakc
kcb`
b`aa pjft
pjftcf
cfb
b ka
kaha
ha`
` `j`i
`j`ial
alas
as `jfb
`jfbjf
jfac
ac
pjftcfbfya `asyaragat sjiabac ne``ufcty kaha` pjfafbbuh
pjfafbbuhafbaf
afbaf
rcs
rcscg
cge
e ij
ijfn
fnaf
afa.
a. Safb
Safb pj
pjrt
rta`
a`a,
a, ak
akah
ahal
al `ekjh nrufnl
nrufnl.. @ekj
@ekjhh cf
cfcc
`jfbasu`scg
`jfbasu`scgaf
af ialwa ijfnafa (kcsastjr) sjfk
sjfkcrc
crc `jrupa
`jrupagaf
gaf lasch
lasch
karc presjs ijrtj`ufya lazark yafb gj`ukcaf ijrgj`iafb `jfmakc
oagter pj`cnu ijfnafa sjpjrtc bj`paiu`c
bj`paiu`c,, bufufb
bufufb `jhjtus, kaf hacf
sjiabacfya kjfbaf vuhfjraichcty yafb kc kaha`fya tjrkapat sjiual

gefk
gefkcs
cscc yafb
yafb tcka
tckag
g fya`
fya`af
af (ufsaoj nefkctcef)
nefkctcef) kc
kc`a
`afa
fa tj
tjrk
rkap
apat
at

2
jsgahasc
jsgahasc gjrjft
gjrjftafa
afaf
f kaf gjrawa
gjrawafaf
faf yafb
yafb kcaha`
kcaha`cc pjfkuk
pjfkukug
ug iacg
iacg
sjijhu` tjrmakcfya ijfnafa `aupuf sjsukalfya. Fa`uf kaha` lah
cf
cfc,
c, gef
efk
kcs
cscc gjrj
gjrjft
ftaf
afaf
af kaha`
aha` ufsaoj nefkct
nefkctcef
cef tjrsji
tjrsjiut
ut tckag
tckag

`jhjtaggaf
`jhjtaggaf `afusc
`afuscaa ijfar-i
ijfar-ijfa
jfarr tckag
tckag kapat
kapat ijriua
ijriuatt iafyag
iafyag atas
atas
ijfnafa kaf tjrpagu lafya `jfufbbu iaftuaf karc fjbara sama.
@ekj
@ekjhh gj
gjku
kuaa ya
yagf
gfcc rjhjasj `ekjh, `ek
`ekjh
jh cfc ijrgji
ijrgjiahc
ahcgaf
gaf kjfbaf
kjfbaf
`ekjh nrufnl yafb `j`pescscgaf `afusca larus ijrakaptasc kjfbaf
ijfnafa sjlcfbba kapat `jrjkugsc ialaya gjrjftafaf tjrlakap
ijfnafa. @ekjh cfc hjicl
hj icl `jfbjkjpafgaf paka peha agtco `asyaragat
kaha` pjfnjbalaf
pjfnjbalaf ijfnafa
ijfnafa sjpjrtc lahfya amagaf tckag `j`iuafb
`j`iuafb
sa`pa
sa`pal
l sj
sj`i
`iara
arafb
fbaf
af sjlcf
sjlcfbb
bbaa `jfb
`jfbag
agci
ciat
atga
gaf
f ia
iafm
fmcr
cr,, ha
hara
rafb
fbaf
af
`jfjia
`jfjiafb
fb pelef
pelef garjfa
garjfa rawaf
rawaf tjrmakc
tjrmakcfya
fya tafal
tafal hefbse
hefbser,
r, `aupuf
`aupuf

bjragaf rjiecsasc pjfblcmauaf geta kjsa.

Ehjl
Ehjl gararjf
jfaa ctu
ctuhal,
hal, kjra
kjrama
matt gj
gjrj
rjft
ftaf
afaf
af (vuhijraichcty
vuhijraichcty)) yafb
`jhjtaggaf
`jhjtaggaf `afusca kaha` gefkcsc yafb ijrscoat
ijrscoat ufsaoj nefkctcef
nefkctcef
kaha` `ekjh nrufnl
nrufnl.. ^jicsa `ufbgcf kaha` `ekjh rjhjasj cfc, tjrmakc
gefvjrsc karc ufsaoj `jfmakc saoj.
Kaha`
Kaha` pj`ala
pj`ala`af
`af pjrspjgt
pjrspjgtco
co nuhturah tljery yafb
yafb `jfmak
`jfmakcc tj`a
tj`a
uta`a kaha` `agahal cfc, tjrkapat kua lah uta`a yagfc pjfbjtaluaf
trakcsce
trakcscefah
fah kaf pjfbjt
pjfbjtalu
aluaf
af `ekjrf
`ekjrf.. Tjfbjt
Tjfbjtalu
aluaf
af `ekjrf
`ekjrf hjicl
hjicl
`jfbaral gjpaka pj`ijftugaf oer`uhasc rcscge/rcsg
rcscge/ rcsg (Y) `jrupagaf

ijftug karc baiufbaf jsgahasc/jxpesurj

jsgahasc/ jxpesurj (J) kaf ijsaraf
ijfnafa/`abfctukj
ijfnafa/ `abfctukj (@)
(@) sj
sjlc
lcfb
fbba
ba `j`i
`j`ijf
jftu
tug
g oe
oer`
r`at
at (Y
(Y0J
0J@)
@)
([afsj
([afsjy,
y, 1333
1333 = 2<).
2<). Akapuf
Akapuf `jgafc
`jgafcs`j
s`j pjfafb
pjfafbbuh
buhafb
afbaf
af rcscge
rcscge
ijfnafa yafb kctawargaf kaha` pjfkjgataf cfc `jfbaral paka
pjfbbufaaf cforastrugtur ocscg sjpjrtc lahfya pj`iafbufaf scstj`
pjrcfbataf kcfc tjftafb ialaya ijfnafa yafb kcafbbap hjicl rascefah
kaf ch`cal iabc `asyaragat uftug `jfblakapc ijfnafa. ^jkafbgaf,
pjfbjtaluaf trakcscefah `jfehag ufsur rascefahctas yafb tjrkapat paka
pjfbjtaluaf `ekjrf kc`afa gefsjftrasc pjfkjgataf cfc hjicl

