REPORTS: 16.

What is a monumental gateway to the temple consisting

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 of slanting walls flanking the entrance portal? PYLONS
1. Around 2.3 million years ago, direct human ancestors
evolved in Africa. What are they called? 17. It was built along hillsides and for nobility, not royalty.
HOMO SAPIENS / HOMO HABILIS / HOMO ERECTUS ROCK-CUT TOMBS / ROCK CUT TOMBS
2. What is a single wide upright monolith that can be 18. What do you call the pictorial representations of
arranged in parallel Rows that span many miles and contain religion, history and daily life which were derived from the
thousands of stones? MENHIR practice of scratching pictures on mud-plaster walls?
HIEROGLYPHICS
3. It is a spirally shaped house made out of hard packed
snow or ice blocks. IGLOO 19. Pyramid of Khufu - CHEOPS
Pyramid of Khafre - CHEPHREN
4. It is for many households, and it's made up of wood and Pyramid of Menkaure - MYKERINUS
palm leaves, with a fenced enclosure underneath for live
animals. SUMATRAN HOUSE 20. He constructed the great temple of Abu-Simbel which is
an example of rock-cut temple. This temple also has 4 rock-
5. It is an enclosure that is made up of large stones arranged cut colossal statues of him sitting over 20 meters high.
in a circular pattern on the ground. STONEHENGE RAMESSES II
6. In the Ancient Near East, the architectural character of 21. After the abandonment of the valley at the end of 20th
the structures used _________ for the facade or facings and dynasty, kings of the subsequent two dynasties were buried
even where special stress was expected. BURNT BRICKS / in very simple tombs within the temple enclosure of the
BURNT BRICK delta city of _____________ ? TANIS
7. In Assyrian Architecture, it was introduced by the 22. It is the most important private burials where at some
Assyrians which had its origins in these early centuries. distance located from the step pyramids of Djoser and
Polychrome Ornamental Brickwork Sekhemkhet. ṢAQQĀRAH / SAKKARA / SACCARA
8. It was square in plan that was covered nearly one square 23. Stone was used occasionally for such architectural
mile, but the area was never entirely occupied by the elements as lintels, door jambs, column bases, and
buildings. It also has a defensive perimeter. THE CITY OF windows. In what period are wood and mud brick were the
KHORSABAD / CITY OF KHORSABAD standard materials for houses and places? DYNASTIC
PERIOD
9. In 460 B.C., it was built by Xerxes I and finished by
Artaxerxes I. THE PALACE OF PERSEPOLIS / PALACE OF 24. In royal burials the chapel rapidly developed into a
PERSEPOLIS / PALACE PLATFORM AT PERSEPOLIS _______ in which beginning in the New Kingdom was
usually built separately and at some distance from the
10. It was the mainspring of growth of the cities in tomb. MORTUARY TEMPLE
Mesopotamia. TEMPLE
25. What domestic material remained and used even for
11. They were the first to erect circular domes on square royal palaces, and it was also used for fortresses, the great
plans with four angular corbelled semi-domes. THE walls of temple precincts and towns, and for subsidiary
PERSIANS / PERSIANS buildings in temple complexes? MUD BRICK

26. DORIC 27. CORINTHIAN 28.

12. IONIC
Which of the following is/are the arch/arches constructed
with little or no centering to complete the vault? LETTER E
/E

29. It is the rear vestibule of a classical temple.

Also called ophistodomous, posticum. EPINAOS

13.
In Persepolis, what is the name of the area pointed by the
green arrow? PALACE OF DARIUS
14. It has a roof supported on one side columns and
colonnaded space forming an entrance or vestibule.
PORTICO 30. It is the principal chamber or enclosed part
15. It is the land consisting of marshes with water, soil and of a classical temple, where the cult image was kept. CELLA
other few natural advantages. FERTILE CRESCENT
31. It is a period in Greek Architecture where the main 49. It is either of two raised stands from which the Gospels
architectural character is mostly civic, rather than religious. or Epistles were read or chanted in en early Christian
HELLENISTIC / HELLENISTIC PERIOD church. AMBO / AMBON
32. It is a temple style with a configuration of nine (9) 50. It is an ornamental canopy of stone or marble
columns. ENNEA / ENNEA STYLE permanently placed over the altar in a church. BALDACHIN
/ BALDACCHINO / BALDAQUIN / CIBORIUM
33. It is a method of natural lighting in Greek Architecture
that is situated between the roof and upper portion of the 51. In Byzantine era, who regained control of the lost lands
wall. CLERESTORY / CLERESTORY WINDOW of the Western Roman Empire such as the Northwest
Africa, Italy and Spain? EMPEROR JUSTINIAN
34. It is an ornament on the Corinthian Order Capital
patterned after a Mediterranean plant that has a large and 52. What are the first building constructed during Byzantine
toothed leaves. ACANTHUS / ACANTHUS LEAVES Era? CHURCHES
35. It is a collection of ten (10) world-famous building 53. It is a type of dome which is characterized as melon,
complex that is located in Athens, Greece which includes serrated, or bulbous shape. SPECIAL DESIGNS
the Parthenon, the Propylaea, and the Theatre of Dionysus.
THE ACROPOLIS 54. Who designed Saint Sophia, Constantinople?
ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES AND ISIDORUS OF MILETUS
36. In Roman Architecture, it is a 3 or 4 storey tenement
type of building. INSULAE 55. What are the architectural character of the Byzantine
era that is differ from the early Christian? DOMED AND
37. In Roman Architecture, it is a structure that carried CENTRALIZED PLAN
water in pipes from the country to the heart of the city.
AQUEDUCTS HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2
38. It is a part of thermae that serve as oils and perfume 1. It is a term that describes the styles of architecture which
room. UNCTUARIA was used in europe from the late 10th century until the
12th century when it changed to the gothic style.
39. It is a thousand of glass tiles or small stones set in ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
mortar to form a pattern. MOSAICS
2. A groin vault is almost always square in plan and
40. He was the most famous in succession of military constructed of two-barrel vaults intersecting at right
dictatorships. JULIUS CAESAR angles. GROIN VAULT

41. In the architectural character listed below, which is not 3. A single arched surface that extends from wall to wall and
part of the architectural character from early Christian also it is the simplest type of vault roof. BARREL VAULT
architecture? IT HAS A VAULTED ROOF
4. One of the most important 12th century building in
42. This is a part of the baptistery that occasionally england to have remained largely intact despite of
introduce and converts the primordial plan into a Latin extensions and restorations. This cathedral church is also
Cross. It is also an area that is set crosswise to the nave in a dedicated to st. Peter, st. Paul, and st. Andreq whose status
cruciform. TRANSCEPT / BEMA / PRESBYTERY look down from the three high gables in west front.
PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL
43. What do you call to the center of the old basilican
church of St. Peter which has five arches? THE ARCH OF 5. This cathedral is located on the highest point of the inner
TRIUMPH city of worms and is the most important building of the
romanesque style in worms. What cathedral is this?
44. What do you call the glass mosaic that they use for the WORMS CATHEDRAL
interiors of the buildings to have that rich effect? TESSERAE
6. It is erected by new and wealthy trading families.
45. Which out of these four pictures below is not part of MANOR HOUSES
early Christian Architecture?
7. Built in 1163-1345. It is one of the oldest cathedrals and
begun by bishop maurice de sully. NOTRE DAME
CATHEDRAL
8. Gothic architecture is also called medieval architecture.
MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE
9. Built in 13th century ad and has a double wall inner one
made in 600 ad. 50 towers and moat. CARCASSONE
SAINT SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE
10. What structure is built on mounds above rivers, and it
46. It used only for the Sacrament of Baptism, on Festivals has thick walls and small windows to resist attacks? CASTLE
of Easter, on Pentecost, and on Epiphany. BAPTISTERY
11. He is considered to be a founding father of renaissance
47. It is usually domed and enriched with lavish mosaic architecture. FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
decorations. TOMBS / CATACOMBS
12. It is the most important renaissance building in italy. ST.
48. It is a transverse open space separating the naive and PETER’S BASILICA
the aps of an Early Christian church, developing into the
transept of later cruciform churches. BEMA 13. Which of the following buildings is not an example of
renaissance architecture? C. S. MADELEINE, VEZELAY
14. One of the 12 architects of st. Peter’s basilica who 35. What are two common elements found in beaux-arts
proposed a greek cross plan and a dome similar to the structures? SYMMETRICAL FAÇADE, LOW PITCHED ROOF
pantheon in rome. DONATO BRAMANTE
36. He is a danish architect best known for his dynamic,
15. It is the largest church in the world. ST. PETER’S imaginative, but problematic design for the sydney opera
BASILICA house in australia. JORN UTZON
16. The first industrial buildings were constructed in the 37. Originally designed by minoru yamasakd, destroyed by
year 1700s during the first industrial revolution that took the september 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and redesigned by
place mainly in britain. 1700S daniel libeskind. WORLD TRADE CENTER
17. During this period, the use of iron and steel has the 38. He established bauhaus, a school or training intended
biggest impact on industrial architecture where in it to relate art and architecture to technology and the
became an economically plausible building material. IRON practical needs of modern life. WALTER GROPIUS
AND STEEL
39. GIVE AT LEAST THREE INNOVATIONS THAT WAS MADE
18. IT IS CONSIDERED AS THE MASTERPIECE OF INDUSTRIAL DURING THE ERA OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE (1900s-
ARCHITECTURE IN 1931 AND IT WAS LISTED ON THE 1960s)
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES IN 1988. FORD • CURTAIN WALL
ASSEMBLY BUILDING • STEEL AND PLATE-GLASS
• FOLDED SLAB BY EUGENE FREYSSINET
19. The following are the key elements of industrial • FLAT SLAB BY ROBERT MAILLART
architecture except : LOTS OF ORNAMENTATION ON • LAMINATED TIMBER
FACADE • FUNCTIONALISM IN DESIGN
20. It is a standing four huge arched legs, with a latticed 40. Eero saarinen started his career with an apprenticeship
wrought iron tower rises narrowly to just over 1000 feet and partnership with his father, eliel saarinen, and went on
high and its history represents a part of national heritage to become one of the most important designers of the 20th
considering that it was first meant to be a temporary century during modern architecture era. Which among the
landscape. EIFFEL TOWER given is not designed by eero saarinen? MUNICH STADIUM
(FREI OTTO)
21. ROCOCO WAS FIRST FAVORED BY FRENCH
ARISTOCRATS, AND IT SPREAD TO PLACES WHERE 41. On what year did the sydney opera house began it’s
GROWING ARISTOCRATIC CLASSES WANTED TO construction? 1955
DEMONSTRATE HOW FASHIONABLE THEY WERE. FRENCH
42. Who is the modernist that is associated with the phrase
22. Rococo describes a type of art and architecture that “less is more” in contrast to venturi famously said “less is
began in france in the mid-1700s. It is characterized by bore”? LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE
delicate but substantial ornamentation. Often classified
simply as late baroque. LATE BAROQUE 43. Who is the pioneer architect of postmodernism?
ROBERT VENTURI
23. Rococo emphasized the asymmetry of forms, while
baroque was the opposite. ASYMMETRY 44. What is the name of the building designed by michael
graves? PORTLAND BUILDING
24. Rococo developed first in decorative arts and interiors
and spread to architecture. It was first used for special 45. Post modernity in architecture is said to be heralded by
rooms like salon. SALON the return of” wit, ornament and reference”. WIT
25. If baroque represented the power of the church, what
does rococo represented? SECULAR HIGH FASHION HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3
26. He is well known for his art nouveau designs in this 1. Tower multiple levels built by Buddhist in China. PAGODA
period. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH
2. Pure hipped roof WUDIAN
27. Nicknamed “god’s architect” ANTONI GAUDI
3. Structural element of interlocking wooden brackets
28. Notable italian designers, whose ceramics were inspired DOUGONG
both by majolica patterns and by art nouveau? GALILEO
CHINI 4. Curved part of top of roof FINIAL
29. It is an international style of art, architecture, and 5. Secondary beam supporting roof rafters PURLIN
applied art, especially the decorative arts. INTERNATIONAL 6. It is place for worship and the dwellings of the kami, the
STYLE Shinto "gods“. SHINTO SHRINES
30. Which of the following is not the prominent works of 7. Enumerate the Main Features of Shinto Shrine
antoni gaudi? CASA BATTILIO KOMAINU, TORII, CHOZUYA, MAIN SANCTUARY
31. This institution gave its name to the beaux-arts style. 8. It was built by Ikeda Terumasa and it is the best of Japan's
ÉCOLE DES BEAUX-ARTS IN PARIS castles.It has managed to avoid being destroyed by a fire or
natural disaster and was never attacked. HIMEJI CASTLE /
32. What do “beaux-arts” mean in french? FINE ARTS WHITE HERON CASTLE
33. Beaux arts is a late and eclectic form of neoclassicism. 9. It is style that was characterised by symmetrical buildings
NEOCLASSICISM placed as arms that defined an inner garden. SHINDEN-
ZUKURI
34. The san francisco opera house was the last beaux-arts
building constructed in the united states. SAN FRANCISCO
OPERA HOUSE
10. The five stories of Pagoda represent the five elements 22. It has two main roofs intersect at right angles, in
such as Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, and Land. cruciform plan, with spire rising at the intersection.
THRONE ROOM OF THE ROYAL GRAND PALACE, BANGKOK
(FALSE) THE FIVE STORIES OF PAGODA REPRESENT THE
FIVE ELEMENTS SUCH AS EARTH, WATER, FIRE, WIND, AND 23. It has a distinctive feature that has an elegant curved
SKY. decoration at the end of the peaked bargeboards
surrounding. ROOF GABLE/NGAO
11. what is the traditional korean house which is relative
from the three kingdoms period through the late joseon 24. It is an open pavilion that used as a meeting place and
dynasty ( 1392-1910)? HANOK to protect people from sun and rain SALA THAI
12. It is one of a wood styles in Korea wherein the brackets 25. In prosperous families usually it has a______ , often
(wooden structural elements fitted to the tops of columns sheltered by a thai style roof that opens on the central
or beams in order to support the weight of roof eaves) are platform. GATE
placed only at the heads of the building’s structural
columns. JUSIMPO STYLE 26. A structural support for the canopy, as in the
numerology of the column and capital, it’s supported by a
13. It is a temple built with three sanctums arranged to the series of three cantilevered wooden members known as
north, east and west of the central wooden octagonal ______. KASHING
pagoda. GOGURYEO TEMPLE
27. A Palace that built on the ridge of Red Mountain.
14. the simplified version of the bracket found in column- POTALA PALACE
head and multi bracket designs, featuring a bird like
protrusion. IKGONG STYLE 28. Main Materials of Tibetan structures are constructed by
Natural Materials such as: STONE, CLAY, WOOD,
15.Entasi is the application of a concave curve to a surface CONCRETE
for aesthetic and technical purpose.
29. Type of Roof that are frequently used in most parts of
(FALSE) ENTASI IS THE APPLICATION OF A CONCAVE the central and western which experiences rainfall. FLAT
CURVE TO A SURFACE FOR AESTHETIC AND TECHNICAL ROOF
PURPOSE.
30. The _______‘’House of the Lord’’ temple in Lhasa, is the
16. an ancient city and capital of the Khmer empire located most revered and intensely spirit and holy site in Tibet.
near Siem Reap, Cambodia in an area now called Roluos. JOKHANG TEMPLE
HARIHARALAYA
31. It is one of the oldest mosques in Indonesia, located in
17. A Buddhist monastery or temple in Thailand or the center town of Demak, Central Java, Indonesia. The
Cambodia. WAT mosque is believed to be built by the Wali Songo ("Nine
Muslim Saints") with the most prominent figure Sunan
18. Identify the structure shown in the picture. Kalijaga, during the first Demak Sultanate ruler, Raden
Patah during the 15th century. DEMAK GREAT MOSQUE
32. It is an istana (royal palace) of Sultanate of Deli and also
a well-known landmark in Medan, the capital city of North
Sumatra, Indonesia. Built by Sultan Makmun Al Rasyid
Perkasa Alamsyah in years 1887–1891, the palace covers
2,772 m² and has 30 rooms. MAIMUN PALACE / MAIMOON
PALACE
33. It is the rectangular main prayer hall building is covered
by a central spherical dome of 45m in diameter. The latter
is supported by twelve round columns and the prayer hall
ANGKOR WAT lined by rectangular piers carrying overhanging balconies
on each of the four storeys. ISTIQLAL MOSQUE
19. The first city that was laid out, called Hariharalaya, was
designed as a perfect square about 3 kilometers on a side. 34. It is the world's biggest Buddhist monument. The
The name Hariharalaya is derived from the name of the temple sits majestically on a hilltop overlooking lush green
Hindu deity Harihara, who was prominent in pre-Angkorian fields and distant hills. Built between AD 780 and 840 during
Cambodia. Who was the king that founded this city? the reign of Syailendra dynasty. BOROBUDUR TEMPLE
JAYAVARMAN II
35. It is the most famous and important socio-historical
20. Identify the structure shown in the picture. object of interest in Tanah Datar is revealed from the name,
this palace is in Pagaruyung of Tanjung Emas.
PAGARUYUNG PALACE
36. It comes into existence when three major imperial
regimes - the Portuguese, Dutch and British. Came to rule
Malaya from 1511 to 1957. These European powers left
behind a wide range of building forms and styles which
demonstrate their influence in Malaya. COLONIAL
ARCHITECTURE
37. It is a traditional dwellings, originating before the arrival
PREAH KHAN of foreign or modern influences. It is constructed by the
indigenous ethnic Malay of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra
21. It represents the last phase of Dvaravati Style, with a and Borneo. MALAY (RUMAH MELAYU)
high square platform with 23 sides, rises a slender brick
pyramid of five diminishing storeys of 28mm. 38. What is the official religion of Malaysia? ISLAMIC
WAT KUTKUT, LAMPUN
39. It is a malaysian structure that known for it’s “boat-like 48. It was built by the emperor Shah Jahan for his favorite
structure” and it’s curved roof. RUMAH LANCANG wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It took 11 years to build and 20,000
to work on it. It is covered in white marble, which reflects
40. It has flat roof structure with crossing edges forming “x” the changing colors of the sun. TAJ MAHAL
pinnacle on corners of the roof. It also known as traditional
house with tiled stairs. RUMAH LIPAT KAJANG 49.The principal place of worship. The prime purpose was
for contemplation and prayer. It could also be used as a
41. is a nature park in Singapore's Central Region that spans school, place for transactions, storage for treasures, place
101 hectares (250 acres) and is adjacent to the Marina for hearing official notices. MOSQUE
Reservoir. There are three waterfront gardens in the park:
Bay South Garden (in Marina South), Bay East Garden (in 50. IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING PARTS OF A MOSQUE:
Marina East), and Bay Central Garden (in Marina Central)
(in Downtown Core and Kallang) THE GARDENS BY THE BAY a. it is the tower from which a call to prayer is made
MINARET
42. IDENTIFY THE NAME OF THE 5 TEMPLES THAT ARE IN
THE PICTURE b. it is the central area for prayer. no furniture is needed, as
worshippers sit, kneel, and bow directly on the floor.
MUSALLA/PRAYER HALL
c. it is a raised platform for ceremonial announcements.
MIMBAR
d. it is typically located in the center of a mosque courtyard.
it is where muslims perform a ritual washing before
entering the mosque for prayer. WUDU/ABLUTION AREA

1.BURMESE BUDDHIST TEMPLE

2. WAT ANADA METYARAMA THAI BUDDHIST TEMPLE.
3. SAKYA MUNI BUDDHA GAYA TEMPLE.
4.SIONG LIM TEMPLE
5. KONG MENG SAN PHOR KARK SEE MONASTERY

43. It is a nature-themed entertainment and shopping

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
complex connected to three of Airport's passenger 1. It is a traditional house built by the Maranao people of
terminals on the inside of Airport. The world's tallest indoor Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines. It was a symbol of high social
waterfall serves as its centerpiece. JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT status. Such a residence was once a home to a sultan or
44. is an integrated resort fronting Marina Bay within the datu in the Maranao community. TOROGAN
Downtown Core district of Singapore. At its opening in 2. The walls of the house are of bamboo split from the
2010, it was billed as the world's most expensive inside and flattened out or of woven bamboo strips called
standalone casino MARINA BAY SANDS lahak. Like other hill people, this house subsist on hunting,
45. is a museum within the integrated resort of Marina Bay fishing and cultivation. T’BOLI
Sands in the Downtown Core of the Central Area in 3. It is called binuron. ... Some houses feature a tarakip at
Singapore. it is the world's first ArtScience museum, both ends. This house use wood for the posts, girders,
featuring major exhibitions that blend art, science, culture joists, and walls, and thatch or bamboo for the roof. An
and technology. ARTSCIENCE MUSEUM interesting feature of this house is the way the bamboo roof
46. It is the main religion of India along with Judaism, the is constructed. ISNEG HOUSE
world's oldest surviving religion. This religion believes in 4. The northern style is characterized by a gable roof,
reincarnation, the soul comes back to life in a different sometimes with bowed rafters; a three-section, two-level,
body. It also has caste system: priests, warriors and nobles, reed mat floor; and two sets of posts, one; floor-bearing
farmers and traders, laborers and servants, and the and the other, roof-bearing. The space below the floor is
untouchables. HINDUISM not used. KALINGA
47. It is a monumental pillar standing free without any 5. Designed to withstand the harsh environmental
structural function. It is circular/has octagonal shafts, conditions, This houses are made of metre-thick limestone
capital persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned with and coral walls as well as cogon grass roofs, and they are
animals carrying the Challra, the wheel of law. STAMBHAS sturdy enough to withstand strong winds. IVATAN HOUSE
OR LATHS
6. A single room house composed of wood, bamboo or 23. As a result of the crossfire between the Americans and
other native materials and the main form of dwelling for a the Japanese, Intramuros was devastated and all its
family in the Philippines. NIPA HUT structures were destroyed, except for this church. What
church is this? ST. AUGUSTINE CHURCH
7. The only entrance to the house is located at the kitchen
area. The ladder is made of the trunk of the tree cut with 24. He is the Father of the City Beautiful Movement. DANIEL
notches to serve as its steps. MANOBO HOUSE H. BURNHAM
8. It is a wood carving in the form of the manuk manuk bird 25. During their colonialism they introduced sanitation,
showing a stylized head and neck of a rooster or a stylized education, health care, leisure, and transportation to the
design of a naga dragon. TAJUK PUSUNG Filipinos. AMERICAN
9. A house located at Coastal waters of Jolo consisting of 26. A type of Architecture highlighted by geometrical
one or more small rooms and a kitchen are built partially patterns, clear lines and vibrant color ART DECO
above the ground and water on wooden posts. SAMAL
HOUSE 27. Who is the architect of the building shown in the
picture?
10. A figure form placed on top of the roof that used as a
protection against evil spirits and lightning and as a sign of
asking a favour from the god Kabunyan. AMBUBULAN
11. A type of house that emerged during Spanish
colonialism and is typically two stories, the lower floor was
built of huge cut stone while the upper floor was made of
wood and the roofing is either made of Chinese tiled roof
or thatch. What type of house is this? BAHAY NA BATO
12. It is a part of Bahay na Bato that is located in the ground
floor and is used as a storage. ZAGUAN
13. The one who designed and planned churches before JUAN ARELLANO
architects became the norm in the Philippines. SPANISH 28. Was a reform philosophy of North American
FRIARS Architecture and urban planning arose in the 1890s with
14. This is a style that a combination of the Moorish the desire for landscape beauty and civic grandeur. CITY
decorative and Native American influences with an BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
extremely expressive interpretation of the Churrigueresque 29. Who is the original architect of the Philippine General
idiom may account for the full-bodied and varied character Hospital WILLIAM PARSONS
of the Baroque in the American colonies of Spain. SPANISH
COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE 30. The First Air-conditioned building in the Philippines
CRYSTAL ARCADE
15. Who was the one that designed and executed the walls
in Intramuros? JESUIT PRIEST ANTONIO SEDENO 31. This architect is considered the consulting architect
from the 1950’s to 1970’s, worked on the building at the
16. Built between 1587 and1606, is one of the oldest Elliptical Road in Quezon City. FEDERICO ILLUSTRE
churches in the Philippines, and the only building left intact
after the destruction of Intramuros during the Battle of 32. The Quezon Memorial Monument centerpiece is a 65-
Manila (1945) SAN AUGUSTIN CHURCH AND MONASTERY meter high building composed of 3 pylons topped by
winged figures representing the 3 island groups. What type
17. Is a defense fortress built for Spanish conquistador, of architectural style used in the building? ART DECO
Miguel López de Legazpi. The fort is part of the structures
of the walled city of Intramuros, in Manila, Philippines. 33. It was established on July 3, 1993, pursuant to the
(Manalo) FORT SANTIAGO provision of Republic Act 7653 or the New Central Bank Act
of 1993. It is one of the Postwar styles of Philippine
18. Located along the southern bank of the Pasig River, was architecture classified, specifically, Brutalism. The architect
built by the Spaniards in the 16th Century and is the oldest of the building is Gabriel Formoso. What is the name of the
district of the city of Manila. INTRAMUROS building? BANGKO SENTRAL NG PILIPINAS
19. Was planned as a municipal cemetery for the well-off 34. In 1950’s, the height of buildings was limited to 30
established aristocratic Spanish Families who resided in the meters by law. The Picache building was considered to be
old Manila, or the city within the walls of Intramuros, during the first skyscraper in the Philippines. Who is the architect
the Spanish Colonial Era. (Manalo) PACO PARK of this building? ANGEL E. NAKPIL
20. The Location of this structure was also once the site of 35. This architect is considered the master of Philippine
the Palace and Kingdom of Rajah Suliman, Chieftain of modernism in the late 1950’s due to his works like Menzi
Manila of Pre-Spanish era. It was destroyed by the Building in Ayala, Dewey Blvd. Manila & the AmonTrading
conquistadors upon arriving in 1570, encountering several Building in Buendia. ALFREDO J. LUZ
bloody battles with the muslim and native tagalo. The
Spaniards destroyed the native settlements and erected 36. Started his career in the 1950’s - 1960’s, he was already
Fuerza de Santiago. (Manalo) FORT SANTIAGO successful and became the most popular architect of the
residences of the posh makati villages. Architect of the
21. This 3-year ___________ occupation has grounded all Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. GABRIEL FORMOSO
the Philippine architectural production to a standstill.
JAPANESE 37. Was a Harvard-trained architect. He served as the City
Planning Commissioner of Manila during the post-war
22. Did the Japanese cause more damages to Intramuros reconstruction years, from 1947 - 1949. He was a charter
and Manila than the Americans? TRUE member of the United Architects of the Philippines, which
was founded in 1975. ANGEL S. NAKPIL
38. Located at the University of the Philippines, Diliman, 51. An approach to building that minimizes the harmful
Quezon City. It arose aut 50 years ago through a Protestant effects of construction projects on human health and the
student group named the Christian Youth Movement environment. The architect or designer attempts to
(CYM). Architect: Arch. Cesar Concio. CHURCH OF THE safeguard air, water, and earth by choosing eco-friendly
RISEN LORD building materials and construction practices. GREEN
ARCHITECTURE
39. concrete-block aesthetic, a modernist architectural
style popularized during the ’50s all the way through to the 52. On February 7, 1995 BLDC started planning a major
’70s. Characterized by exposed support materials such as urban development and made a successful bid to become
steel and concrete. BRUTALISM BCDA's partner in the development of the district. It is a
financial and lifestyle district in Taguig, Metro Manila,
40. Formed November 13, 1936. Headquarters Taft Philippines. The district experienced commercial growth
Avenue, Ermita, Manila Philippines NATIONAL BUREAU OF following the sale of military land by the Bases Conversion
INVESTIGATION and Development Authority (BCDA). FORT BONIFACIO
GLOBAL CITY
41. The oil crisis of 1973 gave rise to a movement for energy
efficient designs called? TROPICAL REGIONALISM 53. It’s an 18.5 hectares mixed-use development complex
located in Quezon City. Launched in 1997, it is Megaworld
42. In the 1970s, former First Lady imelda Marcos pursued Corporation’s first “live-work-play” community that offers
a singular “National Architectural Style” to concretize the complete facilities, amenities, and establishments for living,
official maxim of? ONE NATION, ONE SOUL working, playing, and shopping. EAST WOOD CITY
43. He is the first national artist for architecture? JUAN
NAKPIL
54. Also known as ICC, is a state-of-the-art convention
44. He is the third national artist for architecture? center in Mandurriao, Philippines. Its construction was
LEANDRO LOCSIN completed in September 2015 in time for the APEC 2015
45. Who designed this building? hosting. It is built on a 1.7-hectare of lot in the district of
Mandurriao donated by the Megaworld Corp. ILO-ILO
CONVENTION CENTER
55. In this Era the use of garish application of pastel colors
and the mixing and matching of ornaments and styles
arises. It is also the rise of the master-planned micro-cities.
What era is this? NEW MILLENIUM

JOSE ZARAGOSA
46. A decorative style of architecture characterized by
HOA 1 – 4 QUIZ
flowing lines, and abstract floral motifs, which was closely
associated with the Arts and Crafts movement championed 1. The Egyptian constructs their pyramids and temple
by William Morris (1834-96). What style of architecture is by using post and lintel. What do you call this system
this? ART NOUVEAU ARCHITECTURE of construction?
47. "Modernist architecture", the first real example of 20th
century architecture, was designed for "modern man". It I. Trabeated type of construction
was relatively, if not wholly, devoid of historical
associations, and made full use of the latest building II. Columnar type of construction
techniques and materials, including iron, steel, glass and
concrete. What style of architecture is this? EARLY
MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE
48. Who’s the designer of the Max’s Restaurant, Quezon 2. What are the architectural characters of
City ? FRANCISCO FAJARDO Mesopotamian Architecture?
49. Who’s the designer of The Philippine Pavilion?
I. Massiveness
II. Monumentality
IV. Grandeur

3. Pyramids was built because of religious influence.

OTILLO ARELLANO Which of the following are the primary reasons?
50. Who’s the designer of the Holiday Hills Golf Club House? I. They believe in life after death.
FELIPE MENDOZA
III. They consider the preservation of the dead.
4. Enumerate the parts of a pyramid complex. I. More delicate and more intimate version of
Baroque
I. Elevated Causeway
II. More of a style of decoration rather than a style
II. Offering Chapel of Architecture
III. Mortuary III. Cartouche often covering every square inch of
IV. Valley Building the surface with bulbous form.

13. The Chinese pagoda is typically how many stories?

5. Which is the right chronological order of 9 or 13
Mesopotamian Architecture Period?
14. A type of fired roof tile, normally made from clay. It
I. Babylonian Period. is S-shaped in appearance and is single lap, meaning
that the end of the tile laps only the course immediately
II. Assyrian Period
below. Flat tiles normally lap two courses.
III. Neo -Babylonian Period Pantile

IV. Persian Period 15. A general beliefs and traditions of chinese about
luck that affects architecture.
Feng shui
6. What is the type of construction system of Greek
Architecture?
I. Columnar Type
16. The best of Japan's castles with some its original
III. Post and Lintel interior and exterior are still intact. It has managed to
being destroyed by a fire or natural disaster and was
IV. Trabeated Type never attacked. It was built by Ikeda Terumasa.
Himeji Castle
7. Architectural Characteristics of the Greek
17. Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama, it
Civilization Architecture are followed _______.
contains over a thousand rooms within thirteen stories
I. Simplicity & Harmony and considered as the most important example of
Tibetan architecture.
III. Perfection of Proportions Ramoche Temple
IV. Refinement of Details 18. It is the traditional Maranao house for the upper-
class members of the community.
8. The characteristic Renaissance wall which has cut Torogan
stones having strongly emphasized recessed joints
and smooth or roughly textured block faces is 19. The most important reason on having this area in a
Rusticated masonry house on stilts is to create a buffer area for rising
waters during floods, and to prevent pests such as rats
9. Under the High Renaissance period, there was a from getting up to the living.
phase where in buildings were conceived in a non- Silong
Roman way __________.
Mannerist 20. It is considered as the 1st skyscraper in the
Philippines having 12-storeys designed by Angel
10. Michelangelo Buonarrotti presented a Latin Cross Nakpil.
Plan for the St. Peter’s Basilica. Picache Building
Incorrect
21. It is the First Headquarters of the Philippine
11. Extreme forms of architecture in baroque which National Bank which is located in Escolta. It is also
was developed in France. considered as the first multi-structure and concrete
Rococo Design building in the Philippines
Masonic Temple
12. Which of the following are characteristics of
Rococo?
22. He was considered as “Young with Flair” architect 35. The leaning tower of Pisa is an example of?
of the Philippine Contemporary Architecture? Campanile
Leandro Locsin
36. Usual elements of ____________ architecture are
23. These two Filipino Architects were brought to round arches, barrel vaults, piers supporting, vaults
Europe to study Master Builder Course. and groin vaults.
Felix Roxas and Diego Hervas Romanesque

24. In Greek temples, it refers to the superstructure of 37. A famous church in Intramuros, Manila in the style
moldings and bands which lie horizontally above of Baroque.
columns, resting on their capitals. San Agustin Church
Entablature
38. A tendency in architecture & the decorative arts to
25. Characteristics of Etruscan Architecture. freely mix various historical styles, with the aim of
I. Vastness & Magnificence combining virtues of diverse sources, or of increasing
II. Ostentation & Trabeated style allusive content, particularly in the 2nd half of the 19th
III. Arch & Vault century.
Ecclecticism
26. For greeks, it is covered walkways or porticos,
commonly for public usage. 39. New building materials brought by the industrial
Stoa revolution.
IV. cast iron, steel and glass
27. An open-air theater, usually hollowed out of the
slope of a hillside with a tiered seating area around and 40. The painter of the famous frescoed ceiling of
facing a circular orchestra backed by the skene, a Sistine Chapel.
building for the actor's use. Michelangelo
Odeion
41. A built-in recessed space in a japanese style
28. It is an ancient Greek wrestling school. Also, the reception room, in which items for artistic appreciation
social center for male citizens included spectator are displayed. Also known as Toko.
areas, baths, toilets & clubrooms. Tokonoma
Palaestra
42. Type of mat used as flooring materials in traditional
29. It is a greek temple on the Athenian Acropolis Japanese-style rooms.
dedicated to the greek goddess Athena. Tatami
Parthenon
43. In Thai Architecture, it is a distinctive design of an
30. Completing the world-famous Pisa Group are the: open pavilion used as a meeting place and to protect
IV. Church, Baptistery, Campanile people from sun and rain. Most are open on all four
sides.
31. Straight towers shafts, generally standing alone. It Sala Thai
also serves as civic monument & watch tower.
Campanile 44. It the most recognizable architectural detail in any
wat that shows a fierce bird known Garuda, from the
32. Masonry support between openings such as Hindu mythology. It means “tassel of air”.
arcades. Typically it is slender and has a rectangular, Chof
polygonal, or round cross-section, but does not taper
and often has no capital. 45. The porch in the Tausug house, when found near
Piers the kitchen as an open extended platform, and is used
as a family area is called
33. The most important structural developments of Pantalan
Romanesque architecture.
Vault 46. A moulding made up of a convex and concave
curve and which could also be applied to an arch is
34. The basic church plan of Romanesque called
architecture. Ogee
Latin Cross
47. It is term applied to any rib other than a ridge rib 59. The most impressive church in Belgium and which
which does not start from the springing of the vaulting has one immense tower with spire reaching to a height
compartment of 400 feet is the
Lierne Antwerp Cathedral

48. The pattern produced by the lierne is called 60. The largest Gothic church of northern Europe
Stellar vault covering about 91,000 square feet and forming as an
imposing monument with its great towers 500’ high is
49. The stellar vaulting led to fan vaulting which is also Cologne Catedra
called
Conoidal vault 61. The author of the book “De Re aedificatoria”, the
1st architectural book published with movable type
50. It is a type of open timber roof in Gothic England which helped the revival of the old Roman style was
which consists of a series of trusses repeated at intervals Leon Battista Alberti
to support the intermediate purlins and rafters and whose
object is to transmit the thrust of the roof as low down as
possible in the supporting wall
Hammer beam roof 62. One of those commissioned in the design of St.
Peter’s Basilica, rome and author of “the Five Orders
51. A roll moulding in which two faces meet in a blunt of Architecture”, and designed the Gesu church, Rome
arris considered as the prototype of later Jesuit churches is
Pointed bowtell Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola

52. A late Gothic moulding consisting of two ogee 63. The 1st plan the St. Peter’s Basilica made by
mouldings with convex faces adjoining Bramante was
Brace Greek cross

53. A moulding of the Decorated period consisting of a 64. Elizabethan architecture was secular rather than
slight convexity followed by hollows ecclesiastical in its nature and its most popular
Wave contribution is the
Elizabethan mansion

54. It is the period in French Gothic which is 65. One of the grandest Renaissance cathedrals and
characterized by flame-like or free-flowing window contains the tombs of Ferdinand and Isabella and other
tracery kings and queens of Spain is the
Flamboyant Granada Cathedral

55. Restored by Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century, this 66. One of the finest, example of the Spanish
best example of a French Gothic castle stands on a Renaissance, this is a square mass of building about
rocky height above the village enclosed by a cliff-like 200 feet each way, enclosing a majestic open circular
wall of 20’ thick patio
Chateau de Pierrefonds Palace of Charles V

56. These are known as town halls during the Gothic 67. It is the lavishly ornamented Spanish Baroque style
period in France of the early 18th century characterized by a reaction
Hotels de Ville from the correct and frigid formalism
Churrigueresque
57. One characteristic feature of the German Gothic is
its use 68. It is considered as the world’s largest religious
Brick structure in the world
Angkor Wat
58. Special characteristic of German Gothic was
having the nave and the aisles approximately of the 69. The largest and oldest cave dwelling found in
same height resulting to the absence of the triforium southwest of Palawan is
and clear-storey and is known as Tabon cave
Hall church
70. The Ifugao house (southern strain) is known as
Bale
71. The cistern in bahay na bato is known as 86. The traditional Tausug house is the
Aljibe Bay-sinug

72. The overhanging 2nd floor of the bahay na bato is 87. The only surviving structure of the 1945 war in
the Intramuros is the
Volada San Agustin Church

73. The screened overhanging balcony which is used 88. In the bahay kubo, the private sleeping room is
by the priests and nuns performing religious called
ceremonies unexposed to the public is the Silid
Tribuna 89. The kitchen or cooking area called paglutuan in the
dialect is also known as
74. The oldest church built in Bohol by Fr. Juan de Gilir
Torres and Fr. Gabriel Sanchez
Baclayon 90. Later called baggera, this is used as a place for
drying and storing pots and pans, drinking glasses,
75. Its 1st builder was Fr. Diego Cera and the latest plates and other kitchen utensils
reconstruction done 1975 was by Arch. Francisco Bangahan
Manosa
Las Pinas church 91. The unroofed area where water jars used for
drinking, washing and bathing are kept is the
76. The church in Ilocos which has the famous Sinking Batalan
Bell tower is the
Laoag church 92. In the Isneg house, the lowest level called
Xassaran
77. The granary in traditional Bontoc house is known
as 93. The central area found in the lower kalinga house
Falig is called
Dattagon
78. The only entry allowed to be used by the Chinese
in Intramuros 94. The tower atop the torogan where the princess and
Parian her ladies in waiting hide during occasions is called
Lamin
79. The Maranao royal house, an ancestral house for
the datu and his family is called the 95. The porch in the Tausug house, when found near
Torogan the kitchen as an open extended platform, and is used
80. The ground floor of the Bontoc house is as a family area is called
Cha-la-nan Pantan

