“Phytopharmaceutical Preparation: A step by step guide to herbal syrup

formulation”

A Project Report Submitted

To
Rajiv Gandhi Prodyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal

For the partial fulfillment of degree of

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
Submitted by:
Garima Sharma
(Enrollment No. 0890PY211027)

Under the Supervision of:

Dr. Gaurav Jain
(Professor)
Mr. Jaydeep Singh Baghel
(Asst. professor)

CHAMELI DEVI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY

GRAM- UMRIKHEDA, KHANDWA ROAD, INDORE
2021- 2025
 CHAMELI DEVI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
GRAM- UMRIKHEDA, KHANDWA ROAD, INDORE

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project work entitled “Phytopharmaceutical preparation: a step by

step guide to herbal syrup formulation” submitted to Chameli Devi Institute of Pharmacy,
Indore by Garima sharma (0890PY211027) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of bachelor of Pharmacy. The matter embodied is the actual work by
Garima sharma and this work has not been submitted earlier in part or full for the award
of any other degree.

Candidate Name: Garima Sharma

Enrollment No.: 0890PY211027

Co- Supervisor:
Mr. Jaydeep Singh Baghel
Asst. professor, CDIP Indore

Supervisor:
Dr. Gaurav Jain
Professor, CDIP Indore
Principal
Dr. Arun Kumar Gupta

Signature of External Examiner

 RECOMMENDATION

The project submitted entitled “Phytopharmaceutical Preparation: A step

by step guide to herbal syrup formulation” by Garima sharma is
recommended and forwarded for the partial fulfillment of degree of bachelor of
pharmacy in Rajiv Gandhi Prodyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal. The project work
was carried out in Chameli Devi Institute of pharmacy, Indore. Under my
supervision.

Date: Supervisor
Place: Indore Dr. Gaurav Jain
Professor, CDIP Indore

Co- Supervisor:
Mr. Jaydeep Singh Baghel
Asst. professor, CDIP Indore
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work incorporated in the present thesis entitled is
“Phytopharmaceutical Preparation: A step by step guide to herbal syrup
formulation”is the outcome of my own un-aided efforts except the guidance
received from my supervisors. The work has been carried out in Chameli Devi
Institute of Pharmacy, Indore and has not been submitted elsewhere by me for the
award of any degree.

DATE……………. Garima Sharma

Place: Indore
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my project guide Dr. Gaurav Jain, for
guiding me throughout the course of the project. I am highly indebted to his invaluable guidance
and ever-ready support, which was necessary for the successful completion of the project in,
stipulates time. His deep knowledge of Pharmacy field made me realize that theoretical
knowledge always helps to develop efficient educational projects, which are a blend of all
core subjects of the field. Working under his guidance has been a fruitful experience, which
will be very valuable for me.

I would like to give a warm expression of thanks to Principal, Dr. Arun Kumar Gupta for
providing the facilities and academic environment for my project work.

I am also thanking M r . Jaydeep Singh baghel , Mr. Ashwin sharma for his time to time
and valuable guidance and all the CDIP staff members for their encouragement and support
throughout this project and all those who have embedded me with technical knowledge of
Pharmacy.

I sincerely thank to all our friends and well-wishers for directly or indirectly helping me during
the work.