`jfbaral
`jfbaral afahcsa
afahcsa pscge`jtrcs
pscge`jtrcs sjpjrtc lahfya gjnj`asaf,
gjnj`asaf, gjtagutaf,
gjtagutaf,

<
`aupu
`aupuf
f bjmaha
bjmaha bafbbu
bafbbuaf
af pscgeh
pscgeheb
ebcs
cs hac
hacffy
ffyaa sjha`a
sjha`a `asa
`asa tafbba
tafbbap
p
karurat. Aphcgasc nuhturah tljery kc scfc sjijfarfya `jrupagaf mahaf
tjfb
tjfbal
al karc
karc kua
kua pjfb
pjfbjt
jtal
alua
uaf
f ij
ijsa
sarr tj
tjrs
rsji
jiut
ut ya
yagf
gfcc pj
pjrs
rspj
pjgt
gtco
co

`jfbafahcscs `jfbapa rcscge `jfmakc

`jfbafahcscs `jfmakc csu yafb tjrpehctcsasc
tjrpehctcsasc.. @aga
kaha` pj`ala`af nuhturah tljery sjiabac parakcb`a ahtjrfatco kaha`
pjfafbbuhafbaf rcscge ijfnafa tckaghal tjrhahu pjftcfb
`j`pjr
`j`pjrkji
kjiatg
atgaf
af pclag
pclag yafb
yafb rascefa
rascefahh kaf pclag
pclag yafb
yafb trakcsce
trakcscefah
fah
sjiabac nara yafb tjpat kaha` `jrjkugsc ka`pag ijfnafa.

3
 IAI CCC
TJFZ[ZT
A. GJ^C
GJ^C@T
@TZH
ZHAF
AF

Nhcfcnah
Nhcfcnah Iasj
Iasjk
k Jvckjf
Jvckjfnj
nj atau Jvckjf
Jvckjfnj
nj Iasjk
Iasjk Trantc
Trantcnj
nj (JIT)
(JIT)
akahal tcfkagaf yafb tjhctc kaf ijrtafbbuf
ijrtafbbufbb mawai kjfbaf `jfbbufagaf
`jfbbufagaf
iugtc (ijriascs iugtc) yafb ijrluiufbaf kjfbaf gjalhcaf ghcfcs kaf fchac-
fcha
fchacc pa
pascj
scjf
f uf
uftu
tug
g `jfu
`jfuft
ftuf
uf pj
pjfb
fba`
a`ic
ichaf
haf gj
gjpu
putu
tusaf
saf ka
kaha
ha`
` pr
pres
esjs
js
pjrawataf.
pjfbjhehaaf ijfnafa sjiabac suatu ch`u pjfbjtaluaf tjrapaf
(aphcgatco) yafb `jfnarc, kjfbaf eisjrvasc scstj`atcs kaf afahcscs ijfnafa
uf
uftu
tug
g `jfc
`jfcfb
fbga
gatg
tgaf
af tcfk
tcfkag
agaf
af-tc
-tcfk
fkag
agaf
af (`ja
(`jasu
surj
rjs)
s) tjrga
tjrgact
ct kj
kjfb
fbaf
af
prjvjftco (pjfnjbalaf), `ctcbasc (pjfburafbaf), pjrscapaf, rjspef karurat

kaf pj`uhclaf. ^jlcfbba `jfurutfya, tumuaf karc @afamj`jf Ijfnafa

tjrsjiut kcaftarafya, yactu `jfburafbc atau `jfblcfkarc gjrubcaf sjnara
ocscg, jgefe`c `aupuf mcwa yafb kcaha`c ehjl pjrerafbaf, `asyaragat
fjbara, `jfburafbc pjfkjrctaaf geriaf ijfnafa, `j`pjrnjpat pj`uhclaf,
kaf `j`ijrcgaf pjrhcfkufbaf gjpaka pjfbufbsc atau `asyaragat yafb
gjlchafbaf tj`pat gjtcga gjlckupaffya tjrafnafa.

I. ^AYAF
^jtj
^jtjha
hal
l ga`
ga`c `j`
`j`ial
ialas tjf
tjftaf
tafb jv
jvck
ckjf
jfnj
nj ia
iasj
sjk
k pra
rant
ntcn
cnjj kah
aha`
a`

gjpjrawata
gjpjrawataf
f ijfnaf
ijfnafa,
a, aka iacgfy
iacgfyaa gcta
gcta sjiabac
sjiabac pj`ian
pj`ianaa uftug
uftug hjicl
hjicl
iafyag habc `jnarc rjojrjfsc tjftafb pjfafbbuhafbaf ijfnafa abar
`jfcfbgat fya pjhayafaf kaf gjalhcaf kaha` `afamj`jf ijfnafa.

14
 KAO[AY TZ^[AGA

Turfe`e, Lakc kaf Yeffy ^ubcaftere. 9414. @afamj`jf Ijfnafa.

Ijfnafa. Sebyagarta=
@jkca Trjsscfke

Tj
Tjra
ratu
tura
raf
f Tj
Tj`j
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11