81. The central space used as sleeping area in T’boli 96. His church designed by Alberti was of special
house is significance as the prototype of many later
Lowa Renaissance churches
S. Andrea, Mantua
82. The decorative slearstorey found above the
windows of the bahay na bato is the 97. Da Vignola built one of the most magnificent of all
Calado Renaissance palaces, recalling Hadrian’s mausoleum
in mass and outline, while the circular internal court
83. The Badjao house used primarily for storage and suggests the Colosseum, Rome
sleeping is the Palazzo Farnese, Rome
Djenging
98. Considered as Michaelangelo’s most successful
84. The cooking area in the bahay kubo is the civic work
Gilir Capitol, Rome
99. A wide flat hollow moulding so called because it
85. Referred to as the big house in the Ivatan house is encased bunches of foliage is called a?
the Casement
Rakuh
100. Who is the architect of the Philippine Pavilion 17. SUMATRAN HOUSE - for several families, built of timber and
presented in Osaka, Japan in 1970. palm leaves, the fenced pen underneath is for livestock
Leandro Locsin NEAR EAST
18. MESOPOTAMIA - Started as villages on the flat land between
Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
19. ZIGGURATS - Religious buildings built next to temples • On
top was a small temple.A
HOA REVIEWER FINALS 20. PALACES - Kings celebrated their victories, wealth and power
1. History of Architecture - "It is a record of man's effort to build by building large palaces.
beautifully. It traces the origin, growth and decline of 21. PORTICO - colonnaded space forming an entrance or
architectural styles which have prevailed in lands and ages." vestibule, with a roof supported on one side by columns
2. Historic Styles of Architecture - "The particular method, the 22. ASSYRIAN - Based in Ashur, biggest empire under King
characteristics, manner of design which prevails at a certain 23. PERSIAN - Begun by Cyrus the Great from 559 to 529 BC •
place and time. “ Covered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Eastern Mediterranean,
3. Six Influences of Architecture • Geographical • Geological • Bactria, Indus Valley and North Africa
Climatic • Religious • Social • Historical 24. DWELLINGS • Known as Megaron • Entrance at end rather
4. Four Great Constructive Principles than on the long sides
a. Post & Lintel Construction EGYPTIAN
b. Arch & Vault Construction 25. BATTER WALL - diminishing in width towards the top for
c. Corbel or Cantilever Construction stability • Thickness: 9 to 24m at temples • Unbroken massive
d. Trussed Construction walls, uninterrupted space for hieroglyphics
PREHISTORIC 26. NILE RIVER - was a trade route
Humans spread from Africa into Southern Europe, Asia • Could not settle 27. SARCOPHAGUS – Egyptian coffin
far north due to the cold climate • From Southeast Asia by boat into 28. AFTERLIFE - life and house on earth is temporary, the tomb
Australia Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food gathering • By is permanent
9000 BC, farming and agriculture was practiced • Fertile soil and plentiful 29. PHARAOHS - Seen as gods dwelling on earth • Sole masters
food • Animal domestication for work, milk, wool People wanted to settle of the country and its inhabitants • Builders and leaders •
down, live in communities • First villages in the Middle East, South Initiated the design, financing, quarrying and transporting of
America, Central America, India and China Some people needed not materials, organization of labor and construction itself
farm, so they spent time on other work - pot-making, metal-working, art 30. STEP PYRAMID OF ZOSER, SAQQARA - World's first large-
and… architecture! scale monument in stone • Designed by Imhotep
31. MASTABAS - Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with
5. MENHIR - A single, large upright monolith • Serves a religious battered side, covering a burial chamber below ground
purpose • Sometimes arranged in parallel rows, reaching 32. PYRAMIDS - massive funerary structure of stone or brick
several miles and consisting of thousands of stones 33. PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH - Most magnificent of pyramids •
6. DOLMEN - Tomb of standing stones usually capped with a Equilateral sides face cardinal points.
large horizontal slab 34. MORTUARY TEMPLES • worship/ in honor of pharaohs
7. CROMLECH - Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on 35. TEMPLE OF KHONS - Typical temple: pylons, court,
the ground in circular form hypostyle hall, sanctuary, chapels all enclosed by high girdle
8. TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE - Dominant tomb type • wall • Avenue of sphinxes and obelisks fronting pylons
Corridor inside leading to an underground chamber 36. MAMMISI TEMPLE - Became the prototype of the Greek Doric
9. STONEHENGE ENGLAND (2800 – 1500 BC) - Most temples
spectacular and imposing of monolithic monuments • Outer 37. FORTRESSES - Mostly found on west bank of Nile or on
ring, inner ring, innermost horseshoe-shaped ring with open islands • Close communications with other fortresses
end facing east. 38. ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS - Built along hillside
10. GENUINE ARCHITECTURE - it defines exterior space • A 39. FORTRESS OF BUHEN - Headquarters & largest fortified
solar observatory - designed to mark the sun's path during town near Nubia • From here they could trade and invade lands
sunrise on Midsummer Day to the south
11. PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS - Mostly had one room • The 40. PYLONS - monumental gateway to the temple consisting of
development of more complex civilizations led to division of the slanting walls flanking the entrance portal
room into smaller ones for eating, sleeping, socializing 41. CULT TEMPLES - worship/ in honor of god
12. WIGWAM or TEPEE - conical tent with wooden poles as 42. OBELISKS - upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-
framework • Covered with rush mats and an animal skin door capped pyramidion on top • sacred symbol of sun-god
13. HOGAN - primitive Indian structure of joined logs 43. HELIOPOLIS - usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances
14. IGLOO - Inuit (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed • height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base • four
snow blocks built up spirally sides feature hieroglyphics
15. NIGARIAN HUT - with mud walls and roof of palm leaves 44. OBELISK, PIAZZA OF S. GIOVANNI - originally from Temple
16. IRAQI MUDHIF - covered with split reed mats, built on a reed of Ammon, Karnak
platform to prevent settlement GREEK
45. MYCENAEAN or HELLADIC - Continuation of Cretan ideas 70. THERMAE - Romans liked to keep clean and fit • Built
and craftsmanship on mainland Greece elaborate public baths throughout the empire • For as many as
46. HELLENIC PERIOD - (800 to 323 BC) • City-states developed 30 men and women in the open
on the plains between mountains – Sparta and Athens were 71. Parts of the thermae • APODYTERIA – dressing room •
most important • The "polis" emerged as the basis of Greek LACONICUM - (sudatorium) - sweat room, rubbing with oil •
society TEPIDARIUM – warm bath • FRIGIDARIUM – cold bath •
47. AEGEAN - Rough and massive UNCTUARIA – oils and perfumes room
48. HELLENIC - Mostly religious architecture 72. INSULAE - 3 or 4 storey tenement type buildings • Prototype
49. HELLENISTIC - Not religious in character, but civic for the modern condominium
50. TOMBS • rock-cut or chamber tombs - “tholos” tomb Treasury 73. AQUEDUCTS • Carried water in pipes from the country to the
of Atreus, Mycenae heart of the city
51. MOULDINGS - Architectural devices, which with light and EARLY CHRISTIAN
shade, produce definition to a building 74. Jews believed that one day the “Messiah” or “Christ” would
52. DORIC ORDER • Without base, directly on crepidoma • Height free them from the Romans
(including capital) of 4 to 6 times the diameter at the base. 75. ST. PETER’S, ROME - Erected by Constantine near the site
53. Doric capitals had two parts - the square abacus above and of St. Peter's martyrdom • The Circus of Nero was torn down
circular bulbous echinus below to erect it
54. IONIC ORDER - Volute or scroll capital (derived from Egyptian 76. BAPTISTERIES - Used only for sacrament of baptism, on
lotus and Aegean art) festivals of Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany
55. IONIC COLUMN - Slenderer than Doric • Needed a base to 77. TOMBS or CATACOMBS - Christians objected to cremation,
spread load - Height was 9 times the base diameter • Has 24 insisted on burial on consecrated ground • Land for burials had
flutes separated by fillets • Upper and lower torus become scarce and expensive
56. IONIC ENTABLATURE - Height was 2 and 1/4 times the 78. EARLY CHRISITAN - Highly-influenced by Roman art and
diameter of column architecture
57. CORINTHIAN ORDER - Decorative variant of Ionic Order BYZANTINE
58. CORINTHIAN COLUMN - Base and shaft resembled Ionic • 79. CHURCHES - Centralized type of plan • Dome over nave,
Slenderer • Height of 10 diameters • Capital: much deeper than sometimes supported by semi-domes • Entrance at west
Ionic, 1 and 1/6 diameters high • Capital invented by 80. Description • First buildings constructed were churches •
Callimachus, inspired by basket over root of acanthus plant Dumped Early Christian style for new domical Byzantine
59. TEMENOS - Enclosure designated as a sacred land • Entire style.
groups of buildings laid out symmetrically and orderly 81. DOMES - The dome was the prevailing motif of Byzantine
60. THEATER or ODEION - Carved or hollowed out of the hillside architecture • Practice of using domes contrasts with Early
61. The Acropolis, Athens 10 structures form a world-famous Christian timber truss system
building group: • Propylaea • Pinacotheca • Statue of Athena 82. Constantinople stood on the site of an old Greek town called
Promachos • Erectheion • Parthenon • Temple of Nike BYZANTIUM (present-day Istanbul)
Apteros • Old Temple of Athena • Stoa of Eumeses • 83. 3 types of dome: Simple - Pendentives and domes are of
Theater of Dionysus • Odeon of Herodes Atticus same sphere, Compound • Dome of separate sphere, rises
ROMAN independently over sphere of pendentives or dome raised on
62. 2 periods: Etuscan or Etruscan (750 BC to 146 BC) high drum, Special designs: melon, serrated, onion or
63. ROMAN (146 BC to 365 AD) - Developed constitutional bulbous shape
republic • Farmers & soldiers, concerned with efficiency and 84. S. Sophia, Constantinople • Hagia Sophia "divine or holy
justice wisdom" • Built by Justinian, designed by Anthemius of
64. For 500 years Rome was ruled by elected leaders called Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, • Most important church in
CONSULS Constantinople • Perfection of Byzantine styl
65. WAGON/ BARREL/ TUNNEL VAULT - Semi-circular or ROMANESQUE
wagon-headed, borne on two parallel walls throughout its 85. The Roman Empire was halved into East and West • Those
length outside the Empire were called “BARBARIANS”
66. MOSAICS - Thousands of small stones or glass tiles set in 86. CATHEDRALS - Mostly Basilican in plan
mortar to form a pattern • Showed pictures of roman life 87. RIB AND PANEL VAULTING- framework of ribs support thin
67. OPUS INCERTUM - small stones, loose pattern resembling stone panels
polygonal walling • OPUS QUADRATUM - rectangular blocks, 88. BAPTISTERIES - Large, separate buildings usually octagonal
with or without mortar joints • OPUS RETICULATUM - net-like in plan and connected to the cathedral by the atrium • Used 3
effect, with fine joints running diagonally times a year: EASTER, PENTECOST, EPIPHANY
68. HEMISPHERICAL DOME/CUPOLA - Used over circular 89. CAMPANILES - Straight towers shafts, generally standing
structures. alone • Served as civic monuments, symbols of power, watch
69. FORUM - Roman cities were well-planned with straight streets towers
crossing the town in a grid pattern • In the town center was an 90. NORTHERN ITALY - Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, Verona,
open space called the forum • Surrounded by a hall, offices, Genoa - cities competed to construct glorious buildings
law courts and shops 91. Ornamental arcades all over façade - WHEEL WINDOW
92. SOUTHERN ITALY - Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine, 118. DECORATED (1307 to 1377 AD) • Window tracery is
Muslim and Norman rule "Geometrical" in form, and later, flowing tracery patterns and
93. CENTRAL ITALY - Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa – cities rich curvilinear surface pattern • Also called "Second Pointed",
in pagan influence equivalent to French "Flamboyant" style
94. CEFALU CATHEDRAL, SICILY - Most Distinct Romanesque 119. PERPENDICULAR (1377 to 1485 AD) • Also called
church in Sicily "Rectilinear “or "Third Pointed"
95. MONREALE CATHEDRAL - Most splendid under Norman 120. TUDOR (1495 to 1558 AD) • Increasing application of
rule in Sicily • Basilican and Byzantine planning Renaissance detail
96. PISA CATHEDRAL - Forms one of most famous building 121. ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD) • Renaissance ideas take
groups in the world • Exterior of red and white marble bands strong hold
97. BAPTISTERY • 39.3 m circular plan by DIOTI SALVI 122. CATHEDRALS • May have been attached to monasteries or
98. CAMPANILE - aka The “LEANING TOWER OF PIZSA” • 8 to collegiate institutions • Found in precincts with dormitories,
storeys, 16 M IN DIAMETER • Due to failure of foundations, 123. WESTMINSTER ABBEY - Complex of church, royal palace
overhangs 4.2 M and burial grounds • Most important medieval building in
99. (FRANCE) - Remains of old buildings were less abundant – Britain •
they had greater freedom of developing new style 124. YORK CATHEDRAL - largest medieval cathedral in England
100. (CENTRAL EUROPE) WORMS CATHEDRAL - Eastern and and in Northern Europe Winchester Cathedral - longest
western apses and octagons • 2 circular towers flank each medieval cathedral in England
101. (SPAIN) - Use of both Basilican and Greek-cross forms • Use 125. ANOR HOUSES • Erected by new and wealthy trading families
of horseshoe arch 126. SPAIN • Strong Moorish influences: the use of horseshoe
102. Santiago de Compostela - Finest achievement of arches and rich surface decoration of intricate geometrical and
Romanesque in Spain flowing patterns
103. (ENGLAND) 3 foundations: • Old foundation - served by 127. BURGOS CATHEDRAL(1221 - 1457 AD) - Irregular in plan •
secular clergy • Monastic foundation - served by regular Most beautiful and poetic of all Spanish cathedrals
clergy or monks • New foundation - to which bishops had 128. SEVILLE CATHEDRAL(1402 to 1520 AD) - Largest Medieval
been appointed church in Europe • Second largest church in the world, next to
104. FORTIFICATIONS & TOWN WALLS • All over Europe - 1500 St. Peter's, Rome
castles in England in 11th and 12th centuries 129. ITALY - Led the way in Europe, in terms of art, learning and
105. Peterborough Cathedral • Fine Norman interior • Original commerce
timber ceiling over nave Florence Cathedral or S. Maria del Fiore - Designed by
GOTHIC Arnolfo di Cambio • Essentially Italian in character, without
106. "GOTHIC" is a term used in reproach to this style • a departure the vertical features of Gothic
from classic lines • Can be identified by the general use of 130. SIENA CATHEDRAL - One of most stupendous undertakings
pointed arch • Also called “MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE” since the building of the Pisa cathedral
107. GOTHIC - Most Europeans were Catholics • Church under the 131. MILAN CATHEDRAL - Largest Medieval cathedral in Italy •
Pope brought Christians together 3rd largest cathedral in Europe
108. FRANCE - In French, "L'architecture Ogivale“ RENAISSANCE
109. PRIMAIRE(12th Century AD) - Also called "a lancettes" • 132. "TREATISE ON ARCHIETCTURE" by VITRUVIUS in 1486
Distinguished by pointed arches and geometric traceried 133. EARLY RENAISSANCE - Period of learning • Designers were
windows intent on the accurate transcription of Roman elements
110. SECONDAIRE (13th Century AD) • Also called "Rayonnant" 134. HIGH RENAISSANCE or PROTO-BAROQUE - Renaissance
• Characterized by circular windows with wheel tracery became an individual style in its own right • PURIST or
111. TERTIARE(14th to 16th Century AD) • Also called PALLADIAN, where Roman tradition was held in high respect
"Flamboyant" • Flame-like window tracery or freeflowing (represented by Andrea Palladio)
tracery 135. BAROQUE - Architects worked with freedom and firmly-
112. Notre Dame, Paris • One of the oldest French cathedrals acquired knowledge • The true nature of Renaissance as a
113. CASTLES • Built on mounds above rivers • Thick walls and distinctive style began to emerge
small windows to resist attack 136. PALLADIAN ARCHITECTURE - was logical, staid and serene
114. Carcassone • built in 13th Century AD • double wall, inner one 137. PROTO-BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE - was vivid, virile and
made in 600 AD • 50 towers and moat • two gateways guarded intense
by machicolations, drawbridge and portcullis 138. BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE - was dramatic, rich, grand and
115. (ENGLAND) NORMAN (1066 to 1154 AD) • Includes the alive
raising of most of major Romanesque churches and castles 139. ROCOCO ARCHIETCTURE - was a profusion and confusion
116. TRANSITIONAL (1154 to 1189 AD) • Pointed arches in of detail, presenting a lavish display of decoration
Romanesque structures 140. FLORENCE - Cities of Florence, Genoa, Milan - central, chief
117. EARLY ENGLISH (1189 to 1307 AD) • Equivalent to High powers of Italy • MEDICI FAMILY - founded by Giovanni de
Gothic in France • Also called "Lancet" or "First Pointed" style, Medici, who was a commercial and political power
from long narrow pointed windows
141. PALAZZI • With the development of gunpowder, palace-type 167. St. Paul's Cathedral, London • Designed by Christopher
building evolved, taking the place of fortified castles • Built Wren • Area of 6000 sq.m and a large central space under
around a cortile or interior court, like medieval cloister dome for big congregations
142. ROME • Splendidly presented examples of High Renaissance 168. (GEORGIAN HOUSES) Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire •
and Proto-baroque • Famous architect is DONATO Most monumental mansion in England • Example of central
BRAMANTE block with wings
143. Tempietto in S. Pietro, Montorio • Resembling small Roman 169. (SPAIN & PORTUGAL) EARLY PERIOD (1492 to 1556 AD) •
circular temple with Doric columns Grafting Renaissance details unto Gothic forms
144. Site where S. Peter was martyred • Designed by Donato 170. In Spain: • Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its
Bramante similarity to silversmiths' work – plateria • Influenced by
145. S. Peter, Rome • Most important Renaissance building in Italy Moorish art - extremely florid and decorative, from the
• With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a world-famous minuteness of detail
group 171. in Portugal: • Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495 to
146. BRAMANTE - His design was selected from several entries in 1521 AD) • Decorative rather than structural in character,
a competition • He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome inspired by the voyages of discoverers
similar to the Pantheon in Rome 172. CLASSICAL PERIOD (1556 to 1690 AD) • Close adherence
147. Giuliano da Sangallo - Upon death of Julius II in 1513 to Italian Renaissance art
148. Raphael - Proposed a Latin cross plan • Died 173. BAROQUE PERIOD (1650 to 1750 AD) • Classical rules
149. Baldassare Peruzzi - Reverted to Greek cross • Died disregarded • Churrigueresque, fantastically extravagant
150. Antonio da Sangallo - Slightly altered plan - extended expression, by Jose de Churriguera, (1650 to 1723 AD)
vestibule and campanile, and elaborated the central dome 174. ANTIQUARIAN PERIOD (1750 to 1830 AD) • Returned to
151. Michelangelo - Undertook the project at 72 years old - present ancient classical models
building owes most of its outstanding features to him 175. The Escorial, Madrid • Austere group of buildings, composed
152. Domenico Fontana - Completed dome in 1590 of the monastery, college, church and palace with state
153. Vignola - Added sided cupolas apartments
154. Carlo Maderna - Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and 176. Heidelberg Castle • Exemplifies progressive developments of
built the gigantic facade the Early Renaissance on the castle
155. Bernini - Erected noble entrance piazza 198 m wide with 18th-19th C: REVIVAL
Tuscan colonnade 177. “age of revivals” - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
156. Chateau de Chambord - Designed by an Italian, Domenico combining native and foreign styles
da Cortona • Semi-fortified palace, most famous in Loire 178. “age of innovation” - use of newly available materials • Form
district follows Function (Louis Sullivan)
157. Chateau de Maisons - One of the most harmonious of all 179. The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol • Designed by
chateaux • Designed by Francois Mansart on a symmetrical Isambard Brunel • Pylons of Egyptian character
E-plan 180. St. George's Hall, Liverpool • Designed by Harvey Lonsdale
158. Palaise du Louvre, Paris - Built from Francis I to Napoleon III Elmes • Most magnificent Neo-Classical monument in Britain
• Together with Tuilleries, 45 acres constituting one of the most 181. City Hall, Swansea • Designed by Sir Percy Thomas
imposing palaces in Europe 182. Westminster New Palace (Houses of Parliament), London
159. Petit Trianon, Versailles - Designed by JA Gabriel for Louis • Designed by Sir Charles Barry • Non-classical design:
XV • One of most superb pieces of domestic architecture of the Gothic detail by Pugin • Victoria tower, Clock tower “Big Ben”
century • First major public building of Gothic revival
160. Church of the Val de Grace, Paris - Projecting portal by 183. St. Giles, Cheadle, Staffs • Designed by Pugin
Francois Mansart, dome by Lemercier 184. The University Museum, Oxford • Designed by Benjamin
161. St. Gervais, Paris - earliest wholly-classical church facade • Woodward • landmark of High Victorian Gothic
by Salomon de Brosse 185. The Cathedral, Guilford • Designed by Sir Edward Maufe
162. (ENGLAND PERIODS) ELIZABETHAN • Establishment of 186. The Conservatory, Carlton House, London • Cast-iron for
Renaissance style in England, followed Tudor architecture • structural and decorative purpose
Transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance detail 187. Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew • Designed by
163. STUART (1625 to 1702 AD) • 1st Phase: Inigo Jones was Decimus Burton and Richard Turner
influenced by Italian Renaissance • 2nd Phase: Christopher 188. Crystal Palace, London • Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton •
Wren was influenced by French Renaissance One of the most remarkable buildings in 19th century Britain –
164. ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS • Statesmen, merchants and free of any traditional precedent • Housed the Great Exhibition
gentry built mansions in the countryside to suit their positions of 1851, erected in Hyde Park, moved to Sydenham in 1852 to
• E-shaped plan or H-shaped plan 1854
165. Banqueting House, Whitehall, London • Designed by Inigo 189. ART NOVEAU (1893 to 1906 AD) • Derived from the “Arts
Jones and Crafts Movement” in Britain • An art free of any historical
166. Queen's House • Influenced by Palladian architecture style
190. Versions: • France – Le Modern Style • Germany – Jugendstil 217. The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, NY • Designed by
• Austria – Sezessione • Italy – Stile Liberty • Spain – Frank Lloyd Wright
Modernismo 218. The Woolworth Building, NY • Designed by Cass Gilbert •
191. The Votivkirche, Vienna • Neo-Gothic by Heinrich von Gothic style
Ferstel 219. The Wainwright Building, St. Louis • Designed by Adler and
192. The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris • Neo-Byzantine by Paul Sullivan
Abadie 220. Empire State Building • Designed by Shreve, Lamb and
193. The Schauspielhaus, Berlin • Greek-revival style by KF von Harmon • 85 storeys
Schinkel 20th C: MODERN
194. The Library of St. Genevieve, Paris • Neo-Renaissance by 221. Marcel Breuer • Architect and designer • Best known for the
Henri Labrouste design of tubular steel Wassily Chair
195. The Opera House, Paris • Neo-Baroque by Charles Garnier 222. Oscar Niemeyer • Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to
196. The Victor Emanuel II Monument, Rome • Neo-Classical by conceive and build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a record time of
Giuseppe Sacconi just four years • Also designed the cathedral, the national
197. Semper The Altes Museum, Berlin - Greek-revival style theater and the presidential palace
Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen - Greek-revival The 223. Eric Mendelsohn • Dynamic, sculptural quality
Opera House, Cologne - French Neo-Baroque The Post 224. le Corbusier • Based in Switzerland and France, he
Savings Bank, Vienna - Art Noveau by Otto Wagner dominated European scene for nearly half-a-century • He
198. The Entrance Pavilion, Exposition Universelle 1889 • believed that "the house is a machine to live in" - the program
Designed by Gustav Eiffel and maurice koechlin • Extensive for building a house should be set out with the same precision
use of iron, 300m high as that for building a machine
199. The Galerie des Machines, Exposition Universelle 1889 • 225. Buckminster Fuller • Created the Dymaxion House, the first
By Victor Contamin, engineer, and CLF Dutert, architect “machine for living” - a portable home inside from metal
200. The White House, Washington DC • President‟s official alloys and plastics
residence • Designed by James Hoban, Irish architect • 226. Walter Gropius • Created prototype of modern architecture:
English Palladian style free-standing glass sheath suspended on a structural
201. Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia • Designed by framework - aka curtain wall • First used this on Hallidie
Thomas Jefferson, 3rd American president • Palladian style Building, San Francisco in 1918 • Established Bauhaus, a
202. Robie House, Chicago • Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright school or training intended to relate art and architecture to
203. Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois (aka Prairie House) • technology and the practical needs of modern life
First important work of Frank Lloyd Wright 227. Frei Otto • The seminal figure in the development of tensile
204. Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin • Designed by architecture • Veered away from the simple geometric
Frank Lloyd Wright solutions and built organic free forms that could respond to
205. Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois • by Frank Lloyd Wright complex planning and structural requirements
206. The United States Capitol, Washington DC • First designed 228. Palazzetto dello Sport for 1960 Rome Olympics • Designed
by Dr. William Thorton along Palladian lines • Numerous by Pierre Luigi Nervi and Vitellozzi
modifications after the war • Crowning dome • One of the 229. Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics • Designed by Kenzo
world's best known buildings Tange
207. The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia • Designed by 230. Sydney Opera House • Designed by Jorn Utzon of Denmark
Thomas Jefferson • First neo-classical monument in America, • He won the project in a competition for the design of a
based on Maison Caree, Nimes • Ionic order performing arts complex in Sydney, Australia
208. Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC • Designed by Henry 231. The Chrysler Building, NY • Designed by William van Alen
Bacon • Greek Doric style • Art Deco style
209. Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia • Designed by William 232. World Trade Center • Originally designed by Minoru
Strickland • Greek-revival Yamasaki • Structural steel framing • Destroyed by the
210. The Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago, September 11 terrorist attacks • Redesigned by Daniel
Illinois • Designed by HH Richardson Libeskind - 541 m tall
211. The Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois • Designed by 233. MOSQUE • The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor
Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan • Neo-Byzantine interior Allah in prayer - mosques were built wherever Islam had
212. The Reliance Building, Chicago • Designed by Burnham spread
and Root 234. PARTS OF A MOSQUE - Sahn - cloistered or arcaded
213. The Monadnock Building, Chicago • Designed by Daniel courtyard is a fundamental feature • Fawwara - fountain •
Burnham Mihrab - niche oriented towards Mecca • Dikka - reading desk
214. The Second Leiter Building, Chicago • Metal-framed • Maqsura - screen • Mimbar - raised platform for ceremonial
building announcements • Iwan - open-fronted porch facing a court •
215. The Gace Building, Chicago • Designed by Louis Sullivan Minaret - tower from which a call to prayer is made • Kibla -
and Holabird and Roche axis oriented towards Mecca
216. The Schlesinger-Mayer Store • Designed by Louis Sullivan 235. Personalities: • Muezzin - caller who summons the faithful to
• Suggestion of Art Noveau style prayer • Imam - man who leads congregation in prayer •
 Caliph - successor to the prophet as military, judicial, or 252. Spanish Rule: • 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed • 1564
spiritual leader of Islam • Sufi - holy man Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity
236. The Great Mosque, Damascus • Earliest surviving large 253. American Rule: • Islands were sold or ceded to America, as a
mosque, built in 705-711 AD • Stood in a walled temenos result of Spanish war with USA • Continued fighting •
237. Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem • Most important Islamic Democracy was introduced - allowed a self-government called
structure • Great central dome covers the summit of Mt. Moriah the Commonwealth Era
238. SARAY or SERAI • Palace with courtyard 254. Japanese Invasion: • December 1941 • Established a puppet
239. The Taj-Mahal, Agra (1630 to 1653 AD) • Built by the emperor government • Liberation when Gen. McArthur returned in July
Shah Jahan for his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal • Took 11 years 1945 • Independence in 1946
to build and 20,000 to work on it • Covered in white marble, 255. CAVE DWELLINGS • earliest human habitation • Tabon Cave,
240. The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD) • Fortified palace Palawan had been inhabited for 30,000 years • caves in
and complex of buildings set in gardens • One of most Angono, Rizal with ancient petroglyphs
elaborate and richly decorated Islamic palaces 256. TREE HOUSES • perched on forked branches of trees, up to
INDIAN 60 feet above the ground • prevented attack by animals and
241. Hinduism • Main religion of India • Along with Judaism, the human enemies • by the Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon •
worlds oldest surviving religion • From indigenous Dravidians Manobo and Mandaya of Mindanao • Moros of Lake Lanao
and Aryan invaders • Chief gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva • 257. LEAN-TOS • winbreaks or windscreens as the first attempt at
Belief in reincarnation, the soul comes back to life in a different building • served as shelters during a hunting or food-gathering
body • Caste system: priests, warriors and nobles, farmers and journey • made of light branches and fronds, but strong enough
traders, laborers and servants, untouchables to withstand a strom • Negritos of Zambales • Agtas of
242. Buddhism • Many people disliked the way Hindu society Palanan, Isabela
divided people into castes • Gautama Siddhartha 563 – 483 258. BAHAY KUBO or NIPA HUT • “balai” and spanish “cubo” or
BC, gave up his princely life to search for wisdom • After 6 cube – cube-shaped house, from its boxy appearance •
years of wandering, he found enlightenment through a deep primitive style of dwelling probably started around 200 BC, with
thinking process called meditation • Overcome human the coming of iron tools • well- adapted to tropical climate • of
weakness including greed and anger wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, palm leaves, cogon and nipa
243. STAMBHAS or LATHS • Monumental pillars standing free 259. Elevated one to five feet from the ground - silong • protection
without any structural function • Circular or octagonal shafts • from the moist ground and flood • protection from vermin and
Capital Persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned with other animals • enclosed area as sleeping quarters
animals carrying the Challra, wheel of law SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-NA-BATO
244. MANDIRA • Hindu temple with a interior sanctuary called a 260. Evolved from the Bahay Kubo: a tropical house • Steep, hip
vimana • Capped by a tapering spire-shaped tower – sikhara • roof • Post and lintel construction • Elevated living
Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing and music quarters • Economy of materials • Space flowing from one
245. STUPAS • Buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a room to next • Light and airy structure
relic of Buddha, to commemorate special events or mark a SPANISH CHURCHES
sacred spot • Regarded as symbols of the universe • Based on 261. Calasiao, Pangasinan • 2nd best bell tower • by Fr. Ramon
the pre-historic funerary tumulus Dalinao
246. VIHARAS • Buddhist monasteries often excavated from solid 262. Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte • by Fr. Joseph Ruiz • sinking
rock • Central pillared chamber or quadrangle surrounded by belltower
verandah • Small sleeping cells on the sides • In front stood 263. Las Pinas Church • by Fr. Diego Cera
the courtyard containing the stupa 264. Loboc, Bohol • biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings
247. CHAITYAS • Buddhist shrine also carved out of solid rock • 265. Manila Cathedral • by Bishop Domingo Salazar
Formed like an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end 266. Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo • by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo
CHINESE 267. Morong Church, Rizal • exquisite Spanish Baroque style • by
248. PAGODAS • Buddhist temple, most typical Chinese building Fr. Blas dela Madre
of religious significance • Later gained a secular nature: 268. Panay Church • largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated
monuments to victory or a memorial to hold relics • Based on by townspeople
the Indian stupa and stambha 269. Quiapo Church • restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria
249. PAI-LOUS • Monumental, ceremonial gateway and basic Zaragosa
symbolic structure in Chinese architecture • Erected as 270. San Agustin Church • by Fr. Juan Macias
memorials to eminent persons. 271. San Sebastian • one of first steel buildings • steel from
250. The Great Wall of China • Most famous of ancient Chinese Belgium by Eiffel
buildings • by Shi Huangdi 272. Taal Church, Batangas • by Fr. Martin Aguirre • biggest
JAPANESE church
251. (PAGODAS) Derived from the Chinese pagoda • Square plan 273. Sta. Ana Church, Manila • by Fr. Vicente Ingles • restored
• Mostly 5 storeys, 45 m in height • Virtually suspended around by Juan Nakpil
a central timber (stable against earthquake shocks) • Wide 274. Sto. Domingo Church, QC • by Jose Maria Zaragosa
projecting roofs to each storey, subtly curved 275. Sto. Nino, Cebu • by Diego de Herrera
FILIPINO SCHOOLS
276. Escuela Practica Y Profecional de Artes Oficio de Manila • 323. Gateways 1. Egyptian - Pylon 2. Greek - Propylaeum 3. Indian
1890 • taught maestros de obras - Torana 4. Chinese - Pai-lou 5. Japanese – Torii
277. Liceo de Manila • MO-P “Maestros de Obra-Practica” • MO- 324. Pyramid vs. Ziggurat 1. Pyramids have sloping faces;
A “Maestros de Obra-Academia” ziggurats have diminishing faces 2. Pyramids used stone as
278. Escuela de Ingenieria Y Arquitectura • Closed after one year building material, ziggurats used mud-bricks 3. Pyramids have
279. Mapua Institute of Architecture (1925) • 1st school of sides facing the cardinal points, ziggurats have corners facing
Architecture the cardinal points
280. Adamson University • 2nd school of architecture 325. Hellenic vs Hellenistic Hellenic - religious architecture
281. UST College of Architecture (1930) • 3rd school of Hellenistic - civic architecture
architecture 326. Famous Building Groups 1. Pyramids at Giza 2. The
282. Daniel Burnham - city plan of Manila and Baguio Acropolis, Athens 3. Pisa Cathedral 4. St. Peter‟s, Rome
283. Tomas Mapua - 1st registered architect in country 327. Campanile vs Belfry Belfry - attached to church Campanile -
284. Masonic Temple, Escolta • 1st concrete building in Escolta detached from church
285. Philippine Normal School • Phil. Normal University 328. Types of Domes 1. Simple 2. Compound 3. Melon, Serrated,
286. University of the Philippines • Padre Faura Onion or Bulbous shape
287. National Museum • 1st was the Legislative Building 329. Periods of Renaissance 1. Early Renaissance 2. High
288. Intendencia Building • adjacent to Manila Cathedral Renaissance 3. Baroque 4. Rococo
289. Luneta Hotel • 2nd hotel in Asia • French Baroque style 330. 12 Architects of St. Peter’s 1. Donato Bramante 2. Giuliano
290. Army and Navy Club • rest and recreation for American da Sangallo 3. Fra Giocondo 4. Raphael 5. Baldassare Peruzzi
soldiers 6. Antonio da Sangallo 7. Michelangelo 8. Giacomo della Porta
291. De La Salle College • by Tomas Mapua 9. Domenico Fontana 10. Vignola 11. Carlo Maderna 12.
292. Rizal Monument • obelisk Bernini
293. Manila Hotel • 1st hotel in Asia, 1st with elevator • Originally 331. Architects of Stuart Period, Britain 1st Phase - Inigo Jones
by William Parsons, renovated by Locsin in 1975 2nd Phase - Christopher Wren
294. Philippine General Hospital • by William Parsons 332. Biggest Churches 1. St. Peter‟s, Rome 2. Seville Cathedral
295. UST Main Building • by Roque Rueno 3. Milan Cathedral 4. Cologne Cathedral 5. St. Paul‟s, London
296. Post Office Building • by Juan Arellano 333. Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas 1. Chinese - octagonal plan,
297. Juan Nakpil - 1st National Artist for Arch. Japanese - square 2. Chinese - 9 or 13 storeys, Japanese - 5
298. Pablo Antonio - 2nd National Artist for Arch. storeys
299. Leandro Locsin - 3rd National Artist for Arch. 334. Types of Crosses 1. Latin cross 2. Greek cross
300. Quezon Institute • By Juan Nakpil 335. Types of roofs 1. Gable 2. Hip 3. Hipped gable 4. Mansart 5.
301. Lyric Theater, Escolta • By Juan Nakpil Gambrel 6. Butterfly 7. Rainbow
302. Ideal Theater, Avenida Rizal • by Pablo Antonio 336. 5 Points of New Architecture 1. Framework structurally
303. Jai Alai Building - demolished in 2001 • Art Deco, streamline independent of walls 2. Free-standing façade 3. Roof garden
style 4. Open planning 5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns
304. Ambassador Hotel • by Fernando Ocampo, 1st skyscraper 337. Art Noveau Styles 1. France – Le Modern Style 2. Germany
305. Syquia Apartments, Malate • by Pablo Antonio – Jugendstil 3. Austria – Sezessione 4. Italy – Stile Liberty 5.
306. Natividad Building, Escolta • by Andres Luna y San Pedro Spain – Modernismo
307. Regina Building, Escolta • by Andres Luna y San Pedro
308. FEU Main Building • by Pablo Antonio
309. Metropolitan Theater • by Juan Arellano
310. College of Engineering and Liberal Arts, UP Diliman • by
Cesar Concio
311. The Iglesia Ni Cristo Cathedrals • by Carlos Santos Viola
312. The Meralco Building • by Jose Zaragoza
313. Philippine Heart Center • by Jorge Ramos TOA REVIEWER FINALS
314. The Quiapo Mosque • by Jorge Ramos
315. The Quezon Monument • by Federico Ilustre 1. Descriptive: Explains phenomenon or events; their neutral and
316. The Central Bank of the Philippines • by Gabriel Formoso do not lean towards any ideology
317. Asian Institute of Management • by Gabriel Formoso 2. Prescriptive: Prescribes bases or guidelines
318. SM Megamall • by Antonio Sindiong 3. Critical: Challenges relationships between architecture
319. Robinson’s Galleria • by William Coscolluela & society
320. Types of Vaults 1. Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault 2. Wagon with 4. Essence and Composition
Intersecting Vault 3. Cross Vault 4. Hemispherical Dome/ a) A collection of thoughts, view, ideas
Cupola b) Organized by theme or topic
321. 5 Orders of Architecture 1. Doric 2. Ionic 3. Corinthian 4. c) Evolution of thoughts
Tuscan 5. Composite d) There is not a grand theory or unified theory of
322. Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 1. Clerestory 2. Skylight architecture; it is a combination of various thoughts,
3. Temple door speculations, concepts
5. Form
a) In a conceptual form
b) Needs to be translated
c) From concepts to reality
d) Discussed, tested, developed
6. Architecture is the process that we instinctively recognize as the
genius of growth and creation
7. It gives form to the invisible pulses and rhythm of life
8. The physical manifestation of the power is a consequence of
the desire for the invisible to be made visible

CONTEXT

13. Space - Organizational pattern, relationships, hierarchy

14. Structure - Qualities of shape, color, texture, scale, proportion
15. Enclosure - Qualities of surfaces, edges and openings
16. Movement in Space-time
a) Approach and entry
b) Path configuration and access
c) Sequence of spaces
d) Light, view, touch, hearing and smell
9. SPATIAL SYSTEM 17. Technology
a) Structure and enclosure
b) Environmental protection and comfort
c) Health, safety and welfare
d) Durability
18. Program
a) User requirements, needs, aspirations
b) Socio-cultural factors
c) Economic factors
d) Legal restraints
e) Historical tradition & precedents
19. Context
10. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM a) Site and environment
b) Climate: sun, wind, temperature and precipitation
c) Geography: soils, topography, vegetation and water
d) Sensory and cultural characteristics of the place
20. Point
a) The two ends of a line
b) The intersection of two lines
c) The meeting of lines at the corner of a plane or volume
d) The center of a field
21. LINE
a) A point extended becomes a line with properties of:
11. ENCLOSURE SYSTEM b) Length
c) Direction
d) Position
22. PLANE
a) A line extended becomes a plane with properties of:
b) Length and width
c) Shape
d) Surface
e) Orientation
f) Position
23. Volume - A plane extended becomes a volume with properties
of:
12. CIRCULATION SYSTEM a) Length, width, depth
b) Form and space
c) Surface
 d) Orientation
e) Position
24. ARCHITECTURAL FORM - is the point of contact between
mass and space
25. Properties of Form:
a) Shape
b) Size
c) Color
d) Texture
30. Centralized Organization - a number of secondary forms
e) Position
clustered about a dominant, central parent-form
f) Orientation
g) Visual Inertia
26. Dimensional Transformation - a form can be transformed by
altering one or more of its dimensions and still retain its identity
as a member of a family of forms. A cube, for example, can be
transformed into similar prismatic forms through discrete
changes in height, length or width.

27. Subtractive Transformation - a form can be transformed by

subtracting a portion of its volume. Depending on the extent of
the subtractive process, the form can still retain its initial identity
or be transformed into a form of another family.

Linear Organization - a series of forms arranged sequentially

in a row

28. Additive Transformation - a form can be transformed by the

addition of elements to its volume. The nature of the additive
process and the number and relative sizes of the elements
being attached determine whether the identity of the initial form
is altered or retained.

29. SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS

● Space within a Space
● Interlocking Spaces
● Adjacent Spaces
● Spaces linked by a Common Space

31. Radial Organization - a composition of linear forms extending

outward from a central form in a radial manner
 37. Configuration of Path - the sequence of spaces ; can be
linear, radial, spiral, grid, network or composite

32.
33. Clustered Organization - a collection of forms grouped
together by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait.
38. Anthropocentrism - the human being is the most important
entity in the universe. The world is perceived according to the
values and experiences of the human being.
39. Anthropomorphism - human qualities are associated with
non-human entities/ events. Qualities such as form, values and
emotions
40. Anthropometrics - study of measurements of the human body

41. Ergonomics: an applied science concerned with the of

characteristics of people that need to be considered in the
34.
Grid Organization - a set of modular forms related and design of devices and systems in order that people and things
regulated by a three-dimensional grid will interact effectively and safely.
42. The term "ergonomics" is derived from two Greek words:
"ergon," meaning work, and "nomoi," meaning natural laws.
Ergonomists study human capabilities in relationship to work
demands
43. Proxemics - The study of the symbolic and communicative role
of the spatial separation individuals maintain in various social
and interpersonal situations, and how the nature and degree of
this spatial arrangement relates to environmental and cultural
factors.

35. Approach - the distant view; the first phase of the circulation
system during which we are prepared to see, experience and
use the building