Date: Garima sharma

 CONTENT

Sr no Subject Page No
1 Introduction 1-4

2 Literature Review 5-6

3 Work Procedure 7-10

4 Preparation Of Vasaka Syrup 11-15

5 Traditional Uses 16-18

6 Biological Activity 18-19

7 Result & Discussion 20

8 Conclusion 21

9 References 22-26
 LIST OF TABLES

Sr Tables No. Subject Page

No No
1 1 Component of Extraction Process 8

2 2 Result of Phytochemical screening 10

test

3 3 Composition Of Simple Syrup 12

4 4 Composition of Rose Bengal Dye 13

5 5 Composition Of Vasaka Syrup 14

6 6 Phytochemical Screening of extract 20

of
Vasaka
 LIST OF FIGURES

Sr Figures No. Subject Page

No No
1 1 Adhatoda vasaka Leaf 2

2 2 Boiling of Sample 9

3 3 Filtration Process 9

4 4 Extract Product 9

5 5 Simple Syrup 12

6 6 Rose Bengal Dye 13

7 7 Label Of Vasaka Syrup 15

8 8 Final Preview Of Vasaka Syrup 15

9 9 Vasaka root 16

10 10 Vasaka Leaf 17

11 11 Vasaka flower 18

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

i. AV – Adhatoda vasica
ii. Kg – Kilogram
iii. NaOH – Sodium Hydroxide
iv. HCL – Hydrogen Chloride
v. NH3 – Ammonia
vi. H2SO4 – Sulfuric acid
vii. K– Potassium
viii. Na – Sodium
ix. Ca – Calcium
x. Mg – Magnesium
xi. Zn – Zinc
xii. Cu – Copper
xiii. Cr – Chromium
xiv. Ni – Nickel
xv. Co – Cobalt
xvi. Cd – Cadmium
xvii. Pb – Lead
xviii. Mn - Manganese
xix. S. epidermis – Staphylococcus epidermis
xx. B.subtilis – Bacillus subtilis
xxi. E.coli – Escherichia coli
xxii. P. aeruginosa – Pseudomonas aeruginosa
xxiii. K. pneumoniae – Klebsiella pneumoniae
xxiv. C. albicans – Candida albicans
INTRODUCTION
“Phytopharmaceutical Preparation: A step by step guide to herbal syrup formulation” 2025

1. INTRODUCTION:
Adhatoda vasica Linn (family Acanthaceae), commonly known as Vasaka or Arusha is a well-
known herb in indigenous systems of medicine for its beneficial effects. Vasaka, also called as
Malabar nut tree, is well known throughout India [1, 2]. The vasaka plant perennial, evergreen
and highly branched with unpleasant smell and bitter taste, the plant lives for multiple seasons
and retains its leaves throughout the year. It is a shrub 1.0 m to 2.5 m in height, with opposite
ascending branches. It grows all over the India and in the lower Himalayan ranges. Beside
India, it is found in Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Burma and Malaysia. In Ayurvedic medicine,
Adhatoda vasica has been used for a variety of disorders including; bronchitis, leprosy, blood
disorders, heart troubles, thirst, asthma, fever, vomiting, loss of memory, leucoderma, jaundice,
tumors, mouth troubles, sore-eye, fever, and gonorrhea(3,4). An extract of the leaves showed
significant antifungal activity against ringworm. This plant contains alkaloids, tannins,
flavonoids, terpenes, sugars, and glucosides. The principle constituents of vasaka are its several
alkaloids, the chief one being vasicine. The leaves contain two major alkaloids called vasicine
and vasicinone. The leaves of vasaka are rich in vitamin C, carotene and essential oil. The roots
are known to contain vasicinolone, vasicol, peganine, sitosterol, ³-glucoside-galactose and
deoxy vasicine and 2'- hydroxy-4- glucosyl-oxychalcone(5,6,7). The flowers contain b-
sitosterol-D-glucoside, kaempferol, its glycosides and quercetin Minor alkaloids include
Adhatonine, Vasinol (8). Adhatoda vasica (AV) belong to the family Acanthaceae. The leaves,
roots and young plants of AV contain the quinazoline alkaloids vasicine, 7- hydroxyvasicine,
vasicinolone, ´deoxyvasicine, vasicol, vasicoline, vasicolinone, triterpenes, anisotine) betaine,
steroids carbohydrate and alkanes. In the flowers triterpenes (a-amirine), and flavonoids
(Apigenin, astragalin, kaempferol, quercetin, vitexin) have been found [1, ³] Adhatoda vasica,
also known as Malabar nut tree is part of the Acanthaceae plant family (9). Adhatoda is
obtained from commercial sources or collected from open fields. Propagation is primarily by
means of seeds, can also propagate from cuttings in springs early summer with hardwoods
cuttings . Medicinal plants play a key role in world health care systems . Charaka Samhita has
classified the drug under mucolytic and expectorant drug. The roots, leaves & flowers are
active principles of the plant possess a number of pharmacological properties & are used in
cough, chronic bronchitis, rheumatism, asthma & bronchial asthma. Majority of medicinal
plant species are rich in biomolecules contents which can cope with health hazards and
recently, antibacterial activity of many plant species has been reported. The leaves and roots
contain several alkaloids (chief principle being quinazoline alkaloid, vasicine and vasicinone,