36. Entrance - from outside to inside; may be flushed, projected or

recessed
1. Rameses I - The beginner of the great a. i, ii, iii - Parts of an entablature, in order
hypostyle hall at karnak and the founder of the of top to bottom. i. Cornice ii. Frieze iii.
19th dynasty. Architrave
2. Marble - The mineral of greatest importance to 25. Octagonal - Plan shape of a Chinese pagoda.
Greek architecture of which Greece and her 26. 13.. - Usual number of stories for a Chinese
domains had ample supply of was. pagoda.
3. Propylaea - Forming the imposing entrance to 27. Square – Plan shape of a Japanese pagoda.
the acropolis and erected by the architect 28. Pediment - Triangular piece of wall above the
Mnesicles is the? entablature.
4. Parthenon - The building in the acropolis 29. Pendentive - A spherical triangle forming the
generally considered as being the most nearly transition from the circular plan of a dome to the
perfect building ever erected is the? poly-gonal plan of its supporting structure.
5. Arch and vault - With the use of concrete 30. Narthex - A long arcaded entrance porch in an
made possible by pozzolan, a native natural early Christian church.
cement, the Romans achieved huge interiors 31. Nave - The principal or central part of a church,
with the? extending from the narthex to the choir
6. Composite - Which of the order was added by orchancel and usually flanked by aisles.
the Romans to the orders used by the Greeks. 32. Stylobate - The uppermost step in the
7. Domical roof construction - From the 5th crepidoma.
century to the present, the character of 33. Stereobate - The lowest step in the crepidoma.
Byzantine architecture is the practice of using. 34. Eustyle - Intercolumniation of 2.25 diameters.
8. Marble - Romanesque architecture in Italy is 35. Areostyle - Intercolumniation of 4 diameters.
distinguished from that of the rest of Europe by 36. Systyle - Intercolumniation of 2 diameters.
the use of what material for facing walls. 37. 1.5 Diameters - Pycnostyle intercolumniation
9. Pantheon - The most famous and perfect has how many diameters?
preservation of all ancient buildings in Rome. 38. 3 Diameters - Diastyle intercolumniation has
10. Pteroma - The space between the colonnade how many diameters.
and the naos wall in Greek temple. 39. Circus - Roman building which is a prototype
11. Gladiatorial Contests - Amphitheaters are of the hippodrome of the Greek.
used for? 40. Colosseum - Roman building for which
12. Stoa - An ancient Greek Portico, a long gladiatorial battles took place.
colonnaded shelter used in public places. 41. Wrestling - What sporting event takes place in
13. Acropolis - The fortified high area or citadel of the Palaestra?
an ancient Greek City. 42. Stadium - A foot race course in the cities.
14. Antefix - An upright ornament at the eaves of 43. Callicrates and Ictinus - Architects of the
a tile roof, concealing the foot of a row of Parthenon.
convex tiles that cover the joints of the flat tiles.
15. Acroterion - Strictly, a pedestal at the corners 44. Lamin - The tower atop the torogan where the
or peak of a roof to support an ornament, more princess and her ladies in waiting hide during
usually, the ornament itself. occasions.
16. Anthemion - Also called a 'Honeysuckle' 45. Zaguan - Found in the ground floor of the
ornament. bahay na bato, it is where the carriages and
17. Apotheca - In ancient Greece and Rome, a floats are kept.
storeroom of any kind, but especially for storing 46. Bilik - The emergency hideout found directly
wine. behind the headboard of the Sultan's bed.
18. Anthemion - The characteristic of Greek 47. Dapogan - In the kitchen of the bahay kubo,
ornament. the table on top of which is the river stone,
19. Refectory - The dining hall in a monastery, a shoe-shaped stove or kalan is known as
convent, or a college. 48. Cha-sit-su - Japanese tea house
20. Baroque - The architecture of the curved line 49. Masjid - A Muslim temple, a mosque for public
is known as worship, also known as place for Prostration
21. Cortel - The open court in an Italian palazzo. 50. Stupa - Domical mound containing a relic.
22. Tracery - The ornamental pattern work in 51. Bale - Ifugao house (southern strain).
stone, filling the upper part of a Gothic window. 52. Doric - The style of the order with massive and
23. Roman - "cubicula" or bedroom is from what tapering columns resting on a base of 3 steps.
architecture. 53. Tumuli - Earthen burial mounds containing
24. 176 - How many stained glass are there in the upright and lintel stones forming chambers for
Chartres Cathedral?
 consecutive burials for several to a hundred 80. Chartres Cathedral - Finest example of
persons. French-Gothic architecture
54. Apse - A semi-circular or semi-polygonal 81. Octagonal - Plan shape of a Chinese pagoda.
space, usually in church, terminating in axis 82. Tokonama - A special feature of Japanese
and intended to house an altar. houses, used to display a flower arrangement
55. Dipteral - Temples in Greece that have a or art.
double line of columns surrounding the naos. 83. Hagia Sophia – The most famous structure of
56. Prytaneion - Senate house for chief dignitaries Byzantine architecture and notable of its large
in Greek architecture dome.
57. Erich Mendelsohn - Architect of the Einstein 84. Baldachino - An ornamental canopy of stone
Tower. or marble permanently place over the altar in a
58. Walter Gropius - Founder of the Bauhaus church.
School of Art. 85. Tabernacle - A decorative niche often topped
59. Art Noveau - What architectural term is termed with a canopy and housing a statue.
to be free from any historical style? 86. Exedra – A large apsidal extension of the
60. Van Alen – The architect of Chrysler building interior volume of a church.
in N.Y. 87. Niche - A recess in a wall to contain a statue or
61. Embrasures - Another term for crenel or other small items.
intervals between merlon of a battlement. 88. Mudejar - A term given to the mixture of
62. Amenemhat I - In the middle kingdom, in Christian, Spanish, and Muslim 12th-16th
Egyptian architecture, who consolidate the century architecture.
administrative system, made a survey of the 89. Mnesicles - Architect of the famous Propylaea,
country, set boundaries to the provinces, and Acropolis.
other helpful works. 90. Pinacotheca - A Greek building that contains
63. Senusret I - Who erected the earliest known painted pictures.
obelisk at Heliopolis. 91. Odeion - A kindred type to the theater.
64. Pyramid of Zoser - The world's first large- 92. Epidauros - The most beautiful and best
scale monument in stone. preserved of the Greek theaters.
65. Pyramid of Khufu - The highest sloped 93. Opus Mixtum - A type of Roman wall facing
pyramid in Gizeh with alternating courses of brickworks.
66. Canephora - Female statues with baskets 94. Opus Incertum – A type of Roman wall facing
serving as columns. which is made of small stone laid in a loose
67. Bartizan - A small tower usually corbelled at pattern roughly resembling polygonal work.
the corner of the castle. 95. Opus Recticulatum - A type of Roman wall
68. Masu-gumi - A compound bracket or capital in facing with a net-like effect
Japanese architecture. 96. Opus Quadratum - A type of roman wall facing
69. Cavetto - A concave molding approximately with rectangular block with or without mortar
quarter round. joints.
70. Carlos Santos Viola - Architect of Iglesia ni 97. Opus Tesselatum - Marble mosaic pattern
Cristo. used on ceilings of vaults and domes.
71. Caesar Homer Concio – A Filipino architect 98. Louis Sullivan - "Form follows function".
whose philosophy is 'the structure must be well 99. Buckminster Fuller - He created the
oriented'. Dymaxion House, "the first machine for living".
72. William Cosculluela – Architect of Robinson's 100. Marcel Lajos Breuer - Architect of the
Galleria Bi-Nuclear House, the H-Plan.
73. Imhotep - King Zoser's architect who was 101. Felix Outerino Candela - Mexican
deified in the 26th dynasty. Architect/Engineer who introduced thin shell
74. Richard Josef Neutra - "A house is like a construction.
flower pot" 102. Agrippa - The architect of the
75. Jugendstijl – Art Noveau is known as the Pantheon.
international style, in Germany it is known as 103. Minoru Yamasaki - Architect of the
76. Eero Saarinen – Architect of TWA airport. World Trade Center.
77. Kenzo Tange – "Modern architecture need not 104. Bernini - He erected the entrance
be western". Piazza at St. Peter's Basilica.
78. Khufu - Not among the three pyramids in Gizeh 105. Anthemius and Isidorus - Architects
79. Console - A decorative bracket usually taking of the Hagia Sophia. (St. Sophia,
the form of a cyma reversa strap. Constantinople)
106. George Ramos - Architect of the Lung 134. Gabriel Formoso - Central Bank of the
Center of the Philippines. Philippines, Manila.
107. Thothmes I - Who began the building 135. George Ramos - G.S.I.S. Building,
of the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak? Roxas Boulevard.
108. Ptolemy III - Architect of the Great 136. Morong Church - Built by the
Serapeum at Alexandria. Franciscan priest Fr. Blas dela Madre, this
109. Iñigo Jones - The dominating church in Rizal whose design depicts the heavy
personality who became an ardent disciple of influence of Spanish Baroque, was declared a
the Italian renaissance style. national treasure.
110. Callimachus - Conceptualized the 137. Panay Cathedral in Capiz - This
Corinthian capital. church, 1st built by the Augustinian Fr. Miguel
111. Theron - Architect of the Temple of Murguia, has an unusually large bell which was
Zeus, Agrigentum made from approximately 70 sacks of coins
112. Libon - Architect of the Temples of donated by the towns people.
Zeus, Olympia. 138. Bema - A raised stage reserved for the
113. Cossutius - Roman architect of the clergy in early Christian churches.
Greek Temples of Zeus, Olympius. 139. Naos - In Greek temples, the equivalent
114. Mnesicles - Architect of the of the crypt is the
Erechtheion. 140. Amphi-Prostyle - From the Greek
115. Phidias - Master sculptor of the temples, a temple that have porticoes of
Parthenon. columns at the front and rear.
116. Welton Becket - Architect of Manila 141. Cella - Corresponds to the Greek naos.
Hilton Hotel. 142. Greek Cross - The first plan shape of
117. Le Corbusier - "A house is a machine the St. Peter's Basilica by Bramante.
to live in". 143. Latin Cross - The final plan shape of
118. Eliel Saarinen - Architect of the the St. Peter's Basilica by Carlo Maderna.
Chicago Tribune Tower. 144. Ambo - On either side of the choir,
119. Frank Lloyd Wright - "Architecture is pulpits for the reading of the epistle and the
Organic". gospel are
120. Hennevique - Invented reinforced 145. Bema - In some churches, there is a
concrete in France. part which is raised as part of the sanctuary
121. Jose Herrera - First elected U.A.P. which later developed into the transept, this is
president. the.
122. Juan Nakpil - First president and 146. Apse - In early Christian churches, the
founder of PAS. bishop took the central place at the end of the
123. Juan Nakpil - Designer of the Bonifacio church called ___.
Monument. 147. Forum - Orientation of the Roman
124. Juan Nakpil - Architect of the Philippine temple is towards the ___.
Heart Center. 148. East – Orientation of the Greek temple
125. Juan Nakpil - Architect of the Rizal is towards the ___.
Memorial Stadium. 149. South - Orientation of the Etruscan
126. Juan Nakpil - The architect of the temple is towards the ___.
Quiapo Church before its restoration. 150. West - Orientation of the Medieval
127. Guillermo Tolentino - Sculptor for the Church
Bonifacio Monument. 151. Cancelli - The space for the clergy and
128. Shah Jahan - Designer of the Taj choir is separated by a low screen wall from the
Mahal. body of the church called ___.
129. Erich Mendelsohn - Expressionist 152. Little Metropole Cathedral, Athens -
Architect. Smallest cathedral in the world. (Byzantine
130. John Ruskin and William Moris - period)
Founders of the "Art Noveau". 153. Nea Moni - One of the few churches of
131. Felipe Mendoza - Architect of the its type to have survived having a square nave
Batasang Pambansa. and without cross-arms, roofed by a dome
132. Felipe Mendoza - Architect of the which spans to the outer walls of the building.
National Library, Philippines. 154. Centralized - Type of plan of the
133. Antonio Sin Diong - Architect of SM Byzantine churches.
Megamall. 155. Liceo de Manila - First school which
offered architecture in the Philippines
156. Worms Cathedral - The best example 181. Thermae - Dry sweating room with
of a German Romanesque church with apses apodyteila or dressing room and unctuaria or
at both east and west ends. for oils.
157. Bouleuterion - The council house in 182. Velarium - A great awning drawn over
Greece. roman theatres and amphitheatres to protect
158. Prytaneion - The senate house of the spectators against the sun
Greeks. 183. Insula - Roman apartment block that
159. Circus Maximus - The oldest circus in rose four or more storey high
Rome. 184. Baldachino - A canopy supported by
160. Forum Romanum - The oldest and columns generally placed over an altar or tomb.
most important forum in Rome. 185. Narthex - A long arcaded entrance
161. Tepidarium - The warm room in the porch to a Christian Basilican Church.
Thermae 186. Gymnaceum - That part of a Greek
162. Calidarium - The Hot room of the house or Byzantine Church reserved for
Thermae women
163. Sudatorium - The dry or sweating room 187. Voussoirs - Truncated wedge-blocks
in the Thermae. forming an arc
164. Apodyteria - The dressing room of the 188. Cenotaph - A monument erected in
Thermae. memory of one not interned in or under it
165. Unctuaria - The room for oils and 189. West door - A rose or wheel window of
unguents in the thermae. the Romanesque Church was of ten placed
166. Vespasian / Domitian - The colosseum over the
in Rome also known as the "flavian 190. Rayonnant - A period in Gothic
amphitheater" was commenced by whom and Architecture in France characterized by circular
completed by whom? windows with wheel tracery
167. Treasury of Atreus - The finest of 191. Plough - Projecting ornament at the
Greek Tombs, also known as the 'tomb of intersection of the ribs of ceilings, whether
Agamemnon'. vaulted or flat.
168. Xerxes - Who commenced the 'hall of 192. Camber - A slight convex curvature
hundred columns'? built into truss or beam to compensate for any
169. Domus - The private house of the anticipated deflection so that it will have no sag
Romans. when under load.
170. Thalamus - The sleeping room of the 193. Rustication - A method of forming
'megaron'. stonework with roughened surfaces and
171. Insulae - Roman apartment blocks recessed joints, principally employed in
172. Villa - Semi-palatial house surrounded Renaissance building.
by an open site 194. Sir Joseph Paxton - Designer of the
173. Atrium House - A roman house with a Crystal Palace, London
central patio. 195. Antonio Gaudi - Architect of the
174. Balneum - A small private bath found in Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
Roman houses or palaces. 196. James Hoban - Architect of the White
175. Menhir - A megalithic structure House, D.C.
consisting of several large stones set on end 197. Carlos Baretto - Second Filipino
with a large covering slab registered architect after the well-known Tomas
176. Royal pyramids - A massive funerary Mapua
structure of stone or brick with a square base 198. Masjid - A mosque principal place of
and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the worship, or use of the bldg. for Friday prayers
apex; used mainly in ancient Egypt. 199. Muenzzin - Man who leads the
177. Megaron - Principal room of Anatolian congregation at a prayer
House 200. Islamic - Architectural style
178. Order - It consists of the upright column characterized by Friezes and Crestings
or support including the capital, base, if any, 201. Kibla - Sacred enclosure found at walls
and the horizontal entablature or part of Damascus great mosque
supported. 202. Shah-Jehan - Erected to the memory of
179. Crepidoma - The steps forming the his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal, it was the
base of a columned Greek temple culminating work in the life of the emperor.
180. Naos - The principal chamber in a
Greek temple containing the statue of deity.
203. Cluniac - In Romanesque arch’re a windows to make through current of air for their
period where an order founded by St. Bruno in use as a drying ground for the large monthly
1806 is notably severe and adorned wash
204. sober & dignified - General 224. Crocket - A projection block or spur of
characteristic of the Romanesque empire was stone carried with foliage to decorate the raking
205. sixtite - Vaulting compartment into six lines formed by angles of spires and canopies.
parts known as 225. Buttress - An arch starting from a
206. pilaster strips - A rectangular feature detached pier and abutting against a wall to
in the shape of a pillar, but projecting only about take the thrust of the vaulting.
one sixth of its breath from wall 226. Transept - A circular or polygonal apse
207. campanile - Is a circular tower 16 m ( when surrounded by an ambulatory of which
52 ft. ) in diameter rising in 8 stories of are chapels.
encircling arcades. 227. Tudor - An architectural style which in
208. Ambrogio - Roughly carved of men its period is the English equivalent of the high
and beasts used as support columns of gothic of northern France first pointed.
projecting porches and of bishops throne. 228. Mouldings - Leafed ornament.
209. Altars - A secluded place 229. Tracery - Vertical tracery members
210. Castle - Secular architecture dividing windows into different numbers of
211. Alexander - The first Frankish king who lights.
became roman emperor, was crowned in 800 230. Presbytery - The actual sanctuary of a
at Rome by the pope, and ruled over the franks, church beyond the choir and occupied only by
which included central Germany and northern the officiating clergy.
France 231. West minister abbey - Single and most
212. Helm Roof - Type of roof in which 4 important building in Britain.
faces rest diagonally between the gables and 232. Pantry - A room, where food is stored
converge at the top in a manor house.
213. Church bldgs. - The most important of 233. Cimborio - The screen/ ornamental
the distinctive characteristics of mature work rising behind the altar.
Spanish Romanesque architecture 234. Finial - Term applied to a tower
214. Portugal - Is well endowed with crowned by a spire.
medieval military achre and grand castles are 235. Retablo - A ledge or shelf behind an
particularly numerous in castle altar for holding vases or candles.
215. Alocabaca, Portugal - Finest or 236. Kibla - Originally the minaret of the
Romanesque castles in Spain is at ____ mosque.
216. Fortress - Sited and designed to 237. Florence Cathedral - The largest
secure the routes from coastal ports to medieval cathedral and is somewhat German
Jerusalem in character in north Italy.
217. Fortification - A civil settlement under 238. Crypt - A space entirely or partly under
the protection of a castle. a building in churches generally beneath the
218. Machicolations - A projecting wall or chancel and used for burial in early times.
parapet allowing floor openings, through w/c 239. Renaissance - A movement which
molten lead, pitch, stones were dropped only begun in Italy in the 15th century created a
on an enemy below. break in the continuous revolution of European
219. Battlement - A parapet having a series times.
of indentions or embrasures, between which 240. Palladian - In renaissance archre,
are raised portions known as merlons which is logically staid and serene architectural
220. Merlons - The upstanding part of an style?
embattled parapet, between two crenels/ 241. Antiquarian - The phase in western
embrasure openings. European renaissance archre 1750-1830,
221. Bailey - A squared timber used in bldg. when renewed inspiration was sought from
construction or a low ridge of earth that marks ancient Greek and roman architecture
a boundary line 242. Mannerists - A term coined to describe
222. Steve church - A Scandinavian the characteristics of the output of Italian
wooden church with vertical planks forming the renaissance architects of the period 1530-
walls 1600. Characterized by unconventional use of
223. Domestic - Architecture was marked by classical elements
copy roofs which frequently had more storey 243. Rustication - A method of forming
than the walls, and were provided with dormer stonework with roughened surfaces and
 recessed joints, principally employed in 262. Intercolumnation - Space between the
renaissance buildings columns.
244. Reliquary - A light portable receptacle 263. Fretwork - An ornament in classic or
for sacred relics renaissance archre consisting of an assembly
245. Brunelleschi - Famous architect in of straight lines intersecting at right angles of
Florence renaissance archre. various patterns. Also called key pattern
246. Piano Noble - The principal floor of an 264. Pulpitum - A stone gallery over the
Italian palace, raised one floor above ground entrance to the choir of a cathedral or church.
level and containing the principal social 265. Polychromy - A term originally applied
apartments. to the art of decorative painting in many colors,
247. Donato Bramante - Known architect in extended to the coloring of sculpture to
early renaissance. enhance naturalism, also described to the
248. Andrea Palladio – The father of application of variegated materials to achieve
modern picture books of architecture. brilliant or striking effects
249. Louis Sullivan – Forms follow function 266. Expressionism - The selection of
is a principle associated with modernist elements from diverse styles for architectural
architecture and industrial design in the 20th decorative designs,particularly during the 2nd
century the principle is that the shape of a half of the 19th century in Europe and USA.
building or object should be primarily base 267. Eyebrow - A long dormer on the slope
upon its intended function of purpose. This of a roof, it has no sides, the roofing being
famous design was coined by. carried in a nave line.
250. Frank Lloyd Wright – Architecture is 268. Skylight - The central rounded of a
organic is a famous dictum of? pattern or ornament, an oculus, one at the
251. Space frame – which constructin summit of a dome.
systems permits great spans of infinite variety 269. Reja - A vertical steel support cast iron
of shsapes of concrete or steel comobined with was used until relatively cheap steel became
glass or plastic available.
252. Prescriptive Theory – Guidelines of 270. Cella - The sanctuary of a classical
rules to be followed in design. This theories of temple, containing the cult statue of the God.
a high level guidance to designer. 271. Burma - Also known as Siam (before
253. Mullion - Vertical members dividing 1993) and was named, meaning “land of the
windows into different numbers of lights. free”
254. Transom - Horizontal divisions or 272. Viharas - A stupa in a form of a corn
crossbars of windows. cob.
255. Wreath - A twisted band, garland or 273. shwe dagon pagoda - Reflects
chaplet, representing flowers, fruits, leaves Burma’s cultural connections with China and
often used in decoration. India, built over older foundations (16th-17th
256. Scroll - An ornament consisting of a century) at Rangoon.
spirally wound band, either as a running 274. pitakat-taik - Burma’s term for
ornament or as a terminal. monasteries.
257. Nymphaneum - A room decorated with 275. Pailou - Chinese monumental gateway.
plants, sculpture and fountains (often 276. Alexandre Gustav Eiffel - Is the most
decorated with nymphs) and intended for famous for the eye catching tower he
relaxation. constructed in Paris for the exposition
258. Rocaile - France generally describe universally of 1889 work of Eiffel tower.
rococo as 277. Louis Henry Sullivan - One of the
259. Cherubin - One of the winged heavenly pioneers of the modern movement in American
beings that support the throne of god or act as architecture. Work auditorium building, U.S.
guardian spirits, or chubby, rosy- faced child 278. Yamasaki and Roth - Arch of the
with wings. famous Twin Tower World Trade Center.
260. Newel - Central shaft of a circular 279. Charles Mackintosh - Scottish
staircase also applied to the post in which the architect and designer who was prominent in
handrail is framed. the arts and crafts movement in Great Britain.
261. Strapwork - A type of relief ornament 280. Tomas Mapua - Received the
or cresting resembling studded leather straps, “Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinanagan “award for
arranged in geometrical and sometimes the city of manila, who is the architect?
interlaced patterns; much used in the early 281. Frank Gehry - In 1989 he received the
renaissance archre in England. prtzker prize commonly referred to as “The
 Noble of Architecture” the loftiest recognition. It 295. Buckminster Fuller - Starting with
is a lifetime achievement award granted to holes” belongs to architect
living architect whose body of work represents 296. Le Corbusier - A house is a machine to
a superlative contribution to the field. live in” philosophy belongs to
282. Erich Mendelsohn - His first designs 297. Mies van de Rohe - He paid great
were drawings of fantastic architectural visions attention to the detailing of the structure, which
in steel and glass as well as costume and he attributed to his father’s teachings about
poster design. craftsmanship.
283. Kahn, Louis - Much of his works has 298. Richard Meier - One of his stylish
been described as post modern, since he choice which are circles and squares were
rejected the excessive abstractionism of used in his design solutions.
architects such as Le Corbusier and strove 299. Oscar Niemeyer - His contributions
instead to incorporate the valid elements of where the advocacy of the idea of planning
older style. rooms by volume.
284. Antonio Gaudi - Spanish architects, 300. Nervi, Pier Luigi - His solutions to
one of the most creative practitioners of his art building problem were always direct,
in modern times.His style is often described as transmitting to the ground by the shortest path
a blend of neo-gothic and art nouveau, but is the stresses developed within the structures.
also has surrealist and cubist elements. 301. Lucio Costa - Father of modern
285. Buckminster Fuller - One of the architectural movement in Brazil.
world’s 1st futurist and global thinkers. His 302. Kenzo Tange – A city is subjected to
1927 decision to work always and only for all growth, delay and rebuilt”
humanity led him to address the largest global 303. Cromlech - Enclosure formed by huge
problems of poverty,disease and stones planted on the ground in circular form.
homelessness. 304. Andrea Palladio - The father of modern
286. Francisco Manosa - In his practice he picture books of Architecture.
explores the use of indigenous materials 305. Parthenon - In Greek Architecture, It is
infused with current technological trends to the largest building atop the Athenian
bring a new dimension in designs. Acropolis, It is a temple dedicated to Athena
287. Gustave Eiffel - Afterwards became (The warrior of maiden) It is a Doric building,
deeply involved in the design and building of and made entirely of white pentelic marble and
French railways and bridges. He worked on surrounded by freestanding column.
structures such as bridge across the Garonne 306. Hieroglyphics - For Egyptian
River, train stations at Toulouse and again in Architecture design, due to excessive
France. sunshine, there was no need for windows, the
288. Francisco Manosa - He has actively massive unbroken walls provided the surface
promoted the use of native architectural forms for________________.
and indigenous nationals such as bamboo and 307. Epidaurus Theater - In Greek
thatch, in the creation of a distinctively Filipino Architecture, The __________ theater
architecture. designed (c.350 BC) by Polyclitus. It is among
289. Lucio Costa - French-born, Brazilian the largest and best preserved ancient theaters
architect and urban planner. This famous in Greece. The circular construction and the
axiom “Each one sees whatever he wishes to pitch of the seats, where held close to 14,000
see” belongs to, spectators, permit nearly perfect acoustics.
290. Buckminster Fuller - He was the 308. Colosseum - In Roman Architecture, It
architect in his time that receives his license as was built AD 72-82 in Rome Italy, It is the
award at his 60’s or at the age of 60 yrs. old. largest Roman Amphitheater, A four storey,
291. Robert Adam - An important Scottish elliptical structure that seated about 50,000
architect who was particularly known for his spectators. The exterior façade was
interiors based on classical decoration. embellished with superimposed Doric, ionic
292. Peter Behrens - He was called and Corinthian columns.
“Masters master” where his students are 309. Trajans forum - In Roman
architects like Gropius, Breuer and Van de Architecture, It was built AD 112, It was
Rohe designed by Apollodorous of Damascus for
293. Francisco Manosa - Architect who Emperor Trajan, it is often considered the most
leads the development of the ‘Quezon magnificent and architecturally most pleasing.
Memorial Circle” in Quezon City. 310. Agrippa - In Roman Architecture, The
294. 984 ft. - Eiffel tower I Paris stands. Pantheon (AD C118-28), A monument of
 imperial Rome, revived the use of brick and 320. Caryatid - (Greek Architecture) is a
concrete in temple architecture. It is symmetry sculpted female figure serving as an
is enchanced by its hemispherical dome, Who architectural support taking the place of a
is the architect of this historical monument? (he column or a pillar supporting an entablature on
is the son in law of Augustus.) her head.
311. Robert Mills - The Washington D.C. 321. Finial - Is an architectural device,
monument. The tapering shaft contained in a typically carved in stone and employed to
Greek style temple, the obelisk is theonly decoratively emphasize the apex of a gable, or
remnant of the Ivatan’s Rakuh - year 1812 by any of various distinctive ornaments at the top,
the America Architect, What is the name of this end, or corner of a building or structure.
Architect? 322. le Corbusier - The architect who said
312. Reims Cathedral - What is the name of that the exterior of the building is the result of
the Cathedral in France that was designed by the interior.
Jean d’ Orbais 323. Telamon - The later male counterpart
313. Elysee Palace - In France, It is the of the caryatid and the name refers to the
official residence of President of France, It was legend of Atlas,
built in 1718 by Claude Mollet for Henry de la 324. Crepidoma - Is an architectural term
Tour d’ Auvergne related to ancient Greek buildings, is the
314. Torogan House - In Philippine platform of, usually, three levels upon which the
Architecture, It is considered the home of the superstructure of the building is erected. The
Sultans. Carved on the wooden posts in the levels typically decrease in size incrementally,
niyaga, a stylized mytical snake design can be forming a series of steps along all or some
found. It is the traditional residence of the sides of the building.
reigning Sultan of Maranaw people and his 325. Federico Ilustre - The Filipino Architect
family. Who Designed the 66Meters(217 ft') height
315. Ivatan’s Rakuh - In Philippine Pylons Quezon Memorial Circle.
Architecture, Being Isolated and wind 326. Archivolt - Is an ornamental molding or
frequented area. The Batanes Islands, exhibit band following the curve of the underside of an
the most different of all traditional Architecture arch, It is composed of bands of ornamental
in the Phil. The house is built solidly on all moldings (or other architectural elements)
sides, made of a meter thick rubble work, surrounding an arched opening,
covered by thick thatch roofing to withstand 327. Eisodos - is a term used for Ancient
gales which frequent the area. What is the Greek Plays in order to describe any of two
name of this unique house? passageways leading into the orchestra,
316. Manila Metropolitan Theatre - The between theatron and skenê (also known as
___________________ is an art deco building the parodos).
designed by the Filipino Architect Juan M. de 328. Obelisk - A monumental, four-sided
Guzman Arellano, and built in 1935. During the stone shaft, usually monolithic and tapering to
liberation of Manila by the Americans in 1945, a pyramidal tip
the theatre was totally destroyed. After 329. Aokum - A caulking material made from
reconstruction old hemp rope fibers that have been treated
317. G.F.& Partners - The Golden Empire with tar.
Tower-( 1322 Roxas Boulevard) is the tallest 330. Gargoyle - A waterspout projecting
building along the boulevard and one of the from the roof gutter of a building, often carved
highest residential condominium in the world. grotesquely(Sculpture).
The one with the golden glass facing Manila 331. Tomb of Agamemnon - Tomb of
Bay and United States Embassy compound in Atreus, a noted example of the tholos type of
Manila. Who is the Filipino Architect of this tomb is also known as:
famous residential condominium? 332. Abacus - A slab forming the crowning
318. Lao Tze - For the Creation of Space member of a column
____________a Chinese Philosopher, said, 333. Trajan’s Column - The memorial
“The reality of the building does not consist in column built in the form of tall Doric order and
the roof and walls, but in the space within to be made entirely f marble is;
lived in.” 334.
319. Plinth - The base or platform upon 335. Monument - Is a statue, building, or
which a column, pedestal, statue, monument, other edifice created to commemorate a person
or structure rests. or important event. They are frequently used to
improve the appearance of a city or location.
336. Bouleuterion - The Greek council 349. Mannerism - Enclosure formed by
house which is covered meeting place for the huge stones planted on the ground in circular
democratically-elected council is called: form
337. Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak - 350. Palladianism - A revival style based on
The Grandest Temple of all Egyptian temples, the buildings and publications of the 6th century
it was not built by upon one complete plan but architect marked by ancient Roman
owes its size, disposition and magnificence to Architectural forms
the work of many Kings. Built from the 12th 351. Egyptian Architecture - Its most
Dynasty to the Ptolemaic period. outstanding achievements are its massive
338. Andrea Palladio - The father of modern funerary monuments & temples buit of stone for
picture books of Architecture permanence, featuring only post and lintel
339. Ten books of Architecture by Marcus construction and corbel vaults without arches &
Vitruvius - The man of learning… can vaulting.
fearlessly look down upon the troublesome 352. Sphinx - Mythical monsters each with
accidents of fortune. But he who thinks himself the body of a lion and a head of a man, hawk,
entrenched in defense not of learning but of ram or woman possessed
luck, moves one slippery path, struggling 353. Mastaba - An ancient Egyptian
though life unsteadily and insecurely. rectangular, flat-topped funerary mound with
340. Queen Anne style - It is the eclectic battered (sloping) sides covering a burial
style of domestic architecture of the 1870’s and chamber blow ground
the 1880’s in England and the USA and actually 354. Obelisk - Huge monoliths, square on
based on country house and cottage Elizabeth plan and tapering to an electrum-capped (alloy
architecture which was characterized by a of silver & gold) “pyra-midion” at the summit,
blending of Tudor Gothic, English Renaissance which was the sacred part. The four sides are
and colonial elements in the USA: cut with hieroglyphics
341. Sir Christopher Wren - An English 355. Pyramid - A massive funerary structure
Architect who prepared plan for London i.e., St. of stone or brick with a square base and four
Peter ‘s and St. Paul Cathedral; Proposed a sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex
Network of Avenues connecting the main 356. Batter - Inward inclination or slope of an
features of London. outward wall
342. Temenos - The sacred enclosure fond 357. Stonehenge - Consists of a complex of
in the highest part of a Greek city is called: “sarsen” (any of the many large sedimentary
343. Walter Gropius - The architect who rocks that have been broken into blocks by frost
claimed that: “The ultimate goal of the new action and are found scattered across the chalk
architecture was the composite but inseparable downs of southern England )stones and
work of an art, in which the old diving line smaller blue stones set in a circle and
between monumental and decorative elements connected by lintels
will have disappeared forever.” 358. Ziggurat - Artificial Mountains made up
344. Le Corbusier - The architect who said of tiered (layered), rectangular stages which
that the exterior of the building is the result of rose in number from one to seven
the interior 359. Hieroglyphics - Pictorial
345. Prytaneion - The building that serve as representation of religious ritual, historic events
a senate house for the chief dignitaries of the and daily pursuits
city and as a palace where distinguished 360. Dolmen - An ancient structure usually
visitors and citizens might be entertained. regarded as a tomb, consisting of two or more
346. Kankanay - It is a traditional house that large upright stones set with a space between
was called binangiyan. It was a single room and capped by a horizontal stone
dwelling elevated at 1.50 meters from the 361. Voussoirs - Any of the pieces, in the
ground; the floor were made of hard wood like shape of a truncated wedge, which form an
narra which rested on 3 floor joist which in turn arch or a vault. A wedge-shaped stone: a
were supported by transverse girders. wedge-shaped brick or stone used to form the
347. Decorated style - It is the third phase curved parts of an arch or vault
of English-Gothic Architecture where 362. Exedra - In ancient Greece/ Rome, a
elaborated ornamental vaulting, and room or covered area or open on one side used
refinement of stonecutting techniques. as a meeting place; architecture history
348. Cromlech - Enclosure formed by huge conversation room: a room for relaxation or
stones planted on the ground in circular form. conversation, especially a semicircular recess
in a larger hall with a continuous bench along
 the wall; furniture long curved outdoor bench: a architecture figure of man used as support: a
long curved or semicircular outdoor bench, figure of a man, either standing or kneeling,
usually with a high back; architecture recess: used as a support for the upper part of a
any kind of recess or niche (technical) classical building
363. Cella - The sanctuary of a classical 374. Abacus - A slab forming the crowning
temple, containing the cult statue of the god member of a column
364. Stupa - Domical mounds which 375. Entasis - A swelling or curving
grouped with their rails, gateways, professional outwards along the outline of a column shaft,
paths and crowning umbrella came to be designed to counteract the optical illusion
known as symbols of the universe; a Buddhist which gives a shaft bounded by straight lines
shrine, temple, or pagoda that houses a relic or the appearance of curving inwards; a bulge in
marks the location of an auspicious event. architectural column: a slight bulge in the shaft
365. Eclectic - An adjective used to describe of a column, designed to counter the visual
an artist who selects forms and ideas from impression of concavity that a perfectly straight
different periods or countries and combines column would give
them to produce a harmonious whole. 376. Flutes - The vertical channeling on the
366. Soffit - The exposed undersurface of shaft of a column; architecture: groove in
any overhead component of a building such as column: a groove running down an architectural
an arch, balcony, beam, cornice, lintel or vault. column
bottom surface: the underside of a structural 377. Caryatids - Sculptures female figures
component of a building, for example the used as columns or supports
underside of a roof overhang or the inner curve 378. Daado - the portion of a pedestal
of an arch between its base and cornice. A term also
367. Fortress - a large fortified (armed) applied to the lower portions of walls when
place; a fort often including a town; any place decorated separately.
of security. 379. Arris - The sharp edge formed by the
368. Pendentive - the term applied to the meeting of two surface usually in DORIC
triangular curved overhanging surface by columns
means of which a circular dome is supported 380. Fillets - a small flat band between
over a square or polygonal compartment. a mouldings to separate them from each other.
sloping triangular piece of vaulting between the architecture flat narrow moulding: a raised or
arches that support a dome and its rim sunken ornamental surface set between larger
369. Xerxes - Pre-Columbian edifice surfaces
dedicated to the service or worship of their god 381. Pediment - A triangular piece of wall
which is made of stones entered by a single above the entablature enclosed by raking
door to a very steep single flight of steps, above cornices; architecture gable on colonnade: a
it rises a high stone roof broad triangular or segmental gable
370. Picturesqueness - Term in a surmounting a colonnade as the major part of a
specialized sense to describe one of the façade
attitudes of taste towards architecture and 382. Plinth - The lowest square member of
landscape gardening in the late 18th and early the base of a column
19th century; very attractive: visually pleasing 383. Agora - Town square, was the center of
enough to be the subject of a painting or social and business life, around which were
photograph stoas, or colonnaded porticoes, temples,
371. Fresco - A term originally applied markets, public buildings, monuments, shrines.
painting on a wall while the plaster is wet and is 384. Triumphal Arch - These are arches
not in oil colors. painting done on fresh plaster: erected to emperors and generals
a painting on a wall or ceiling made by brushing commemorating victorious campaigns; has one
watercolors onto fresh damp plaster, or onto or three openings. Such arches were adorned
partly dry plaster with appropriate bas-reliefs (flat sculpture;
372. Stoa - A long colonnaded building, slightly projecting) and usually carried grit-
served many purposes, used around public bronze statuary (statues considered
places and as shelter at religious shrines; an collectively) on an attic storey and having a
ancient covered walkway: in ancient Greece, a dedicatory inscription in its face
covered walkway, usually with a row of 385. Thermae - Palatial public baths of
columns on one side and a wall on the other Imperial Rome raised on a high platform; hot
373. Atlantes - Carved male figures serving springs: hot springs or baths, especially the
as pillars also called TELAMONES; public baths of ancient Rome
386. Colosseum - Elliptical Amphitheatres 400. Bema - A raised stage in a Basilican
are characteristically Roman buildings found in church reserved for the clergy
every important settlement, used to display of 401. Arcade - A range of arches supported
mortal combats (gladiatorial) on piers or columns attached to or detached
387. Groins - Line of intersection of cross- from the wall.
vaults 402. Ambo - A raised pulpit on either side of
388. Aquaducts - A roman structure where a Basilican church from which the epistle of a
immense quantities of water were required for gospel were read
the great thermae and for public fountains, and 403. Mosaic - Decorative surfaces formed
for domestic supply for the large population; a by small cubes of stones, glass & marble
channel for water: a pipe or channel for moving 404. Baldachino - A canopy supported by
water to a lower level, often across a great columns generally placed over an altar or tomb.
distance Also known as “CIBORIUM”.
389. Forum - Corresponds (links) to the 405. Aisle - A longitudinal division of an
Agora in a Greek city was a central open space, interior area, as in a church, separated from the
used a public meeting space, market or main area by arcades or the like.
rendezvous for political demonstrations. 406. Nave - The principal or central
390. Pinaccle - A turret (small rounded longitudinal area of a church, extending from
tower) or part of a building elevated above the the main entrance or narthex to the CHANCEL
main building. architecture pointed ornament: a (area of church near altar: an area of a church
pointed ornament on top of a buttress or near the altar for the use of clergy and choir,
parapet often separated from the nave by a screen or
391. Sarcophagus - Taken from a tomb steps) usually flanked by aisles of less height
chamber, or the ornamental treatment given to 407. Apse - The circular or multi-angular
a stone coffin hewn out of one block of marble termination of a church sanctuary. A rounded
and with sculptures, figures and festoons projection of a building
(garland) of a late period, surmounted by lids 408. Kiosk - A small pavilion, usually open –
like roofs terminating in scrolls. stone coffin: an built in gardens & parks.
ancient stone or marble coffin, often decorated 409. Corbel - A block of stone, often
with sculpture and inscriptions elaborately carved or moulded, projected from
392. Mausolleum - A term applied to a wall, supporting the beams of a roof, floor or
monumental tombs. They consisted of large vault.
cylindrical blocks, often on a quadrangular 410. Minaret - a tall tower in, or continuous
podium, topped with a conical crown of earth or to a mosque arch stairs leading up to one or
stone. more balconies from which the faithful are
393. Coffers - Sunk panels, caissons or called to prayer
lacunaria formed in ceilings, vaults or domes; 411. Chamfer - A diagonal cutting of an arris
sunken panel in a ceiling: a decorative sunken formed by two surfaces at an angle
panel in a ceiling 412. Atrium - An approach or an open
394. Butress - A mass of masonry built forecourt surrounded by arcades in a Basilican
against a wall to resist the pressure of an arch church.
& vault. 413. Squinch - A small arch or bracket built
395. Vault - an arch covering in stone or across each angle of a square or polygonal
brick over any building; architecture arched structure to form an octagon or other
ceiling: an arched structure of stone, brick, appropriate base for a dome or a spire. An
wood, or plaster that forms a ceiling or roof; a interior supporting part of a tower: an arch,
room with arched ceiling: a room, especially an corbelling, or lintel built across the upper inside
underground room, with an arched ceiling corner of a square tower to support the weight
396. Narthex - A long arcaded entrance of a spire or other structure above
porch to a Christian Basilican Church 414. Harem - Women’s or private quarters of
397. Baptisteries - A building or a part of a a house or place in Islamic architecture.
church in which baptism is administered 415. Cenotaph - An empty tomb. A
398. Font - a basin usually of stone which monument erected in memory of one not
holds the water for baptism. interred in or under it.
399. Dome - A vault having a circular plan, 416. Ogee - A double curve, resembling the
and usually in the form of a sphere portion, so letter “S”, formed by the union of a curve and a
constructed as to exert an equal thrust in all convex line
directions
417. Keystone - The central stone of a semi- 432. Podium - The high platform on which
circular arch, sometimes sculptured. temples were generally placed (in general, any
418. Iconostasis - a screen in a Greek elevate platform). A foundation wall: a low wall
orthodox church on which icons or (sacred forming a foundation or base, for example for a
images), pictures, are placed separating the colonnade
chancel from the space, open to the laity. An 433. Transept - The part of a cruciform
altar screen decorated with icons: a screen on church, projecting at right angles to the main
which icons are mounted, used in Eastern building. Wings of church: the part of a cross-
Orthodox churches to separate the area around shaped church that runs at right angles to the
the altar from the main part of the church long central part (nave)
419. Verandah - A covered porch (porch- 434. Rib & Panel - Vaulting in Romanesque
roofed exterior of a room) or balcony (balcony- in which a framework of ribs supported thin
a platform projecting from an interior or exterior stone panels. The new method consisted in
wall of a building) extending along the outside designing the profile of the transverse
of a building, planned for summer leisure. (crosswise or at right angle with something),
420. Piazza - A public open space in longitudinal and diagonal ribs to which the form
Byzantine architecture, surrounded by of the panels was adopted
buildings 435. Cimborio - Special term for a lantern or
421. Arabesque - Geometrical ornaments raised structure above a roof admitting light into
due to absence of human and animal statues; the interior
an ornate design 436. Larder - A room where food is stored; a
422. Spandrel - The triangular space pantry ( a walk-in cupboard); a cupboard
enclosed by the curve of an arch, a vertical line 437. Spire - The tapering termination of a
from its springing, a horizontal line through its tower in Gothic churches
apex. A space between one arch or another. 438. Steeple - The term applied to a tower
Space between two arches and a cornice crowned by a spire
423. Turret - small towers, often containing 439. Wardrobe - A room for storage of
stairs, and forming special features in medieval garments
buildings. 440. Camber - A slight convex curvature
424. Mullions - Vertical tracery members built into a truss or beam to compensate for an
dividing windows into different numbers of light. anticipated deflection so that it will gave no sag
A vertical window divider: a vertical piece of when under load.
stone, metal, or wood that divides the panes of 441. Coisters - Covered passages around
a window or the panels of a screen an open space or “Garth”, connecting the
425. Chateau - A castle in a French- church to the chapter house; a small courtyard
speaking country or a stately residence. A or enclosed space
French castle: a castle or large house in 442. Pantry - A serving room between
France, often one that has a vineyard attached kitchen and dining room, or a room for storage
and gives its name to wine produced there of food supplies
426. Fleche - A slender wooden spire rising 443. Stellar Vault - A vault in which the ribs
from a roof. A slender church spire: a slender compose a “star-shaped” pattern
spire, especially one that emerges from the roof 444. Monastery - A building complex of a
of a church at the point where the ridges certain English order or a self-contained
intersect. community used by monks
427. Niche - a (shell) or a recess in a wall, 445. Oriel Window - A bay window
hallowed like a shell for a statue or ornament. especially cantilevered or corbelled out from
428. Boss - (Lump or knob) or projecting the face of the wall by means of projecting
ornament at the intersection of the ribs of stones.
ceilings, whether vaulted or flat. 446. Refectory - The dining hall of a
429. Pilaster Strip - Is a rectangular feature monastery, convent or college
in the shape of a pillar, but projecting only about 447. Scroll - An ornament consisting of a
one sixth of its breadth (distance from side to spirally wound band, either as a running
side) from the wall. ornament or as a terminal, like the volutes of
430. Chatris - An umbrella shaped copula. the ionic capital
431. Tracery - The ornamental pattern work 448. Palazzo - An Italian impressive building
in stone, filling the upper part of a gothic or private building
window. 449. Baluster - One of a number of short
vertical members often circular in section used
 to support a stair handrail or a coping (wall’s 461. Doge's Palace - The chief magistrate’s
capping surface). buildings, in the former republic of Venice &
450. Rococo - a term applied to a type of Genoa.
Renaissance ornament in which rock-like forms 462. Cupola - A spherical roof, (a dome-
fantastic scrolls, and ‘crimped’ folded or shaped roof) placed like an inverted cup over a
pressed together) shells (are worked up circular square or multi-angular apartment. A
together in a profusion and confusion of detail dome on roof: a small dome on a roof,
often without organic coherence but presenting sometimes made of glass and providing natural
a lavish display of decoration; Any excessively light inside
ornate or fancy style; A style of architecture and 463. Vestibule - An ante-room to a larger
the decorative arts characterized by intricate apartment of a building; An entrance hall: a
ornamentation that was popular throughout small room or hall between an outer door and
Europe in the early 18th century. the main part of a building
451. Baroque - In France, anything 464. Lantern - A construction such as a
extravagantly ornamented, so ornate as to be tower, at the crossing of a church rising above
in bad taste, a style of art and architecture in the neighboring roofs and glazed at the sides
Italy in the 17th to 18th century. 465. Wreath - A twisted band, garland or
452. Belfry - A tower not connected with chaplet, representing flowers, fruits leaves,
“Bell”. A term applied to the upper room in a often used in decoration; A circular
tower in which the bells are hung. arrangement of flowers: a circular arrangement
453. Newel - The central shaft of a circular of flowers and greenery placed as a memorial
staircase. Also applied to the post in which the on a grave, hung up as a decoration, or put on
handrail is framed. somebody’s head as a sign of honor; a
454. Crypt - A space entirely or partly under representation of wreath: a representation of a
a building; in churches, generally beneath the circular arrangement of flowers, vines, or other
chancel and used for burial in earlier times. An things, for example in a carving or on a coat of
underground chamber: an underground room arms; [headdress; garland; laurel]
or vault, often below a church, used as a burial 466. Salon - In Renaissance, a room used
chamber or chapel, or for storing religious primarily for exhibition of art objects, or a
artifacts drawing room;[grand sitting room; social
455. Console - A “BRACKET”: is a gathering of intellectuals; art exhibition or
projecting member to support a weight gallery]
generally formed with scrolls or volute when 467. Mansard - A roof having a double slope
carrying the upper member of the cornice on four sides; the lower slope being much
456. Quoins - An eternal solid angle of a wall steeper and the flatter upper portion. Also
or the like. One of the stones forming it, corner known as the gambrel roof.
stone (Renaissance) A block forming a corner: 468. Nymphaeum - A room decorated with
a stone block used to form a quoin, especially plants, sculpture and fountains (often
when it is different, for example in size or decorated with beautiful Maiden living in
material, from the other blocks or bricks in the Rivers, trees) and intended for relaxation.
wall [nymph: a spirit or a minor goddess of nature;
457. Chancel - The space about the altar of or a beautiful young woman]
a church, usually separated by a screen for the 469. Finial - An ornate iron grille, or screen,
clergy and other officials, usually referred to as a characteristic feature of Spanish Church
the “choir interiors; An architectural decoration: a carved
458. Pavillion - (little house for pleasure & decoration at the top of a gable, spire, or arched
recreation). A prominent structure, generally structure
distinctive in character. 470. Pedestal - A support for a column
459. Doge's Hall - (BRITISH) The hall built statue or a vase, it usually consists of a base.
or used by medieval association as of “Die” or Dado, and a cornice or cap mould
merchants and tradesmen, organized to 471. Dormer - A window in a sloping roof
maintain standards that constituted a governing usually that of a sleeping apartment. A window
body. (Doge = Italian renaissance chief projecting from roof: a window for a room within
magistrate) the roof space that is built out at right angles to
460. Entablature - The entire construction of the main roof and has its own gable
a classical temple or the like, between the 472. Hermes - A bust (sculpture of head &
columns and the eaves usually composed of an shoulders) on a square pedestal instead of a
architrave, frieze, and a cornice. human body, used in classic times to mark
 boundaries on highways, and used 486. Cherubs - One of the winged heavenly
decoratively in Renaissance times. beings that support the throne of God or act as
473. Mullions - Vertical members dividing guardian spirits, or Chubby, a rosy-faced child
windows into different number of lights with wings
474. Patio - A Spanish arcaded or 487. Terracotta - Earth-baked (unglazed) or
colonnaded yard; a paved area outside a burnt in moulds. For use in construction, harder
house: a paved area adjoining a house, used in quality than brick. [brownish red color]
for outdoor dining, growing plants in containers, 488. Heraldic - A coat of arms; connected
and recreation. A roofless courtyard: a roofless with heraldry or heralds: belonging or relating
inner courtyard typical of a Spanish-style house to heraldry or heralds
475. Modilions - Also called ‘brackets” or 489. Plateresque Architecture - Phase of
“consoles” or “ancones”. It is a projecting the early period of Spanish architecture of the
member to support a weight. generally formed later 15th and early 16th century, an intricate
with scrolls or volutes which carry the upper style named after its likeness to silverwork;
member of a cornice (a projecting moulding at elaborately decorated: relating to a heavily
the top of a wall or at where the wall & ceiling decorated architectural style fashionable in
meets); also a bracket in Corinthian order: a 16th-century Spain, reminiscent of elaborate
small curved ornamental bracket under the silverware
corona of a Corinthian or Composite column 490. Pulpit - An elevated enclosed stand in
476. Transom - The horizontal divisions or a CHURCH in which the preacher stands
crossbars of windows. 491. Belvedere - A roofed but open-sided
477. Tabernacle - A decorative niche often structure affording an extensive view, usually
topped with a canopy and housing a statue or located at the rooftop of a dwelling but
an icon. sometimes an independent building or an
478. Ambulatory - (to walk) the cloister eminence (a hill) on a formal garden; a building
(covered walkway around a courtyard) or with fine view: a building or part of a building
covered passage around the east end of the positioned to offer a fine view of the
church, behind the altar. surrounding area
479. Finial - Also called “key pattern” the 492. Churrigueresque - An expression of
upper portion of the pinnacle [pinnacle: pointed Spanish baroque architecture and sculpture, a
ornament: a pointed ornament on top of a recurrent feature was the richly garlanded
buttress or parapet]; an architectural spiral columns. [flamboyant-showy; brightly
decoration: a carved decoration at the top of a colored; highly decorated ornamentation]
gable, spire, or arched structure 493. Candelabra - A movable candle lamp-
480. Dais - a raised platform reserved for the stand with central shaft, and often branches or
seating of speakers and dignitaries; a raised decorative representation thereof; a branching
platform: a raised platform at the end of a hall light fitting: a large decorative candle holder
or large room. [podium, platform, pulpit, stage] with several arms or branches, or a similarly
481. Bay Window - The window of a shaped electric light fitting
protruded bay or the windowed bay itself. A 494. Fretwork - (grating: metal grille) an
protruding window: a rounded or three-sided ornament in classic or renaissance architecture
window that sticks out from an outside wall and consisting of an assembly of straight lines
forms a recess on the inside intersecting at right angles, and of various
482. Helm Roof - Bulbous termination to the patterns.
top of a tower, found principally in Central & 495. Wata Dage - Outstanding architectural
Eastern Europe creation in Sri Lanka which is a circular relic
483. Gallery - A communicating passage or house built in stone and brick.
wide corridor for pictures and statues. An 496. Tudor Revival - Picturesque
upper storey for seats in a church composition built in America since 1980. Hall
484. Strapwork - A type of relief ornament timbering and massive medieval chimney.
or cresting [cresting: a decorative roof ridge: an Identified by prominent gables and large
ornamental ridge on a roof ] resembling the expansive windows with small panes.
studded leather straps arranged in geometrical 497. Torus - a large convex moulding used
and sometimes interlaced patterns much used principally in the bases of columns.
in the early renaissance architecture of 498. Pagoda - Most typical Chinese building,
England. usually octagonal in plan, odd number o stories
485. Intercolumnation - The space usually 9 or 13 storeys and repeated roofs,
between two columns
 highly colored and with upturned eaves, slopes
to each storey.
499. Bungalow - One storey with low-
overhanging roof and broad front porch.
Unpretentious style often rambling spread out
floor plan, more expensive to build; lightweight
tropical house: a simply-built one-storey house
with a veranda and a wide, gently sloping roof
in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific
500. Faience - A glazed earth ware originally
made in Italy; pottery with colored glaze:
earthenware decorated with colored opaque
metallic glazes (often used before a noun)
501. Stambas / Laths – Monumental pillars
standing free without any structural function,
with circular or octagonal shafts with
inscriptions carved in it. The capital was bell-
shaped and crowned with animal supported
bearing the Buddhist will of Law.
502. Great Wall - Most famous of ancient
Chinese building undertakings. It snakes,
loops, and doubles back on itself. Meandering
across valleys, plains, scaling mountains,
plunging into deep gorges and leaping raging
rivers of 3,700 miles.
503. Art Noveau - An art free from any
historical style characterized by forms of nature
for ornamentation in the façade aptly called for
the floral design.
504. Bauhaus - a school founded by
Gropius in 1919, developing a form of training
intended to relate art and architecture to
technology and the practical needs of human
life.
505. Fenestration - The arrangement and
design of windows in a building
 History of Architecture
1 In Egyptian architecture, the tomb of the pharaohs is the. Pyramid
2 The great pyramid at Gizeh was built during the 4th dynasty by. Cheops
3 The beginner of the great hypostyle hall at karnak and the founder of the 19th dynasty. Rameses 1
4 The mineral of greatest importance to Greek architecture of which Greece and her
Marble
domains had ample supply of was.
5 Greek architecture was essentially. Columnar trabeated
6 Forming the imposing entrance to the acropolis and erected by the architect Mnesicles
Propylaea
is the.
7 The building in the acropolis generally considered as being the most nearly perfect
Parthenon
building ever erected is the.
8 With the use of concrete made possible by pozzolan, a native natural cement, the
Arch and vault
9 Romans achieved huge interiors with the.
10 Which of the order was added by the Romans to the orders used by the Greeks. Composite
11 From the 5th century to the present, the character of Byzantine architecture is the
Domical roof construction
practice of using.
12 The finest and remaining example of Byzantine architecture. St. Sophia, Constantinople
13 The architectural character of the Romanesque architecture is. Sober and dignified
14 Romanesque architecture in Italy is distinguished from that of the rest of Europe by the
Marble
use of what material for facing walls.
15 The most famous and perfect preservation of all ancient buildings in Rome. Pantheon
16 The space between the colonnade and the naos wall in Greek temple. Pteroma
17 Amphitheaters are used for ___. Gladiatorial Contests
18 An ancient Greek Portico, a long colonnaded shelter used in public places. Stoa
19 The fortified high area or citadel of an ancient Greek City. Acropolis
20 An upright ornament at the eaves of a tile roof, concealing the foot of a row of convex
Antefix (Antefixae)
tiles that cover the joints of the flat tiles.
21 Strictly, a pedestal at the corners or peak of a roof to support an ornament, more usually,
Acroterion / Acroterium
the ornament itself.
22 Also called a 'Honeysuckle' ornament. Anthemion
23 In ancient Greece and Rome, a storeroom of any kind, but especially for storing wine. Apotheca
24 The characteristic of Greek ornament. Anthemion
25 The use of ___ for facing walls distinguishes Romanesque architecture in Italy from that
Marble
of the rest of Europe.
26 The outstanding group of Romanesque is found in ___. Pisa
27 The dining hall in a monastery, a convent, or a college. Refectory
28 The architecture of the curved line is known as ___. Baroque
29 The open court in an Italian palazzo. Cortel
30 The ornamental pattern work in stone, filling the upper part of a Gothic window. Tracery
31 Japanese tea house. Cha-sit-su
32 A Muslim temple, a mosque for public worship, also known as place for prostration. Masjid
33 Domical mound containing a relic. Stupa
34 Ifugao house (southern strain). Bale
35 In Mesopotamian architecture, religion called for temples made of sun-dried bricks. Ziggurat
36 The style of the order with massive and tapering columns resting on a base of 3 steps. Doric
37 Tomb of the pharaohs. Pyramid
38 Earthen burial mounds containing upright and lintel stones forming chambers for
Tumuli
consecutive burials for several to a hundred persons.
39 A semi-circular or semi-polygonal space, usually in church, terminating in axis and
Apse
intended to house an altar.
40 Temples in Greece that have a double line of columns surrounding the naos. Dipteral
41 Senate house for chief dignitaries in Greek architecture Prytaneion
42 Architect of the Einstein Tower. Erich Mendelsohn
43 Founder of the Bauhaus School of Art. Walter Gropius
44 What architectural term is termed to be free from any historical style? Art Noveau
45 From what architecture is the Angkor Vat? Cambodian
46 The architect of Chrysler building in N.Y. Van Alen
47 Another term for crenel or intervals between merlon of a battlement. Embrasures
48 Taj Mahal temple is located in ___. Agra
49 In the middle kingdom, in Egyptian architecture, who consolidate the administrative
system, made a survey of the country, set boundaries to the provinces, and other helpful Amenemhat I
works.
50 Who erected the earliest known obelisk at Heliopolis. Senusret I
51 Jubilee festivals of the pharaohs. Heb-sed
52 The world's first large-scale monument in stone. Pyramid of Zoser
53 The highest sloped pyramid in Gizeh Pyramid of Khufu
54 A vault created when two barrel vaults intersect at the right angles. Groin Vault
55 Sarimanok is a décor reflecting the culture of the ___. Visayan
56 Caryatid porch is from what architecture? Greek
57 Female statues with baskets serving as columns. Canephora
58 A small tower usually corbelled at the corner of the castle. Bartizan
59 A hall built in Roman Empire for the administration of justice. Basilica
60 The Parthenon is from what architecture. Greek
61 A roof in which 4 faces rests diagonally between the gables and converge at the roof. Helm Roof
62 A compound bracket or capital in Japanese architecture. Masu-gumi
63 A concave molding approximately quarter round. Cavetto
64 Architect of Iglesia ni Cristo. Carlos Santos Viola
65 A Filipino architect whose philosophy is 'the structure must be well oriented'. Caesar Homer Concio
66 What is not required as a feature in modern Muslim mosque. Pinnacle

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 History of Architecture
67 Architect of Robinson's Galleria William Cosculluela
68 Major contribution of the Renaissance Architecture. Baroque for of Ornamentation
69 "A house is like a flower pot" Richard Josef Neutra
70 Richly carved coffins of Greece and Mesopotamia. Sarcophagus
71 King Zoser's architect who was deified in the 26th dynasty. Imhotep
72 The council house in Greece. Bouleuterion
73 Elizabethan Architecture is from what architecture. U.S. / English Renaissance
74 Art Noveau style first appeared in what structure. Tussel House
75 A faced without columns or pilaster in renaissance architecture. Astylar
76 Art Noveau is known as the international style, in Germany it is known as ___. Jugendstijl
77 Less is more. Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
78 First school which offered architecture in the Philippines. Liceo de Manila
79 Embrasures. Crenel
80 Formal architecture, one of the principles of composition. Balance
81 Different historical styles combined. Eclecticism
82 Architect of TWA airport. Eero Saarinen
83 The falling water by Frank Lloyd Wright is also known as ___. Kaufman House
84 First president and founder of PAS. Juan Nakpil
85 "Modern architecture need not be western". Kenzo Tange
86 Architect of the national library, Philippines. Felipe Mendoza
87 The xerxes hall of hundred columns was introduced during the Mesopotamian
Palace of Persepolis
architecture, which palace was it used.
88 Taj Mahal is a building example of what architecture. Saracenic Architecture
89 The convex projecting molding of eccentric curve supporting the abacus of a Doric capital. Echinus
90 Pantiles used for Chinese roofings. S-tiles
91 Greek equivalent of the Roman forum, a place of open air assembly or market. Agora
92 A slight vertical curvature in the shaft of a column. Entasis
93 The very ornate style of architecture developed in the later renaissance period. Baroque
94 A multi-storied shrine like towers, originally a Buddhist monument of diminishing size with
Pagoda
corbelled cornice and moldings.
"cubicula" or bedroom is from what architecture. Roman
95 From the Greek forms of temple, the three where it lies is known as ___. Crepidoma
96 From the Greek temples, a temple that have porticoes of columns at the front and rear. Amphi-Prostyle
97 Memorial monuments of persons buried elsewhere in Roman architecture. Cenotaphs
Cheops
98 The three pyramids in Gizeh Chefren
Mykerinos
99 The cistern storage of collected rainwater underneath the azotea of the bahay na bato. Aljibe
100 A shallow cistern or drain area in the center of a house. Impluvium
101 In Greek temples, the equivalent of the crypt is the ___. Naos
102 The tomb beneath a church. Crypt
103 A raised stage reserved for the clergy in early Christian churches. Bema
104 A decorative bracket usually taking the form of a cyma reversa strap. Console
105 Semi-palatial house surrounded by an open site. Villa
106 A roman house with a central patio. Atrium House
107 Revival of classical Roman style Romanesque
108 The style emerging in western Europe in the early 11th century, based on Roman and
Byzantine elements, characterized by massive articulated wall structures, round arches, Romanesque
and powerful vaults, and lasting until the advent of Gothic architecture.
109 Architect and furniture designer. Alvar Aalto
110 First registered architect in the Philippines. Tomas Mapua
111 The public square of imperial Rome. Forum
112 Architect of Manila Hilton Hotel. Welton Becket
113 Finest example of French-Gothic architecture Chartres Cathedral
114 How many stained glass are there in the Chartres Cathedral? 176
115 Agora is from what architecture? Greek
116 Sacred artificial mountains of Babylon and Assyria. Ziggurat
117 A plant whose leaves form the lower portions of the Corinthian capital. Acanthus
118 Structure of wedge-shaped blocks over an opening. Arch
119 The space between the sloping roof over the aisle and the aisle vaulting, so also called
Triforium
a blind story.
120 A windowed wall that rises above the roof of adjacent walls that admit light into the
Clerestory
interior.
121 A standard, usually of length, by which the proportions of a building are determined. Module
122 The triangular or segmental space enclosed by a pediment or arch. Tympanum
123 A line of counterthrusting arches on columns or piers. Arcade
124 In the classical order, the lowest part or member of the entablature; the beam that spans
Architrave
from column to column.
125 In classical architecture, the elaborated beam member carried by the columns. Entablature
Cornice
126 Parts of an entablature, in order of top to bottom. Frieze
Architrave
127 Plan shape of a Chinese pagoda. Octagonal
128 Usual number of stories for a Chinese pagoda. 13
129 A special feature of Japanese houses, used to display a flower arrangement or art. Tokonama
130 Plan shape of a Japanese pagoda. Square
131 The most famous structure of Byzantine architecture and notable of its large dome. Hagia Sophia
132 Triangular piece of wall above the entablature. Pediment

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 History of Architecture
133 A spherical triangle forming the transition from the circular plan of a dome to the poly-
Pendentive
gonal plan of its supporting structure.
134 A long arcaded entrance porch in an early Christian church. Narthex
135 The principal or central part of a church, extending from the narthex to the choir or
Nave
chancel and usually flanked by aisles.
136 The covered walk of an atrium. Ambulatory
137 A basin for ritual cleansing with water in the atrium of an early Christian basilica. Cantharus
138 A large apsidal extension of the interior volume of a church. Exedra
139 An ornamental canopy of stone or marble permanently place over the altar in a church. Baldachino
140 A decorative niche often topped with a canopy and housing a statue. Tabernacle
141 A recess in a wall to contain a statue or other small items. Niche
142 A tower in the Muslim Mosque used to call people to prayer. Minaret
143 Coffers, sunken panels in the ceiling. Lacunaria
144 The Buddhist temple in ancient Cambodia which feature four faces of the compassionate
Bayon
Buddha.
145 A term given to the mixture of Christian, Spanish, and Muslim 12th-16th century
Mudejar
architecture.
146 Projecting blocks of stone carved with foliage, typical in Gothic architecture. Crocket
147 A slab forming the crowning member of the capital. Abacus
148 The crowning member of a column. Capital
149 A rectangular or square slab supporting the column at the base. Plinth
150 A low screen wall enclosing the choir in early Christian church. Chancel
151 The cold section of a Roman Bath. Frigidarium
152 This church in the Philippines is the seat of the Malolos Congress. Barasoain Church
153 The palace proper in Assyrian palaces. Seraglio
154 Holy mountains. Ziggurat
155 Architect of the famous propylaea, Acropolis. Mnesicles
156 Private family apartments in Assyrian palaces. Harem
157 The most stupendous and impressive of the rock-cut-temples. Great Temple, Abu Simbel
158 The four-seated colossal statues of Rameses II is carved in the pylon of the ___. Great Temple, Abu Simbel
159 Favorite motifs of design of the Egyptians. Palm, Lotus, and Papyrus
160 Two main classes of temples in Egyptian Architecture. Mortuary and Cult Temples
161 Egyptian temples for ministrations to deified pharaohs. Mortuary Temple
162 Structure whose corners are made to face the four cardinal points. Ziggurat
163 Structure whose sides are made to face the four cardinal points. Pyramid
164 Egyptian temples for the popular worship of the ancient and the mysterious gods. Cult Temple
165 The use of monsters in doorways is prevalent in what architecture? Persian
166 The Greek male statues used as columns. Atlantes
167 A recessed or alcove with raised seats where disputes took place. Exedra
168 A single line of columns surrounding the Naos. Peripteral
169 The uppermost step in the crepidoma. Stylobate
170 The lowest step in the crepidoma. Stereobate
171 A building in Greek and Roman for exercises or physical activities. Gymnasium
172 The three chamber of a Greek temple. Pronaos, Naos, and Epinaos
173 A Greek building that contains painted pictures. Pinacotheca
174 Temple with a portico of columns arranged in front. Prostyle
175 The clear space in between columns. Intercolumniation
176 Intercolumniation of 2.25 diameters. Eustyle
177 Intercolumniation of 4 diameters. Areostyle
178 Intercolumniation of 2 diameters. Systyle
179 Pycnostyle intercolumniation has how many diameters? 1.5 Diameters
180 Diastyle intercolumniation has how many diameters. 3 Diameters
181 A kindred type to the theater. Odeion
182 Roman building which is a prototype of the hippodrome of the Greek. Circus
183 Roman building for which gladiatorial battles took place. Colosseum
184 What sporting event takes place in the Palaestra? Wrestling
185 A foot race course in the cities. stadium
186 A temple with 1-4 columns arranged between antae at the front. In Antis
187 A temple with 1-4 columns arranged between antae at the front and rear. Amphi-Antis
188 In Greek, it is the Roman prototype of the Thermae. Gymnasium
189 Greek order that has no base. Doric
190 The most beautiful and best preserved of the Greek theaters. Epidauros
191 What orders did the Etruscans and the Romans add making 5 in all? Tuscan and Composite
192 What allowed the Romans to build vaults of a magnitude never equaled till the birth of
Use of Concrete
steel for buildings.
The finest of all illustrations of Roman construction. Pantheon
193 The oldest and most important forum in Rome. Forum Romanum
194 Who commenced the 'hall of hundred columns'? Xerxes
195 Who completed the 'hall of hundred columns'? Artaxerxes
196 Architects of the Parthenon. Callicrates and Ictinus
197 Master sculptor of the Parthenon. Phidias
198 In Roman fountains, the large basin of water. Lacus
199 Spouting jets in Roman fountain. Salientes
200 The oldest circus in Rome. Circus Maximus
201 The colosseum in Rome also known as the "flavian amphitheater" was commenced by
Vespasian / Domitian
whom and completed by whom?
202 Architect of the Erechtheion. Mnesicles
203 A water clock or an instrument for measuring time by the use of water. Clepsydra

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 History of Architecture
204 The finest of Greek Tombs, also known as the 'tomb of Agamemnon'. Treasury of Atreus
205 Architect of the Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum Theron
206 Architect of the Temples of Zeus, Olympia. Libon
207 Roman architect of the Greek Temples of Zeus, Olympius. Cossutius
208 Both the regula and the mutule has guttae numbering a total of ___. 18
209 A quadrigas is a ___. 4-horse Chariot
210 The water-leaf and tongue is a usual ornament found in the ___. Cyma Reversa
211 The Corona is usually painted with the ___. Key Pattern
212 Greek sculptures may be classified as "architectural sculpture, free standing statuary,
Sculptured Reliefs
and the ___".
213 One of the best examples of a surviving megaron type of Greek domestic building. House #33
214 The molding that is often found in the Doric Order. Bird's Beak
215 The wall or colonnade enclosing the Temenos Peribolus
216 The private house of the Romans. Domus
217 Roman rectangular temples stood on a ___. Podium
218 Roman large square tiles. Bepidales
219 A type of Roman wall facing with alternating courses of brickworks. Opus Mixtum
220 A type of Roman wall facing which is made of small stone laid in a loose pattern roughly
Opus Incertum
resembling polygonal work.
221 A type of Roman wall facing with a net-like effect. Opus Recticulatum
222 A type of roman wall facing with rectangular block with or without mortar joints. Opus Quadratum
223 A Roman structure used as hall of justice and commercial exchanges. Basilica
224 A type of monument erected to support a tripod, as a prize for athletic exercises or
Choragic Monument
musical competitions in Greek festivals.
225 A type of ornament in classic or renaissance architecture consisting of an assemblage
Fret
of straight lines intersecting at right angles, and of various patterns.
226 Figures of which the upper parts alone are carved, the rest running into a parallelopiped
Termini
or diminishing pedestal.
227 Marble mosaic pattern used on ceilings of vaults and domes. Opus Tesselatum
228 Conceptualized the Corinthian capital. Callimachus
229 The sleeping room of the 'megaron'. Thalamus
230 The origin of the door architrave. Timber-enframed Portal
231 The atrium type of house originated with the ___. Etruscans
232 Roman apartment blocks. Insula
233 A building in classic architecture decorated with flowers and plants with water for the
Nymphaeum
purpose of relaxation.
234 !5th to 18th century architecture. Renaissance
235 "Form follows function". Louis Sullivan
236 The dominating personality who became an ardent disciple of the Italian renaissance
Iñigo Jones
style.
237 A pillared hall in which the roofs rests on the column in Egyptian temples. Hypostyle Hall
238 Who began the building of the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak? Thothmes I
239 Architect of the Great Serapeum at Alexandria. Ptolemy III
240 He created the Dymaxion House, "the first machine for living". Buckminster Fuller
241 Tombs built for the Egyptian nobility rather than the royalty. Rock-Hewn Tombs
242 Architect of the Lung Center of the Philippines. George Ramos
243 The warm room in the Thermae. Tepidarium
244 The Hot room of the Thermae. Calidarium
245 The cold or unheated pool in the Thermae. Frigidarium
246 The dry or sweating room in the Thermae. Sudatorium
247 The dressing room of the Thermae. Apodyteria
248 The room for oils and unguents in the thermae. Unctuaria
249 Orientation of the Roman temple is towards the ___. Forum
250 Orientation of the Greek temple is towards the ___. East
251 Orientation of the Etruscan temple is towards the ___. South
252 Orientation of the Medieval Church. West
253 The space for the clergy and choir is separated by a low screen wall from the body of the
Cancelli
church called ___.
254 On either side of the choir, pulpits for the reading of the epistle and the gospel are
Ambo
called.
255 In some churches, there is a part which is raised as part of the sanctuary which later
Bema
developed into the transept, this is the ___.
256 In early Christian churches, the bishop took the central place at the end of the church
Apse
called ___.
257 The iconoclastic movement during the Byzantine period forbade the use of ___. Statues
258 Type of plan of the Byzantine churches. Centralized
259 Architects of the Hagia Sophia. (St. Sophia, Constantinople) Anthemius and Isidorus
260 The supreme monument of Byzantine architecture. St. Sophia, Constantinople
261 Smallest cathedral in the world. (Byzantine period) Little Metropole Cath., Athens

262 One of the few churches of its type to have survived having a square nave and without
Nea Moni
cross-arms, roofed by a dome which spans to the outer walls of the building.
263 A tower raised above a roof pierced to admit light. Lantern
the covered passage around an open space or garth, connecting the church to the chapter
Cloisters
house, refectory and other parts of the monastery.
264 The prominent feature of the facades in Romanesque Central Italy. Ornamental Arcades
265 The best example of a German Romanesque church with apses at both east and west
Worms Cathedral
ends.

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 History of Architecture
266 The term applied to the Episcopal church of the diocese and also the important structure
Cathedral
of the Gothic period.
267 The first plan shape of the St. Peter's Basilica by Bramante. Greek Cross
268 The final plan shape of the St. Peter's Basilica by Carlo Maderna. Latin Cross
269 He erected the entrance Piazza at St. Peter's Basilica. Bernini
270 Used as food storage in the Bahay na Bato. Dispensa
271 The granary in traditional Bontoc House. Falig
272 Architect of the World Trade Center. Minoru Yamasaki
273 The Erechtheion of Mnesicles is from what architecture? Greek
274 The part of the Corinthian capital without flower. Balteus
275 The Pantheon is from what architecture. Roman
276 The architect of the Pantheon. Agrippa
277 The senate house of the Greeks. Prytaneion
278 Architect of the Bi-Nuclear House, the H-Plan. Marcel Lajos Breuer
279 Mexican Architect/Engineer who introduced thin shell construction. Felix Outerino Candela
280 In the Doric Order, the shaft terminates in the ___. Hypotrachelion
281 In what Order is the Parthenon. Doric
282 In what Order is the temple of Nike Apteros, Athens. Ionic
283 This temple is dedicated to 'Wingless Victory'. Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens
284 This structure in Greece was erected by Andronikos Cyrrhestes for measuring time by
Tower of the Winds, Athens
means of a clepsydra internally and sun dial externally.
285 In the Cyma Reversa molding of the Romans, what ornaments are usually found? Acanthus and Dolphin
286 From what architecture is the Stoa? Greek
287 The Egyptian Ornament symbolizing fertility. Papyrus
288 Egyptian Temple for popular worship of the ancient and mysterious gods. Cult Temple
289 A small private bath found in Roman houses or palaces. Balneum
290 Corresponds to the Greek naos. Cella
291 The large element in the frieze. Triglyph
292 "A is a machine to live in". Le Corbusier
293 Architect of the Chicago Tribune Tower. Eliel Saarinen
294 "Architecture is Organic". Frank Lloyd Wright
295 Invented reinforced concrete in France. Hennevique
296 First elected U.A.P. president. Jose Herrera
297 Designer of the Bonifacio Monument. Juan Nakpil
298 Sculptor for the Bonifacio Monument. Guillermo Tolentino
299 Designer of the Taj Mahal. Shah Jahan
300 Male counterpart of the Caryatids. Telamones or Atlantes
301 Like Caryatids and Atlantes, this is a three-quarter length figures. Herms
302 This is a pedestal with human, animal, or mythological creatures at the top. Terms
303 A small payer house in Egyptian architecture. Madrassah
304 Where "Constructivism" originated? Moscow
305 Expressionist Architect. Erich Mendelsohn
306 Founders of the "Art Noveau". John Ruskin and William Moris
307 Combination of the new art and the graphing of the old art. Eclecticism
308 Return in the use of Roman Orders in modern age. Neo-Classism
309 Scheme or solution of a problem in architecture. Parti
310 Architect of the Batasang Pambansa. Felipe Mendoza
311 Architect of the Philippine Heart Center. George Ramos
312 Architect of the Rizal Memorial Stadium. Juan Nakpil
313 The architect of the Quiapo Church before its restoration. Juan Nakpil
314 Built by the Franciscan priest Fr. Blas dela Madre, this church in Rizal whose design
Morong Church
depicts the heavy influence of Spanish Baroque, was declared a national treasure.
315 This church, 1st built by the Augustinian Fr. Miguel Murguia, has an unusually large bell
Panay Capiz
which was made from approximately 70 sacks of coins donated by the towns people.
316 Architect of SM Megamall. Antonio Sin Diong
317 Central Bank of the Philippines, Manila. Gabriel Formoso
318 G.S.I.S. Building, Roxas Boulevard. George Ramos
319 The tower atop the torogan where the princess and her ladies in waiting hide during
Lamin
occasions.
320 Found in the ground floor of the bahay na bato, it is where the carriages and floats are
Zaguan
kept.
321 The emergency hideout found directly behind the neadboard of the Sultan's bed. Bilik
322 The flat, open terrace open to the toilet, bath, and kitchen areas and also used as a
Azotea
laundry and drying space and service area for the servants.
323 In the kitchen of the bahay kubo, the table on top of which is the river stone, shoe-shaped
Dapogan
stove or kalan is known as ___.

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Prelim Examination Area A
1. Egyptian architecture is characterized by? Massiveness and
Ornamentation
2. The monumental structure of a human-headed, winged bull or lion that Lamassu
guarded the entrance of Mesopotamian temple and palace?
3. The Stonehenge is an example of _______. Cromlech
4. Characteristic feature of Egyptian external wall is that it is ______. Battered
5. Greek Temples stood on a foundation of three steps called Stylobate
Crepidoma the upper part of the steps is known as ___________.
6. Under the High Renaissance period, there was a phase where in Mannerist
buildings were conceived in a non-Roman way __________.
7. It is known as the architecture of the curve line. Baroque
8. The style emerging in western Europe in the early 11th century, based Romanesque
on Roman and Byzantine elements, characterized by massive
articulated wall structure and powerful vaults, and lasting until the
advent of Gothic architecture.
9. What do you call the French Renaissance Residence for noble families? Chateau
10. It began in Paris, it is a style of architecture, primarily French in origin Rococo Architecture
w/c represents the final phase of the baroque around the mid of 18th
Century using rockworks, pebbles, coquilles & fantastic scrolls ;
11. A term given to the mixture of Christian, Spanish, and Muslim 12th-16th Mudejar
century architecture.
12. In Thai Architecture, it is a distinctive design of an open pavilion used Sala Thai
as a meeting place and to protect people from sun and rain. Most are
open on all four sides.
13. It is the traditional form of dwelling in Indonesia. RumahAdat
14. The style of architecture having a broad base and gradually tempering Chaitya or Stupa Style
upwards.
15. What is the Chinese terminology for Capital? Tou-kong
16. This type of architecture is European (but originated from Central Antillean Style
America and not Spain) which was tweaked to suit the tropical climate
of the Philippines and thereafter, had its own Filipino and unique
character.
17. Found in the ground floor of the bahaynabato, it is where the carriages Zaguan
and saint’s floats or andas are usually kept.
18. He was considered as “Young with Flair” architect of the Philippine Leandro Locsin
Contemporary Architecture?
19. The Legislative Building, Manila, by Juan Arellano. The building faithfully
reconstructed after World War II, should be admired for its superb Eclectic
massingsiting, and handling of the main approach. The exterior
detailing shows that this kind of arts, what style does it portray?

Art Deco

Baroque

Beaux Arts
20. One of the UNESCO World Heritage Site and "Baroque Churches of the Miag-ao Church
Philippines “It has a unique blending of Spanish and native influences.
What Church is this?
21. The Architect of Meralco Center Ortigas? Jose Ma. Zaragosa
22. The acoustic properties of an environment that contributes one's ability Audibility
to hear what needs to be heard and to mask the unwanted sound.
23. An annual premier award in architecture to honor a living Architect Pritzker Prize
irrespective of creed, race/nationality, and ideology whose built works
demonstrates the qualities of talent, vision and commitment with a
significant contribution to humanity is:
24. An international philosophy and style of art & architecture especially Art Nouveau
decorative arts, known in french as "New Art". Most popular in Europe
(1810-1910) but its influence is global.
25. The City Beautiful movement was a reform philosophy that flourished in Daniel Burnham
1890’s and 1900’s with the intent of introducing beautification and
monumental grandeur in cities.
He is known as the "“Father of the City Beautiful.” He served as director
of works of the World's Columbian Exposition (1893), and he effectively
launched the movement that 15 years later would reach its apogee in
his epochal Plan of Chicago (1909).
26. The scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of Ergonomics
interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the
profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design
in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
27. It is determined by the contour of the line forming the edges of a plane. Shape
28. Length, width and depth, form and space, surface, orientation and Volume
position are the properties of this primary element of design?
29. A critical element in the formation of any visual construction Line
30. This is defined as a general formula to explain a phenomenon. Theory
31. Objects observed have innate qualities that make them independent of Gestalt
the perceiver and the environment.
32. A prismatic solid bounded by "six" equal square sides, the angle Cube
between any two adjacent faces being at right angle?
33. It is the primary identifying characteristic of a volume? Established by Form
the shapes and interrelationships of the planes that describes the
boundaries of the volume?
34. Set of postures or values about design that a designer relies upon for Design Philosophy
making of solutions to design problem.
35. It is an idea or invention to help sell or publicize a commodity, idea, Design Concept
notion, conviction and opinion. It is the designer’s way of responding to
the design situation presented to them.
36. This allows the organization of the tasks on space according to their Bubble diagram
relationship to one another.
37. A form of theory that challenges relationships between architecture and Critical
society.
38. Five points of modern architecture according to Le Corbusier. Pilotis, free facade,
open floor plan,
unencumbered views
and roof garden
39. Beton Brut is an architectural style that is also known as __________. Brutalism
40. He was the first architect awarded with the prestigious Pritzker Prize. Philip Johnson
41. It is also called style moderne, a movement in the decorative arts and Art Deco
architecture that originated in 1920’s and developed into a major style
in western europe and United states in 1930’s.
42. It is an architectural style where design elements strive to convey the Minimalism
message of simplicity. The basic geometric forms, elements without
decoration and simplicity on the chosen materials.
43. He is famous for asserting in his book De architectura that a structure Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas, venustas – that is, it
must be solid, useful, beautiful.
44. To whom was the “ferro-cemento” construction in the first half of the Pier Luigi Nervi
20th century in Italy attributed?
45. A Swiss architect and one of the most influential architects and Charles
theorists of the 20th Century. His famous works include Villa Savoye, EdouardJeanneret
Poissy; the Unite d’ Habitation, Marseille; and the Pilgrimage Church,
Ronchamp.
46. A German design school founded in Weimar in 1906. It became the Bauhaus
most important and influential design school of the 20th Century.
47. It is an architectural style that emerged in 1920’s and 1930’s that International Style
showcases emphasis on architectural style, form and aesthetics than
social aspects of the modern movement. It was a style defined by Philip
Johnson.
48. It is a movement of postmodern architecture which appeared in the Deconstructivism
1980’s, which gives the impression of the fragmentation of the
constructed building. It is characterized by an absence in harmony,
continuity or symmetry.
49. A noted Jewish German architect known for his “expressionist” Erich Mendelsohn
architecture in the 1920s, as well as for developing a dynamic
functionalism in his projects for department stores and cinemas.
50. It is a valuable tool that organizations in all industries employ in order to Strategic Planning
synthesize the findings from disparate sources into a systematic
approach for strategic decision making.
51. The time when Architecture began to be practiced as a full-time 19th century
profession.
52. To register a “business name or trade name”, one must first go and DTI
apply to:
53. To register a business under “sole proprietorship”, which among the SEC Registration
following registration requirement stated below is not part thereof?
54. It provides employees, as well as the marketplace, with a common Mission
understanding of the firm’s purpose.
55. Positive ideas and activities that would propel a firm toward its vision. Action Plans

Implementation

Strategies

Initiatives
56. A document that expresses the goals and methods of an organization’s Communications Plan
outreach activities, including what an organization wishes to share with
the public and whom the organization is trying to reach.
57. It describes a specific long-term future that the firm would like to reach, Vision
the destination toward which the strategic plan will serve as a road
map.
58. The purpose is to create positive changes and outcomes for a firm that Strategic Planning
aligns with its values and professional aspirations.
59. On business models, a firm that has service offering that rest upon a Expertise-based firms
deep knowledge and exceptional talent.
60. Why do Architects need to hire an accountant? All of the choices are
correct
61. Established in 1989 as a forum for twenty-one (21) Pacific Rim APEC
countries that seek to promote free trade and economic cooperation
throughout the Asia-Pacific region.
62. Which government entity is authorized to issue TSP (Temporary Special PRBOA-PRC
Permit) to foreign architects working on architectural project/s in the
Philippines?
63. An act providing for a more responsive and comprehensive regulation RA 9266
for the registration, licensing and practice of architecture.
64. The architect registered and licensed who is directly and professionally Architect-of-record
responsible for the total design of the project for the client and who
shall assume civil liability for the plans, specifications and contract
documents he/she signed and sealed.
65. The act of conceiving, choosing, and developing the type, disposition, Structural
arrangement and proportioning of the structural elements of an Conceptualization
architectural work giving due consideration to safety, cost
effectiveness, functionality and aesthetics.
66. Written or printed description of work describing qualities of materials Specifications
and mode of construction.
67. Person or firm whose proposal has been accepted & contract awarded. Contractor
68. The offer of a bidder. Proposal
69. A type of bond that guarantees to pay all obligations arising from the Payment Bond
contract.
70. This method of compensation is based on technical hours spent and Multiple of direct
does not account for creative work since the value of creative design personnel expenses
cannot be measured by the length of time the designer has spent on his
work.
71. This entails the formulation of site criteria. Site selection and
analysis
72. This method may be applied to government projects since they entail Fixed fee
more paper work and time-consuming efforts.
73. Architects and/or PRC-registered Architectural Firms submit Pre-qualification
information regarding their qualification and expertise.
74. The Architect explains to the Client the Scope of Services and the Negotiation
Architect’s Fee as prescribed under the Architect’s Guidelines.
75. Architects provide objective expert advice to the client and/or the users. Autonomy
What principle of professionalism is it as described by UIA?
76. The specific, short-term tasks that a firm implements in order to convert Action Plans
the good ideas represented by strategies into the result.
77. A plan that articulates what business is being conducted and how the
business will generate income. Roadmap

Strategic Planning

Business Model

Business Plan

78. If you are the main investor, and the one personally liable, this position General Partner
is called the?
79. The liability of this kind of business legal structure is unlimited. Sole proprietorship
80. Buildings of exceptional character and complexity of plan / design like Group 3
airports and nuclear facilities.
81. The subdivision and condominium buyers' protective decree. PD 957
82. Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008. RA 9514
83. The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines. PD 856
84. One of the cons or disadvantages in a Corporation is? Double taxation
85. A guarantee to execute work in accordance with terms of the contract. Performance Bond
86. The Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the Management of
basic knowledge of the Types of Architectural Office Operations, Architectural Services
Architectural Office Management, Accounting / Finance / Taxation /
Audit, Labor Code, Architectural Marketing and Project Development,
Proposals / Negotiations / Contracts, Contract Administration, File
Management and Limitations of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)
and Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO) Operations.
87. Graphical representation of work. Drawings
88. Residences (single-detached, single-attached or duplex; row-houses or Group 4
shop-houses), small apartment houses and townhouses is classified
under what group?
89. Guarantee that the bidder will enter into the contract. Proposal Bond
90. Monumental buildings and other facilities like Museums, Exposition and Group 5
Fair Buildings.
91. For residential projects, the recommended professional fee architect if 6
he/she was commissioned to do architectural design services only is
___ % of project construction cost.
92. The Consulting Architect in this area of practice must have much more Post design services
than the basic knowledge of Pre-Construction, Construction, Post-
Construction and the other services under
SPP Documents.
93. The Architect in this area of practice recommends the systematic Building, Testing and
process of ensuring that a building / structure’s array of systems is Commissioning
planned, designed, installed and tested to perform according to the
design intent and the building’s operational needs.
94. A detailed coordination of a complex operation involving peoples, Logistics
facilities, and supplies, in business planning this is called?
95. In this phase, the Architect submits to the Owner seven (7) sets of all Contract Document
construction drawings and technical specifications for purposes of Phase
obtaining a building permit.
96. In this phase, the Architect assists the Owner from the early stage of Bidding or Negotiation
establishing a list of prospective Contractors to awarding of the Phase
construction contract
97. Printed documents stipulating procedural and administrative aspects of General Condition
the contract.
98. Includes labor and materials, equipment, transportation, faculties Work
necessary for completion of the project.
99. The Consulting Architect in this area of practice must have much more
than the basic knowledge of Building Materials and Finishes, Building Components
Construction Methodologies, Building Envelopes including cladding
and roofing systems, Architectural Fenestrations and Architectural
Hardware, Fixtures and Fittings. Management of
Architectural Services

Facility Planning Design

Building Technology
Expert
100. The bottom line of all financial transactions. Profit
101. The distance a person is willing to travel to get what he wants Range
according to Christaller's central place theory.
102. Research is said to be S.M.A.R.T. T refers to: Time-Bound
103. After the Fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD, central concern of Survival and security
communities during Dark Ages until 800-AD is ____________ .
104. The Philippine Economic Zone Authority is created by _________ . R.A. 7916
105. LEED is an acronym for Leadership for Energy and Environmental Building for
Design, a US Green Building Council’s rating system which is an Economically
internationally accepted benchmark to validate building designs, Responsive Design
classify levels of sustainability and promote green principles in Environment
architecture, construction and property management. In the Philippines,
it is known as BERDE which stands for __________.
Building Energy
Responsive Design
Environment

Building for Ecologically

Responsive Design
Excellence

Building
Environmentally
 Responsive
Development Envelope
106. Good urban design can be seen as a public good; as such it is Street lighting and
considered non-rival and non-excludable. Example of public good greening sidewalks
provision aligned with the principle of good urban design is ________ .
107. The division of the city into discrete areas within which only certain land Zoning
uses and types of buildings can be constructed.
108. This city is characterized by large encircling walls built for defense Medieval city
against armies of neighboring kingdoms, and new walls enclosing more
land built as the city expanded and outgrew its former container.
109. Humans take resources from the environment in order to survive and Industrial
sustain the needs of their civilizations. Of the different types of
societies, which is the most exploitive of natural resources?
110. Residential and commercial areas designed to maximize access to Transport
public transport are said to be developments that are oriented towards
__________ .
111. Encouraging community and stakeholders’ participation in a Improves public
development garner benefits that ___________ . support

112. Buildings and schemes which are more energy efficient fall within the Sustainability and eco-
good urban design theme of ___________ . design
113. A distinguishing factor of urbanization characterized by the average Pace of urbanization
change in the level of urbanization which is normally gauged in the
change in level over a period.
114. Metro Manila is an agglomeration of 17 cities which as of 2015 PSA Lucena
record has 12M population. Which is not a city in Metro Manila?
115. These are among the primary economic activities which are no longer Agriculture
performed in most cities.
116. The National Statistical Coordination Board or NSCB defines and Urbanized
characterizes urban areas. All cities and municipalities having a
population density of 1000 persons per square kilometer is considered_
117. This is one of the tourism enterprise zones (TEZ) under RA 9593 which Eco-tourism
allow visitors to experience a form of sustainable tourism within a given
natural and/or cultural area where community participation,
conservation and management of biodiversity, respect for culture and
indigenous knowledge systems and practices, environmental education
and ethics as well as economic benefits are fostered and pursued for
the enrichment of host communities and satisfaction of visitors.
118. Under LGC of 1991 (RA 7160), land reclassification for component 10
cities and first to third class municipalities shall be limited to _____
percent of the total agricultural land of the city or municipality at the
time of the passage of the ordinance.
119. Cities and municipalities all over the world are regularly monitored and Government efficiency
evaluated on their performances and level of development, as such
many local and foreign performance mechanisms were established.
Indicators such as clout, cost and ease of doing business in a city is an
index to measure ___________ .
120. The Radburn planning was conceived by Clarence Stein and Henry Rapid industrialization
Wright which was influenced by the following factors, EXCEPT for: after WWII
121. He is an advocate of cubist minimalist designs, and strict, symmetric Le Corbusier
grids with no sprawl, and where access to the “protected zone”
(greenbelt/open space) is quick and easy.
122. Which sector is most concerned with public administrative support Infrastructure
such as government buildings, jails, freedom parks and public development sector
assembly areas?
123. Which of the following books was written by Patrick Geddes? Cities in Evolution
124. A common theme in good urban design described by buildings which
have a collective value and create places which are distinctive and Character, image and
understandable. response to context

Mixed-use, density and

diversity

Building design quality

and external
appearance

Spatial coherence and

townscape structure
125. Areas that may offer recreational facilities that will have high visitor General Leisure
density in TEZ. Tourism
126. The specialized manufacturing of agricultural crops and eventual Agro-Industrial Bio-Fuel
commercial processing which shall result in the production of clean Manufacturing
energy.
127. Every modern city contains an array of pathways to carry flows of Networks
people, goods, water, energy, and information.
128. The Plaza Complex consisted of an open space, usually rectangular or Centers of culture
square in shape, a church, a convent, a municipio, a marketplace, a
cemetery, and the residences around it. Often, the church is at the
center of the square. This design reinforces the concept of cities as
___________ .
129. Parks, gardens, lawns, and nature preserves that provide essential relief
from harsh urban conditions and serve as space for recreational Hard spaces
activities are examples of _______ .

Open spaces

Public spaces

Soft spaces
130. Cities act as nodal points for the collection, sorting and dissemination Communication
of information, as such they are play a vital role in the economic Economies
development as part of the ____________.
131. The use of resources and technology to bring about change which is Development
normally positive and involves the improvements in people’s quality of
life.
132. An indicator which shows how wealth is shared in a country. Gini-coefficient
133. A QOL index looking at the job security. Unemployment rate
134. In the urban economic structure, the city center, financial and True
organizational hub, and the social and cultural life of the city are usually
found in the central business center or CBD.
135. One of the models of urban economic structure that was Concentric ring model
conceptualized by Ernest Watson Burges.
136. The process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of Gentrification
middle-class or affluent people into deteriorating areas that often
displaces poorer residents.
137. The natural and man-made systems which facilitates the functioning of Networks
the settlements
138. Central Place Theory extends the idea to the case where there is a Walter Christaller
hierarchy (ranking order) of cities as well as a distinction between urban
and rural areas. This theory was formulated by _____________ .
139. After the Spanish rule in the Philippines, the Americans focused on Sanitation
________ by rebuilding settlements with amended facilities and
improved the cities’ drainage systems.
140. The principle of the neighborhood unit was based on the natural Clarence Perry
catchment area of community facilities such as schools, local shops
and other services; such theory was devised by ___________.
141. This system was abolished in 1630 which was replaced by the Encomienda
establishment of the provincial and municipal governments.
142. The Laws of the Indies was employed as the standards to all Layout and dimensions
development in the Philippines under the reign of King Philip II. Town
plans following the Greco-Roman pattern marked by a grid pattern with
the core elements of the plaza complex of church, town hall, market,
and principalia dwellings. This shows which aspect of the guidelines?
143. Per the census conducted in 2015, Metro Manila has an overall Megacity
population of 12 million and by population size, Metro Manila is
classified as _______.
144. Cities are physical artifacts inserted into a preexisting natural world, Climate
and natural constraints must be respected if a settlement is to survive
and prosper. Designing streets to align and take advantage of cooling
breezes, and structures built to shield pedestrians from sun and rain.
These architectural designs adapt accordingly to a location’s _____.
145. The process of international integration arising from the interchange of Globalization
world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.
146. The expansion of the city, primarily of residential areas spreading into Suburbanization
the countryside.
147. This city pursued a grand scale in its design of public spaces which Baroque city
manifested in the proliferation of long avenues, radial street networks,
monumental squares, geometric parks and gardens.
148. A resettlement policy implemented by the Spanish military that Reduccion Policy
corresponds to forced relocation of small, scattered settlements into
one larger town.
149. A civilization site with a regard for symmetry (i.e. regular rectangle Dry-point
pattern). Its settlements integrated the civilization’s culture to its design
as well as serve as defense. Renaissance