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“Phytopharmaceutical Preparation: A step by step guide to herbal syrup formulation” 2025

vasicinolone and vasicol), which may have a bronchodilator effect of the bronchii. These
alkaloids are said to exist in combination with an acid that has been named adhatoda acid. It
acts as a sedative, expectorant, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, bronchial antiseptic and
bronchodilator. The leaf extract has been used for the treatment of bronchitis and asthma for
many centuries. It relieves cough and breathlessness. It is also prescribed commonly for
bleeding due to idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, local bleeding due to peptic ulcer, piles,
menorrhagia. Its local use gives relief in pyorrhea and in bleeding gums . As the alkaloid
content of plant varies with genotype therefore, it is recommended to propagate A. vasica plant
using vegetative method . Adhatoda zeylanica Medicus also known as A. Vasica Nees. Justicia
adhatoda Linn(10,11). Adhatoda vasica nees (Acanthaceae) commonly known as vasaka
distributed throughout India up to an attitude of 1300m the leaves, flowers, fruit, and roots are
extensively used for treating cold cough, whooping cough, chronic bronchitis and asthma as
sedative, expectorant and antispasmodic (12) . Adhatoda vasica has been used as a well-known
drug in the unani and ayurvedic medicine (13) and the plant has been used in the indegenous
system of medicine in India for more than 2000 years (14) . A. vasica is known for its
antibacterial, antispamodiac, anti-arthritis, antiseptic, expectorant and antituberculosis
properties . The phytochemical studies of the various parts of Adhatoda vasica revealed the
presence of alkaloids, phytosterols, polyphenolics and glycosides as a major class of
compounds. Its principal constituents are quinazoline alkaloids with vasicine as its chief
alkaloid. The leaves are rich in Vitamin C and carotene and yield an essential oil. Chemical
compounds found in leaves and roots of this plant includes essential oils, fats, resins, sugar,
gum, amino acids, proteins and vitamin C etc . In the present work we have selected A. vasica
as herbal medicine to screen its medicinal properties in reference. This study emphasizes upon
the in vitro antibacterial activity, antioxidant property, anticancer potential and phytochemical
anlaysis leading to the identification of phytoconstituents responsible for medicinal
Activity(13,14).

Fig No 1 : Adhatoda vasica Leaf

Source : https://theindianmed.com/wp- content/uploads/2019/12/Adhatoda-vasica.jpg
2

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“Phytopharmaceutical Preparation: A step by step guide to herbal syrup formulation” 2025

Different names for the plant in different regions/languages of India have been reported as:
English (Arusa, adusa, rusa, baansa, adulsa), Hindi (Baansa, adulsa), Bengali (Basak, bakas),
Gujrati (Aradusi, adulso), Kannada (Adusoge, kurchigida, pavate, bansa), Malayalam
(Adalodakam), Manipuri (Nongmangkha-agouba), Marathi (Adulsa), Punjabi (Bhekkar, bansa,
basuti), Tamil (Adhatadai, Pavettai), Telugu (Adasaramu), Kashmiri (Bahekar, baikar, bansuth,
babading), Konkani (Adusogae), Sanskrit (Vasaka), Oriya (Arusa, basung), Sinhala (Pawatta)
and Peasian (Bansa}{lS,l6}. The botanical description of the plant is as follows:

Kingdom: Planta

Division : Angiosperms

Class : Eudicots

Order : Lamiales

Family : Acanthaceae

Genus : Justicia

Species : Adhatoda (Adhatoda

vasica)

Innumerable natural products with inherent potential biological activity procured from
plants have played a significant role in improving the human health since the dawn of
civilisation. As more than 50% of modern clinical drugs originate from natural products ,
therefore based on latter, the approach to new drug discovery and its development in the
pharmaceutical industry has emerged significantly(17,18).

Medicinal plants, (rich bio-resources of drugs of traditional systems of medicines, modern

medicines, nutraceuticals, food supplements, folk medicines, pharmaceuticals intermediates
and chemical entities for synthetic drugs) naturally synthesize and accumulate biologically
active secondary metabolites, like alkaloids, sterols, terpenes, flavonoids, saponins,
anthraquinones, glycosides, tannins, resins, lactones, quinines, volatile oils etc. that have been
extracted and used in different forms such as infusions, syrups, concoctions, decoctions,
infused oils, essential oils, ointments and creams for the well being of human life . Traditional
medicine (Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathy, Naturopathy, Sidha medicinal system), as old as the
origin of man has been reported to be popular amongst more than twothird of the world
population (mainly in the developing countries: WHO 80%) for primary health care (17,18,19).
3

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Research performed over the last three decades has revealed that the alkaloids, vasicine and
vasicinone (quinazoline ring derivatives) present in the leaves, possess respiratory stimulant
activity whereas its roots contain vasicinolone, vasicol and peganine . Vasicine (1,2,3,9 -

tetrahydropyrrolo [2,1-b]quinazolin-3-ol, C11H12N2O) also called Peganine . Other chemical

constituents of this plant include vasicinone (3–hydroxy–2,3- dihydropyrrolo[2,1–
b]quinazolin–9(1H)–one, C11H10N2O2) (isolated from leaves, stem and roots) and
deoxyvasicinone (derived from leaves) etc. Recent investigations on vasicine showed
bronchodilatory activity comparable to theophylline, both in vitro and in vivo. Both the
alkaloids in combination showed pronounced bronchodilatory activity{20,2l,22}.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
“Phytopharmaceutical Preparation: A step by step guide to herbal syrup formulation” 2025

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Srinivasan et al 2014; Adhatoda vasica (AV), an official drug in the Indian Pharmacopoeia has
been used for the treatment of cold, cough, bronchitis and asthma. In present investigation,
optimization of drying conditions of AV leaves based on qualitative analysis and the retention of
phenols, antioxidants and alkaloids was carried out to lay down the standards which could be useful
in future experimental studies.

Singh et al 2016 ; . It present in class of herbal drug with very strong conceptual or traditional base.
Adhatoda vasica is an important source of vasicine, vasicinone, vasicolone and some other
Alkaloids

AM et al 2017; It can be concluded that physiochemical properties of adulasa leaf and dried extract
were studied. The extraction was carried out by using different
solvents in which aqueous extraction was found much better than other solvents.

Chauhan et al 2018; The screening of A. vasica leaves extracts results have shown significant
antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties due to the presence of therapeutically important
constituents which can be used in the development of herbal
formulations in treating respiratory diseases

Rahaman et al 2018; Medicinal plants like Adhatoda vasica Nees. are used traditionally in Tripura
to cure pneumonia, cough and cold. Pneumonia is a lung infection with cough, fever and hard time
breathing. Pneumonia is mainly caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae. Moreover, many
of these pathogenic strains are showing acute resistant to many commercially available antibiotics
due to the formation of biofilms

Singh et al 2018; Leaf of Adhatoda vasica (Vasaka) is an important drug of Ayurveda, prescribed
as an expectorant. Quinazoline alkaloids present in the leaves are established as active principles.

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Sharma et al 2018 ; It has been revealed from the literature that the quinazoline
based alkaloids have been the major constituents present in the different parts of A.
vasica, which have been mainly responsible for their wide range of pharmacological
potential. A. vasica has been an important medicinal herb well known for its
applications in different traditional medicinal system such as Ayurveda, Siddha and
Unani etc

Ansari et al 2020; Overall, the study suggests that the model obtained in the present
study can be applied for large scale production of extract for further use in
pharmacy/food industries.

Nandhini S et al 2020; The present study provides the useful information to

differentiate the plant species and can serve as a diagnostic tool for the standardization
and identification of adulterant in the crude drug market.

Singh et al 2021; This study will help to find specific bioactive compounds of
vasaka, and their suitable use for human welfare. The bioactive compound vasicine
have been isolated from alcoholic extract of vasica leaves using column
chromatography

Sharma et al 2021; Adathoda vasica Nees well known in the indigenous systems of
medicine for its beneficial effects, effective in the treatment of infectious diseases
while simultaneously many of the side effects of synthetic antimicrobials.