Wet point

Medieval
150. He is famous for the establishment of settlements on a 'gridiron' plan. Hippodamus of Miletus
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE
a. Texture perspective
1. On the basis of these extracted features, b. Size perspective
inferences are made about our world. c. Linear perspective
a. Inference d. Aerial prspective
b. Extraction 9. Objects moving at uniform speeds appear to be
c. Reception moving more slowly as distance increases.
d. Receptor a. Motion perspective
b. Aerial perspective
2. Basic visual features area extracted. c. Linear perspective
a. Extraction d. Texture perspective
b. Reception 10. Derived from the increased haziness and
c. Inference changes in color due to the intervening
d. Vision atmosphere.
3. Separates the objects from each other. a. aerial perspective
a. Visual space b. Linear perspective
b. Tactile space c. Texture perspective
c. Thermal space d. Texture perspective
d. Texture 11. The most commonly known form of perspective
4. Separates the viewer from objects by using 3d objects and 2-d surface by means of
a. Tactile space perspective projection
b. Visual space a. linear perspective
c. Haptic b. aerial perspective
d. Visual perception c. Texture perspective
d. Size perspective
5. An awareness derived from the visual system in 12. Tend to bring people together
response to an external stimulus a. socio petal spaces
a. Visual perception b. sociofugal spaces
b. Vision c. informal space
c. Binocular vision d. fixed feature space
d. Visual field
6. Factor in depth perception at close distance,16 13. The space can be thought as a small protective
feet or less. sphere that an organism maintains between
a. Stereoscopic vision itself and others.
b. Visual perception a. personal distance
c. Vision b. intimate distance
d. Binocular vision c. social distance
7. Operates very much out of awareness. The d. public distance
separation of the eye projects each a different
images.
a. Binocular perspective
b. Linear perspective
c. Texture perspective
d. Motion perspective THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE
8. The gradual increase in the density of the
1. It is a comparison showing differences, the opposite
texture of a surface as it recedes in the
of similarity.
distance.
 a. rhythm b. character a. visual scale b. mechanical scale c.
c. proportion d. contrast generic scale d. human scale
2. The most important kind of character in architecture 14. Kind of rhythm where equally spaced windows are
is that which result from the introduced on the broken wall,
purpose of the building or reason of erection. then regular repetition is presented.
a. proportion b. contrast c. functional a. accented rhythm b. unaccented rhythm
character d. personal character c. rhythm of motion d. rhythm
3. Most elementary means of organizing forms and 15. The size of a building element or space relative to
spaces in architecture. the dimensions and proportion of
a. balance b. axis human body.
c. scale d. character a. generic scale b. visual scale c. human
4. Characterized by an arrangement where all the part scale d. mechanical scale
radiate from a center like the 16. The art and science of building design and
spikes in a wheel. construction.
a. radial b. formal c. a. architecture b. theory
centralized d. unsymmetrical c. visual scale d. rhythm
5. It means equality. 17. Who said that “The magnificent display of volume
a. rhythm b. contrast put together in the light”
c. formal d. balance a. Adolf Hitler b. Frank Gehry c. Louis
6. It gives a feeling of grandeur, dignity and Kahn d. Le Corbusier
monumentality. 18. That which the eye identifies, the mind perceives
a. centralized b. radial and interprets.
c. scale d. balance a. shape b. texture
7. When lines, planes, and surface treatments are c. form d. orientation
repeated in a regular sequence. 19. With respect to an observer.
a. balance b. rhythm a. size b. orientation
c. contrast d. proportion c. visual inertia d. position
8. A kind of character that came from the influence of 20. A series of form arranged in sequence in a row.
ideas and impressions related to or a. clustered form b. linear form
growing out of past experience. c. radial form d. grid form
a. associated char. b. personal char. 21. A set of modular forms related and regulated by 3D
c. character d. functional char. grid.
9. It is evident by a comparison which the eye makes a. linear form b. radial form
between the size, shape and tone of c. grid form d. cluster form
a various object or part of a competition. 22. Subtracting a portion of a forms volume to create
a. proportion b. rhythm another.
c. scale d. balance a. subtracting transformation
10. Deals with the relationship between the different b. additive transformation
parts of the whole to the various c. subtractive transformation
parts. d. dimensional transformation
a. relative proportion b. absolute 23. This refer to the manner in which the surface of a
proportion c. proportion d. balance form come together to define its
11. It bears a certain relation to the same attribute to shape and volume.
the life of an individual. a. articulation of form
a. functional char. b. relative proportion b. form
c. personal char. d. balance c. clustered form
12. These systems are based on the dimension and d. architecture
proportion of the human body. 24. Who said “The will of the epoch translated into
a. proportion b. balance c. space’
anthropometric d. anthropomorphic proportion a. Adolf Hitler b. Le Corbusier c. Ching d.
13. The size and proportion of an element appear to Jamandri
have relative to other elements of
known or assumed size.
25. A composition of linear forms extending outward Vicencia, Italy. Known as the grandest town
from a central form in a radial manner. residence.
a. linear form b. clustered form a. Holland
c. radial form d. centralized form b. Andrea di Pietro Della Gondola
26. Architecture is generally conceived, designed and c. Andrea Palladio
realized. 51. Scottish architect and designer who was prominent
a. design process b. articulation in the arts and crafts movement in
c. form d. theory Great Britain.
27. A number of secondary forms clustered about a a. Charles Mackintosh c. Peter
dominant, centra-perceive form. Behrens
a. linear b. clustered c. b. Robert Adam d. Mies Van de
centralized d. grid form Rohe
28. One or more dimension are altered but will retain its 52. Received the “Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinanagan
identity. “award for the city of manila, who
a. subtractive b. dimensional trans. is the architect?
c. additive trans. d. NOTA a. Philip Recto c. Juan
29. A collection of forms grouped together by proximity Nakpil
or the sharing of a common b. Tomas Mapua e.
visual trait. Antonio Toledo
a. grid form b. clustered form c. 53. In 1989 he received the prtzker prize commonly
radial form d. linear form referred to as “The Noble of
30. Can be regular or irregular, primary characteristic Architecture” the loftiest recognition. It is a lifetime
that identifies. achievement award granted to
a. size b. color c. living architect whose body of work represents a
orientation d. shape superlative contribution to the field.
31-37. (7) composition of design a. Minoru Yamasaki c. Frank
38-40. (3) types of character Gehry
41-42.(2) kinds of rhythm b. Renzo Piano d. Kenzo Tange
43-45. (3) types of balance 54. His first designs were drawings of fantastic
46. Is the most famous for the eye catching tower he architectural visions in steel and glass as
constructed in Paris for the well as costume and poster design.
exposition universally of 1889 work of Eiffel tower. a. Norman Foster c. Ieoh
a.Alexandre Gustav Eiffel Ming Pei
b. Alexander Gustav Eiffel b. Frank Gehry d. Erich
c. Alex Gustav Eiffel Mendelsohn
47. One of the pioneers of the modern movement in 55. Much of his works has been described as post
American architecture. Work modern, since he rejected the excessive
auditorium building, U.S. abstractionism of architects such as Le Corbusier and
a. Daniel Burnham strove instead to incorporate the
b. Louis Henry Sullivan valid elements of older style.
c. William Le Baron Jenney a. Kahn, Louis c. Ieoh
48. Arch of the famous Twin Tower World Trade Center. Ming Pei
a. Yamasaki and Roth b. Maxwell, Fry d. Marcel
b. I.M. Pei Breuer
c. Brunelleschi 56. Spanish architects, one of the most creative
49. One of the most sublime painters and sculpture and practitioners of his art in modern times.
one of the most influential His style is often described as a blend of neo-gothic
architect and draft man. and art nouveau, but is also has
a. Michael Angelo surrealist and cubist elements.
b. Palazzo Ducale a. Marcel Breuer c. Adolf
c. Richard Kipling Loos
50. The influential architect born in 1508 I Padua. He b. Antonio Gaudi d. Lucio
designed the Palazzo Chierecati, Costa
57. One of the world’s 1st futurist and global thinkers. 64. He was the architect in his time that receives his
His 1927 decision to work always license as award at his 60’s or at the
and only for all humanity led him to address the age of 60 yrs. old.
largest global problems of poverty, a Louis Sullivan c. Antonio
disease and homelessness. Gaudi
a. Kenzo Tange c. Buckminster b. Buckminster Fuller d. Paul
Fuller Rudolf
b. Daniel Burnham d. Frank 65. An important Scottish architect who was particularly
Gehry known for his interiors based on
58. In his practice he explores the use of indigenous classical decoration.
materials infused with current a. Mackintosh Charles c.
technological trends to bring a new dimension in Robert Adam
designs. b. Marcel Breuer d. Mies
a. Tomas Mapua c. Juan van de Rohe
Nakpil 66. To whom does this philosophy belongs to, “Where
b. Leandro Locsin d. the architects task is to restore a
Francisco Manosa correct order of values… it is still the architects duty
59. Afterwards became deeply involved in the design to attempt to humanize age of
and building of French railways machines. But this should not be done without
and bridges. He worked on structures such as bridge regard for form”
across the Garonne River, train a. Peter Behrens c.
stations at Toulouse and again in France. Marcel Breuer
a. Gustave Eiffel c. Ieoh b. Oscar Niemeyer d. Alvar
Ming Pei Aalto
b. Norman Foster d. Alvar 67. His insistence on the importance of design and
Aalto formal expression in our lives, and his
60. He has actively promoted the use of native adept handling of materials, light and space,
architectural forms and indigenous explained why he is one of the great
nationals such as bamboo and thatch, in the architects of the 20th century.
creation of a distinctively Filipino a. Alvar Aalto c.
architecture. Richard Meier
a. Philip Recto c. Juan b. Robert Adam d. Renzo Piano
Nakpil 68. He was called “Masters master” where his students
b. Francisco Manosa d. are architects like Gropius, Breuer
Antonio Toledo and Van de Rohe.
61. French-born, Brazilian architect and urban planner. a. Eric Mendelsohn c. Frank
a. Daniel Burnham c. Lucio Lloyd Wright
Costa b. Peter Behrens d.
b. Oscar Niemeyer d. Eliel Vitruvius
Saarinen 69. A German architect who uses more representational
62. This famous axiom “Each one sees whatever he styles which has been called
wishes to see” belongs to, “Scrapped Classicism”
a. Daniel Burnham c. Oscar a. Robert Adam c. Peter
Niemeyer Behrens
b. Peter Behrens d. Lucio b. Daniel Burnham d. Alvar
Costa Aalto
63. This philosophy “When change needs, asks a 70. Architect of the “Reliance Building” in Chicago.
stranger” belongs to, a. Eero Saarinen c. Eliel
a. Peter Behrens c. Oscar Saarinen
Niemeyer b. Oscar Niemeyer d.
b. Marcel Breuer d. Daniel Burnham
Robert Adams 71. This famous dictum, “I am neither a capitalist nor a
socialist, I am not a religious or
 an atheist” belongs to. 80. Father of modern architectural movement in Brazil.
a. Lucio Costa c. Pier a. Felix Candela c. Oscar
Luigi Nervi Niemeyer
b. Buckminster Fuller d. b. Lucio Costa d. Adolf
Oscar Niemeyer Loos
72. Architect who leads the development of the 81. “A city is subjected to growth, delay and rebuilt”
‘Quezon Memorial Circle” in Quezon City. belongs to,
a. Juan Nakpil c. a. Daniel Burnham c.
Francisco Manosa Kenzo Tange
b. Froilan Hong d. Philip Recto b. Renzo Piano d. Frank Gehry
73. Eiffel tower I Paris stands. 82. An architect who is deeply concerned with
a. 982 ft. c. 984 architectural details and the craftsmanship
ft. that goes into them. Emphasis is often laid on the
b. 983 ft. d. 985 repetition of industrialized
ft. “modular units” in his work.
74. “Starting with holes” belongs to architect a. Renzo Piano c. Sir Norman
a. Mies van de Rohe c. Foster
Renzo Piano b. Frank Gehry d. Michael
b. Oscar Niemeyer d. Groves
Buckminster Fuller 83. Architect of the “Reichstag” in Berlin ( Frankfort
75. “A house is a machine to live in” philosophy belongs commerce bank building)
to a. Buckminster Fuller c.
a. Le Corbusier c. Frank Lloyd Norman Foster
Wright b. Ludwig van de Rohe d. Frank Gehry
b. Peter Behrens d. Louis 84. Approach each building; as a sculptural object, a
Sullivan spatial container, a space with light
76. He paid great attention to the detailing of the and air, a response to context and appropriateness
structure, which he attributed to his of feeling and spirit.
father’s teachings about craftsmanship. a. Louis Sullivan c. Frank
a. Robert Adams c. Gehry
Antonio Gaudi b. Norman Foster d. Frank
b. Mies van de Rohe d. Frank Lloyd Wright
Gehry 85. Architect of the “Rockwell center”
77. One of his stylish choice which are circles and a. Daniel Burnham c.
squares were used in his design Felino Palafox
solutions. b. Francisco Manosa d.
a. Buckminster Fuller c. Leandro Locsin
Richard Meier 86. Whose famous dictum/ philosophy is this “A house
b. Oscar Niemeyer d. Pier is a machine for living”
Luigi Nervi a. Alvar Aalto c. Le
78. His contributions where the advocacy of the idea of Corbusier
planning rooms by volume. b. Frank Lloyd Wright d. Robert
a. Oscar Niemeyer c. Venturi
Marcel Breuer 87. Whose famous axiom is this, “Design as if you were
b. Lucio Costa d. Adolf Loos a child”
79. His solutions to building problem were always a. Alvar Aalto c.
direct, transmitting to the ground by Renzo Piano
the shortest path the stresses developed within the b. Kenzo Tange d. Antonio
structures. Gaudi
a. Nervi, Pier Luigi c. Alvar, 88. Whose famous dictum is this, “Unity disguised as
Aalto chaos,complexity & contradiction are
b. Candela, Felix d. often what make works of art both exciting and
Mackintosh, Charles profound.”
 a. Renzo Piano c. Kenzo Tange a. Richard Meier c. Oscar
b. Norman Foster d. Louis Niemeyer
Kahn b. Adolf Loos d. Pier
89. Architect of the London’s “Stansteed airport” which Nervi Luigi
seem like a celebration of flight itself. 97. Discovered new facilities in the interplay of volumes,
a. Renzo Piano c. Norman planes, levels and better relationship of
Foster the light and view which is one his style in design.
b. Lucio Costa d. Frank a. Felix Candela c. Oscar
Gehry Niemeyer
90. Architect of the ‘Centre Pompidou” in Paris. b. Adolf Loos d. Louis
a. Richard Rogers c. Sullivan
Renzo Piano 98. Frequently works on a large scale and is renowned
b. Kenzo Tange d. Frank Gehry for his sharp, geometric designs.
91. The world’s largest entertainment shopping center a. Renzo Piano c. Ieoh Ming Pei
at Alberta, Canada. Has 127 acre with a b. Frank Gehry d. Paul Rudolph
floor area of 5.2 million sq. meters. It also ha more 99. Is renowned for his technical ingenuity and dramatic
than 800 stores and 11 major department sense of design, especially to large span
stores. structures built of reinforced concrete.
a. Megamall c. West a. Renzo Piano c. Pier Luigi
Edmonton Mall Nervi
b. Shanghai Complex Mall d. b. Felix Candela d. Eliel Saarinen
Oklahoma New Stare mall 100. Architect of the first sky scraper in Italy, The Pirelli
92. Architect of the “PHIVOLCS” building in C.P. Garcia Building. (1955) in Milan, a
Ave., Diliman, Quezon City collaborative design.
a. Willliam Coscolluela c. Froilan Hong a. Kenzo Tange c. Pier Luigi
b. Francisco Manosa d. Nervi
Felino Palafox b. Felix Candela d. Paul
93. Finnish architect, who by preserving a rigor from Rudolph
Art Nouveau and never quite succumbing 101. Architect who contributed the use of
to the full sentiment, produced extracting reinforcement concrete flames and large areas of
structures and restraint. glazing (glass) where we applied today.
a. Candela, Felix c. a. Fry Maxwell c. Adolf Loos
Saarinen, Eliel b. Norman Foster d. Felix
b. Costa. Lucio d. Maxwell, Fry Candela
94. Architect at the “ One San Miguel Avenue” 102. “Almost is nothing” philosophy of architect?
a. Leandro Locsin c. Philip a. Peter Behrens c. Mies
Recto van de Rohe
b. Francisco Manosa d. b. Adolf Loos d. Fry Maxwell
Froilan Hong 103. His work was with simple forms, the distillation
95. Pre-occupied with the notion of an industrialized from history and the order of industrial
“plug-in” city, he has devised schemes in techniques, this designs of bold, pure, simple forms
which mobile residence pods are plugged into a offered both architectural integrity and
steel frame which connects to mechanical structural honesty.
and electrical services. a. Peter Behrens c. Mies
a. Daniel Burnham c. Paul van de Rohe
Rudolph b. Adolf Loos d. Fry
b. Pier Luigi Nervi d. Maxwell
Oscar Niemeyer 104. Architecture is decorated construction not
96. Brazil’s best known and most important modern constructed decoration” is an architect
architect. From 1956 to 1964 he designed philosophy named?
the major buildings for Brasilia the futuristic new a. Fry Maxwell c. Mackintosh
capital of Brazil. Charles
 b. Adolf Loos d. Mies 113. The youngest of the pioneer modernists, was
van de Rohe instrumental in shifting the bias of the
105. Architect of “ De la Salle University building” on Bauhaus from the Arts and Crafts” to Art and
Taft Avenue. technology.
a. Antonio Toledo c. a. Peter Behrens c.
Tomas Mapua Robert Adam
b. Juan Villegas d. Phillip Recto b. Marcel Breuer d. Alvar
106. “Architecture seizes upon space encompasses Aalto
space and is space itself’ belongs to, 114. Architect, sculptor and engineer who was the main
a. Gustave Eiffel c. Erich initiator of stylistic changes in
Mendelsohn Renaissance archre. The engineering feat
b. Walter Gropius d. represented by the cupola of Florence cathedral
Robert Adam staggered by his contemporaries.
107. Architect of “ Salt Institute for Biological Studies, in a. Brunelleschi Fillippo c. Bernini
La Jolla, California Lorenzo
a. Robert Adam c. Louis Kahn b. Borromini Fransesco d. Antonio
b. Peter Behrens d. Fry Gaudi
Maxwell 115. Architect of the UNESCO building in Paris which the
108. “Design Science” is a philosophy of architect? striking feature of this complex is the
a. Alvar Aalto c. enormous “Y” shaped office and conference room
Buckminster Fuller block.
b. Paul Rudolph d. Mies van de a. Cass Gilbert c. Alvar
Rohe Aalto
109. Architect of “Our Lady” at EDSA shrine of the 1986 b. Robert Adam d. Marcel
Filipino Revolution. Breuer
a. Philip Recto c. 116. Architect and painter, one of the personalities of
Francisco Manosa Italian renaissance archre. Already in his
b. William Coscolluela d. William early works he changed conventional archre space
Parsons by inserting illusionist features more
110. “Everything started with the Nipa Hut” belongs to typical of painting and storage settings.
a. Leandro Locsin c. a. Brunelleschi Fillippo c. Bramante
Francisco Manosa Donato
b. Remigio Esguerra d. b. Leonardo da Vinci d.
Froilan Hong Bernini Lorenzo
111. His ability to select and use motifs from the 117. Nicknamed “The Shell builder” because of his
classical antique in an original way led to his extensive exploration of the structural
success, and his interior designs are one of the possibilities of lightweight concrete roof
finest expressions of 18th century artistic construction, often using complex curve forms to
achievement. exploit the tensile strengths within this versatile
a. Peter Behrens c. material.
Alberti Lean Battista a. Frank Lloyd Wright c. Pier
b. Mies van de Rohe d. Luigi Nervi
Robert Adam b. Felix Candela d. Eliel
112. transformed the renaissance tradition of the Saarinen
universal artist-genius into the style which came 118. Architect of the “Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts”,
to be known as Baroque- a fusion of the arts of Norwich.
archre, sculpture and painting to create new a. Norman Foster c.
forms which above all created a dramatic impact Renzo Piano
and involved the spectator. b. Kenzo Tange d. Paul Rudolph
a. Borromini Fransesco c. Bernini 119. One of his strangest work is a fish-shaped
Giovanni Lorenzo restaurant in Japan called “Fishdance’
b. Bartning Otto d. a. Fumihiko Maki c.
Robert Adam Kenzo Tange
 b. Minoru Yamasaki d. Frank Arts and Crafts movement.
Gehry a. Lucio Costa c.
120. American architect who designed one of the first Robert Adam
sky scrapers in New York and the designer b. Paul Rudolph d. Charles
of the Woolworth building which was built in 1911- Mackintosh
13. 128. His manner of design working up an architectural
a. Henry Louis Sullivan c. Cass Gilbert design/idea from an expressionistic type
b. Daniel Burnham d. sketch as well as his personal philosophy of
Minoru Yamasaki “Dynamism” at a very early stage an attitude to
121. His work evolved away from concern with the design that was both idiosyncratic and brilliant.
roots of modernism towards a wide ranging a. Charles Mackintosh c. Erich
borrowing from architectural history. Mendelsohn
a. Le Corbusier c. Henry b. Richard Meier d. Paul
Sullivan Rudolph
b. Michael Graves d. 129. Architect of the “Seagram building” New York
Richard Meier a. Walter Gropius c. Louis
122. Founder of the Bauhaus Sullivan
a. Gropius Walter c. Peter b. Mies van de Rohe d. Cesar
Behrens Pelli
b. Le Corbusier d. Adolf Meier 130. German architect who was responsible for bringing
123. His architecture is notable for its simple, platonic the tent into the 20th century, it was his
forms and compositions through the use special gift to see minimal lightweight structure as
of bricks and poured concrete/ poured in place liberating and a bridge to natural or
concrete masonry. He developed a organic structure.
contemporary archre of great power and a. Frei Otto c. Eero
monumentality. Saarinen
a. Henry Louis Sullivan c. Felix Candela b. Fry Maxwell d. Michael
b. Mies van de Rohe d. Louis Graves
Kahn 131. U.S. based architect, known best for his vast
124. Architect of the pilgrimage chapel of Notre dame shimmering towers used as corporate
de Haut at Ronchamp. headquarters. He describes himself as a
a. Louis Sullivan c. Le Corbusier “pragmatist” who feels that there is strength and
b. Fry Maxwell d. Paul Rudolph energy flowing in everything including the energy
125. Maison Domino, basic building diagram, a in his projects themselves/
prototype for mass production with free standing a. Daniel Burnham c. Frank
pillars and rigid over sailing floors belongs to? Gehry
a. Frank Lloyd Wright c. Lucio b. Mies van de Rohe d. Cesar
Costa Pelli
b. Le Corbusier d. Norman 132. Leading Italian architect and designer concerned
Foster with technological innovation and
126. Although he built little or nothing, he has many environmentally balanced buildings.
architectural drawings reveal a new concern a. Frank Gehry c. Renzo Piano
with form that anticipates the high renaissance b. Norman Foster d.
style of Bramante in Rome and in particular Kenzo Tange
the designs for the New St. Peters. 133. Influential Italian architect and urban theorist who
a. Leonardo da Vinci c. initiated the contemporary school of
Bramante Donato rational archre during the 1960’s and 70’s
b. Fillippo Brunelleschi d. Bernini a. Alvar Aalto c. Frei
Lorenzo Otto
127. Outstanding Scottish architect, furniture designer b. Aldo Rossi d. Fry
and painter, seen as a pioneer of the Maxwell
Modern Movement and perhaps more importantly, 134. “Architecture is a personal effort” remarked by.
as the greatest flowering of the British a. Paul Rudolph c. Frei Otto
 b. Adolf Loos d. Aldo 145. A construction such as a tower at the crossing of a
Rossi church rising above roof and glazed at
135. Architect of the “John Hancock Center, Chicago” the sides.
a. H.O.K c. Norman a. pedestal b. lantern
Foster c. fenestration
b. Daniel Burnham d. 146. The arrangement and design of windows in a
S.O.M building.
136. Architect of the “City Hall complex” in Tokyo. a. shell b. fenestration
a. Minoru Yamasaki c. c. curtain wall
Kenzo Tange 147. Arrangement of wood lamination.
b. Renzo Piano d. Fumihiko a. space frame b. Bauhaus
Maki c. curtain wall
137. Japanese architect, like many of his generation he 148. A communicating passage or wide corridor for
experimented with aspects of western pictures an upper storey for seats in a
modernism. He was associated with the start of church.
metabolism in 1960. a. Palladian motif b. niche (shell)
a. Minoru Yamasaki c. c. gallery
Mario Bolta 149. Bulbous termination to the top of a tower, found
b. Fumihiko Maki d. principally in central and eastern Europe.
Kenzo Tange a. chancel b. loggia
138. American architect of Japanese decent. And with c. helm
emery poth and sons he designed the 150. Each baked (unglazed) or burnt in moulds. For use
Twin Towered World Trade Center. in construction and decoration, harder in
a.Minoru Yamasaki c. quality than brick.
Mario Bolta a. oriel b. terra cotta
b. Fumihiko Maki d. c. stretcher
Kenzo Tange 151. A public open place, surrounded by building; may
139. “Buildings should not be for walls and roof” vary in shape and in civic purpose.
belongs to, a. lantern b. piazza
a. Fry Maxwell c. Marcel c. tabernacle
Breuer 152. An elevation closed in a column in church in which
b. Paul Rudolph d. Peter the preacher stands.
Behrens a. pulpit b. peristyle
140. Architect of “Louvre, Pyramid” in Paris. c. modillions
a. Fumihiko Maki c. Ieoh 153. An outdoor area adjoining or enclosed by the walls
Ming Pei or arcade of a house, often paved and
b. Norman Foster d. shaped.
Kenzo Tange a. patio b. rococo
141. A series of balusters. c. wreath
a. vestibule b. balustrade 154. A style architecture and decoration, primarily
c. baluster French in origin, which represents the final
142.A castle or imposing country residence of nobility in phase of the baroque around the middle of the 18th
old trance. century, characterized by profuse, often
a. nymph b. nymphaeum semiabstract orientation and lightness of colors and
c. chateau/chateaux weight.
143. An ante-room to a larger apartment of a building. a. rococo b. niche c.
a. ambulatory b. vestibule mansard
c. salon 155. A hollow structure in the form of a thin curved slab
144. Italian name for the internal court surrounded by or plate whose thickness is small
an arcade. compared with its other dimensions and with its
a. cortile b. Venice radii of curvature; any framework or
c. vitruvius exterior structure which is regarded as not
completed pr filled in.
 a. hybrid b. quoins 169. A decorative niche often topped a canopy and
c. shell housing a statue.
156. In Italy, a palace or private residence which is a. palazzo b. lantern
impressive. c. tabernacle
a. cantoria b. palazzo 170. A masonry unit laid horizontally with its length in
c. casino the direction of the face of the wall.
157. Who treatise on architecture. a. Flemish bond b. stretcher c. stock
a. French b. vitruvius bond
c. Martin Luther 171. The open around between the central and side
158. An order more than one storey in height. aisles.
a. gothic contours b. colossal order a. nave b.
c. chateau newel
159. A roof having a double slope on all four sides. The b. nave arcade c. none
lower slope being much steeper. of the above
a. transom b. mansard 172. Famous work of John Utzon.
c. flat roof a. CNN tower c.
160. A curved roof structure spanning an area; often Madison Square Garden
spherical in shape b. Sydney Opera house d. Trade Center
a. escorial b. dome Twin Tower
c. patio 173. A tall tower in, or contiguous to, a mosque with
161. Same as horseshoes architecture. stairs leading up to one or more balconies
a. Moorish architecture b. stucco from which the faithful are called to prayer.
c. plateria a. minaret c.
162. In masonry, a hardstone or bridge used with obelisk
similar ones, to reinforce in external corner or b. mosque d. none
edge of a hall of the like. of the above
a. stucco b. quoins 174. The classical order of architecture characterized by
c. niche its capital with volutes, a fascinated
163. An order more than one storey in height. entablature, continuous frieze, usually dentils in
a. pavilion b. castle the cornice.
c. transom a. Doric order c.
164. In a garden or fairground, a temporary structure or Corinthian order
tent. b. ionic order d.
a. pavilion b. castle composite order
c. transom 175. A roman public square surrounded by monumental
165. A treatment façade without columns. buildings usually including a basilica
a. antiquarian b. astylar and a temple, the center of civic life.
c. coupled column a. colosseum c. agora
166. In the renaissance the term was general used to b. forum d. none
denote a singer’s gallery often elaborately of the above
carved in a major church. 176. Its great works are cathedrals, characterized by the
a. cantoria b. peristyle pointed arch, the rib vault, the
c. loggia development of the exterior flying buttress, and
167. The Italian name for the internal court, surrounded the gradual reduction of the walls to a
by an arcade in a palace or other edifice. system of richly decorated fenestration.
a. rustication b. cortile a. Roman architecture c.
c. cantoria French architecture
168. In a basin for holy water, sometimes free standing b. Gothic architecture d.
but more often affixed to or carved out of Greek architecture
a wall or pillar near the entrance of a church. 177. A sculpture gallery.
a. holy water stoup b. piano noble a. glyptotheca c.
c. fenestration glypthoteca
 b. glyptopeca d. none a. Franklin Einstein c.
of the above William van Alen
178. The ridge, edge, or curved line formed by the b. Erich Mendelsohn d. none
intersection of the surfaces of two intersecting of the above
vaults. 187. Main contributor of Art Nouveau.
a. groin c. grid a. Victor Horta & Henri Van de Velde c. F.L.
b. rib d. none Wright
of the above b. Walter Gropius & William Alen
179. A freestanding tomb used in ancient Egypt, d. none of the above
consisting of a rectangular superstructure with 188. A long arcade entrance porch to a Christian
inclined sides, from which a shaft leads to Basilican church.
underground burial and offering chambers. a. Bema
a. pyramid c. rock c. Portico
hewn tomb b. Narthex
b. mastaba d. none d. none of the above
of the above 189. Architect of Manila City hall.
180. Found on the underside of the mutules and a. Juan Nakpil
regulaeo of Doric entablatures. c. William Parson
a. echinus c. b. Antonio Toledo
guttae d. Juan Arellano
b. abacus d. 190. The part of a cruciform church projecting at right
metopae angles to the main building.
181. A simplified version of the roman Doric order, a. bema c.
having a plain frieze and no mutules in the trancept
cornice. b. transept
a. volute c. d. none of the above
Corinthian 191. A method of forming stonework with roughened
b. ionic d. none surfaces and recessed joints, principally
of the above employed in renaissance building.
182. A ornament consisting of a spirally wound band, a. astylar
either as a running ornament or as a c. rustication
terminal, like the volutes of the ionic capital r the b. ashlar
scrolls on the consoles and modillions. d. cyclopean
a. volute c. bead 192. A dome or turret rising from the roof of he hall of
b. scroll d. reel the medieval English residence,
183. Introduced radiating arch and inverted Tuscan originally open at the sides to allow the escape of
column. smoke from the open hearth below.
a. roman architecture c. a. louver
Greek architecture c. chimney
b. Etruscan architecture d. none of the b. gambler
above d. none of the above
184. A private house of roman house. 193. A groove or channel, usually vertical, intended as
a. villa c. an ornament.
domus a. gneiss
b. insula d. none c. glyph
of the above b. gorge
185. The main inner hall of a roman house with an d. none of the above
aperture in the roof for rainwater and a 194. A molding of double curvature which is convex at
rectangular basin to receive the water. the outer edge and concave at the inner
a. impluvium c. apse edge.
b. atrium d. a. cyma recta
compluvium c. doric cyma
186. Architect of Einstein tower.
 b. cyma reversa d. none b. gargoyle
of the above d. none of the above
195. A hidden subterranean chamber or complex of 203. A pipe fitting which is threaded on both the inside
chambers and passages. and the outside so that it can be used to
a. glyph c. connect two pipes of different sizes.
trench a. socket
b. crypt d. none c. bushing
of the above b. coupling
196. A decorative bracket in the form of a vertical scroll, d. flange
projecting form of a wall to support a 204. A device or machine that compresses and/ or
cornice, a door or window head, a piece of transport fluids, usually by pressure or suction,
sculpture. or both, may be used to remove water from a
a. conge construction site or to convey water from one
c. console elevation to another.
b. conical a. motor
d. cornice beam c. pump
197. The crowning molding of a classical cornice, b. generator
especially when it has the form of a cyma, d. all of the above
though it may also be an ovolo or cavetto. 205. On the internal surface of a trap for a plumbing
a. cymatium fixture, the highest point of the bottom
c. abacus surface.
b. fleuron a. crown steeple
d. corona c. crown seal
198. In Buddhist architecture, a monumental structure b. crown weir
containing relics of Buddha or some d. none of the above
Buddhist saint. 206. A pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and liquid
a. pagoda waste
c. gorupa a. service pipe
b. dagoda c. soil pipe
d. none of the above b. sewer
199. Entrance of the Chinese architecture. d. waste pipe
a. torri 207. A mass of organic matter which floats on the
c. pylon surface of sewage.
b. pai-lou a. scum c.
d. propylaea scrum
200. One of a band of small, square, toothlike blocks b. sludge
forming part of the characterisric d. none of the above
ornamentation of the ionic, Corinthian, and 208. In plumbing, a tapered coupling for joining a pipe
composite orders, and sometimes the Doric. or conduit to another of larger size.
a. pendentil a. coupling
c. fin c. nipple
b. dentil b. bushing
d. grille d. none of the above
201. All horizontal piping shall be run in practical 209. A waste pipe which does not connect directly with
alignment and at a uniform grade of not less the building drainage system, but
than ____ percent. discharges into it through a properly trapped
a. 1.5 % c. 1 % fixture or receptacle.
b. 2 % a. indirect system
d. 3% c. direct system
202. A waterspout projecting from the roof gutter of a b. indirect waste pipe
building, often crave grotesquely. d. direct waste pipe
a. gasket 210. A measure of the portable discharge into the
c. fountain drainage system by various types of plumbing
 fixtures; expressed in units of cubic volume per a. cutting
minute; the value for a particular fixture c. penetrating
depends on its volume rate of drainage discharge. b. tripping
a. fixture unit d. none of the above
c. fixture supply unit 219. Is the most common type of wire service employed
b. parameters by power companies supplying
d. none of the above electricity.
211. The standard unit of electric current. a. overhead service entrance
a. ampere c. overhead entrance
c. resistance b. underground service entrance
b. watt d. none of the above
d. volt 220. A group of small wires which is used as a single
212. A lamp which light is emitted when a tungsten wire.
filament is heated to incandescence by an a. stranded wire
electric current. c. wire mesh
a. base b. cable wire
c.lead-in-wire d. none of he above
b. watt 221. The number of times the cycle of compression and
d. bulb rarefaction of air makes in a given unit
213. On a theatre stage, a master switch that of time.
distinguishes all stage lights simultaneously. a. hertz
a. safety watch c. frequency
c. panel board b. pitch
b. theatre safety watch d. reverberation
d. none of the above 222. A man-made light source which produces radiation
214. in an electric circuit, a current that flows in one in or near the visible region of the
direction only. spectrum.
a. alternating current a. lamp
c. A & B c. torch
b. direct current b. candle
d. none of the above d. none of the above
215. Current that has zero frequency. 223. Light that is not predominantly from any one
a. alternating current direction.
c. A & B a. deflection
b. direct current c. diffuser
d. none of the above b. diffuse light
216. A assembly of metalwork which is used to support d. reflection
insulated electric conductors. 224. The number of oscillations per second of a sound
a. tray wave or of a vibrating solid.
c. cable tray a. amplitude
b. gable tray c. reverberation
d. cableway b. sound wave
217. In electric systems, a metallic or non metallic tube d. frequency
(usually circular, oval, rectangular or 225. The luminous flux per unit solid angle in a specific
octagonal) for housing wires or cables, may be direction from a point source of light.
underground or embedded in concrete floor a. luminous flux c.
slabs. lumen
a. conduit b. luminous intensity
c. cable d. luminance
b. duct 226. A unit of luminous flux
d. none of the above a. candela
218. Refers to the cutting-off or disconnection of the c. lumen
supply of current.
 b. candlefoot b. liquid receiver
d. none of the above d. heat exchanger
227. The luminous intensity of a light source. 235. A device to used to vary the volume of air passing
a. candlefoot through an air outlet, inlet, or duct, it
c. lumen does not significantly affect the shape of the
b. candlepower d. delivery pattern.
bitumen a. rheostat
228. A rapid succession of echoes caused by the c. datum
reflection of sound back and forth between two b. damper
parallel walls; initiated by a single, sharp pulse of d. none of the above
sound. 236. The process of heat transfer through a material
a. flutter echo medium in which kinetic energy is
c. creep transmitted by particles of the materials from
b. reverberation particle to particle without gross
d. resonance displacement of the particles.
229. Is the persistence of sound after the cause of a. thermal conduction
sound has stopped- a result of repeated c. thermal insulation
reflections. b. thermometer d. none
a. echo of the above
c. focusing 237. A device consisting of two junctions of two
b. reverberation dissimilar metals, in an electric circuit, when
d. creep the two junctions are at different temperatures, a
230. Sound travels in air, at sea level, in _____ m/ sec. voltage is generated by the device, used
a. 443 m/ sec. for measuring temperature.
c. 344 m/ sec. a. thermoplastic
b. 343 m/ sec c. thermosetting
d. 434 m/ sec. b. thermocouple
231. A machine for lifting or lowering a load and moving d. none of the above
it horizontally, in which the hoisting 238. A shaftway for the travel of one or more elevators,
mechanism is an integral part of the machine, lifts, or dumbwaiters, includes the pit,
classified by mounting, by boom terminates at the underside floor or grating of the
configuration and by lifting capacity. overhead machinery space.
a. tractor machine a. guideshoe
c. crane c. hoist
b. crawler tractor b. hoistway
d. none of the above d. none of the above
232. A device, apparatus, or material which reduces 239. In building erection, a temporary (sometime
mechanical shock due to impact. portable) structure that provides guideways for
a. stopper a platform that lifts materials to upper stories.
c. plunger a. crane c.
b. buffer hopper
d. none of the above b. hoist tower
233. In an electric circuit, a device for joining two or d. traction machine
more conductors, by a low-resistance path, 240. A device for adding moisture to air.
without the use of a permanent splice. a. humus
a. connector c. HVAC
c. conifer b. humidifier
b. splicer d. air conditioning
d. none of the above. 241. A truss having upper and lower horizontal
234. A heat-exchange device in a refrigeration system. members, between which are vertical and
a. compressor diagonal members, the vertical members of the
c. condenser web take tension, and the members are
under compression.
 a. howe truss 249. A built-up timber beam composed of two beams
c. fink truss placed end to end and secured by fish
b. butted frame d. pratt plates covering the joint on opposite sides.
truss a. fish beam
242. In reinforced concrete, an arrangement of steel c. floor joist
bars or wise normally in two directions at b. girder beam
right angles, tied or welded at the intersections or d. none of the above
interwoven. 250. The lower edge of a sloping roof, that part of a roof
a. wire mesh of a building which projects beyond the
c. laying of wire wall.
b. mesh reinforcement a. overhang
d. messuage c. eaves
243. A wall capable of supporting an imposed load in b. cantilever
addition to its own weight. d. flashing
a. retaining wall c. load- 251. A type of door lock, the bolt, which is square in
carrying bond cross section, is operated by the door key or
b. load-bearing wall a turn piece.
d. none of the above a. hasp
244. A small plate or escutcheon having only a keyhole. c. dead lock
a. key block b. dead bolt
c. kick plate d. none of the above
b. key plate 252. In structures, a relatively long, slender structural
d. none of the above compression member such as a post, pillar
245. One of a series of parallel beams of timber, or strut, usually vertical, supporting a load which
reinforced concrete, or steel used to support acts in the direction of its longitudinal
floor and ceiling loads and supported in turn by axis.
larger beams, girders or bearing walls. a. footing
a. girder c. king post
c. joist b. column
b. rafter d. colonnade
d. joist hanger 253. A protein; the chief nitrogenous ingredient of milk.
246. A concrete masonry unit having a portion of one a. glue
face shell removed to facilitate bonding c. casein
with adjacent masonry such as brick facing. b. casein-glue
a. header bond d. none of the above
c. header block 254. A metallic pin or rod having a head at one end and
b. stretcher an external thread on the other for
d. none of the above screwing up a nut.
247. A massive concrete wall that resists overturning by a. nuts
virtue of its own weight. c. rivets
a. retaining wall c. rip- b. bolts
rap d. log
b. gravity wall 255. Hard, unglazed fired clay.
d. load-bearing wall a. terra-cotta
248. A slight convex curvature built into a truss or beam c. bricks
to compensable for any anticipated b. adobe
deflections so that it will have no sag when under d. clay tiles
load. 256. A piece or part of something sticking out, as the
a. compression nib on a tile.
c. camber a. stud
b. tension c. strut
d. impact load b. stub
d. none of the above
257. Vernacular term of floor sill. b. sunshield
a. guililan d. NOTA
c. sahig 267. The SI (metric) unit of illuminance.
b. suleras a. lux
d. swello c. candela
258. Vernacular terms of plaster. b. lumen
a. costilyahe d. NOTA
c. palitada 268. Quantum of light per unit volume.
b. asintada a. luminous area
d. none of the above c. luminous intensity
259. Vernacular term of ceiling joist. b. luminous volume
a. costilyahe d. NOTA
c. castillas 269. Visible radiation from the sun redirecting by the
b. baldosa atmosphere.
d. suleras a. shade
260. Vernacular term of bottom chord. c. skylight
a. sinturon b. shadow
c. barandilla d. NOTA
b. tahilan 270. Screen made of opaque or diffusing material
d. barakilan designed to prevent a light source from being
261. Ratio of the flux absorbed by medium to the directly visible at normal angles of view.
incident flux. a. shade
a. absorption c. skylight
c.abortion b. shadow
b. absorptance d. NOTA
d. NOTA 271. Unit of luminous flux.
262. The unit of luminous intensity. a. lumen
a.candela c. candela
c. lumen b. candle power d.
b. candela power NOTA
d.NOTA 272. General term for the process by which incident flux
263. Luminous intensity expressed in candelas. is dissipated.
a. candela a. absorption
c. lumen c. altitude
b. candlepower d. b. absorptance
NOTA d. NOTA
264. Part of a building rising clear of the roofs and 273. Any opening or arrangement of openings.
whose walls contain windows for lighting the a. fenestration
interior. c. canto
a. clerestory b. window
c. garret d. NOTA
b. attic 274. Device for changing, by transmission, the
d. NOTA magnitude and for the spectral composition of the
265. Related term for a manmade source of light. flux incident upon it.
a. lamp a. screen
c. solar c. diffuser
b. laser b. filter
d. NOTA d. NOTA
266. Series of baffles used to shield a source from view 275. What is the repetition of neglected sound caused
at a certain angles. by parallel walls?
a. louver a. flutter echo
c blinds c. reverberation
 b. reflection 285. One characteristic feature of German gothic is the
d. NOTA use of this material.
276. The crowning glory of Archre. a. steel
a. Parthenon c. glass
c. Erecthion b. bricks
b. Pantheon d. clay
d. Prophylaea 286. It is known in the Archre of the curved lines.
277. The hottest root or dry sweating room in Thermae. a. gothic
a. tepidarium c. early Christian
c. frigidarium b. baroque
b. calidarium d. renaissance
d. sudatorium/ laconicum 287. Art nouveau in Spain.
278. Due to its length, the early Christian church gives a. modernismo
an impression of c. stile liberty
a. horizontality c. b. jugenstil
ellipse d. sezessione
b. verticality 288. Art nouveau of Italy.
d. circular a. modernismo
279. Because of the dome as its central feature, c. stile liberty
Byzantine churches gives an impression of b. jugenstil
a. horizontality c. d. sezessione
ellipse 289. Art nouveau of Germany.
b. verticality a. modernismo
d. circular c. stile liberty
280. Arches placed diagonally at the internal angles of b. jugenstil
towers to bring them from the square to d. sezessione
support an octagonal dome or sphere. 290. Art nouveau of Austria.
a. triumphal arch a. modernismo
c. aquinch arch c. stile liberty
b. stilted arch b. jugenstil
d. voussouir d. sezessione
281. Church plan of Byzantine church. 291. Smallest among the pyramids famous at Gizeh.
a. green cross a. p. of cheops
c. Latin cross c. p. of chefren
b. Greek cross b. p. of mykerinos
d. red cross d. royal pyramids
282. Church plan of Romanesque churches. 292. The inner secret chamber in the Mastaba
a. green cross containing the statues of the deceased.
c. Latin cross a. serdab
b. Greek cross c. sarcophagus chamber
d. red cross b. altar chamber
283. The upper storey of the nave wall rising above the d. seraglio
aisle roof which is pierced with 293. Known as the royal architect and superintendent of
windows. pyramids.
a. mezzanine a. Nebuchadnezzar
c. tower c. Darius
b. clerestory b. Xerxes
d. lantern d. Thi
284. The largest gothic church of northern Europe. 294. The architectural ornament of the Assyrians.
a. sienna cathedral a. Battlemented Cresting
c. Amiens cathedral c. Chiselleo Alabaster Slab
b. Pisa cathedral b. Papyrus
d. Cologne cathedral d. Palm
295. The system of construction used by the Assyrians. b. prothyrrum
a. Columnar and trabeated d. oecus
c. guiiloche 304. A building in classic archre for plants, flowers and
b. Arch and vault running water, ornament with statues
d. corbelled wall and forming a cool and agreeable retreat.
296. The space between triglyphs with or without a. hymphaneum
statues. c. balneum
a. metope b. botanical garden
c. shaft d. stoa
b. mutules 305. It is the kind of Romanesque order a part of the
d. archives church being devoted to offices for the
297. A greek building that contains painted pictures. deity. Founded by St. Benedict. It is also known as
a. pinacotheca black monks.
c. skene a. St. Benedictine order c. Monk
b. hieroglyphics d. order
tymphanum b. Cluniac order d.
298. A foot race course in the cities, where games were NOTA
celebrated. 306. In the south of Romanesque architecture, churches
a. hippodrome were usually _____ in plan and
c. palaestra frequently have naves covered with barrel vaults
b. cirgus whose thrust was taken by half-barrel over
d. stadium vaults aisles in two storeys?
299. Attributed the origin of the Corinthian capital a. circular in form
which is distinguished by its bell shape and c. rectifier
acanthus leaf. b. cruciform
a. Callicrates d. NOTA
c. Democrates 307. What early material was made of clay and were
b. Callimachus dried in the sun or by fire.
d. Mnesicles a. terra-cotta
300. Is an ornament in classic or renaissance c. brick
architecture consisting of an assemblage of straight b. mud
lines intersecting at right angles of various patterns. d. NOTA
a. fret 308. As the people developed tools, they created
c. diazoma special building materials. What do the
b. patirae Nomadic people do to make a tent for their
d. patirae shelter?
301. A bracket of truss, generally which scrolls or a. wove cloth
volutes at the 2 ends of an equal size and c. find broader leaves
contrasted but connected by a flowing line from b. skinned animals
that back of the upper one to the inner d. NOTA
convolving face of the lower. 309. _______ influences made it self felt in such
a. ancones Moslem features as a horseshoe arch and
c. pons pierced stone tracery, and notably in rich surface
b. consoles decoration of intricate geometrical and
d. aqueduct flowing patterns.
302. Private house of the Romans. a. Moslem craftsman
a. villa c. allash
c. domus b. Moorish
b. agora d. NOTA
d. alcoba 310. An ornate iron grille or screen, a characteristic
303. The reception room of the domus. feature of Spanish church interiors.
a. alcoba a. Jare
c. alae c. Reja
 b. Koralle b. stack bond
d. NOTA d. AOTA
311. The covering usually of wood boards or plywood, 319. Masonry unit which is set on end, with its face
placed over exterior studding or rafters of showing on the wall surface.
a building; provides a base for the application of a. stretcher
wall or roof building. c. soldier
a. sheathing b. header
c. terra-cotta d. NOTA
b. tegula 320. Earth baked (unglazed) or burnt in moulds. For use
d. NOTA in construction and decoration, harder in
312. He was the one who first to use Portland stone in quality than brick.
his London buildings. a. terra-cotta
a. Sir Christopher Wren c. P. c. brick
Nervi b. tegula
b. I. Jones d. NOTA
d. NOTA 321. In early renaissance, it is an architecture which
313. A brick work with alternate courses of stretchers followed Tudor, was a transition style with
and headers. gothic features and renaissance detail. It was
a. Flemish bond c. secular rather than ecclesiastical in its nature.
English bond a. Jacobean architecture
b. alternate bond c. Stuart architecture
d. NOTA b. Elizabethan architecture
314. A masonry unit laid so that its ends are exposed, d. NOTA
overlapping two or more adjacent withes 322. A communicating passage or wide corridor for
of masonry and tying them together; a bonder pictures and statues. An upper storey for
a. header seats in the church.
c. bond a. loggia
b. stretcher c. gallery
d. NOTA b. pinacotheca
315. A masonry unit laid horizontally with its length in d. NOTA
the direction of the face of the wall. 323. Sunk panels, caissons or lacunaria formed in
a. header ceilings, vaults or domes.
c. bond a. coffers
b. stretcher c. aqueduct
d. NOTA b. dado
316. Vertical joints of one course falling midway d. NOTA
between those of adjacent course. 324. A portion of a pedestal between its base and
a. header cornice. A term also applied to the lower
c. stretcher bond portion of walls when decorated separately.
b. header bond a. coffers
d. NOTA c. aqueduct
317. A bond in which each courses consists of headers b. dado
and stretchers laid alternately, each d. NOTA
header is centered with respect to the stretcher 325. An order of architecture with a massive, short,
above the stretcher below it. squat, and flat columns that stands without a
a. Flemish bond c. base directly on a stylobate.
alternate bond a. ionic
b. English bond d. c. doric
NOTA b. tuscan
318. A pattern bond the facing brick is laid with all d. NOTA
vertical joints continuously aligned. 326. It came from the Latin word “pedare” meaning to
a. Flemish bond c. support, a triangular piece of wall above
NOTA
 the entablature which fills in and supports the a. kalimau
sloping roof. c. callimachus
a. pediment b. Nebuchadnezzar
c. triglyph d. NOTA
b. regula 335. Is the term applied to wood after it is sawed or
d. NOTA sliced into boards, plank, timber, etc..
327. Optical illusion perceived only in a Doric column, it a. lumber
curves outwards or tapering and c. lumbering
slightly convex profile. b. logging
a. battered d. rough lumber
c. optical illusion 336. It is that fibrous substance which composes the
b. entassis trunk and branches of trees that lies between
d. NOTA the pitch and the bark.
328. From the Latin word “caput” meaning head, the a. wood c. pitch
crowning feature of a column or pilaster. b. board
a. capus d. bark
c. capital 337. Are dressed lumber wherein the number connotes
b. columnar the number of smooth side.
d. NOTA a. s2s & s4s
329. The space between the astragal of the shaft and c. std
commencement of the capital proper. The b. sss
trachellion. d. Bd. Ft.
a. necking 338. It is a piece of lumber less than 4 cm. thick with at
c. NOTA least 10 cm. wide.
b. hypotrachellion a. board
d. AOTA c. slab
330. An order that is contemporary of Doric with a b. plank d. flitch
scroll/ volute capital, has a base and plinth, 339. It is a thick piece of slumber.
the shaft is thinner, longer making it taller. a. flitch c.
a. Doric c. board
tuscan b. slab
b. ionic d. plank
d. NOTA 340. Is a lumber taken from a crooked tree.
331. An order from Greece which employed the first use a. crooked or crossed grain
of foliate designs and capital. c. fine grained
a. tuscan b. coursed grain d. grain
c. Corinthian 341. Composed of several heart shakes which radiate
b. composite from the center of the log in “star-like”
d. NOTA manner.
332. A flower, honey suckles or palmette ornament in a. star shakes
cornice. c. board member
a. anthemion b. heart shakes
c. cyma d. board inch
b. astragal 342. Is the unit of measurement used in computing the
d. NOTA volume of the log.
333. From the Latin word “facis” meaning face, vertical a. board foot
face or a little projection. c. board inch
a. façade b. board meter
c. AOTA d. board member
b. fascia 343. Occur at the starting point of a limb or branch of
d. NOTA the wood.
334. Who invented the Corinthian order? a. knots c. star
shake
 b. wind shake b. white Portland cement
d. heart shake d. oil-well cement
344. 16 pieces 2x3x16 is equal to how many board ft. 353. Has been specially designed to produce better
a. 128 bd. ft. mortar than that made with normal Portland
c. 138 bd. ft. cement or with a lime-cement combination.
b. 116 bd. ft. a. masonry cement
d. 108 bd. ft. c. white Portland cement
345. Is sold either in cement bags of 40 kilos weight or b. waterproofed
in bulk in cement trucks. d. lime cement
a. Portland cement 356. Normally produced by adding a small amount of
c. concrete steariate, usually calcium or aluminum to
b. cement the cement clinker during the final grading.
d. aggregate a. water proofed Portland cement
346. Is an artificial stone made by binding together c. white Portland cement
particles of some inert materials with a paste b. air-entraining Portland cement
made of cement and water. d. Portland cement
a. concrete 357. Concrete contains microscopic bubbles of air
c. gravel formed with the aid of a group of chemicals
b. sand called surface active agents.
d. aggregate a. air-entraining agents c.
347. Same materials as normal Portland except in color accelerators
a. white portlan cement c. b. dispersal agents
masonry cement d. retarders
b. pozzoland 358. Is used to delay or extend the setting time of the
d. water proofed Portland cement cement paste in concrete.
348. This is a special cement (Portland) used in/for a. retarders
sealing oil wells. c. dispersal agent
a. oil well cement b. accelerators
c. pozzoland d. air-entraining agents
b. masonry cement 359. This will allow earlier removal of forms and in
d. ordinary cement some cases reduce the whole curing period.
349. Are aggregates smaller than ¼ inch diameter a. accelerators
stones. c. retarders
a. fine aggregate b. dispersal agent
c. gravel d. NOTA
b. sand 360. An admixture used to speed up the initial set of
d. course aggregate concrete.
350. Used to speed up the initial set of concrete. a. accelerators
a. accelerators c. dispersal agents
c. retarders b. air-entraining agents d.
b. retarded concrete hardeners
d. acceleration 361. Plain concrete surface which are subjected to
351. Concrete mixed used in a concrete plant boxes etc. rolling live loads, the impact action of foot
a. class A traffic and other types of wear begin dust and
c. class peds crumble at the surface after period of time.
b. class CC a. concrete hardeners
d. class C c. retarders
352. Small amount of certain air-entraining agents are b. accelerators
added to the clinker and ground with it to d. dispersal agents
produce air effective use for resistance to severe 362. Concrete mix used for under water, retaining walls,
frost. and the likes construction.
a. air-entraining cement c. a. class AA
masonry cement c. class A41FBI
 b. class A c. heart wood
d. class C g. inner bark
363. Common quality control test of concrete based on d. modular rays h.
7 and 28 days curing period. canbium
a. compressive strength test 371. Process of preserving wood.
c. slump test a. manual
b. compression strength test c. external
d. urinal test b. internal
364. A test which is done to a mixed concrete to ensure d. NOTA
that the specified slump is being attained 372. Common causes of decay in wood.
consistently. a. brittle or malleable
a. slump test d. heat and confined
c. compressive strength test b. fungi or molds
b. slum test e. alternate moisture
d. compression strength test c. insect or worms
365. Four parts of lime stone to one part clay are the 373. Most common defects in wood (cause by abnormal
basic ingredients. growth)
a. Portland cement a. soil defects
c. concrete d. star shakes
b. cement b. hearth shakes
d. masonry cement e. knots
366. Special cement c. wind shakes or cup shakes
a. Portland cement 374. Classification of trees
d. air-entraining cement a. sap wood
b. oil well cement e. boar
e. water proofed Portland cement b. hard wood
c. masonry cement f. flitch
f. white Portland cement c. softwood
367. Concrete mixes (base on the source book) g. fined grained
a. class AB d. crooked or cross grained
d. class AA 375. Methods of sawing the log.
b. class C a. chopping
e. class B c. logging
c. class A b. lumbering
368. Brands of white cement. d. sawing
a. snow white cement 376. Raw water is made to pass on pipes of tiny sieves
d. keene white cement and exposed to air of fine mist.
b. floro white cement a. sedimentation
e. snowcrete white cement d. aeration
c. trinity white cement b. chemical treatments e.
369. Materials used to reduce permeability and also NOTA
damp roofers. c. filtration
a. fine metallic aggregate f. AOTA
d. water repellents 377. Rigid pipe or its type can be.
b. air-entertaining agent a. PVC (poly vinyl chloride)
e. film applied to surface d. PP (polypropylene)
c. cement dispersal agent b. UPVC (unplasticized PVC) e.
370. Cross section of a tree (by parts) AOTA
a. plank e. outer c. CPVC (chlorinated PVC)
bark f. NOTA
b. pitch 378. A durable pipe material which is extremely
f. sap wood corrosive resistant easiest to install.
 a. copper pipes d. 385. Horizontal pipes that serve the faucets or fixtures
asbestos pipes are called.
b. lead pipes a. branches
e. NOTA d. hot water line
c. PVC pipes b. risers e.
f. AOTA AOTA
379. Similar to a compression cock but has a screw c. cold water line
outside for connection of water hose. f. NOTA
a. self closing faucets 386. It includes transformers, switchboards, panel
d. hose bibb board, large switches and circuit breakers.
b. key cock a. installation
e. AOTA d. power handling equipment
c. compression cock b. wiring
f. NOTA e. NOTA
380. A comprehensive term, including all construction c. utilization equipment f. AOTA
for collection, transportation, pumping, 387. Electrical power is generated from source of
treatment and final disposition of waste. energy.
a. sewer a. wind
d. drain d. fossil fuels
b. sewerage b. water
e. NOTA e. NOTA
c. sewage c. nuclei fusion f. AOTA
f. AOTA 388. Both metric and customary systems use as the
381. Degrees or grades of waste water, it is a type of basic units of measurement.
plumbing system. a. volts
a. storm water d. ohms
d. filtered water b. amps e.
b. drainage water NOTA
e. AOTA c. watts f. AOTA
c. sewer water 389. Are spring leaded devices in which a strip of metal
f. NOTA bends when heated and trips a switch
382. The setting of fixtures. which disconnect power to the circuit.
a. roughing-in a. ground fault circuit interrupters
d. setting d. thermostat
b. furnishing b. fuses e.
e. AOTA AOTA
c. finishing c. parallel circuit
f. NOTA f. NOTA
383. A suction caused by the flow of liquids in pipes. 390. Are simple devices in which a piece of metal melts
a. sipitonage when the circuit is heated and interrupts
d. sewerage the current.
b. epitomage a. fuses
e. AOTA d. wires
c. siphonage b. receptacles
f. NOTA e. AOTA
384. Materials for plumbing installations. c. conduit
a. pumps f. NOTA
d. risers 391. Are the materials used to carry or allow the flow of
b. tanks e. electric current.
NOTA a. reciprocators d.
c. maximum demands copper wires
f. AOTA b. conductors
e. NOTA
 c. insulator c. dumbwaiter
f. AOTA f. AOTA
392. Refers to the cutting off or disconnection of the 399. Oil or spring usually placed in the elevator pit.
supply of current. a. buffers
a. short circuit d. armature
d. tapping b. shutter
b. alternating e. AOTA
e. NOTA c. governor
c. staggering f. NOTA
f. AOTA 400. The velocity of flow through an opening is inversely
393. Opposition or friction to the flow of current. proportional to the area of its cross
a. receptacle section.
d. stranded wire a. counterweights
b. resistance d. ionization detectors
e. NOTA b. car
c. insulator e. NOTA
f. AOTA c. venture effect
394. Rate at which energy is used r alternatively, the f. AOTA
rate at which work is done. 401. They raise and lower the car.
a. mil a. cables
d. energy d. shaft
b. effort b. counterweights
e. NOTA e. AOTA
c. resistance c. governor
f. AOTA f. NOTA
395. Use for high-current carrying application. 402. A single source of heat that is distributed by pipes
a. busbars or ducts.
d. insulators a. ACCU d.
b. busduct central heating
e. NOTA b. direct current generator
c. plug-in e. NOTA
f. AOTA c. dehumidifier f. AOTA
396. The frames on either of the moving steps of an 403. A material such as specially treated paper that
escalator. retards the passageway of vapor or moisture
a. balustrades into walls and prevents condensation within the
d. car walls.
b. railings a. moisture barrier
e. NOTA d. newel
c. buffer b. parging
f. AOTA e. AOTA
397. A vessel or arrangement of pipes or tubing in c. mineral wool f. NOTA
which vaporized refrigerant is liquefied by the 404. A conductor serving to maintain electric contact
removal of heat. between stationary and moving individual
a. condenser parts of a machine or other apparatus.
d. compressor a. commutator
b. refrigerant d. brushes
e. NOTA b. governor
c. boiler f. AOTA e. NOTA
398. The driven unit of an equipment. c. field circuit
a. hoist way f. AOTA
d. duct 405. Means a machine for lifting or lowering a load and
b. machine moving it horizontally, the hoisting
e. NOTA mechanism being a n integral part.
 a. tractor machine c. felling
d. elevator f. AOTA
b. lift machine 412. Vertical shaft which contains a staircase
e. NOTA a. spandrel
c. hoist way d. straight flight
f. AOTA b. stringer
406. A tool used to guide pencil or scriber in marking e. NOTA
straight line. c. stairwell
a. straight edge d. level f. AOTA
b. ruler 413. Art of building with stone, bricks, concrete blocks
e. NOTA or similar materials.
c. miter square a. plastering course
f. AOTA d. dry wall construction
407. Measuring tools that are being used in building b. ashlars
constructions. e. AOTA
a. zigzag rule c. mosaics
d. marking gauge f. NOTA
b. slide caliper rule 414. Refers to the state of fluidity of freshly mixed
e. NOTA concrete
c. side caliper rule a. durability
f. AOTA d. compression test
408. With water is one of the best and accurate tool for b. slump test
guiding work in establishing a horizontal e. NOTA
level. c. workability
a. hose f. AOTA
d. vise 415. Building material rejected as below grade/ below
b. level standard grade.
e. NOTA a. checks
c. pipe d. cull
f. AOTA b. course
409. Is a basic construction tool used in many of the e. AOTA
dirty work of concrete mixing and c. rejected
plastering. f. NOTA
a. pail 416. Considered as a universal man.
d. float a. Lorenzo Piano
b. board d. Frank Lloyd Wright
e. NOTA b. Thomas Jefferson
c. trowel e. NOTA
f. AOTA c. Frank Gehry f. AOTA
410. A mechanical device used for lifting heavy weight. 417. Architect of the NBS super branch in Araneta ave.,
a. hoist in Cubao, Q.C.
d. crane a. Rogelio Villarosa
b. pulley d. Cesar Concio
e. NOTA b. Juan Nakpil
c. taut e. NOTA
f. AOTA c. William Parsons
411. Which is the process of sawing into smaller pieces f. AOTA
after the removal of the branches. 418. “Honesty, Integrity and Diligence” belongs to
a. bushing a. Juan Nakpil
d. lumbering d. Cesar Concio
b. skidding b. Francisco Manosa
e. NOTA e. AOTA
 c. Philip Recto a. order d.
f. NOTA ordinances
419. The individuals who demand a radical shaft in b. commandment
emphasis from the building of the past to the e. NOTA
design of those which meet the demands of c. golden rule
modern life. f. AOTA
a. monumentalism 425. The exterior framework or walls and roof of a
d. radicalism building.
b. cubism a. skin
e. NOTA d. shell
c. rationalism b. substructure
f. AOTA e. AOTA
420. Designed the proposed Chicago master plan. c. façade
a. Frank Lloyd Wright f. NOTA
d. Skidmore, Owings and Meril 426. Clipped or trimmed into ornamental and fantastic
b. Paul Rudolph shapes, or the work or art.
e. NOTA a. topiary
c. Lucio Costa f. AOTA d. complexity
421. Drawing of buildings and layouts in simplified, b. surythmy
undetailed form e. AOTA
a. sketches c. abstract
d. poche f. NOTA
b. parti-scheme e. 427. A slaughterhouse
NOTA a. market
c. block-plan d.manor house
f. AOTA b. abattoir
422. The study of creative processes, especially as e. NOTA