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WORK PROCEDURE
“Phytopharmaceutical Preparation: A step by step guide to herbal syrup formulation” 2025

3. WORK PROCEDURE :
Materials and Methods
a. Plant collection : 1 kg fresh vasaka leaves were collected and
leaves are washed in fresh water.

b. Preparations of Adulasa (Adhatoda vasica) leaf powder : Fresh

leaves of plant Adhatoda vasica Nees. were collected and washed thoroughly
2-3 times with running water and once with sterile distilled water. Then the
leaves were shade dried . Plant materials were regularly examined to check any
fungal growth or rotting. The dried leaves were powdered to obtain a very fine
particle size using mechanical mixer grinder.

c. Extraction Process : There are different types of extraction process :

1. Infusion
2. Decoction
3. Maceration
4. Percolation
5. Soxhlet Apparatus
We are mainly used in decoction process extraction.

Powdered drug

Solvent added (Solvent: water)

Boil For few minutes (40 mins)

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Then cooled for some time

Filtration

Final product collected (Decoction is ready)

Component of extraction process :

Sr Requirements
No
1 Water
2 Powdered drug
3 beaker
4 Whatman filter paper
5 Funnel
6 Conical flask
7 Glass Rod

Table no 1 : Component of Extraction Process

This is a process that involves continuous hot extraction using specified volume of water as a
solvent. A dried, grinded, and powdered plant material is placed into a clean container. Water
is then poured and stirred. Heat is then applied throughout the process to hasten the extraction.t.
The ratio of solvent to crude drug is usually 4:1 or 16:1. It is used for extraction of water soluble
and heat stable plant material.

100 gm vasaka leaf powder placed in a clean container and added to 400 ml of water . Then
we stirring for good mixing. The container is placed in hot plate for boiling. The boiling time
is 30-40 min. after 40 min stop the boiling . then filtered the product. The decoction process is
ready (23,24).

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Fig No 2 : Boiling of Sample

Fig No 3 : Filtration Process

Fig No 4 : Extract Product

Some Picture of Extraction Process

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“Phytopharmaceutical Preparation: A step by step guide to herbal syrup formulation” 2025

d. Biochemical characterisation of crude extracts :

1. Detection of alkaloids: The presence of alkaloids in the extract was determined by
Mayer’s Test, Dragendroff’s Test and Wagner’s Test, Mayer’s Test(25).
2. Detection of Flavonoids: The presence of flavonoids in the extract was determined
by Ferric chloride test, Lead acetate Test(25).
3. Detection of Glycosides: The presence of glycosides in the extract was
determined by Bontrager Test, Liebermann Burchard Test(25).
4. Detection of Tannins: The presence of Tannins in the
extract was determined by Gelatin Test(25).
5. Detection of Triterpenoids: The presence of Titerpenoids in the extract was
determined by Sulphur Powder Test (25).

Here we are performed some test for detection of chemical constituent’s -

Types of Phytochemicals Test Type

Positive/Negative

1 Alkaloid Positive (+)

2 Flavonoids Positive (+)

3 Tannins Positive (+)

4 Glycosides Positive(+)

5 Triterpenoids Positive(+)

6 Carbohydrate Positive(+)

Table No 2 : Result Of Phytochemical Screening Test

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PREPARATION OF VASAKA SYRUP
“Phytopharmaceutical Preparation: A step by step guide to herbal syrup formulation” 2025

4. PREPARATION OF VASAKA SYRUP

 Aim: To prepare and submit syrup of Vasaka (50ml)

 Requirements:
1) Apparatus: 1. Beaker 2. Glass Rod 3. Spatula 4. Measuring
Cylinder 5. Hot Plate 6. Conical Flask 7. Weighing Machine
2) Chemicals: 1. Sucrose 2. Distilled Water 3. Vasaka Extract 4.
Glycerol 5. Methyl Paraben 6. Rose Bengal Dye

 Principle:
Syrups are sweetened, viscous, concentrated solutions of sucrose or, other sugars
in water or any other suitable aqueous vehicles. These are further classified into 2
classes.
1. Simple flavoured syrups
2. Medicated syrups
Simple flavour syrups: Do not contain any medicament or drug. These syrups are
used as a vehicle for other Liquid preparation to mask the disagreeable taste of the
drug.