applied to the stating and solution of problem c. killing field
that in values free use of metaphor and analogy in f. AOTA
informal interchange within a small 428. To form an idea or concept in the mind.
group of diverse individuals. a. schemed
a. synectics d. formulated
d. modular b. metaphored
b. proxemics e. NOTA
e. AOTA c. visualized
f. AOTA
c. ergonomics 429. Harmony of proportion or movement.
a. rhythm
d. interval
b. surythmy
e. NOTA
c. harmony
f. NOTA f. AOTA
423. A state or quality of lacking variety. 430. Large picture given additional reality by optical
a. distortion illusions and illumination and viewed
d. interval through an aperture in a dark room.
b. chaos a. diorama
e. NOTA d. berceau
c. abstract b. picturesque
f. AOTA e. AOTA
424. A standard, rule or principle on which a judgment c. 3D effects
or decision may be based. f. NOTA
431. Father of modern archre
 a. Frank Lloyd Wright 438. Transparent coating of eyeball covering iris and
d. AOTA pupil.
b. Lucio Costa e. a. corona
Henry Louis Sullivan d. retina
c. Frank Gehry f. NOTA b. cornea
432. Architect designer of the Bantay Bata Children’s e. NOTA
Village on Norzagaray, Bulacan. c. chroma
a. Augusto Silang f. AOTA
d. Felino Palatox 439. Figure or pattern whose integrated whole is
b. Cesar Concio e. perceived as being different from the sum of its
NOTA parts.
c. Noel Bernardo a. gestalt
f. AOTA d. background
433. “It is better to be good than to be original” belongs b. glitter
to e. NOTA
a. Philip Johnson c. figure ground f. AOTA
d. Lucio Costa 440. Diaphragm which controls the size of the pupil
b. Paul Rudolph e. opening, depending on amount of light
NOTA available to the eye.
c. Cesar Pelli a. retina
f. AOTA d. iris
434. “For everything we do, there must be an emotional b. cornea
reason and logical end “belongs to e. NOTA
a. Minoru Yomasaki c. corona
d. Eero Saarinen f. AOTA
b. Frank Gehry e. 441. Having the property of revealing 3 dimensional
NOTA form by emphasizing highlights and
c. Daniel Burnham shadows.
f. AOTA a. modeling
435. Opaque or translucent element used to shield light d. shadow
source from direct view at certain angles. b. matte
a. baffle e. NOTA
d. bulb c. moire
b. shadow f. AOTA
e. NOTA 442. Ability of material to retain and release light
c. shade energy after the stimuli are removed.
f. AOTA a. photoperiodism
436. Relative elevation of color temperature d. photosphorescence
(warmth/cold) of a light source. b. photoprism
a. cones e. NOTA
d. diffuse c. offending zone
b. chromacity f. AOTA
e. NOTA 443. Device used to redirect light from a source.
c. chroma a. reflector
f. AOTA d. refractor
437. How well details stand out from their background. b. diffuser
a. conspicuity e. NOTA
d. clerestory c. diffusion
b. constancy f. AOTA
e. NOTA 444. Attractive, extreme brightness which results from a
c. chromacity pleasant composition of luminous
f. AOTA brilliance.
 a. glitter 451. The ziggurat of Ur was built about 2100 BC for
d. maitre _____ the moon god.
b. sparkle a. Suen
e. NOTA d. Zeus
c. reflector b. Apesopolis
f. AOTA e. NOTA
445. Recessed, long lighting fixture, usually installed c. Odin
with its housing flush with the ceiling. f. AOTA
a. fluorescent lamp 452. Goddess of the chaste or virginity.
d. bulb a. Ares
b. spotlight d. Dionysius
e. NOTA b. Artemis
c. par lamp e. NOTA
f. AOTA c. Hephaestus
446. Describes the materials found in the locality, the f. AOTA
characteristic and composition of the earth 453. Temples have a single column line/ single line
and the contour of the ground. columns surrounding the naos.
a. geological a. prostyle
d. geographical d. pseudo-dipteral
b. historical b. in arthis
e. NOTA e. NOTA
c. climatic c. dipteral
f. AOTA f. AOTA
447. It is abundant in Egypt in quantity and variety 454. Blocks resting on the vertex and lower extremities
when it comes to building materials. of the pediment to support by statuary or
a. travertine ornaments.
d. bricks a. gargoyle
b. ashlars d. tympanum
e. AOTA b. trachellon
c. stone f. NOTA e. NOTA
448. Principal characteristics of Egyptian archre is the c. acroferion
sue of ________ f. AOTA
a. sphinx 455. The sharp edge formed by the meeting of 2
d. timber surfaces.
b. gorge a. Arris
e. NOTA d. fillets
c. stones b. flutes
f. AOTA e. NOTA
449. A type serving for nobility rather than loyalty, for c. metope
priests. f. AOTA
a. offering chapel 456. Anyone of the ornamental stalls rising between the
d. rock-hewn tombs leaves of a Corinthian capital from
b. valley building which the volutes spring.
e. NOTA a. corona
c. mortuary temple d. caucoli
f. AOTA b. regula
450. Source of communal origin and authority with each e. NOTA
community. c. Corinthian leaves
a. pylon d. tomb f. AOTA
b. offering chapel 457. The great use by them, Romans introduced the
e. NOTA ________.
c. sphinx a. mortar and bricks
f. AOTA d. timber and stones
 b. columnar and trabeated b. secular
e. NOTA e. NOTA
c. ashlars and cement c. battlement
f. AOTA f. AOTA
458. Etruscan architecture 465. Architectural character of Romanesque archre.
a. Arch. Of Augustus a. military buildings
d. Temple of Juno Sospita d. horseshoe arch.
b. Cloaca Maxima b. city walls
e. NOTA e. NOTA
c. Necropolis Cerveteri f. AOTA c. religious buildings
459. A porch or vestibule in front of the house/ door of f. AOTA
a house. 466. The slope as inclination of any work, or a coarse
a. atrium rock fragments, mixed with soil at the foot
d. cubiculum of a cliff.
b. prothyrom a. talos
e. NOTA d. machicolation
c. foyer f. AOTA b. glacis e.
460. A basin usually of stone which holds the water for NOTA
baptism. c. fosse-foss
a. cupola f. AOTA
d. coupe 467. A hall in a convent, monastery or public secular
b. cancelli institution where meals are eaten.
e. NOTA a. palisade
c. water basin d. motte
f. AOTA b. bailey
461. Dome with convolutions. e. NOTA
a. melon c. refectory
d. bulbous sharp f. AOTA
b. serrated 468. A series of stout poles, pointed on top and driven
e. NOTA into the earth, used as a fence or
c. simple fortification.
f. AOTA a. palisade
462. A screen in a Greek orthodox church on which d. bailey
icons (sacred image) are placed, separating b. rampart
the chancel from the space, open to the laity. e. NOTA
a. mosais c. baulks
d. iconostasis f. AOTA
b. dosseret block 469. One of the earliest types of dwelling in England,
e. NOTA most important house in a country or
c. gallery village neighborhood.
f. AOTA a. cottages
463. Architectural style characterized by friezes and d. manor
cresting. b. orford
a. Greek e. NOTA
d. roman c. castle f. AOTA
b. Egyptian 470. The ornamental pattern work in stone, filling the
e. NOTA upper part of a gothic window.
c. Etruscan a. tertiare
f. AOTA d. fenestration
464. An alley or walk, a gallery behind a parapet. b. rayonnant
a. machicolation e. NOTA
d. allure c. chevet
f. AOTA
471. A cup board or recess in a church and contain a. gunpowder
sacred vessel, in gothic archre. d. copper plate engraving
a. ambry b. mariner’s compass
d. crockets e. NOTA
b. font c. printing by movable types
e. NOTA f. AOTA
c. boss 478. Among the Greek and roman literature brought to
f. AOTA light was the _______?
472. Intermediate uprising ribs, were inserted later a. biblical theology on archre
between the transverse and diagonal ribs to d. good hope
give additional support to the panels of a vault. b. treatise of archre
a. quoins e. NOTA
d. transverse c. counter reformation
b. tierserons f. AOTA
e. NOTA 479. A lower roof which is sometimes projected below
c. formeret the eaves of main root in Japan archre.
f. AOTA a. Irimoya
473. A vault in which the ribs compose of a star-shaped d. Yariganna
pattern. b. Torii
a. stellar e. NOTA
d. started c. Hisashi
b. tudor e. f. AOTA
NOTA 480. Dish rack in bahay-na-bato.
c. decorated a. banguera
f. AOTA d. ventarilla
474. Pairs of timbers arched together and based near b. mamahen
the ground erected to form principals for the e. AOTA
support of the roof and walls of timber-framed c. orocan
small houses. f. NOTA
a. hammer 481. A block of wood used to lock in place adjacent
d. crucks layers up a built up wood beam.
b. baulk-tie a. brace block
e. NOT A c. block of wood
c. blades b. brace wood
f. AOTA d. girder beam
475. A building complex of a monastic order or a self 482. A nail similar to a common nail but thinner has a
contained community used by monks. long shank which may be smooth or
a. refectory barbed.
d. minister a. box nail
b. presbytery c. nail house
e. NOTA b. mail box
c. church d. cabinet
f. AOTA 483. The clarity, strength, and brightness of a color or
476. An ornate iron grille or screen a characteristic varnish.
feature of Spanish church interiors. a. brilliance
a. custodia c. brightness
d. reredos b. luminance
b. balustradia d. chroma
e. NOTA 484. A stonemason’s tool.
c. reja a. jedding axe
f. AOTA c. mason axe
477. Great inventions contributed to the general b. welding axe
upheaval in this (renaissance) period. d. axe hammer
485. Tharmac, a paving road or other surfaces formed b. refrigerant
by grading and compacting layers of d. prime mover
crushed stones or gravel. 494. An empty tomb or monument erected to the dead.
a. macadam a. cenotaph
c. concrete pavement c. niche
b. asphalt b. mastaba
d. bricks pavement d. lapida
486. A concrete masonry unit which is no rectangular, 495. A cemetery or portion of a cemetery reserved for
usually used as a corner. ground interments or burials.
a. offset block a. graveyard
c. fillet block c. carabao grass
b. chamfer block b. Bermuda ground
d. block bond d. graveyard
487. A silver-white metal, widely used as an additive to 496. A private or owned cemetery with well kept
steel and last-iron alloys. landscape.
a. nickel a. memorial park
c. iron c. public cemetery
b. silver d. b. cemetery
manganese d. mausoleum
488. In India, an audience hall in the palace of a prince. 497. A niche in a tomb or columbarium to
a. durbar accommodate an urn containing the ashes of a
c. ninjam cremated body.
b. burbor a. cinebarium
d. burubudur c. lapidarium
489. A type of window frame having an upper sash. b. tepudarium
a. hopper frame d. musilarium
c. curtain 498. Internment space for cinerary remains.
b. hopper sash a. niche c. tomb
d. transom frame b. ossuary
490. An instrument for measuring the hardness of a d. sepulcher
material. 499. Internment space for bones of the dead.
a. durometer a. ossuary
c. hammer c. sepulcher
b. durameter b. niche d. tomb
d. durahammer 500. A small flat slab of marble of similar material
491. Mosaic inlay especially in the Italian renaissance containing an inscription usually laid flat on
wooden form. the ground.
a. intarsia a. tablet
c. litereti c. lot
b. infersia b. tomb d.
d. mosaic cenotaph
492. A reservoir often of architectural nature at the end 501. A large stately tomb to accommodate one or more
of an aqueduct, for distributing the water internments, usually with provisions for
into various channels. an ossuary or a cinebarium.
a. castellum a. mausoleum
c. brine c. sepulcher
b. pipe b. niche d.
d. tank columbarium
493. In a refrigeration system, any liquid used as a heat 502. The interment receptacle for coffins of reinforced
transfer medium which remains as liquid. concrete, covered and sealed whether
a. brine sunk into the ground on to rest on the ground.
c. liquefier a. vault
c. tablet
 b. tomb d. niche b. resonance
503. An assembly made of incombustible material d. reverberation
installed on openings except on exit doors and 512. Outer envelope of light source, usually quartz of
exhaust built for the prevention of spreading of glass.
fire. a. string c.
a. shutter chroma
c. insulated shaft b. bulb
b. shaft d. ballast
d. insulated hoist 513. Unit of luminous intensity equal to one candela
504. An open work truss in a form of arch. power.
a. braced arch a. lumen
c. balloon frame c. candela
b. space flame b. candle power d.
d. one-way arch illumination
505. The stress per square unit area of the original cross 514. Purity of saturation of color.
section of a material. a. chroma
a. tensile stress c. c. value
tensile strength b. hue
b. tensile strain d. d. dichrotic coating
strength of materials 515. Relationship between brightness of an object and
506. Buddhist monastery in Cambodia. that of its immediate surrounding.
a. wat a. hue
c. toranas c. contrast
b. burubudur b. chroma
d. chaitya d. dichrotic coating
507. It is the persistence sound in a room after the 516. Directional light, which emphasizes objects.
source has stopped. a. diffuse light
a. echo c. down light
c. acoustics b. accent light
b. reverberation d. dimmed light
d. pitch 517. Light is distributed over upper walls and ceilings.
508. Simply the rate at which vibrations produced is a. ceiling lighting
usually expressed in hertz. c. natural lighting
a. pitch b. cove lighting d. spot
c. reverberations light
b. echo 518. Device, object or surface that scatters light from
d. wavelength source.
509. Law of physics discovered by Christian Doppler, it is a. diffuser
applied to sound, light and radar from c. glazing light
moving sources. b. light source
a. law of inertia c. d. glitter
special effect 519. Control device used to provide variable light from
b. law of gravity d. lamps.
Doppler effect a. diffuser
510. It is the number of occurrences in a unit of time, c. glitter
vibrations or wave per unit of time. b. dimmer
a. frequency d. glare
c. wavelength 520. Quantum of light on one square foot of surface
b. pitch area, one foot away from light source of one
d. reverberation candela.
511. Reinforcement and prolongation of a sound. a. foot candle
a. ultrasonic c. flood lamp
c. wavelength
 b. foot lambert 529. It is the acoustical phenomenon which causes
d. fluorescent lamp sound waves to be bend or scattered around
521. Quantity of light reflected from or transmitted such obstacles as corners.
through an object. a. sound diffusion
a. foot candle c. sound diffraction
c. flood lamp b. sound reflection
b. foot lambert d. sound effect
d. fluorescent lamp 530. It illustrates how sound wave reflects the
522. Attractive, extreme brightness which results from a enclosures of a room.
pleasant composition of luminous a. geometric acoustics
brilliance. c. acoustical material
a. glazing light b. acoustics
c. glare d. sound absorption
b. glitter
d. down light
523. Lighting from sources behind panel, parallel to IDENTIFICATION
walls and attached to ceiling. Light is
distributed over walls. ____________ 531. A large or principal beam of steel,
a. cornice lighting reinforced concrete, or timber used to
c. dichrotic lighting support concentrated loads at
b. cove lighting d. isolated points along its length.
contrast ____________ 532. One of a series of inclined members
524. A light which falls onto a surface or object. to which a roof covering is fixed.
a. reflected light ____________ 533. One of several small beams to
c. down light which the ceiling of a room is attached.
b. incident light d. neon ____________ 534. A structure composed of a
light combination of members (such as chords,
525. Unit of light energy used to specify light output diagonal & web members), usually in some
sources. triangular arrangement so as to
a. lux constitute a grid framework.
c. luminaires ____________ 535. Any joist which carries a floor.
b. lumen ____________ 536. A vertical pipe, often of sheet of
d. candela metal, used to conduct water from a roof
526. Complete lighting unit consisting of lamp together drain or gutter to the ground or
with parts to position and protect lamp, cistern.
direct light and connect lamp to power supply. ____________ 537. A shallow channel of metal or wood
a. foot candle set immediately below and alone the
c. flood lamp eaves of a building to catch and carry
b. foot lambert off rainwater from roof.
d. fluorescent lamp ____________ 538. A longitudinal member at the apex
527. Metric unit of quantity of light 1 sq.m of surface of a roof which supports the upper ends
area. of the rafters.
a. foot candle c. flood ____________ 539. The finish covering of an exterior
lamp wall of a frame building.
b. foot lambert ____________ 540. The prominent usually rounded,
d. fluorescent lamp horizontal edge, which extends beyond an
528. The amount of light falling on unit area of surface upright face below; as the projection
per second. of a tread beyond a riser.
a. illumination ____________ 541. A vertical member separating
c. luminous intensity window, doors or panels set in series.
b. luminaires ____________ 542. A board that is nailed vertically to
d. lumen the ends of roof rafters.
____________ 543. A wood strip, or metal strip, elaborate scroll-like carving.
rounded on top which is used to finish the ridge _____________ 563. The bishops throne set at the end
of a roof. of the apse in early Christian churches.
____________ 544. The vertical face of a stair step. _____________ 564. The home church of a bishop
____________ 545. The overhead surface of a room, usually in the principal church in a diocese.
usually a covering a decorative treatment _____________ 565. The semi circular tiered seating
used to conceal the floor above or area of an ancient theatre (esp. roman)
roof. _____________ 566. The sanctuary of a classical temple
____________ 546. A structural member whose prime containing the cult statue of the god.
function is to carry transverse loads, as a _____________ 567. Pertaining to the classical Greek
joist, girder, rafter or purlin. period roughly from 480 b.c to the death
____________ 547. A narrow strip of wood applied to of Alexander in 323 b.c.
cover a joint along the edges of two _____________ 568. Characteristic of the style of Greek
parallel boards in the same plane. art after the death of Alexander in 323
____________ 548. The horizontal part of a step that b.c.
includes the nosing. _____________ 569. “Youth Style” the German version
____________ 549. A roofing material in sheet form, of art nouveau.
usually of galvanized metal or cement _____________ 570. A niche in the mosque or any
asbestos, shaped into alternate ridges religious Muslim.
and valleys. _____________ 571. A horizontal bracket or console,
____________ 550. A type of bond where the facing usually in the form of a scroll with
brick is laid with all vertical joints acanthus supporting he corona
continuously aligned. under a cornice.
____________ 551. The surface within a room on which _____________ 572. A small tool used for the fine spay
one walks. application of paint, dye, water color,
____________ 552. A series of steps connected by pigment or ink by compressed air.
landings which permit passage between two ____________ 573. A truck-mounted drum for
or more levels or floor. transporting freshly mixed concrete; rotating
____________ 553. The covering of a structure which internal paddles or rotation of the
includes all construction thereof. drum prevents the setting of the mixture
____________ 554. A monastery or convent, prior to its delivery.
particularly the church thereof. _____________ 574. Fine-grained, translucent variety
____________ 555. A buttress or a second wall added of very pure gypsum generally white or
to strengthen another. delicately shaded.
____________ 556. An ornamental treatment used over _____________ 575. A white line used for stucco; made
an arch a door or a window, composed by burning marble.
of two ogee curves meeting in the _____________ 576. A screw having hexagonally
middle. shaped recess in its head.
____________ 557. Strictly a pedestal at the corners or _____________ 577. The splitting of a film of paint in a
peak of a roof to support an ornament, pattern resembling an alligator skin.
more usually the ornament itself. _____________ 578. A composition of two or more
____________ 558. The inner shrine of a temple metals fused together usually to obtain a
reserved for the priests. desired property.
____________ 559. A rooftop pavilion from which a _____________ 579. A small tooth which fits the chuck
vista can be enjoyed. of a brace or drill, and by which it is
____________ 560. A room at or near the top of a rotated.
tower which contains bells and their _____________ 580. A brace or system of braces,
supporting timbers, or the bell tower placed between joists (or the like) to stiffen
itself. them, to hold them in place and to
_____________ 561. In medieval fortifications, a tower help distribute the load.
or bay of timber construction. _____________ 581. A plate used to anchor a stair to
_____________ 562. An ornamental tablet often concrete.
inscribed or decorated and flamed with
_____________ 582. A protective plate applied on the _____________ 603. The space between Doric and
lower rail of a door to prevent marring. Triglyphs.
_____________ 583. An opening in a wall or parapet _____________ 604. Sacred enclosure usually the
that allows water to drain from a roof. highest part of a city, allowed to be the
_____________ 584. A small anvil used for the working Citadel, an Acropolis or upper city.
of thin sheet metal, so called because it _____________ 605. In Hellenic period, this temple
is supported by a sharp vertical prop boost because of its 100 ionic columns
which is inserted in a hole in a designed by Deinocrates.
workbench. _____________ 606. A subterranean stone, vault
_____________ 585. One of the principal longitudinal construction shaped like an old-fashioned
components of a beam or girder which beehive.
resists tension or compression. _____________ 607. Sculptured female figures used as
_____________ 586. A thick timber cut with bark on columns or supports.
one or more edges. _____________ 608. Carved male figure.
_____________ 587. A concrete member that is cast _____________ 609. Sculptured female bearing baskets
and cured other than its final position. on their heads.
_____________ 588. A joint between two sheets of _____________ 610. An ornaments used especially of
metal. floors and is often in chevron or
_____________ 589. The principal chamber in a greek herringbone pattern.
temple containing the statue of deity. _____________ 611. Country house in Roman.
_____________ 590. Roman apartment block that rose _____________ 612. Kind of buttress used for counter
four or more storey high. act oblique truss.
_____________ 591. A long arcaded entrance porch to _____________ 613. In Byzantine architecture, it is the
a Christian Basilican church. church of divine wisdom.
_____________ 592. The culmination of early Christian _____________ 614. A commemorative monument in
architecture. Developed 330 A.D. when honor of victorious generals.
Constantine established the _____________ 615. In Roman architecture, it is
imperial capital. considered to be the most sacred shrine and the
_____________ 593. Pre-historic architecture that center and source of Roman life and
preserves remains of monument made power.
partially or wholly of giant stones. _____________ 616. The only fortification that can be
_____________ 594. General influence in architecture seen from the moon that is 1400 miles
indicating the emotional temperament long with walls 20 ft-30 ft high and
and spiritual tendencies of the 25 ft in thickness.
people. _____________ 617. The most typical Chinese building
_____________ 595. What period that cantilever or usually octagonal in plan, odd number
corbel became one of the construction of stories usually 9-13 storeys.
principles. _____________ 618. Oldest existing pagoda with 15
_____________ 596. A passage grave that has a storeys.
corridor lined with large stone slab leading to a _____________ 619. They are called inns for travellers
circular chamber often having a or merchants in Muslim structure.
corbelled unit. _____________ 620. A tall tower in or continuous to, a
_____________ 597. Monumental gateway to an mosque arch stairs leading up to one or
Egyptian temple consisting with slanting walls more balconies from which the faithful are
flanking the entrance portal. called to prayer.
_____________ 598. First type of Egyptian tomb. _____________ 621. America’s single contribution in
_____________ 599. A pillared hall in which the roof architecture.
rest on columns. _____________ 622. Axis oriented toward Mecca.
_____________ 600. The grandest Egyptian temple. _____________ 623. The general character of the
_____________ 601. The principal room of an Anatolian Romanesque architecture.
house. _____________ 624. The designer of Crystal palace,
_____________ 602. Private apartment in Assyrian London.
architecture.
_____________ 625. A scroll or ribbon-like motif _____________ 644. A tower raised above a roof
terminating in a spiral. pierced to admit light.
_____________ 626. The set of a priest, generally of _____________ 645. A building contains pictures or
masonry formed in the wall on south side picture gallery.
of the chancel. _____________ 646. A building in classical architecture
_____________ 627. A projecting block or spur of stone for plans, flowers and running water
carved with foliage in Gothic ornamented with statues forming a
architecture, to decorate the cool and agreeable retreat.
ranking lines formed by angles of spires and _____________ 647. The dome (copula) of a circular
canopies. building.
_____________ 628. The top of an architrave, above _____________ 648. A continuous base or substructure
both the beam and the regula, but below on which a colonnade is place.
the triglyphs. _____________ 649. A type of half lapped joint used to
_____________ 629. A small tower at the angles of resist tension.
building sometimes over showing and built _____________ 650. One of a number of short vertical
on corbels sometimes rising from members often circular in section, used
the ground. to a stair support hand rail
_____________ 630. A parapet having a series of _____________ 651. Arrangement and design of
indentations knows, as embrasures between window in a building.
which are raised portions called _____________ 652. Total volume of hollow block cell.
merlons. _____________ 653. Lateral ties used for 57 mm main
_____________ 631. A secluded room often one behind bars for column.
the cells of a temple. _____________ 654. Refer to the portion of a beam
_____________ 632. The main enclosed room of a where bending moment changes front.
temple of a temple-like building without _____________ 655. A brick laid on its edge so that its
surrounding columns. end is visible.
_____________ 633. A curve in the vertical profile of a _____________ 656. A short flat piece of lumber which
column. is bolted, nailed or screwed to butting
_____________ 634. The curved cushion-like element in pieces in order to splice them
a doric or sometimes ionic capital together.
making the transition from the shaft _____________ 657. Diagonal bracing in pairs between
of the column to the abacus. adjacent floor joists to prevent the joist
_____________ 635. A gallery behind an open from twisting.
colonnade or arcade. _____________ 658. A bar used to hold the
_____________ 636. The tapering termination of a reinforcement on a beam.
tower which the result of elongating an _____________ 659. A roof wherein the four slides are
ordinary pyramidal or conical roof. sloping towards the center terminating at
_____________ 637. Is an arch starting form a detached a point.
pier and abutting against the wall to _____________ 660. A metal seat used to connect
take the thrust of the vaulting. girder and floor joist at the same level.
_____________ 638. A tower crowned with a spire. _____________ 661. A slender structural unit
_____________ 639. A slender spire rising from the introduced into the ground to transmit load to
roof. underground strata.
_____________ 640. A continuous pedestal. _____________ 662. Brick set on end with the narrow
_____________ 641. That part of the church where the side showing.
altar is placed. _____________ 663.Consists of finely divided solid
_____________ 642. That part of a cruciform church particles added to the vehicle to contribute
projecting at right angles to the main color and durability to the paint.
building. _____________ 664. End lapping of corrugated 6.1
_____________ 643. Covered passages around an open roofing sheets.
space or garth, connecting the church to _____________ 665. Inclined structural member that
the chapter house, refectory and supports the steps of a stair.
other parts of the monastery.
_____________ 666. Structural steel shape having _____________ 691. A term applied to an edifice
unsymmetrical balance. surrounded by a single row or range of
_____________ 667. Hooked end of a 12 mm stirrups. columns.
_____________ 668. Continuous footing which _____________ 692. A type of inlaid work used by the
supports several columns in a row. early Romans to embellish floors, panels
_____________ 669. A device used a guide of the hand and the like.
saw in cutting object to form a meter _____________ 693. A process wherein pieces of metal
joint. is heated prior to changing its shape or
_____________ 670. Minimum thickness of suspended dimension, under FCP.
RC slab. _____________ 694. The finished frame surrounding a
_____________ 671. XYLADECOR is a product of. door.
_____________ 672. Wall that supports weight from _____________ 695. Doors lock with a spring bolt
above as well as their own deed weight. controlled by one or both knobs and dead
_____________ 673. The distance between inflection bolt controlled by a key.
points in the column when it breaks. _____________ 696. A raised platform reserved for
_____________ 674. Amount of space measured in seating of speakers dignitaries
cubic meters. _____________ 697. Door consisting of two separate
_____________ 675. A bended rod to resist shear and leaves, one above the other.
diagonal stresses in a concrete beam. _____________ 698. Pilipino term for baseboard.
_____________ 676. Most important to define the _____________ 699. Clay roofing approximately semi
strength of a concrete mix. cylindrical in shape laid in courses with
_____________ 677. Another term for plaster board. units having their convex side
_____________ 678. Face or front of a building. alternately up and down.
_____________ 679. An opening on the roof for _____________ 700. Pilipino term for rafter.
admitting light. _____________ 701. The wall of Intramuros.
_____________ 680. Wood coming from trees with _____________ 702. A monumental floor-sided stone
needle leaves, rather than bread leaves. shaft mostly covered with hieroglyphics.
_____________ 681. Kind of brick used for high _____________ 703. The lowest member of
temperature. entablature.
_____________ 682. A railed strip incorporated in _____________ 704. The basic arrangement of an
rough concrete wall to be plastered to act as architectural composition.
guide and support for finish trim _____________ 705. The transverse portion of a church
around opening and near the base of the crossing the pain axis, at a right angle
wall. and producing a cruciform plan.
_____________ 683. Distance between two structural _____________ 706. A simplified version of the roman
supports. order having a plain frieze and no
_____________ 684. Stone placed on a slope to prevent mutules in the cornice.
erosion. _____________ 707. Design which is planned, arranged
_____________ 685. Process of removing concrete or organized.
forms in the curved concrete. _____________ 708. A long arcaded entrance porch to
_____________ 686. A structural membrane spanning a Christian basilican church.
from truss to truss or supporting rafters. _____________ 709. External expression of a function
_____________ 687. A passageway around the apse of of a building.
a church or covered walk of a cloister. _____________ 710. Sculptured female figures bearing
_____________ 688. In medieval church archre, a baskets on their heads used as columns.
shallow passage above the arches of the nave _____________ 711. A gallery behind an open arcade or
and choir and below the clerestory. colonnade.
_____________ 689. A roman public square, _____________ 712. The development of vaulting is
surrounded by monumental buildings, usually a one of its characters.
basilica and a temple, the center of _____________ 713. Harmonious repetition of
civic life. treatment of details.
_____________ 690. The spine-shaped termination of a _____________ 714. Scroll or spiral occurring in Ionic,
projecting point or angle of a roof. Corinthian or composite capitals.
_____________ 715. One of the contributions of Gothic stiffening by the Greeks.
archre. _____________ 734. A formula discovered by the
_____________ 716. The middle aisles of the church. author as based from Le Corbusier.
_____________ 717. Presence of two conflicting _____________ 735. Study of meaning, which is usually
elements in a composition. thought of the meanings of words.
_____________ 718.Sound absorption units in honor of _____________ 736. Assumes primary importance as
a pioneer in architectural acoustics. the basic strategy of perception whereby
_____________ 719. A sound having energy at one and learning and perhaps heredity
only one frequency. establish what symbols define the important
_____________ 720. The number of pressure features of the sensory milieu.
fluctuations per second caused by the passage of _____________ 737. Which available materials are
sound waves. used, earth, stones, tree trunks, leaves, reeds,
_____________ 721. A device for converting alternating bamboos, animal skin, tendons were
current into direct current. put together initially by trial and error
_____________ 722. A climate factor that is considered until a building form is achieve
in the structural and architectural design which actually worked.
of tall buildings. _____________ 738. Which member of a particular
_____________ 723. The horizontal distance between culture share a fixed metal image of what
the nosing of two consecutive steps. the design of the building form
_____________ 724. Study of human space and should be like using the materials which
movement needs. happen to be available at a
_____________ 725. Implies in most architectural particular place with a particular climate to
compositions, real differences exist among house an established lifestyle.
their forms and spaces. _____________ 739. Drawing of analogies (usually
_____________ 726. Refers to the manner in which the visual) into the solution of one’s design
surfaces of a form come together to problems with existing buildings
define its shape and volume. with forms from nature, from painting
_____________ 727. Given by the phenomena of the and so on.
alternating figure and ground alternating _____________ 740. Define geometrically as a line that
perspective and retinal rivalry. is divided such that lesser portion is to
_____________ 728. To put side by side or close greater as the greater is to be whole.
together. To pose for a painting or picture Based on square.
taking, to put in position. _____________ 741. Is an attitude towards art ______
_____________ 729. Use of intimate fusion between of throwing to the winds all technical
different elements of the same or different cleverness, to return to the primitive
materials is a relatively new or the archaic, back to the well springs
technique based on a certain modern where art flows strong, pure and
invention such as reinforced unspoiled.
concrete, plastic laminated plywood and _____________ 742. Characterized by an attitude
welded iron structures. towards everyday existence to transport in
_____________ 730. These systems are based on the another ontological word.
dimensions and properties of the human _____________ 743. School in art which attacks
body. established values, proclaims the futility of
_____________ 731. A harmonious measure to human reason, and bankruptcy of art.
scale universally applicable to _____________ 744. Stresses the mechanics of
architecture and mechanics. movement. It emphasizes modern life, its steely
_____________ 732. Human dimensions. Tangible basis noises, whoopee jerks, and bum
for producing man-machine squirms. It attacks the veneration of good
relationship. taste and art criticism and anything
_____________ 733. Which the form is generated by antique.
some two or three dimensional geometric _____________ 745. Composing materials gathered
systems, originated by the Egyptians form various sources, systems etc., Eclectic
given extensive philosophical method or system of thought.
 is a sufficient basis for action and
_____________ 746. A movement in painting, belief.
sculpture, arch. Especially in Russia during _____________ 760. By definition, dedicated to utility
1920’s characterized by abstract and and the expression of function becomes
geometric design and massive architectural homage to a non-
structural form. spiritual object.
_____________ 747. The quality or state of being _____________ 761. The formation or occurrence of
radical, especially in politics, radical pseudo morphs (false or irregular form, a
principles, ideals, methods or mineral possessing the external
practices. form characteristic of another)
_____________ 748. An early 20th century school of _____________ 762. By definition, committed to
abstract painting characterized by non- remembrance and so to the appearance.
symmetrical geometric figures. _____________ 763. The theory and practice of the
_____________ 749. Anything resembling a living thing abstract, especially in art; cult or abstract
in its complexity of a structure or pictures, statues, etc.,
function. _____________ 764. Strict or excessive attention to or
_____________ 750. The doctrine that worth or value insistence on outward forms and customs,
of anything is determined solely by its as in art or religion.
utility. _____________ 765. Ecclesiastical principles, rituals,
_____________ 751. The fervid spirit or methods customs, etc., strong attachment to these
characterized by religious revivals; things.
evangelical enthusiasm. _____________ 766. An eclectic method pr system of
_____________ 752. The doctrine that matter is the thought using or upholding of such a
only reality and that everything in the world method or system.
including thoughts, will and feeling _____________ 767. Effective mode use of the past and
can be explained only in forms of lintel. Use of lighter materials resulted
matter opposed to idealism. that was very light and graceful.
_____________ 753. Imaginative treatment that seeks Column orders in architecture.
to show the artist’s or author’s conception _____________ 768. New attitude to life and art, this
or perfection; representation of passionate delight in the world resulted in
imagined types, or ideals; opposed to a sense.
realism. _____________ 769. A way of seeing in which the mind
_____________ 754. Aesthetic doctrine of the cult of seems to have no other function than
beauty, art and good taste. the natural one of providing the
_____________ 755. Adherence to conventional form physical sensation of recognition of form.
or usages. _____________ 770. The use of forms which are similar
_____________ 756.Theory or practice emphasizing the on either side of a vertical axis. They
necessity of adopting the structure or may give a feeling of the exactness
design of anything to its function. of equal relationship but are
_____________ 757. The theory, practice, or methods sufficiently varied to prevent visual
of a group of late 19th century painters monotony.
who revolted against the objectivity _____________ 771. Usually more or less irregular
and scientific naturalism of shapes which resemble the freely developed
impressionism, and placed emphasis curves found in live organisms.
upon the subjective viewpoint of the _____________ 772. Surrounding on all sides, an
artist rather than upon literal environment or its distinct atmosphere.
impressionist. _____________ 773. Environment, social or cultural
_____________ 758. A system or tendency in setting.
philosophy which tests are validity of all concepts _____________ 774. Generalized way of design derived
by this practical result. from folk architecture.
_____________ 759. The doctrine that certainty in _____________ 775. The use if intimate fusion between
knowledge is impossible and that probability different elements of the same or
 different materials is a relatively _____________ 792. A structure characterized by
new technique based on a certain modern having four gateways as an architectural
invention such as reinforced feature.
concrete, plastic laminated plywood and _____________ 793. In roman architecture, an arched
welded iron structure. vault or ceiling especially when flattened.
_____________ 776. To form after an arrangement of _____________ 794. An earth embankment, flattened
parts or form or figures determined by at the top.
the arrangement of parts. _____________ 795. A low wall or railing around the
_____________ 777. A joining together. The whole edge of a roof. A part of any wall entirely
situation, background or environment above the roofline.
relevant to a particular event, _____________ 796. A figure of the upper part of the
personality, creation. human body terminated in a plain block of
_____________ 778. Systematic method of problem rectangular form; a terminal figure.
solving, builds upon the concept by helping _____________ 797. A sacred enclosure surrounding
to make the best use of the design temples or other holy spot.
tools acquired in creativity. _____________ 798. A dado of a plinth or pedestal.
_____________ 779. Letting your imagination soar and _____________ 799. Any device designed to indicate
then engineer it back to reality, and movement of formwork.
achieve balance. _____________ 800. A roof over a sarcophagus, usually
_____________ 780. Are instance given by the double-sloped and supported by narrow
phenomena of the alternating “figure and columns.
ground” alternating perspective and _____________ 801. Covering, forming a roof like
retrial rivalry. structure.
_____________ 781. A phenomenon wherein drawings _____________ 802. Of or performing to building or
consisting of black lines, any line which construction architecture.
surrounds an area, which is _____________ 803. An early movement in the arts,
recognized as representing an object is quickly especially ion drama, characterized by the
picked out by observer, and it then non-objective use of symbols,
seems to him to stand out from the stereotypes characters, stylization, etc., to
background in an obvious manner. give objective expression to inner
_____________ 782. In the orchestra of an ancient experience.
Greek theatre, a small altar dedicated to _____________ 804. Like a roof in a form or use.
Baechuc, usually at the center of the _____________ 805. The reader’s platform in
orchestra circle and marked by a synagogue.
white stone. _____________ 806. A small lobby or entrance room.
_____________ 783. Of an ancient house, a door which _____________ 807. To work out a surface defect, as a
opens on the street. varnished surface.
_____________ 784. In roofing, a hook for fastening _____________ 808. A hoist.
sheet lead. _____________ 809. A waterproof cloth especially one
_____________ 785. An open court within a building. used in large sheets for covering.
_____________ 786. That property of certain gels of _____________ 810. A gradual thickness in an
becoming liquid when shaken or stirred. elongated object, as in a spire.
_____________ 787. A niche or recess in which votive _____________ 811. An adobe-like building material
offerings were made. consisting mainly of earth or clay.
_____________ 788. In early Greek architecture, an _____________ 812. A continuous pedestal also the
inner room or chamber, especially in enclosing platform of the arena of an
women’s apartment. amphitheatre.
_____________ 789. The arrangement of windows. _____________ 813. A Swedish pine shingle for roofing.
_____________ 790. Having four columns in front or _____________ 814. A waterproof lining for a
end row; consisting of a row or rows of basement floor and walls.
four columns. _____________ 815. A chimney pot of long and slender
_____________ 791. A courtyard with porticoes or form intended to improve the draft.
open colonnades on each of its four sides.
_____________ 816. A cone shaped hardwood tool body of a church.
used by plumbers; forced into the end of ______________ 834. Sun shield. Horizontal gear-
lead pipe to increases its velocity. operated, adjustable baffles set beyond a
_____________ 817. A series of arches supported by wide, heat dispersing balcony.
arrow of columns. ______________ 835. It is a period in French gothic
_____________ 818. A column drum. which is characterized by circular windows
_____________ 819. To compact a material or surface, with wheel tracery.
such as earth or fresh concrete by ______________ 836. Measurement of the size
repeated blows. proportions of the human body.
_____________ 820. A mechanism for shifting, raising ______________ 837. Measurements of man
or lowering object or materials, such as implemented to accommodate him to machines.
rope and pulley block or an ______________ 838. A large entrance gateway into a
assembly which ropes and pulley blocks. courtyard. A kind of porch roof
______________ 821. A place of assembly for Jewish projecting over a driveway at an
worship. entrance as of a house. Entry porch for
______________ 822. A hall in which the clergy of a buildings.
whole diocese meet. ______________ 839. A projection from a wall to create
______________ 823. A characteristic of any large, additional strength and support.
curving form, mass or shape, e.g., the sweep ______________ 840. Roman bridges.
of a curved wall. ______________ 841. A projection over windows and
______________ 824. A small flat band between doors to protect them from the weather.
mouldings to separate them from each other. ______________ 842. Any public space or thorough
______________ 825. A horizontal piece of wood, fare which has been dedicated or deeded to
stone, or steel across the top of a door and the public or public use as a
window openings to bear the passageway with a width or not more than
weight of the walls above the opening. 3.00 mts.
______________ 826. A part of a building used for ______________ 843. A structure of thin wooden or
entertainment, exhibits, etc., at a fair or park metal strips crossing each other in an open
often open air and highly pattern of squares, diamonds, etc.,
ornamented. on which vines or other creeping plants
______________ 827. The flat surface created by slicing are lattice.
off the square edge or corner of a block ______________ 844. Water cistern found in the center
of wood, stone etc., of the atrium.
______________ 828. A portion of a square column, ______________ 845. ( rock work) a term applied to a
usually set within or against a wall for the type of renaissance ornament in which
purpose of strengthening the wall, rock like forms, fantastic scrolls and
also a decorative column attached to a crimped shells are worked up
wall. together in a profusion and
______________ 829. Stage for actors on theatres confusion of details, often without organic
during the Greek period. coherence, but presently a lavish
______________ 830. A method of forming stonework display of decoration.
with roughened surfaces and recessed ______________ 846. A large pipe or conduit made for
joints, principally employed in bringing water from a distant source,
renaissance buildings. any elevated structure built to
______________ 831. (a secluded place) covered support such as a pipe or conduit.
passages round an open space, connecting the ______________ 847. Walls designed to carry lateral
church to the chapter houses, load.
refectory and other parts of the monastery. ______________ 848. Mild steel reinforcement rods
______________ 832. A French-term coined by Le and forms to block off openings in the slab
Corbusier to describe pillars or stills upon are all in place, ready for next slab
which a building is raised. to be poured.
______________ 833. Space for clergy and choir ______________ 849. A projection in a masonry wall
separated from a low screen wall from a low made by setting courses beyond the lower
 ones. ______________ 873. The only entry allowed to be
______________ 850. Any of various plasters used for used by the Chinese in Intramuros.
covering walls, especially an exterior ______________ 874. The Maranao royal house and
wall covering in which cement is the ancestral house for the datu and his
used. family.
______________ 851. A notch, hole, or space cut, as in ______________ 875. The ground floor of the Bontoc
piece of wood, to receive a projecting house.
part shaped to fit. ______________ 876. Another name for narra wood in
______________ 852. Range of vision or sight. Ilocos.
______________ 853. The under surface at a projecting ______________ 877. The central space used as a
structure. sleeping area in a T’boli house.
______________ 854. A long bridge consisting at a ______________ 878. The overhanging second floor of
series of short concrete or masonry spans the bahay na bato.
supported on piers or towers, ______________ 879. The decorative clear storey found
usually to carry a road or railroad over above the windows of the bahay na
valley, gorge etc., bato.
______________ 855. A small structure built on top of a ______________ 880. Bontoc house southern strain.
roof to provide ventilation. ______________ 881. The Badjao house used primarily
______________ 856. A very tall building. for storage and sleeping.
______________ 857. Any of a series of small square ______________ 882. The cooking area in the bahay
blocks projecting like teeth, as from under kubo, also paglutuan.
a cornice. ______________ 883. The traditional Maranao house
______________ 858. Concrete shapes mad separately for the ordinary members of the
before being used in a structure. community.
______________ 859. A glassed-in porch room, etc., ______________ 884. Referred to as the big house in
where the people sun themselves, as in the Ivatan house.
treating illness; sunroom. ______________ 885. Traditional Tausug house.
______________ 860. A long passageway or hall. ______________ 886. Traditional Kankanay house.
Especially one of which several rooms open. ______________ 887. The only surviving structure of
______________ 861. The outline of a figure, mass, the 1945 war in Intramuros.
land, etc., ______________ 888. The private sleeping room in the
______________ 862. An open space, as in a park or bahay kubo.
railroad station. ______________ 889. In the kitchen of the bahay kubo,
______________ 863. Are reserved for entertaining the table on top of which is the river
guest in bahay kubo. stone and a shoe shape.
______________ 864. The largest and oldest cave ______________ 890. Later called bangguera, this is
dwelling found in southwest of Palawan. used as a place for drying and storing pots
______________ 865. Ifugao house southern strain. and pans.
______________ 866. The low table found in the ______________ 891. The unroofed area where water
bulwagan. jars used as a place for drinking, washing
______________ 867. The granary in traditional Bontoc and bathing are kept.
house. ______________ 892. A detached structure from he
______________ 868. Used as fold storage in the bahay bahay kubo where palay is kept.
na bato. It is the room adjacent to the ______________ 893. The lowest level of the Isneg
kitchen used as food storage. house.
______________ 869. The Ibaloy house for the well to ______________ 894. The central area found in the
do families. lower Kalinga house.
______________ 870. The Apayao house northern ______________ 895. The tower atop the torogan
strain. where the princess and her ladies in waiting
______________ 871. The cistern in the bahay na bato. hide during occasions.
______________ 872.The passageway in the Mangyan ______________ 896. The emergency hideout behind
communal house. the headboard of the sultan’s bed.
______________ 897. The porch in the Tausug house, performing religious ceremonies
when found near the kitchen as an open unexposed to the public.
extended platform. ______________ 915. First constructed by the Jesuit
______________ 898. In the T’boli house, it is the side priest, Fr. Juan de Salazar and recently
are used for as working and declared the national shrine of the
conversational space. Blessed Virgin Mary.
______________ 899. The utility room of the T’boli ______________ 916. A witness to several occasions of
house. the Philippine history, this church was
______________ 900. Found in the T’boli house, it is the seat of the Malolos Congress
located in the lowa and the blaba and is and the site of the inaugural of the first
regarded as the are where the republic, built by Augustinian flair
head of the house entertains guests and Fr. Melchor.
performs rites under a curtained ______________ 917. The oldest church in Bohol built
canopy. by Fr. Juan de Torres and Fr. Gabriel
______________ 901. The sleeping quarters for the Sanchez.
wives and children of the headman in T’boli ______________ 918. Built by Fr. Ramon Dalmau, this is
house. one of the largest churches in
______________ 902. The utility room of the T’boli Pangasinan which is said to be the
house. second best bell tower in the
______________ 903. The toilet of the T’boli house. Philippines.
______________ 904. Found in the ground floor of the ______________ 919. First builder was Fr. Diego Cerra
bahay na bato, it is where carriages and and the latest reconstruction was done
saints floats usually kept. in 1975 by Arch. Francisco
______________ 905. The horse table of the bahay na Manosa.
bato. ______________ 920. This church in Ilocos which has
______________ 906. The storage room for keeping old the famous sinking bell tower.
furniture and palay in the bahay na ______________ 921. Known today as the Basilica of
bato. the Immaculate Concepcion, it’s first
______________ 907. Mezzanine found directly arch. was bishop Domingo Salazar
underneath the master bedroom and elevated at while the arch of the present church is
about a meter from the ground. Arch. Fernando Ocampo.
______________ 908. In the bahay na bato, it is the ______________ 922. A church in Bohol which contains
immediate room from the stairs in spacious the number of murals on the walls and
hall used for entertaining friends. ceilings.
______________ 909. The flat open terrace open to the ______________ 923. Declared a national landmark in
toilet, bath and kitchen areas and also August 1973. This Iloilo church’s façade
used a laundry- drying place and is displaying Filipino folk art in the
serving area for the servants. form stylized coconut tree, St.
______________ 910.The living room where balls and Christopher carrying child Jesus.
dances during fiestas and other special ______________ 924. Built by Franciscan priest Fr. Blas
occasions take place in the bahay de la Madre, this church in Rizal
na bato. whose design depicts the heavy
______________ 911. The toilet which is usually Spanish Baroque was declared a national
adjacent to the service area. treasure.
______________ 912. It is the overhanging balcony ______________ 925. This church was first built by the
where one can water processions or parades Augustinian Fr. Miguel Marguia, has an
passing the street. unusual large bell which was made
______________ 913. The space found immediately of approximately 70 sacks/ bags of
above the main entrance of the Filipino coins donated by the town people.
church. ______________ 926. The architect of the Quiapo
______________ 914. The screened hanging balcony before its restoration in 1988.
which is used by the priests and nuns when ______________ 927. Declared a national landmark in
1973, it is the first of all steel building in
 the Philippines. ______________ 948. It is the largest Buddhist Stupa in
______________ 928. Beam ends of the Maranao the world built in Central Java, built on
house; its most striking feature. the side of a natural hill.
______________ 929. First Filipino architect. ______________ 949. It is an Indian type of monastery
______________ 930. Patron saint for architects and whose complexes are usually made of
architecture. brick.
______________ 950. It is an Indian type of gateway.
______________ 951. Who designed the Asian General
Hospital in Alabang, Muntilupa?
______________ 931. Establishment of Phil. Architects ______________ 952. It is an Ilokano type of storage
Society. room which is used as a primary storage of
______________ 932. Establishment of Phil. Institute of cogon sheathings.
Architects and planners. ______________ 953. Who was the architect of
______________ 933. Establishment of United Shangri-La?
Architects of the Philippines. ______________ 954. What was the traditional type of
______________ 934. What is LPA? Ilokano House whose posts are made of
______________ 935. What is APGA? hardwood material?
______________ 936. Who was the Architect of the ______________ 955. This church fortress was built to
famous Quiapo church in manila? avert raids of the Muslim pirates. It is
______________ 937. What was the traditional also included in the UNESCO’s
octagonal-shaped house of the Kalinga? World Heritage list.
______________ 938. In Chinese construction, what ______________ 956. Who designed the Lung Center of
type of joint connects closely arranged the Philippines?
columns lined along the depth of ______________ 957. A detached structure located
the building by small beams let into the some few feet away from the house which
columns to form a framework? functioned as a toilet.
______________ 939. In Japanese details, what do you ______________ 958. It is located at the rearmost part
call a carving enshrined on a beam, took of the house, it is used as a utility area.
its name from its shape, literally, ______________ 959. It was an ancestral house of the
“frog’s crotch”. Maranaosand was used for social and
______________ 940. Who was the architect whose political ceremonies of the datu.
dictum was, “Architecture must respond to ______________ 960. It is a tower shrine which rises
local conditions”. above a rectangular cella.
______________ 941. What do you call the Indonesian ______________ 961. It is the side area, used as a
type of house whose literal meaning is a working and conversational space.
long house? ______________ 962. Who was the architect of Araneta
______________ 942. It is the overhanging balcony Coliseum?
where one can watch processions or parades ______________ 963. What was used as a family area
passing the street or simply a of the Tausugs?
conversation area. ______________ 964. Who was the architect of ABS-
______________ 943. Who was the architect of the CBN building?
country’s first Medical Hotel, Quezon City ______________ 965. Who designed the PGH?
Medical Center.
______________ 944. Who was the architect of the Jai- PHILOSOPHIES
alai building? ______________ 966. “Ornamentation is a crime”
______________ 945. Who designed the Bangko ______________ 967. “Less is more”
Sentral ng Pilipinas? ______________ 968. “Architecture is a magnificent
______________ 946. It is the church that is considered display of volumes put together in the
as one of the tallest in the country. light”
______________ 947. It is a figure form placed on top “A house is like a machine to
of the roof and was used as protection live in”
from evil spirits of the Ifugaos. ______________ 969. “Architecture is the will of epoch
translated into space”
______________ 970. “Straight lines belong to man; But let him preserve his good
curved line belong to God” name with dignity.
______________ 971. “It is better to be good than to be
original” WRITINGS
______________ 972. “ Columns walk with you” ______________ 992. Complexity and Contradiction in
______________ 973. “Make no little plans, they have Architecture
no magic to stir men’s blood; make big Learning from Las Vegas
plans, aim high in hope and work” ______________ 993. The Role of Decoration in
______________ 974. “Functionalism does not demand Architecture is in My Opinion A Dual One
a rigidly geometric style” ______________ 994. A Peaceful Way To Urban
“A city is subjected to growth, Reform.
decay and rebuilt” ______________ 995. De Re Aedificatura (first
______________ 975. “Form should follow function” architectural treaties of renaissance)
______________ 976. “Design is a language of forms, Della Pittura
and like any other language, it grows and ______________ 996. Poliorketa
adapt but essentially remains the ______________ 997. Maryland Gazette
same” ______________ 998. Entretiens
______________ 977. “Nothing which is not useful can ______________ 999. Art and Technology – A New
be beautiful” Unity
______________ 978. “Form follows fantasy” ______________ 1000. Le Fabriche E I Disegni Di
______________ 979. “Architecture is the application of Andrea Palladio Raccolti E Illustrati
geometry to solid matter” Le Tereme Dei Romani,
______________ 980. “The technical and economic Disegnate Da A, Palladio
potentiality of architecture is independent of ______________ 1001. De La Distribution Des Maisons
their political views of its L Architecture Francaise
exponents” (Grand Blondel)
______________ 981. “Have faith in your own reason” Discours Sur La Necessite De L
______________ 982. “We shape our building, our Stude De L Archtecture
building shapes us” Cours D Architecture
______________ 983. “Details are the soul of our ______________ 1002. Livre D Architecture Contenant
building” Les Principes Generaux De Cet Art
______________ 984. “Architecture must be true to ______________ 1003. Manifesto On Modern
itself, to its land and its people” Architecture
______________ 985. “Architecture form proceed from ______________ 1004. Reigle Generale D Architecture
the character of the institution it was Petit Traicte De Geometric
intended into house rather from ______________ 1005. The Baths of the Romans
books of design” ______________ 1006. Vitruvius Britannicus
______________ 986. “In loving work there is honor” ______________ 1007. Treaties on Civil Architecture
______________ 987. “Reason behind every line” ______________ 1008. Ornamenti Diversi Di Porte E
______________ 988. “For everything we do, there Finestre
must be an emotional reason and logical ______________ 1009. Nouveau Traits De Tpute L
end” Architecture
______________ 989. “Design must be simple, elegant, ______________ 1010. Furstlicher Baumeister, Oder:
functional and economical” Architectun Civilie
______________ 990. “Honesty, integrity and diligence” Architectura Theoritica – Practica (handbook to
______________ 991. “Virtue of an architect” ornament)
May the architect be high ______________ 1011. Nouvelles Inventions
minded, not arrogant but faithful Architecture
Just and easy to deal with,
without chivalric
Not let his mind be occupied in ______________ 1012. A Treaty on the Theory and
receiving gifts Practice of Landscape Gardening
Cottage Residences
 Notes About Buildings in the ______________ 1038. Elementi D Architectura
Country Lodoliana
The Architecture of Country ______________ 1039. Ornament and Crime
Houses ______________ 1040. Encyclopedia of Gardening
______________ 1013. Recueil Et Parallele Des Edifices Encyclopedia of Agriculture
En Tout Genre Encyclopedia of Plants
______________ 1014. Precis Et lecons D Architecture Encyclopedia of Cottage, Farm
______________ 1015. Trattato D Architectura and Villa Architecture
______________ 1016. Entwurf Einer Historischens Gardeners Magazine
Architektur ______________ 1041. The Hobby Horse
______________ 1017. Recueil De Decorations ______________ 1042. L. Architecture Francaise
Interieurse ______________ 1043. An essay in Defense of Ancient
______________ 1018. Book of Architecture Architecture
______________ 1019. Architectura Civile Lectures on Architecture
______________ 1020. Recueil De Projets D Select Architecture
Architecture ______________ 1044. Plans, Elevations and Sections of
______________ 1021. Recueil De Esquisses D Noblemen’s and Gentlemen’s Houses
Architecture ______________ 1045. Le Antichita Roma
______________ 1022. A New and Complete System of Descrizione Dello Chiese
Architecture Quattro Libri Deli Architectura
______________ 1023. Rural Architecture is the ______________ 1046. Ordonnance Des Cinq Especes
Chinese Taste De Colonnes
______________ 1024. The Builders Assistant (the first ______________ 1047. Essay on the Picturesque
American book to illustrate the orders ______________ 1048. Specimen
of column) Gothic Ornaments
______________ 1025. Recueil Des Plans Contrasts
______________ 1026. Plans Et Elevation De La Place The True Principles of Pointed
Royale De Nancy or Christian Architecture
______________ 1027. Tomorrow ______________ 1049. Sketches and Hints on
Garden Cities of Tomorrow Landscape Gardening
______________ 1028. Principles and Practices of Observations on the Theory
Architecture and Practice of Landscape Gardening
______________ 1029. Architecture Moderna An inquiry into the Changes of
______________ 1030. The Landscape – A Didactic Taste in Landscape Gardening
poem Fragments on the Theory and
Analytical Inquiry into the Practice of Landscape Gardening
Principles of Taste ______________ 1050. An Attempt to Discriminate the
______________ 1031. Betrachtungen Uber Den Styles of Architecture in England
Wahren Geschmack Der Alten In Der ______________ 1051. Seven Lamps of Architecture
Baukunre (sacrifice, truth, power, beauty, life,
______________ 1032. A Sure Guide to Builders memory and obedience)
The Builders Complete The Stones of Venice
Assistant ______________ 1052. Termes Don’t on Use En
Gothic Architecture Restores Architecture
and Improved ______________ 1053. Remarks on Secular and
______________ 1033. Essai Sur L. Architecture Domestic Architecture
______________ 1034. Desseins De Plusteurs Palais Personal and Professional
______________ 1035. Maniere De Bien Bastir Pour Recollections
Toutes Soiras De Personnes Cleanings from Westminster
______________ 1036. L Architecture Consideree Sous Abbey
Le Rapport De L Art, Des Moeurs Et ______________ 1054. L Architecture
De La Legislation ______________ 1055. The First and Chief Grounds of
______________ 1037. The Architecture of L. B. Alberti Architecture
______________ 1056. Der Stadtebau important notion of providing an
______________ 1057. Specimens of Continental architecture appropriate to its time.
Architecture ______________ 1078. Bending of a new structure with
______________ 1058. Antiquities of Athens an old.
______________ 1059. Die Stadtkrone ______________ 1079. The architects designed his
______________ 1060. Le Vite Dei Piu Celebri Architetti museum as a pyramid glass, he doesn’t want
E Scultori Veneziani to destroy the ancient style of