Medicated syrups: These contain some medicinal substances along with their other
additives. Sucrose concentration in simple syrup is a 66.7%w/w.

Vasaka is native to India. It grows all around the plains of India and in the lower
Himalayan range. The leaves contain an alkaloid vasicine besides a volatile oil.
Vasaka soothes bronchial inflammation and open airways, help phlegm discharge
and relieves chest congestion.

Glycerol is a component of most cough syrup, and although it is often though of

only as a solvent or thickening agent.

Methyl paraben is one of the most common parabens. It used as Preservative.

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Rose Bengal Dye is a stain. Rose Bengal belongs to the class of organic compounds
called Xanthene. It is used as Colouring agent.

 PROCEDURE:
1) PREPARATION OF SIMPLE SYRUP (50%):
Weighing the sucrose properly and add water to sucrose in a beaker and heat on
hot plate until sucrose dissolves add Sufficient boiling water to produce the final
volume.

 COMPOSITION:

OFFICIAL REQUIRED
SL.NO INGREDIENTS QUANTITIES QUANTITIES
(100ML) (50ML)

1 SUCROSE 50GM 25GM

DISTLLIED
2 WATER 100ML 50ML

Table No. 3 : Composition of simple syrup

Fig. No. 5 : Simple Syrup

2) PREPARATION OF ROSE BENGAL DYE:

Weighing the rose bengal dye properly and Add water to Rose Bengal dye
and stirring until Rose Bengal dye dissolved.

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 COMPOSITION:

OFFICIAL REQUIRED
SL.NO INGREDIENTS QUANTITIES QUANTITIES
(100ML) (20ML)
ROSE
BENGAL DYE 1GM 0.2GM
1
DISTILLED
2 WATER 100ML 20ML

Table No. : 4 Composition of Rose Bengal Dye

Fig. No.: 6 Rose Bengal Dye

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3) PREPARATION OF VASAKA SYRUP (50ml):

Measure 25ml of Vasaka Extract accurately and take it in a beaker

Add 5ml of Glycerine with it and stirred

Add 2.5ml of Rose Bengal dye with it and stirred

Add 0.1gm of Methyl Paraben with it and stirred

Transfer to a measuring cylinder and make up the volume with simple syrup

Fill the preparation in a suitable container, cork it, attach the label and submit.

 COMPOSITION:
OFFICIAL REQUIRED
SL.NO INGREDIENTS QUANTITIES QUANTITIES
(100ML) (50ML)
1 VASAKA
EXTRACT 50ML 25ML
2
GLYCERINE 10ML 5ML
3 METHYL
PARABEN 0.2GM 0.1GM

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4 ROSE BENGAL
DYE 5ML 2.5ML
5 SIMPLE SYRUP
(Q.S) TO 100ML 50ML

Table No.5: Composition Of Vasaka Syrup

 LABEL:

Batch no. – 24,29

MFG date – 20/02/2025
EXP date- 20/01/2026
MANUFACTURE BY- Chameli devi
institute of pharmacy, indore.

Fig. No. 7: Label Of Vasaka Syrup

 FINAL PREVIEW OF VASAKA SYRUP:

Fig. No. 8 : Final Preview Of Vasaka Syrup

USES: Vasaka soothes bronchial inflammation and opens airways, Helps cough discharge
and relives chest congestion.

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5. Traditional uses :
Adhatoda vasica, an ayurvedic medicinal plant has been used in various chest and respiratory
track infection (26)viz.- whooping cough, chronic bronchitis, asthma and has been employed
as sedative expectorant in the treatment of excessive phlegm (mucus with bacteria, debris, and
sloughed-off inflammatory cells) and menorrhagia (abnormal blood clotting, disruption of
normal hormonal regulation of periods, or disorders of the endometrial lining of the uterus) in
Sri Lanka. It is also used for the treatment of bleeding piles, impotence and sexual disorders
(27). I, antispasmodic and anthelmintic drug (28). Glycodin, which is a famous product used
for the cure of bronchitis has been a product extracted from the leaves of Adhatoda vasica. It
has also been reported that 70% of the pregnant women in the Gora village of Lucknow (Uttar
Pradesh, India) use the leaves of plant to induce abortion (29). Further, the extracts have been
found to be quite effective against tuberculosis. Various parts of the plant have been used in
Indian traditional medicine for the treatment of asthma, joint pain, lumber pain, sprains, cold,
cough, eczema, malaria, rheumatism, swelling and venereal diseases (30).

Root: In India paste of the fresh root applied on abdomen and vagina minutes before childbirth
facilitates easy delivery (31,32). The extract of roots of Adhatoda vasica has commonly been
used by rural population against diabetes, cough and certain liver disorders (33).whereas its
paste has been used for curing tuberculosis, diphtheria, malarial fever, leucorrhoea, eye
diseases, acute nightfall [(paste mixed with sugar) in Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh, India] (34).
Further, the root’s decoction has been used for gonorrhoea (35) and as an expectorant,
antispasmodial / anthelmintic agent (36).

Fig No 9: Vasaka Root

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“Phytopharmaceutical Preparation: A step by step guide to herbal syrup formulation” 2025

Leaves: The various preparations of leaves has been used for curing bleeding, hemorrhage,
skin diseases, wounds, headache and leprosy (chronic infection) while their infusion or the
solvent extract has been observed to be an excellent agent for the destruction of white ants,
flies, and mosquitoes (37). The fresh juice of leaves mixed with honey and ginger juice cures
all types of acute cough, chronic bronchitis, breathlessness and liquefies sputum and asthma
(38). The extract obtained by decoction of its leaves along with fruit of Phyllanthus emblica,
mixed with honey has been effective against asthma (39). The crushed fresh leaves of the plant
have been used to treat snake bites (India and Sri lanka) (40). Macerated extract from leaves/
Yellow leaves/smoke from dry leaves acts against cough and phlegm blockage during cold
(Bangladesh) and an infusion protects from headache (Myanmar and Pakistan) (41-43). The
leaf powder boiled in sesame oil stops bleeding, earaches as well as pus from ears and jaundice
(44). Leaf juice has been used as the best medicine to enhance platelet count during dengue
like viral fevers, postpartum hemorrhage, urinary trouble, acidity and belching and its mixture
with jaggery reduces excessive mensutrual flow get cured (45,46). Externally warmed leaves
have been used for rheumatic pains and dislocation of joint, stomach catarrh with constipation,
rheumatism, gout, fever and urinary stone (47,48,49). Juice made from the bark and leaves help
against vomiting (50).

Fig No 10 : Vasaka Leaf

Flowers: The flowers have been known to possess expectorant and antiasthmatic, antiseptic
properties (51)nd have been used against of opthalmia, cold, phthisis, asthma, bronchitis,

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cough, antispasmodic, high fever and gonorrhoea. Also the fowers improve blood circulation
and hectic heet of blood(52,53,54).

Fig No 11: Vasaka Flower

Fruits: Fruits of the Adhatoda vasica are four seeded capsules. In Pakistan, fruits of the plant
are used for cold, antispasmodic and bronchitis (54). The fruit of the plant are also used for
Diarrhea, Dysentery, Fever and as laxative (42,54). The some herbal preparation made from
Adhatoda vasica which have been used for the treatment of different disorders are Kan Jang
(used for alleviation of symptoms of cold, antitussive, mucolytic occasional and irritation of
the respiratory track in Sweden), Spirote (used for alleviation of symptoms of colds, occasional
cough in Sweden), Salus Tuss (used for dry cough, bronchitis, cold, smoker cough in
Germany), Kada (used for Asthma in India) and Fermiforte (used for Leucorrhoea in
India)(53).

6. Biological activity :

The medicinal properties of Adathoda Vasica Nees (Natural Order: Acanthaceae) have been
known in India and several other countries for thousands of years. A few of the biological
activities of the plant has been enumerated.