______________ 1061. Recueil De Plans Et Facades Des structure around it so the best the
Principaux Monuments Construits A surrounding building been part of
St. Petersburg. it as a museum.
______________ 1062. Town Planning in Architecture ______________ 1080. Used to describe the works of
______________ 1063. Vite de Piu Eccelenti Architetti, those architects who prefigured the
Pittori E Scultori Italiani interpretation and functionalist of
______________ 1064. Regole Delle Cinque Ordini the modern movement.
______________ 1065. Colleccion De Papeles Criticos ______________ 1081. Observatory and astrophysical
Sobre La Arquitectura laboratory is a wholly plastic expression.
______________ 1066. Carmen Completely devoid of historical
Dictionnaire Raisonne De L allusions, it’s form being symbolic of
Architecture Francaise optional instruments designed for
______________ 1067. Architectura Civile pour concrete, it is actually executed
______________ 1068. De Architectura (ten books of in cement and covered brickwork.
architecture) ______________ 1082. It was a passionate pleading for
______________ 1069. Architectura idea on form and space in architecture as
Compertimenta well as other parts.
Variae Architecturae Formae
______________ 1070. Complete Body of Architecture
______________ 1071. Antiquities of Magna Graecia ______________ 1083. Movement toward Natural Style
______________ 1072. Modulor in which people could feel at home,
La Maison de Homes could express today rather than
Vers Une Architecture far-of imagining/ imaginary future.
Quandles Cathedral ______________ 1084. The individuals who demand a
______________ 1073. The New Architecture and The radical shaft in emphasis from the
Bauhaus and Scope of World building of the past to the design
Architecture of those which meet the demands of
______________ 1074. Sun and Shadow modern life.
The Philosophy of ______________ 1085. A man is part of society or man
Architecture is part of a whole.
______________ 1075. Antiquities of Rome No discrimination of the
I Quatird Libri Dell users to the lookers.
Architectura ______________ 1086. Distinctive in design. It is the
idea of building monuments. Anything
ISM OF ARCHITECTURE that standout in its form, an
______________ 1076. Serve people who live and work object should last and with external validity.
for them and to create a living art rather ______________ 1087. Interlocking spaces, sharp
than a copy from a book, (before planar geometry of international style.
world war I) ______________ 1088. One style typical of his
______________ 1077. By the turned of the century, hometown or regions.
architects sensible to the changes were ______________ 1089. Choosing features from the past
going in society, science, styles and combining them into building
technology and psychology, were struggling for present day as beautiful and
with the problems of identification historical but cannot satisfy needs and
of structural ideas and the increase standards of modern building and
could not fully express the feelings
 and needs of modern people-
escape to the past… EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
______________ 1090. Returned in the use of Roman ______________ 1103. An ancient Egyptian
orders in modern age. Design patterned to rectangular, flat-topped funerary mound with
classical design. battered sides, covering a burial
______________ 1091. A self-emulating style on chamber below ground.
particular local historical motifs and devices as ______________ 1104. A heavy lattice grating of
wells the associative aspects of timber, or iron, sliding in vertical grooves in
the great historical periods on the jambs of a portal of a
architecture so beloved by defended building.
eclectics. ______________ 1105. A massive funerary structure of
______________ 1092. Relates to the theory of pure stone or brick with a square base and
plastic art which had a pronounced four sloping triangular sides
influence on Dutch architects. meeting at the apex, used mainly in ancient
______________ 1093. It is the very antithesis of the Egypt. The finest true pyramids
geometric organized facades of those are the famous three at Gizeh, built by
architects who believed that the the 4th dynasty successors of
architecture should intrude on the Seneferu.
environment on the classic, neo- _______________ 1106. Largest of the famous three,
classic and gothic sense. originally 146.4 m high, and 230.6 sq. m.
______________ 1094. Popularized by Kenzo Tange and on plan with an area of 13 acres.
was first applied to architecture at the
World Design Conference Tokyo, _______________ 1107. Second of the three at Gizeh,
1960. this concerns with the problem 216 m. side and 143 m. high.
of cities such as Tokyo. _______________ 1108. Smallest of the three and is
______________ 1095. Interest in explaining such thing 109 sq. m. and 66.5 m. high.
as the nature of the house in the city _______________ 1109. With a steel usually abutting
and are concerned with intricate the east side of the pyramid but
design in small sites. occasionally on the north.
______________ 1096. Hierarchy of space. Define _______________ 1110. An upright slab carrying an
special sequence. Harmony with existing inscription.
structure. _______________ 1111. Used for the worship of the
______________ 1097. Architecture of calculation of dead and deified pharaoh.
iron, of glass and all those substitute for _______________ 1112. Leads to the western edge of
wood, stone and brick which cultivation.
makes possible maximum elasticity and _______________ 1113. In which embalmment was
lightness. carried out and interment rites
______________ 1098. First referred to the work of performed.
Louis Mies Van De Rohe whose structure _______________ 1114. World’s first large-scale
design shown a display of the monument in stone changed no less than five
process technology of glass and steel. times. Architect was Imhotep.
______________ 1099. Iron construction and other _______________ 1115. A type of serving for nobility
large scale. rather than royalty.
______________ 1100. Sought for economic solution or _______________ 1116. For ministrations to deified
low value sites as well as alternative pharaohs.
cheap forms of construction in _______________ 1117. For the popular worship of the
timber, brick and metal. ancient and mysterious gods.
______________ 1101. Mythical monsters each with _______________ 1118. The grandest of all Egyptian
the body of a lion and a head of a man, temples.
hawk, ram or a woman. _______________ 1119. One of the rock-hewn temples
______________ 1102. Monumental gateway to an commanded by Rameses II. An entrance
Egyptian temple consisting of slanting walls forecourt leads to the imposing
flanking the entrance portal. façade, 36 m. wide and 32 m. high
 formed as a pylon, with 4 rock- _______________ 1138. The prevailing weather in the
cut seated statues of Rameses, over 20 country.
m. high. _______________ 1139. This is the emotional
_______________ 1120. A cult temple. temperament and spiritual tendencies of the
_______________ 1121. Huge monoliths square on plan people in a particular country.
and tapering to an electrum-capped _______________ 1140. The background of the people
pyramidion at the summit, which as a whole.
was the sacred part, originating in the _______________ 1141. How the people lived and
sacred symbol of the sun god governed.
Heliopolis. They have a height of 9 or 10 _______________ 1142. Lasted roughly from 8000 to
times the diameter of the base. 3000 BC before the Neolithic Age, man
_______________ 1122. Dwellings were of crude brick, used caves for shelter.
one or two-storeys high, with flat or _______________ 1143. Consists of several large stones
arched ceilings and a parapet set on end with a large covering slab.
roof pertly occupied by a loggia. _______________ 1144. Dominant megalithic tomb
_______________ 1123. A gallery behind an open type, which may exist in France and
arcade or colonnade. England, has a corridor lined with
_______________ 1124. Walls for protection. large stone slabs leading to a circular
_______________ 1125. Consists of a narrow strip of chamber often having a
fertile alluvial soil along both banks of the corbelled vault.
Nile, flanked by barren land of _______________ 1145. A mound of earth or stone
rugged cliffs, beyond which lie arid, protecting a tomb chamber or simple grave.
desert plateau. _______________ 1146. Are single great stones set on
_______________ 1126. Was a trade route to eastern end and arranged in parallel rows, some
and western foreign trade because of its of which run for several miles and
overflowing and fertilizing consists of thousands of stones
waters, made desert sands into fruitful whose purpose is of religious
fields. nature.
_______________ 1127. Sited their villages and _______________ 1147. Covered with split reed mats;
cemeteries on the banks of the Nile. built on a reed platform to prevent
_______________ 1128. Is abundant in Egypt in settlement.
quantity and variety. _______________ 1148. Made of stripped logs sealed
_______________ 1129. Two seasons of Egypt. with clay, with a clay-lined chimney and
_______________ 1130. Pictorial representation of roof of bark or shingles.
religious ritual, historic events and daily _______________ 1149. Built of poles with palm-leaf
pursuits. thatch.
_______________ 1131. Kings of Egypt. Sometime they _______________ 1150. Made of rush mats over a
appear as gods and demigods, priest, wooden frame, with animal-skin door.
as builders, but rarely as fathers _______________ 1151. Built of timber and palm
of their people. leaves, the fenced pen underneath for
_______________ 1132. Was monotheistic in theory, livestock.
but polytheistic in practice. _______________ 1152. Made of hard packed snow
_______________ 1133. Was used for better buildings. blocks built up spirally.
_______________ 1134. Were sometimes used for _______________ 1153. With mud walls and roof of
roofs. palm leaves.
_______________ 1135. Inward inclination of the outer _______________ 1154. With granite walls and
face of the wall. chimney and a thatch roof.
_______________ 1136. Pinpoints the location of a _______________ 1155. With woven bamboo walls and
particular country. roof of leaves; built on stilts to prevent
_______________ 1137. Describes the materials found tigers from clawing through
in the locality, the character and the walls.
composition of the earth and the _______________ 1156. Made of palm leaves and
contour of the ground. wood with a shaded veranda.
_______________ 1157. Remodelled by Urnammu and _______________ 1172. The principal chamber in a
his successors. The complex comprised Greek temple containing a statue of the
the Ziggurat and its court, and deity.
three great temples. The ziggurat of Ur _______________ 1173. One to four columns between
was built about 2100 BC for the antae at the front.
Su’en the moon god. _______________ 1174. One to four columns between
_______________ 1158. Built by Sargon and abandoned antae at the front and rear.
at his death. _______________ 1175. Temples have a portico of
_______________ 1159. A complex of large and small columns at the front.
courts, corridors and rooms, covering 23 _______________ 1176. Temples have portico of
acres. columns at the front and rear.
_______________ 1160. Executed by Xeres I and _______________ 1177. Temples have a single line of
finished by Artoxerxes I about 460 BC. columns surrounding the naos.
_______________ 1161. A grand audience hall. _______________ 1178. Temples have a flank columns
attached to the naos wall.
GREEK ARCHITECTURE _______________ 1179. Temples have a double line of
_______________ 1162. Embraces the civilization of columns surrounding the naos.
Crete and mainland Greece from earliest _______________ 1180. Temples are like the last, but
times to about 1100 BC. inner range of columns is omitted on the
_______________ 1163. About 1300 BC, the wealth of flanks of the naos.
the Helladic towns began to decline. In _______________ 1181. Projecting inclined blocks in
1200 BC the Trojan War began. Doric cornices, derived from the ends of
The destruction of Helladic citadels wooden beams.
was one of the many events, _______________ 1182. In classic architecture, a
which brought about the end of Bronze triangular piece of wall above the entablature
age civilization and the advent of enclosed by raking cornices.
the iron age in Greece. _______________ 1183. Blocks resisting on the vertex
_______________ 1164. From 800 to 323 BC. The rule and lower extremities of the pediment to
of Pericles marked the climax of support statuary or ornaments.
Athenian prosperity and _______________ 1184. The triangular surface
tremendous building activity in reconstruction bounded by the sloping and horizontal cornices
expressed the ultimate of a pediment.
development of Hellenic art and architecture. _______________ 1185. The crowning or upper portion
_______________ 1165. From 323 BC to 30 BC. Under of the entablature, also used as a
Philip, the unification of Greece was crowning projection.
accomplished and firmly _______________ 1186. The middle division of the
established under his son Alexander the classic entablature.
great. ________________ 1187. The beam or lowest division
_______________ 1166. Open to the sky leading to a of the entablature, which extends from
doorway in the rock façade. column to column.
_______________ 1167. A subterranean stone-vaulted ________________ 1188. The crowning feature of a
construction shaped like an old-fashioned column or pilaster.
skip beehive. ________________ 1189. The portion of a column
_______________ 1168. The portion of pedestal between base and capital.
between its base and cornice. A term also ________________ 1190. The steps forming the base of
applied to the lower portions of a columned Greek temple.
walls when decorated separately. ________________ 1191. The upper step forming a
_______________ 1169. Sunk panels, caissons or platform on which a colonnade is placed.
lacunaria formed in ceilings, vaults or domes. ________________ 1192. Blocks with vertical channels
_______________ 1170. A swelling or curving outwards that form a distinguishing feature in the
along the outline of a column shaft. frieze of the Doric entablature.
_______________ 1171. Greek entrance gateways. ________________ 1193. The space between Doric
triglyphs sometimes left open in ancient
 examples, ________________ 1213. Any one of the ornamental
________________ 1194. A flat projecting band capping stalles rising between the leaved of a
the architrave of a Doric entablature. Corinthian capital from which
________________ 1195. Small cones under the the volutes spring.
triglyphs and mutules of the Doric order. ________________ 1214. A projecting member or
________________ 1196. The short band, under the bracket to support a weight generally formed
triglyphs, beneath the tenia of the Doric with scrolls or volutes.
entablature, and to which the ________________ 1215. Consoles on either side of a
guttae are attached. doorway supporting a cornice.
________________ 1197. A small flat fillet encircling a ________________ 1216. Carving in low or shallow
column. It is several times repeated relief on a background.
under the ovolo or echinus of ________________ 1217. Often carved with a
the Doric capital. honeysuckle ornament, whose outline
________________ 1198. The neck of Greek Doric corresponds with the section.
column, between the annulets and the ________________ 1218. When enriched is carved with
hypotrachelion. the waterleaf and tongue.
________________ 1199. The channels or grooves ________________ 1219. When enriched is carved with
beneath the trachelion at the junction of the egg and dart, or egg and tongue
capital and shaft of a column. ornament.
________________ 1200. The upper part of an order of ________________ 1220. A small plain face to separate
architecture, comprising architrave, other mouldings, usually without
frieze and cornice. enrichments.
________________ 1201. A vertical support, generally ________________ 1221. Same as the fillet, but
consisting of base, circular shaft, and approaches a circle in section; sometimes
spreading capital. carved with the bead and reel.
________________ 1202. Ornamental blocks fixed ________________ 1222. A simple hollow.
vertically at regular intervals along the lower ________________ 1223. A deep hollow that occurs in
edge of a roof, to cover the bases, generally not enriched.
ends of tiles. ________________ 1224. A magnified bead moulding
________________ 1203. The sharp edge formed by which, when enriched is, is carved with
the meeting of two surfaces. the guilloche or plait ornament
________________ 1204. The vertical channelling on or with bundles of leaves and tied
the shaft of a column. band.
________________ 1205. A slab forming the crowning ________________ 1225. Occurs frequently in the Doric
member of a capital. order and gives a deep shadow.
________________ 1206. The convex or projecting ________________ 1226. Or deep vertical face of the
moulding, resembling the shell of a sea upper portion of the cornice, was
urchin, which supports the frequently painted with a Greek
abacus of a Greek Doric capital. “feet” ornament.
________________ 1207. Carved male figures serving ________________ 1227. Or town square, was the
as pillars, also called Telamones. center of social and business life.
________________ 1208. The lowest square member of ________________ 1228. A long colonnaded building
the base of a column. were used around public places and as
________________ 1209. A small flat band between shelters at religious shrines.
mouldings to separate them from each ________________ 1229. Served as a senate house for
other. the chief dignitaries of the city and as a
________________ 1210. Tooth-like blocks in ionic and place where distinguished visitors and citizens might
Corinthian cornices. be entertained.
________________ 1211. The crowning member of a ________________ 1230. Or council house, as a
cornice generally in the form of a cyma. covered meeting place for the democratically
________________ 1212. An anteroom or small foyer elected councils.
leading into a larger space. ________________ 1231. A kindred type to the theatre,
was a building in which musicians
 performed their works for the ________________ 1252. An arch covering in stone or
approval of the public and competed brick over any building.
for prizes. ________________ 1253. Semi-circular or wagon-
________________ 1232. A foot race course in cities headed vault otherwise known as the barrel or
where games were celebrated. tunnel vault.
________________ 1233. For horse and chariot racing. ________________ 1254. Formed by the intersection of
________________ 1234. Was a wrestling school. two semi-circular vaults of equal span.
________________ 1235. Included ship sheds and ________________ 1255. Or cupolas were used over
stores. circular structures and semi domes for
________________ 1236. Sculptured female figures exedrae or semi-circular
used as columns or supports. recesses.
________________ 1237. Sculptured females bearing ________________ 1256. A mass of masonry built
baskets on their heads. against a wall to resist the pressure of an
arch or vault.
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ________________ 1257. A turret or part of a building
________________ 1238. Took great pains to exploit elevated above the main building.
natural resources to the full. ________________ 1258. Corresponds to the agora in a
________________ 1239. New order of architecture. Greek city, is a central open space used
________________ 1240. A continuous pedestal, also as a meeting place, market or
the enclosing platform of the arena of an rendezvous for political demonstrations.
amphitheatre. ________________ 1259. A simple structure compared
________________ 1241. An open drain for the valleys with buildings erected for public
between hills of Rome. relaxation.
________________ 1242. Built of large blocks of ________________ 1260. Was the most sacred shrine
travertine stone, without mortar. in the Imperial city.
________________ 1243. The plan has three deities ________________ 1261. Halls of justice and
and a front portico with two rows of four commercial exchanges.
column, widely spaced and ________________ 1262. Palatial public baths of Rome.
approached by wall-in steps. ________________ 1263. Warm room.
________________ 1244. One of the most remarkable ________________ 1264. Containing the unheated
burial sites. The tombs are laid out swimming bath.
systematically along the paved ________________ 1265. Dry sweating room with
streets, like a town for the living. apodyteria (dressing room)
________________ 1245. Is a simplified version of the ________________ 1266. For roman drama.
Doric order. ________________ 1267.For display of mortal combat.
________________ 1246. Combines the prominent ________________ 1268. Great awning drawn over
volute of the Ionic order with the acanthus of roman theatres and amphitheatres to protect
the Corinthian on its capital, spectators against the sun.
the shaft maybe fluted or plain. ________________ 1269. For horse and chariot racing,
________________ 1247. Rectangular blocks of stone was derived from the Greek
with or without mortar joints. hippodrome.
________________ 1248. Stones become quite small ________________ 1270. Romans practiced two forms
and the wall faces appeared in a loose of burial, cremation and interment.
pattern resembling polygonal ________________ 1271. Subterranean vaults that
work. contain both the columbaria and loculi.
________________ 1249. Brick facing that superceded ________________ 1272. Shaped tombs.
the reticulate work. ________________ 1273. Private house.
________________ 1250. An alternation of coarse of ________________ 1274. Country house.
brickwork and small squared stone blocks. ________________ 1275. Apartment block.
________________ 1251. A composite material which ________________ 1276. The portion of the structural
consists essentially of binding within elements that supports the superstructure
which are embedded particles of the building.
of fragment of aggregate.
________________ 1277. A strip of reinforced concrete ________________ 1301. The symbol for lumber
wider than the wall which distributes finished on 2 edges and 1 side.
load to the soil. ________________ 1302. The vernacular term for
________________ 1278. The lateral reinforcement in a puffy.
column is termed as. ________________ 1303. The horizontal distance from
________________ 1279. Refers to a thick piece of the first to the last riser of a stair flight.
lumber. ________________ 1304. Vernacular form for nail
________________ 1280. An English term for “pintuang setter.
de bandeha” ________________ 1305. One board foot is equivalent
________________ 1281. One of several small beams to how many cubic inches.
to which the ceiling of a room is
attached. DRAWING
________________ 1282. Any joist which carries a (Draw the following in sectional forms)
floor. 1306. Yellow bell (decorative conc. blocks)
________________ 1283. A shallow channel of metal or 1307. Egyptian (dec. conc. block)
wood set immediately below and along 1308. Vasmin (dec. conc. block)
the eaves of a building to catch 1309. Corinthian (dec. conc. block)
and carry off rainwater from the roof. 1310. Persian (dec. conc. block)
________________ 1284. A longitudinal member at the
apex of a roof which supports the upper (Draw the following in isometric view)
ends of the rafters. 1311. Z-core stretcher block
________________ 1285. The projection of a tread 1312. Z-core stretcher block (ribbed or scored)
beyond a riser as in a stair. 1313. “8x8” scored face block
________________ 1286. A board that is nailed 1314. Sash block
vertically to the ends of roof rafters. 1315. Z-core corner L-block
________________ 1287. A metal strip rounded on top
used to finish the ridge of a roof. ________________ 1316. Defect of wood caused by
________________ 1288. The horizontal face of a stair drying or chipping at the edge
step. ________________ 1317. Defect caused by broken
________________ 1289. The vertical part of a step branch.
that excludes the nosing. ________________ 1318. A vernacular term for mortar.
________________ 1290. The surface within a room on ________________ 1319. A term applied to undressed
which one walks. or unplanned lumber.
________________ 1291. The best and most stable
type of foundation bed. ________________ 1320. A rough lumber which is cut
________________ 1292. The person who introduced tangent to the annual rings running at
the Grillage floor in the year 1891. full length of the log and
________________ 1293. Brickwork pattern where all containing at least one flat surface.
vertical joints are continuously aligned. ________________ 1321. The formula in gearing the
________________ 1294. A bay window corbelled out bd. ft. of a log.
from a wall of an upper storey. ________________ 1322. The vernacular term for eave.
________________ 1295. A type of stringer used for a ________________ 1323. } Some of the causes of wood
very rough work. decay
________________ 1296. Binders for Ric Beams are ________________ 1324. }
called ________ ________________ 1325. }
________________ 1297. A fascia board between floor ________________ 1326. }
and wall is called ________ ________________ 1327. } Are the two methods of
________________ 1298. The standard side lapping for wood construction.
a corr. G.I sheets is how many ________________ 1328. }
corrugations. ________________ 1329. } Are some of the methods of
________________ 1299. Mixture of cement and water. treating a lumber.
________________ 1300. Mixture of cement, sand and ________________ 1330. }
water. ________________ 1331. }
________________ 1332. } ________________ 1359. A wood or metal strip,
________________ 1333. A type of artificial wood rounded on top which is used to finish the
seasoning using chemical treatments. ridge of the roof.
________________ 1334. } Are some of the ________________ 1360. The vernacular term for
characteristics of wood. baseboard.
________________ 1335. } ________________ 1361. A series of steps connected
________________ 1336. } by landing which permit passage between
________________ 1337. } two or more levels of floor.
________________ 1338. } ________________ 1362. The finish covering of an
________________ 1339. Refers to a thick piece of exterior wall of a frame building.
lumber ________________ 1363. A shallow channel of metal or
________________ 1340. A wide piece of lumber from wood set immediately below and along
4-13 cms. thick. the eaves of a building to catch
________________ 1341. The English term for and carry off rainwater from roof.
“estanyo”. ________________ 1364. Refers to the vertical
________________ 1342. The English term for structure used to support a building made of
“pintuang de bandeha stone, concrete, steel, or the
________________ 1343. The English term for “tabike combination of the above materials.
________________ 1344. The English term for ________________ 1365. A working tool used
“espolon” commonly in construction to check and verify
________________ 1345. A vernacular term for the vertical alignment.
conductor. ________________ 1366. The electrical symbol for heat
________________ 1346. Considered as the best and and moisture resistant wire.
most stable type of foundation bed. ________________ 1367. The symbol for lumber
________________ 1347. The process of applying coal finished on two sides and an edge.
tar to wood before connecting with ________________ 1368. The vernacular term for putty
concrete. is ___________
________________ 1348. Timber specie which is ________________ 1369. Manufacturer of PVC pipes.
commonly called as the “iron wood”. ________________ 1370. Binders for reinforced
________________ 1349. Defect of lumber caused by concrete beam are called ___________
improper wood seasoning. ________________ 1371. Instruments used for
________________ 1350. A lumber defect caused by horizontal and vertical line check.
broken twig. ________________ 1372. Mixture of sand, gravel,
________________ 1351. Grillage footing was cement and water.
introduced by _________ in the year 1891. ________________ 1373. Mixture of cement and water.
________________ 1352. Refers to the soil or rock ________________ 1374. Mixture of cement, sand and
beneath the footing. water.
________________ 1353. Is that portion of the ________________ 1375. Lumber sawed or cut radially
foundation of a structure which directly transmits to the annual rings.
the column load to the ________________ 1376. Most common electric wire
underlying soil or rock. used for conducting electricity.
________________ 1354. A strip of reinforced concrete ________________ 1377. The maximum length of G.I.
wider than the wall which distributes pipe in feet.
the load to the soil. ________________ 1378. A fascia board between floor
________________ 1355. The horizontal distance from and wall is called _________
the first to the last riser of a stair flight. ________________ 1379. The standard side overlap for
________________ 1356. The vertical face of a stair corrugated G.I. roofing sheet is how
step. many corrugations.
________________ 1357. A piece of timber in varying ________________ 1380. Woods which grow larger by
cross-section placed vertically to support addition of layer on the outer surface
a building. each year.
________________ 1358. The simplest and most ________________ 1381. A type of wood deterioration
economical type of column footing. which takes place sometimes in the
 growth of the tree caused by present amount of current is
water saturation. reached in any conductor in any circuit.
________________ 1382. One horse power is equal to ________________ 1404. A piece of metal melts when
_________watts. the circuit is heated and intercepts the
________________ 1383. Binders for R.C. column are current.
called ___________. ________________ 1405. Are switches which
________________ 1384. The front edges of the step automatically disconnects the power when a
that project beyond the riser. circuit cabinet is opened.
________________ 1385. A type of stringer used for a ________________ 1406. } Three electrical principles of
very rough work. Thomas Edison.
________________ 1386. A water supply pipe which ________________ 1407. }
extends vertically, one full-storey or more, ________________ 1408. )
to service several branches or a ________________ 1409. Used to step down the
group of fixtures. voltage to a few thousand volts.
________________ 1387. Any vertical pipe such as ________________ 1410. Technical term for the flow of
waste pipe or soil. electricity.
________________ 1388. A plumbing fittings provided ________________ 1411. Unit to measure the
for cleaning the pipe run and located at magnitude of current.
every change of direction. ________________ 1412. Amount of power to do the
________________ 1389. A bay window corbelled out work.
from a wall of an upper storey. ________________ 1413. Unit to measure the
________________ 1390. A Dutch door consisting of consumption of electrical energy.
two separate leaves, one above the other; ________________ 1414. A device used to measure
the leaves may operate what is consumed.
independently or together. ________________ 1415. The earliest form of dwelling
________________ 1391. A pattern of brickwork where developed by man.
all vertical joints are continuously ________________ 1416. A prehistoric burial mound.
aligned. ________________ 1417. A prototype in Egypt of
________________ 1392. A vernacular term for nail monoliths and menhirs.
setter. ________________ 1418. Example of a Stonehenge.
________________ 1393. A secondary framing member ________________ 1419. Smallest among the pyramids
to hold panes within the window. famous at Gizeh.
________________ 1394. A longitudinal member at the ________________ 1420. Egyptian gateway.
apex of the roof which supports the ________________ 1421. Egyptian ornament
upper ends of the rafter. symbolizing fertility.
________________ 1395. A board that is nailed ________________ 1422. Pillars that stood in pairs at
vertically to the ends of the roof rafters. the front of Egyptian temples.
________________ 1396. Consists of all wiring and ________________ 1423. Tomb houses that were made
apparatus needed to bring electricity into to take the body at full length.
the building. ________________ 1424. Characteristic features of
________________ 1397. Distribute the electricity Egyptian external walls.
throughout the structure. ________________ 1425. Egyptian architecture was
________________ 1398. Usually for underground. designed for.
________________ 1399. For exposed installation. ________________ 1426. The Egyptian cornice that
________________ 1400. The power source supplied to consists of roll and hollow mouldings.
a building. ________________ 1427. To cover the torus mould in
________________ 1401. A device to protect wiring Egyptian temples.
against overheating and possible fire due to ________________ 1428. Egyptian architecture is
overloading. characterized by massiveness and
________________ 1402. Spring-loaded that bends. monumentality.
________________ 1403. Monitoring device which turn ________________ 1429. Egyptian system of
off the power to the circuit when a construction.
________________ 1430. Erected the colossi of Rock Hewn Tombs 1452. Tombs built for the Egyptian
mamnon. nobility rather than royalty.
________________ 1431. The architect of great Cult temples ____ 1453. Egyptian temples built for the
Serapeum at Alexandria. worship of the gods.
________________ 1432. Built the funeral temple of Valley bldg __ 1454. Embalmment and internment
Der-el-Bahan. rites took place.
________________ 1433. Forerunners of the caryatids Seraglio ___ 1455. The palace proper found in
of the Greeks. Assyrian palaces.
________________ 1434. Characteristic wall ornament ________________ 1456. Mesopotamian architecture
of the Egyptian. and conglomeration.
________________ 1435. The favourite motifs of design Climate ______ 1457. Factor why temples in
of the Egyptian includes lotus and Mesopotamia were elevated on platforms.
papyrus. 4 corners ___ 1458. The orientation of the
________________ 1436. Structure whose sides were ziggurats oriented towards the cardinal points.
made to face the four cardinal points. Holy Mountain 1459. Also called ziggurats.
________________ 1437. The size of the great pyramid Persian Arch’re_ 1460. The use of monsters in
of cheops is equal to. doorways is prevalent.
________________ 1438. Known as the royal architect ________________ 1461. The system of construction
and superintendent of pyramids. used by the Assyrians.
________________ 1439. In the Egyptian temples, a Fire Altar _____ 1462. Found at the top of ziggurats.
pillared hall in which the roof rests on ________________ 1463. Assyrian walls are finished at
columns. the top with.
________________ 1440. Were penetrated in ________________ 1464. The chief architectural
sanctuaries at Egyptian temples. ornament of the Assyrians.
________________ 1441. Imposing avenues to ________________ 1465. Rebuilt the ziggurat at
approach temples. Borsippa.
________________ 1442. An upright stone slab ________________ 1466. The famous hanging garden is
containing the name of the dead found in the found.
mastaba. ________________ 1467. Built the hall of the hundred
________________ 1443. The inner secret chamber in columns.
the mastaba containing the statues of the ________________ 1468. The propylaea forming the
deceased members of the monumental entrance to the palace
family. platform, Persepolis was built
________________ 1444. The grandest example of all by.
Egyptian temples built from the 17th ________________ 1469. In the absence of windows,
dynasty to the Ptolemaic ventilation is allowed in the interiors of
period. Assyrian palaces through.
________________ 1445. A colonnade or portico either ________________ 1470. The harem in Assyrian
concealed or partly enclosed. palaces.
________________ 1446. Representation of the great ________________ 1471. Persian developed a column
sphinx at Gizeh. because of this.
Manissi Temple 1447. Small Egyptian sphinx ________________ 1472. Parts of the pyramid
dedicated to the rights of goddesses Isis. complex.
________________ 1448. The obelisk at the piazza of ________________ 1473. }
St. John Lateran, Rome originated. _______________ 1474. }
________________ 1449. Begun the building of the _______________ 1475. }
Great Hypostyle hall at Karnak. _______________ 1476. Parts of Egyptian temples.
_Ptolemy 1_____ 1450. Builder of the famous pharaohs _______________ 1477. }
or light House. _______________ 1478. }
Abu Simbel 1451. The most stupendous and _______________ 1479. }
impressive of the rock-cut temples. Carved _______________ 1480. Apartments in the palace of
in the pylon were the four- Sargon.
seated colossal statues of Rameses II. _______________ 1481. }
_______________ 1483. } Atlantes________ 1518. The Greek male statues used
_______________ 1484. Parts of Mastaba. as columns.
_______________ 1485. } Metope_________ 1519. The space between triglyphs
_______________ 1486. } with or without statues.
_______________ 1487. Structure in the palace Doric _______ 1520. The widely used order during
platform, Persepolis. the Greek period.
_______________ 1488. } _______________ 1521. Other name of the Tomb of
_______________ 1489. } Atreus, a noted example of the Tholos type
_______________ 1490. } of thomb.
_______________ 1491. } Pteroma_________ 1522. The space between the
_______________ 1492. Earliest known obelisk at colonnade and the naos wall of the Greek
Heliopolis. temple.
_______________ 1493. Great Temple, Karnak. Dromos _______ 1523. Open to the sky passage
_______________ 1494. Begun first additions to the leading to the rock cut or Tholos Aegean
temple of Ammon, Karnak. tomb.
_______________ 1495. Colossi of Mammon _______________ 1524. Together with the naos,
_______________ 1496. Began the Great Hypostyle hall epinaos, composed and complete the three
at Karnak. chambers of the Greek temple.
_______________ 1497. Great Temple Abydos. _______________ 1525. A temple, 1 to 4 columns
_______________ 1498. Ramniasseum, Thebes arranged between antae at the front. A temple
Rock Temples; Abu Simbel arranged with a portico of
_______________ 1499. Pharaoh (lighthouse) columns at the front.
_______________ 1500. Great Serapeum at Alexandria _______________ 1526. A temple with 1 to a columns
Nabuchadnezar 1501. Rebuilt the ziggurat, Borsippa arranged between the antae at the front
City of Babylon and the rear.
Xerxes ___ 1502. Propylaea _______________ 1527. A temple with portico of
Platform (Palace platform) columns arranged at the front and at the rear.
Darius _______ 1503. Hall of the Hundred columns. _______________ 1528. A temple arranged with flank
_______________ 1504. Columnar and trabeated style. columns attached to the naos wall.
_______________ 1505. Columnar difference from _______________ 1529. A temple arranged with a
Mesopotamian architecture. double line of columns surrounding the naos.
_______________ 1506. Columnar and trabeated, intercolumnation_ 1530. Space between columns.
essentially. 4D____________ 1531. The intercolumnation of an ara
_______________ 1507. Carpentry in marble. eostyle.
Etruscan _____ 1508. New order of architecture, 1.5 D__________ 1532. The intercolumnation of a pyc
Tuscan. nostyle.
Romans _______ 1509. Architectural aims were 3D ___________ 1533. The intercolumnation of a
essentially utilitarian. diastyle.
Moslem _______ 1510. Friezes and cresting. _______________ 1534. The seat that rose in tiers and
Tholos ______ 1511. The Aegean beehive shape type founded on natural rocks in a Greek
of tomb. theatre.
Posticum ______ 1512. Other tern for Epinaos. _______________ 1535. Wings at the ends which
Peripteral ___ 1513. A single line of column projected towards that marked the width of
surrounding the naos wall. A temple arranged the orchestra.
with a single line of columns _______________ 1536. Built in front of the skene, had
surrounding the naos. its roof serving as a stage or logeion.
Temple of Zeus _ 1514. The second largest Greek _______________ 1537. The scene building which was
temple. the center of the Greeks social and
2.25D _________ 1515. Intercolumniation of a eustyle. business life.
Temenos _______ 1516. The sacred enclosure found in _______________ 1538. A long colonnaded building
the highest part of a greek city. used around public spaces and as shelters
Lacunaria_____ _ 1517. Sunk panels found in the and religious shrines.
ceilings of Greek temples.
_______________ 1539. The building that served as a _______________ 1562. Greek order that does not
senate house for the chief dignitaries of have a base.
the city and as a place where _______________ 1563. Attributed the origin of the
distinguished visitors and citizens might Corinthian capital which is distinguished by
be entertained. its bell shape and acanthus leaf.
_______________ 1540. A Greek council house which is _______________ 1564. The proper ion of the Greek
a covered meeting place for the Doric column.
democratically-elected councils. _______________ 1565. The proportion of the Greek
_______________ 1541. A kindred type of theatre. Ionic column.
_______________ 1542. A foot race course in the cities, _______________ 1566. The proportion of the Greek
where games were celebrated. Corinthian column.
_______________ 1543. Similar to the stadium, though _______________ 1567. Where the shaft of the Greek
longer type of building for horse and Doric order terminates.
chariot racing. _______________ 1568. Number of regula and mutules
_______________ 1544. A prototype of hippodrome in distributed equally in three rows.
Roman building. _______________ 1569. In the latter Ionic order, a
_______________ 1545. Greek wrestling. lower torus was added to the base which
_______________ 1546. A place for all types of physical originally consisted of an upper
exercises. Prototype of the Roman torus and scotin.
thermae. 8 x dia _________ 1570. Entablature height of the
_______________ 1547. The most famous of all the Greek Doric.
tombs and one of the seven wonders of the 9 x dia________ _ 1571. Entablature height of the
world erected for King Mausolos. Greek Ionic.
_______________ 1548. One of the best examples of a 10 x dia________ 1572. Entablature height of the
surviving megaron type of Greek Greek Corinthian.
domestic building. _______________ 1573. The wall of a colonnade
_______________ 1549. Greek temples stood on a enclosing the temenos.
foundation of three steps. Ictinus & Callicrates1573. The architects of the
_______________ 1550. One is stylobate, made up the Parthenon.
two parts of the crepidoma.. Pheidias _____ 1574. The master sculptor of the
_______________ 1551. Vertical features such as Parthenon.
columns were inclined inwards towards the _______________ 1575. The architect of the
top to correct the appearance of Erectheion.
falling outwards. The continuation of _______________ 1576. Architect of the Temple of
the fluted shaft in the Greek Nike Apteros, Athens.
Doric column. Theron _______ 1577. Designed the Temple of Zeus,
_______________ 1552. Water-leaf and tongue. Agrigentum.
_______________ 1553. Anthemion or honey suckles. Democrates __ 1578. Designed the Temple of
_______________ 1554. Egg and dart or egg and Artemis, Ephesus; also called as the
tongue. Hellenistic temple.
_______________ 1555. Bead and reed. Doric ______ 1579. Parthenon uses this kind of
_______________ 1556. Ornament of torus. order.
_______________ 1557. Painting on a corona Escopas _____ 1580. The master sculptor of the
ornament. Temple of Artemis, Ephesus.
_______________ 1558. The moulding that is often Caryatid Porch___ 1581. Unusual feature of the
found in the Doric order. Erectheion, Athens which stands on the
_______________ 1559. The characteristic of Greek Acropolis North of the
surface ornament. Parthenon.
_______________ 1560. Greek sculptures maybe _______________ 1582. Made the Temple of Zeus,
classified as architectural sculpture, free Agrigentum; the second largest Greek
standing statuary. temple unusual.
_______________ 1561. Quadrigas. _______________ 1583. Made the temple of Zeus,
Agrigentum; the second largest Greek
 temple unusual. Opus Insertum _ 1600. The wall facing developed by
Diazoma ______ 1584. Separates the tiers of seats in the Romans which is made of small
the Greek theatre. stones laid in a loose pattern
Polycleitos __ 1585. The theatres of Epidiuraos, the roughly assembling the polygonal work.
most beautiful and best preserved of the Opus Recticulatum 1601. Wall facing developed by the
Greek theatres was designed by. Romans which is made of regular, net
Phytias _____ 1586. Together with Satyros, they like stone work.
designed the Mausoleum, Halicanassos, Opus Testacium__ 1602. Wall facing developed by the
the most famous of all tombs Romans which is made of brick facing
and one of the wonders of the ancient with stones cut in triangular
world. form.
Clepsydra __ 1587. A water clock or instrument for Hemicycle__ _ 1603. The buttress which is used for
measuring time by the discharge of retaining earth.
water through a small opening. Spur ______ 1604. The buttress which catches the
Tympanum ____ 1588. The triangular surface bounded thrusts of the main vaults where they
by the sloping and horizontal cornices are concentrated in the pockets
of the pediment. above the columned pillars.
Fret _________ 1589. In an ornament in classic or Pinnacle _____ 1605. The buttress which were
renaissance architecture consisting of an placed on the top of the spur buttress to help
assemblage of straight lines by their weight to drive the
intersecting at right angles and of various oblique thrusts more steeply down to earth.
patterns. Opus rectile ___ 1606. Marble mosaic pattern used
Choragic Monument 1590. A type of monument erected on ceilings of vaults and domes.
to support a tripod as a prize for athletic Opus Spiculatum _ 1607. Marble mosaic used on floor.
exercises or musical Podium ________ 1608. Where Roman rectangular
competitions in Greek festivals. temples stood.
Termini ______ 1591. Figures of which the upper Basilicas ____ 1609. The structure were halls of
parts alone are carved, the rest running into justice and commercial exchanges by the
a parallel piped or diminishing Romans.
pedestal. Thermae________ 1610. The palatial public bath
_______________ 1592. A flat circular elements/ generally raised on a high platform within
ornament which resembles the classical enclosing wall.
sources used for wine in Hypocaust______ 1611. The furnace that provided the
sacrificial libations. warm baths to the thermae.
Cyrtostyle ______ 1593. A circular protecting portico. Sudatorium______ 1612. The fry sweating room in the
Ancones ______ 1594. Consoles on either side of thermae.
doorway supporting a cornice of an equal Apodyteria_____ 1613. The dressing room in the
size and contrasted but thermae.
connected by a flowing line from the back of Unctuaria ______ 1614. The room containing the oils
the upper one to the inner and ungents in the thermae.
convolving face of the lower. Coameteria______ 1615. The Roman subterranean
_______________ 1595. Blocks resisting on the vertex vault.
and lower extremities of the pediment to Columbarium____ 1616. Niches, similar to pigeon holes,
support statuary or ornament. formed in the rock where ashes of the
Atrium_______ 1596. Etruscan houses originated. dead placed in the urn were
Tuscan ______ 1597. Invented by Etruscans. deposited.
_______________ 1598. Character of the Roman Cowli _________ 1617. Recesses for the corpse sealed
architecture. with a front slab inscribed with the name
Opus Quadratum_ 1599. Wall facing developed by the of the dead.
Roman architecture of rectangular blocks ½ circle ______ 1618. The difference between the
of stone work without mortar Roman and Greek theatre the Roman
joints but freqyently secured with auditorium encircled.
dowels or cramps. Gladiator Contest 1619. Uses of amphitheatres.
Rostral Colums 1620. The usual monument built to Palace of Emperors 1643. The roman palace building
celebrate victorious naval campaigns of begun by Augustus and added to by latter
the general. emperors.
Domus__________ 1621. Private house of the Romans. Prothyrum ______ 1644. The entrance passage in the
Villa __________ 1622. The luxurious country house of Domus.
the Romans which is surrounded by the Impluvium ______ 1645. The water cistern found in the
terraces and gardens. center of the atrium.
Insula _________ 1623. The multi-storey tenement Alcoba _______ 1646. The bedroom in the domus.
housing for the workers. Tablinum________ 1647. The open saloon found
Aqueduct _______ 1624. The arched waterway erected beyond the domus atrium.
to supply most parts of Rome with water. Thalamus ____ 1648. The bedroom in the megaron.
Pons _________ 1625. Roman bridges. Triclinia___ ____ 1649. The dining room in the domus
Locust ________ 1626. A roman fountain designed with with different aspects for summer and
a large basin of water. winter.
Salientes _____ 1627. A roman fountain designed Oecus _____ 1650. The reception room of the
with sprouting sects. domus.
Waggon Headed 1628. The vault that is carried Alae ______ 1651. The recess or conversation
throughout its length on the 2 parallel walls of surrounded by the peristyle in the domus.
a rectangular apartment. Palace of Dioclesian 1652. The palace that forms the
Cross Vault ___ 1629. The vault which was formed by greater part of the medieval town of Spalato
the intersection of 2 semicircular vaults this has therefore been called
of equal span and used over a city in a house.
square apartment. Cenotaph ______ 1653. A memorial monument to
Corinthian ___ 1630. The favourite of the Romans persons buried elsewhere.
among the 5 orders.
Acantus Scroll __ 1631. The special characteristic of the Nymphaeum___ 1654. A building in classic architecture
roman ornament. for plants, flowers and running water,
Forum _______ 1632. For Romans, that which ornamented with statues and
corresponds to the Greek agora. forming a cool and agreeable retreat.
Forum Romanum_ 1633. The oldest and most Groin _________ 1655. The curved arise formed by the
important example of roman forum. intersection of vaulting surfaces.
Pantheon ___ 1634. The crowning glory of Mosaic ________ 1656. Pictorial representations or
architecture. ornaments formed of small pieces of stone,
Sta Monica Rotunda 1635. Known today as for marble or enamel of various
Pantheon, Rome colors.
Apollodorus ___ 1636. The architects of Trajan’s Speclis ____ 1657. The smooth channel that is
Basilica, Rome. lined with hard cement and carried on
Balneum________ 1637. The small private bath very arches in an aqueduct.
usual in Rome palaces and houses. _______________ 1658. Theories in the method of
Ellipse _____ 1638. The plan of the coliseum, Rome lighting applied in Greek temples.
is shaped in the form of. _______________ 1659. }
Sping _______ 1639. The dividing wall running down _______________ 1660. }
the middle of the arena in a slightly _______________ 1661. Three main areas of Greek
oblique direction in the circus. temple.
Carceres_ ___ 1640. The stall for horses and chariots _______________ 1662. }
found at one end of the circus _______________ 1663. }
Arch of Titus ___ 1641. The triumphal arch that was _______________ 1664. Three developments of the
built to commemorate the capture of skene (scene building)
Jerusalem. _______________ 1665. }
Trajan Column 1642. The memorial column built in _______________ 1666. }
the form of a tall Doric and made _______________ 1667. Ten structures at the acropolis
entirely of marble. theatre.
_______________ 1668. }
_______________ 1669. } __Baldachino __ 1716. Is raised in the early Christian
_______________ 1670. } churches, immediately over the burial
_______________ 1671. } place of the saint.
_______________ 1672. } __Stained Glass_ 1717. Principal interior decoration of
_______________ 1673. } early Christian churches.
_______________ 1674. } __ Forum______ 1718. Orientation of Roman temple.
_______________ 1675. } ___East _____ 1719. Orientation of Greek temple.
_______________ 1676. } Orientation of Early Christian churches.
_______________ 1677. } ____West ____ 1720. Orientation of medieval
Barrel_________ 1678. Three types of roman vaults. churches.
Cross_________ 1679. } ____Stoup ____ 1721. Is use in the center of Early
Dome________ 1680. } Christian churches atrium; a fountain of
_Sphere ____ 1681. Three types of roman buttress. water for ablutions- a custom
Pinnacle_______ 1682. } which is still adopted by the Roman
Hemicycle_____ 1683. } Catholics.
_______________ 1684. Three main parts of thermae. ___narthex ___ 1722. The covered space between
_______________ 1685. } the atrium and the church which was
_______________ 1686. } assigned to penitents.
Tepidarium___ 1687. Apartments of the thermae __nave ____ 1723. Central aisle of the church.
main building __cimborio ____ 1724. Underneath the high altar is
Sudatorium_____ 1688. } the crypt or burial place of the saint to
Calidarium_____ 1689. } whom the church was dedicated.
Frigidarium______ 1690. } ___Choir _____ 1725. Fronting the high altar of an
_Lows ____ 1691. Two types of roman fountain. early Christian and later medieval
__Salientes______ 1692. } churches.
_______________ 1693. Five types of roman tomb. ___cAncelli_____ 1726. The space for clergy and choir is
_______________ 1694. } separated by a low screen wall from
_______________ 1695. } the body of the church.
_______________ 1696. } ___Ambo _____ 1727. On either side of the choir
_______________ 1697. } pulpits for the reading of the Epistle and the
_______________ 1698. Three types of Roman houses. Gospel.
_______________ 1699. } ___Bema _____ 1728. In some churches there is a
_______________ 1700. } raised dais as part of the sanctuary which
Ictinus & Calicrates1701. Parthenon, Athens later develops into the transepts.
__Mnesicles ____ 1702. Erectheion, Athens ___apse ___ 1729. In early Christians churches,
_______________ 1703. Temple of Nike Apteros, the bishops took the central place at the
Athens end of the church.
___Pheron _____ 1704. Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum __Statues ___ 1730. The iconoclastic movement
__Escopas ___ 1705. Temple of Artemis, Ephesus during the Byzantine period forbade the
_______________ 1706. Theatre, Epidauros use of.
_______________ 1707. Propylaea at Acropolis, Athens Little metropol cathedral, athens__ 1731. The smallest
_Safyros & Pythias_1708. Mausoleum, Halicarnassos cathedral in the world built
__damascus__ 1709. Temple of Venus & Rome, Rome During Byzantine period.
____Agrippa_____ 1710. Pantheon, Rome ___horizontal __ 1732. Due to its length, the early
Bespatian & Domitian 1711. Colosseum, Rome Christian church gives an impression of.
Appolodorus of Damascus 1712. Trajan’s Basilica, Rome __vertical ___ 1733. Because of the dome as its
____Churches____ 1713. Chief structure of the early central feature, Byzantine churches gave an
Christian period. impression of.
____Basilican _ 1714. Church plan of early Christian ___simple __ 1734. The dome is classified as when
churches. the dome and the pendentives are part
____Saint ____ 1715. It is a rule in the early Christian of the same sphere.
period that churches should be built superimposed_ 1735. The dome is classified as when
over the burial place of. the dome is placed on a drum.
_Curved fluttings_ 1736. In the melon shaped type of __cloisters____ 1754. The covered passage round
dome, there is a treatment of the inner an open space or Garth connecting the
surface which consisted of. church to the chapter house,
_Dosseret Block__ 1737. A deep abacus in Byzantine refectory and other parts of the
column capitals which is used to support monastery.
the wide voussoirs of an arch a _Sober & dignified__1755. Character of Romanesque
thick wall. architecture.
___immortal life__1738. Peacock symbolizes in ____Domes____ 1756. Prominent feature of
Byzantine interior ornament. Romanesque churches which maybe square,
____eternity ____ 1739. Endless knot symbolizes in octagonal or circular.
Byzantine interior ornament. ___ ____ 1757. Connected at the top walls of
____Fresco__ 1740. Figures in sculptures were the Romanesque churches are relieved
banned by the Byzantine church and where by shallow buttresses or
mosaic was not used. pilaster strips.
__Domical___ 1741. The Byzantine style is a fusion __Corbel arches____ 1758. In Romanesque
of classic columnastyle of the west with architecture, door and window opening have jambs
these construction of the west. or side formed in a series of
_pendentive _ 1742. The triangular curved receding moulded planes.
overhanging the surface by means of which a _Wheel Window __ 1760. Over the principal west
circular dome is supported over a doors of a Romanesque church it is located.
square or polygonal compartment. _Monastic Church__ 1761. With this at the center, the
_Iconostasis__ 1743. A screen which separates typical monastery plan during the
channel from the space open to the laity. Romanesque period consisted
Anthemius & Isodorus 1744. Architects of the church of of a group of buildings designed for
Sta. Sophia, Constantinople which all occupations both spiritual
was built for the Justinians. and temporal, of the monks and
St. Sofia of Cons._ 1745. As the Parthenon is the resemble a village.
masterpiece of greek architecture and the _Camacine Masters_ 1762. A privileged guild of
pantheon of Rome, so it remains architects and sculptors originating in Como,
for all ages the masterpiece of which carried out church
Byzantine architecture is this. buildings designed and characteristics
__Loggia________ 1746. A gallery behind an open decoration during the 11th
colonnade or arcade. century.
__Lantern_______ 1747. A tower or the cimborio raised Ornamental Arcades__ 1763. The prominent picture of
above a roof pierced to admit light. the facades in Romanesque in central
_Aquinch Arch___ 1748. Arches placed diagonally at the Italy.
internal angles of towers to bring Central Projecting Porch 1764. Together with wheel
them from the square to window, it is the characteristic feature of
support an octagonal dome or spire. Romanesque in North Italy.
_Chapter house____ 1749. The place of assembly for ___Muslim art ___ 1765. Romanesque in South Italy
abbot, prior and members of a monastery is influenced because of the application
for the transaction of business. of stripes of colored marbles
__Refectory____ 1750. The dining hall on a and the use of stilted pointed arches.
monastery, convent or college. _Leaning Tower___ 1766. The campanile, completing
the world of famous Pisa group of
__Transept____ 1751. That part of a cruciform cathedral and baptistery.
church projecting at right angles to the main __Flanky Towers ___ 1767. Feature used to distinguish
building. the west façade of the cathedral in
__Greek Cross___ 1752. Church plan of the Byzantine northern France, particularly
church. in Normandy.
__Latin Cross___ 1753. Church plan of Romanesque __St. Madelain___ 1768. The church with a
churches. remarkable narthex, believed to have the earliest
 pointed cross vault in France __________________ 1794. One of the two forerunners
built during the Romanesque period. of the Gothic in England.
__________________ 1769. Considered as the __________________ 1795. The term applied to the
prototype of later gothic facades in the French Episcopal church of the diocese and also
Romanesque church. the important structure of
_east & west apse___ 1770. Aside fro octagonal turrets the gothic period.
and polygonal cupolas, German __________________ 1796. The period known as the
Romanesque church plans are early English period of the gothic style in
peculiar in having both of this. England and which is less
__________________ 1771. The best example of a massive in character and simple in
German Romanesque church with apses at ornament.
both east and west ends. __________________ 1797. It was during this period if
_____quadripartite_ 1772. Two types of Romanesque the English gothic when the triforium
vaulting. disappeared due to the
_________ sixpartite_ 1773. } increase of height of the clear storey and
__mills, workshops 1774. Parts of the Monastic aisle window.
group. __________________ 1798. The intermediate ribs
__monastic church __ 1775. } between the main ribs of a gothic vault.
__cloister court ___ 1775. } __________________ 1799. During the Tudor period of
__inner court _____ 1776. } the English gothic architectural activity
__common court____ 1777. } was geared towards.
__________simple___ 1779. Three types of Byzantine __________________ 1790. A projecting block of spur
dome. of stone carved with foliage to decorate
___compound_______ 1780. } the raking line formed by
___melon-shaped_____1781. } angles of spines and canopies.
_Isodorus of Moletus_ 1782. Sta. Sophia, __________________ 1801. The upper portion of a
Constantinople pinnacle, bench-end or other architectural
___Dicti Salvi____ 1783. Baptistery, Pisa cathedral feature.
___Charlenagne_____ 1784. Aux-La-Chapelle Cathedral ____Tower Bolt_____1802. A small turret-like
__Stilted arch______ 1785. An arch having its termination on the top of buttresses parapets or
springing line higher than the line the mouldings elsewhere, often
are. ornamented with bunches of foliage called
___Triforium______ 1786. The space between the crockets.
sloping roof over the aisle and the aisle __________________ 1803. A moulding made up of a
vaulting. convex and concave curve and which
__Clerestorey_______ 1787. The upper story of the could also be applied to an
nave walls rising above the aisle roof which arch.
is pierced with windows. __________________ 1804. The ornamental pattern
_____Corbel_______ 1788. A block of stone projecting work in stone filling the upper part of a
from a wall, often elaborately carved or gothic window.
moulded, supporting any __________________ 1805. A term applied to any rib
incumbent weight. other than a ridge rib which does not start
from the springing of the
___Helm Roof___ 1789. A type of roof in which four vaulting compartment.
faces rest diagonally between the _Stellar vault_______ 1806. The pattern provided by
gables and converge at the top. the lierne
___Style Ogivale____ 1790. Gothic in France. __________________ 1807. Keystone which were used
Millard de Hannecourt 1791. Forerunner of the gothic in to cover the mitres produced by the
France meeting of moulded ribs.
__Carlo Maderna__ 1792. Forerunner of the gothic in __connoidal vault____ 1808. The stellar vaulting led to
Italy. fann vaulting is also known as.
__Peter Parker_______1793. Forerunner of the gothic __________________ 1809. It is very usual in English
in Germany. gothic cathedrals to include a chapel in
 honor of the Virgin Mary. PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER
__________________ 1810. It is a chapel where mass is
said for the souls of pluos founders and The Man Who Asked Questions Socrates and Plato
their families. About 2,400 years ago in Athens a man was put to death
__________________ 1811. The earliest and simplest
for asking too many questions. There were philosophers
open timber roof used during the gothic in
before him, but it was with Socrates that the subject
England.
__________________ 1812. It is a type of open timber really took off. If philosophy has a patron saint, it is
roof in gothic England which consists of Socrates. Snub-nosed, podgy, shabby and a bit strange,
a series of trusses repeated at Socrates did not fit in. Although physically ugly and often
intervals to support the intermediate unwashed, he had great charisma and a brilliant mind.
purlins and rafters whose Everyone in Athens agreed that there had never been
objects is to transmit thrust of the roof as anyone quite like him and probably wouldn’t be again.
low down as possible in the He was unique. But he was also extremely annoying. He
supporting wall. saw himself as one of those horseflies that have a nasty
__________________ 1813. It is a Norman convex bite – a gadfly. They’re irritating, but don’t do serious
moulding usually ¾ of a circle applied to an harm. Not everyone in Athens agreed, though. Some
angle, a form of roll loved him; others thought him a dangerous influence. As
moulding.
a young man he had been a brave soldier fighting in the
__________________ 1814. A roll moulding in which
Peloponnesian wars against the Spartans and their allies.
two faces meet in a blunt arris.
__________________ 1815. A late gothic moulding In middle age he shuffled around the marketplace,
consisting of two ogee mouldings with stopping people from time to time and asking them
convex faces adjoining. awkward questions.
__________________ 1816. A moulding of the
That was more or less all he did. But the questions he
decorated period consisting of a slight convexity
asked were razor-sharp. They seemed straightforward;
followed by hollows.
__________________ 1817. A moulding formed of two but they weren’t. An example of this was his
ogee curves meeting in a sharp arris. conversation with Euthydemus. Socrates asked him
__________________ 1818. A moulding at the end of whether being deceitful counted as being immoral. Of
which projects over the other part. course it does, Euthydemus replied. He thought that was
__________________ 1819. A wide flat hollow obvious. But what, Socrates asked, if your friend is
moulding so called because it encased bunches feeling very low and might kill himself, and you steal his
of foliage. knife? Isn’t that a deceitful act? Of course it is. But isn’t it
__________________ 1820. The projecting moulding moral rather than immoral to do that? It’s a good thing,
over the heads of doorways, windows and not a bad one – despite being a deceitful act. Yes, says
archways to throw off rain is Euthydemus, who by now is tied in knots. Socrates by
a drip store. using a clever counter-example has shown that
__________________ 1821. The characteristic of
Euthydemus’ general comment that being deceitful is
English gothic cathedral.
immoral doesn’t apply in every situation. Euthydemus
__________________ 1822. The largest medieval
cathedral in Europe. hadn’t realized this before. Over and over again Socrates
demonstrated that the people he met in the marketplace
didn’t really know what they thought they knew.