(a)Antibacterial Activity :

Water, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of Adhatoda leaves enriched with alkaloids,
phenols, tannins and reducing sugars, main constituent vasicine etc. have been found to
possess antibacterial activity (singularly or in combination) against S. epidermidis, S. aureus
B. subtilis, E. faecalis, E. coli, P aeroginosa, P. vulgaris, K. pneumoniae and C. Albicans
(54,55).

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Anti-diabetic Activity:

The extracts of roots and leaves of A. vasica are commonly used by rural population against
diabetes and certain liver disorders (56). The methanolic extract from the leaves of A. vasica
(Acanthaceae) showed excellent sucrase inhibitory activity with sucrose as a substrate (55). A
different study by highlights the role of vasicine which is the main constituent of the plant, in
sucrose metabolism. Epidemiological studies and clinical trials strongly support that, control
of hyperglycemia is critical in treatment of not only, diabetic patients but also, persons with
impaired glucose acceptance. This current report explains that, vasicine can also act as
irreversible α-glucosidase (sucrose). Thus, A. vasica can be explored as a potent natural
antidiabetic agent.

Antioxidant Activity:

The significant characteristic of an antioxidant is its potential to trap free radicals generated in
the body. These free radicals may oxidize proteins, lipids or nucleic acids and can initiate
verious degenerative disease. All A. vasica plant extracts showed antioxidant potential
(337μg/ml). Besides this, the antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial activity of various
extracts of Adhatoda vasica has also been investigated. Among hexane, chloroform and
methanolic extracts of the plant, the methanolic extract had shown to have maximum
antioxidant activity and blood cholesterol lowering activity. Adhatoda vasica alsoshows the
antioxidant and anti-clastogenic efficacy against cadmium chloride (CdCl2) induced renal
oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in Swiss albino mice
supports its anti-mutagenic efficacy (57).

Hepatoprotective Activity:

Adhatoda vasica was reported to be hepatoprotective and, it is believed to be based on its

antioxidant property (58). Various leaf extracts of the plant Adhatoda vasica contains
biologically active phytoconstituents such as Alkaloids Quinazoline, Flavonoids, Tannins,
Vasicinone, Essential oil which are accountable for the significant hepatoprotective activity
(59).

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
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7. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Macroscopic character :

Leaf are pale green, fruity in odor, bitter taste, oblong shape, 8.0-14.2 cm length and 4-5 cm
width.

Phytochemical Screening :

Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed in the extract of Adhatoda vasica in the
presence of Glycosides, Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Carbohydrates, Titerpenoids.

Sr Types of phytochemical Test Name Result

No

1 Alkaloid Dragendroff’s Test Positive

2 Alakloid Mayer’s Test Positive
3 Alkaloid Wagner’s Test Positive
4 Flavonoids Ferric chloride Test Positive
5 Flavonoids Alkaline Test Positive
6 Glycosides Bontager Test Positive
7 Tannins Gelatin Test Positive
8 Titerpenoids Sulphur Powder Test Positive

Table No 6 : Phytochemical screening of extract of Vasaka

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CONCLUSION
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8. CONCLUSION:

It can be concluded that physiochemical properties of vasaka leaf and dried extract were studied. The
extraction was carried out by using decoction method. It has been revealed from the literature that the
quinazoline based alkaloids have been the major constituents present in the different parts of Adhatoda
vasica, which have been mainly responsible for their wide range of pharmacological potential like other
herbal chemical constituents , alkaloid, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins , titerpenoids etc. Since encient
period Adhatoda vasica has been an important medicinal herbs well known for its applications in
different traditional medicinal system such as Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani etc. Adhatoda vasica also
showed many pharmacological activities Viz. hepatoprotective, antiulcer, abortifacient, antiviral, anti-
inflammatory, thrombolytic, antibacterial, antifungal, radiomodulation, hypoglycaemic, antitubercular,
antioxidant and antitussive. Thus, the current review would be helpful in the advancement of today’s
research in the development of new novel bioactive components derived from medicinal plants which
would find a large number of applications in modern pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and agricultural fields

It is concluded that using vasaka leaf extract in different kind of herbal cough / antitussive
preparation has a wide scope of cough therapy in compare to modern medicaments.

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“Phytopharmaceutical Preparation: A step by step guide to herbal syrup formulation” 2025

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