chapter 2

True Happiness Aristotle

‘One swallow doesn’t make a summer.’ You might think

this phrase comes from William Shakespeare or another
great poet. It sounds as if it should. In fact it’s from
Aristotle’s book The Nicomachean Ethics, so called
because he dedicated it to his son Nicomachus. The point
he was making was that just as it takes more than the cat. One question that Aristotle mulled over was ‘How
arrival of one swallow to prove that summer has come, should we live?’ Socrates and Plato had both asked it
and more than a single warm day, so a few moments of before him. The need to answer it is part of what draws
pleasure don’t add up to true happiness. Happiness for people to philosophy in the first place. Aristotle had his
Aristotle wasn’t a matter of short-term joy. Surprisingly, own answer. The simple version of it is this: seek
he thought that children couldn’t be happy. This sounds happiness. But what does that phrase ‘seek happiness’
absurd. If children can’t be happy, who can? But it mean? Today most people told to seek happiness would
reveals how different his view of happiness was from think of ways they could enjoy themselves. Perhaps
ours. Children are just beginning their lives, and so happiness for you would involve exotic holidays, going to
haven’t had a full life in any sense. True happiness, he music festivals or parties, or spending time with friends.
argued, required a longer life. Aristotle was Plato’s It might also mean curling up with your favourite book,
student, and Plato had been Socrates’. So these three or going to an art gallery. But although these might be
great thinkers form a chain: Socrates–Plato–Aristotle. ingredients in a good life for Aristotle, he certainly didn’t
This is often the way. Geniuses don’t usually emerge believe that the best way to live was to go out and seek
from nowhere. Most of them have had an inspirational pleasure in these ways. That on its own wouldn’t be a
teacher. But the ideas of these three are very different good life, in his view. The Greek word Aristotle used was
from each other. They didn’t simply parrot what they had eudaimonia (pronounced ‘you-die-moania’, but meaning
been taught. Each had an original approach. Put simply, the opposite). This is sometimes translated as
Socrates was a great talker, Plato was a superb writer, ‘flourishing’ or ‘success’ rather than ‘happiness’. It is
and Aristotle was interested in everything. Socrates and more than the sort of pleasant sensations you can get
Plato thought of the world we see as a pale reflection of from eating mango-flavoured ice cream or watching your
true reality that could only be reached by abstract favourite sports team win. Eudaimonia isn’t about
philosophical thought; Aristotle, in contrast, was fleeting moments of bliss or how you feel. It’s more
fascinated by the details of everything around him. objective than that. This is quite hard to grasp as we are
Unfortunately, almost all the writing by Aristotle that so used to thinking that happiness is about how we feel
survives is in the form of lecture notes. But these records and nothing more. Think of a flower. If you water it, give
of his thinking have still made a huge impact on Western it enough light, maybe feed it a little, then it will grow
philosophy, even if the writing style is often dry. But he and bloom. If you neglect it, keep it in the dark, let insects
wasn’t just a philosopher: he was also fascinated by nibble its leaves, allow it to dry out, it will wilt and die, or
zoology, astronomy, history, politics and drama. Born in at best end up as a very unattractive plant. Human beings
Macedonia in 384 bc, after studying with Plato, can flourish like plants too, though unlike plants we make
travelling, and working as a tutor to Alexander the Great, choices for ourselves: we decide what we want to do and
Aristotle set up his own school in Athens called the be.
Lyceum. This was one of the most famous centres of
Aristotle was convinced that there is such a thing as
learning of the Ancient World, a bit like a modern
human nature, that human beings, as he put it, have a
university. From there he sent out researchers who
function. There is a way of living that suits us best. What
returned with new information about everything from
sets us apart from other animals and everything else is
political society to biology. He also started an important
that we can think and reason about what we ought to do.
library. In a famous Renaissance painting by Raphael, The
From this he concluded that the best kind of life for a
School of Athens, Plato points upwards to the world of
human being was one that used our powers of reason.
the Forms; in contrast, Aristotle is reaching out towards
Surprisingly, Aristotle believed that things you don’t
the world in front of him. Plato would have been content
know about – and even events after your death – could
to philosophize from an armchair; but Aristotle wanted
contribute to your eudaimonia. This sounds odd.
to explore the reality we experience through the senses.
Assuming there is no afterlife, how could anything that
He rejected his teacher’s Theory of Forms, believing
happens when you are no longer around affect your
instead that the way to understand any general category
happiness? Well, imagine that you are a parent and your
was to examine particular examples of it. So
happiness in part rests on the hopes for your child’s
tounderstand what a cat is he thought you needed to
future. If, sadly, that child falls seriously ill after your own
look at real cats, not think abstractly about the Form of
death, then your eudaimonia will have been affected by
this. In Aristotle’s view your life will have got worse, even critically about absolutely everything was the sceptic
though you won’t actually know about your child’s Pyrrho.
sickness and you are no longer alive. This brings out well
Chapter 4 The Garden Path Epicurus
his idea that happiness is not just a matter of how you
feel. Happiness in this sense is your overall achievement Imagine your funeral. What will it be like? Who’ll be
in life, something that can be affected by what happens there? What will they say? What you are imagining must
to others you care about. Events outside your control be from your own perspective. It’s as if you are still there
and knowledge affect that. Whether you are happy or watching events from a particular place, perhaps from
not depends partly on good luck. The central question is: above, or from a seat among the mourners. Now, some
‘What can we do to increase our chance of eudaimonia?’ people do believe that that is a serious possibility, that
Aristotle’s answer was: ‘Develop the right kind of after death we can survive outside a physical body as a
character.’ You need to feel the right kind of emotions at kind of spirit that might even be able to see what’s going
the right time and these will lead you to behave well. In on in this world. But for those of us who believe death is
part this will be a matter of how you’ve been brought up, final, there is a real problem. Every time we try and
since the best way to develop good habits is to practise imagine not being there we have to do it by imagining
them from an early age. So luck comes in there too. Good that we are there, watching what is happening when
patterns of behaviour are virtues; bad ones are vices. we’re not there. Whether or not you can imagine your
Think of the virtue of bravery in wartime. Perhaps a own death, it seems quite natural to be at least a bit
soldier needs to put his own life at risk in order to save afraid of not existing. Who wouldn’t fear their own
some civilians death? If there’s anything we should be anxious about,
it’s surely that. It seems perfectly reasonable to worry
his death most scholars accepted his views of the world
about not existing even if that will happen many years
as unquestionably true. If they could prove that Aristotle
had said something, that was enough for them. This is the garden path 23 from now. It’s instinctive. Very few
what is sometimes called ‘truth by authority’ – believing people alive have never thought deeply about this. The
something must be true because an important Ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus (341–270 bc) argued
‘authority’ figure has said it is. What do you think would that fear of death was a waste of time and based on bad
happen if you dropped a piece of wood and a piece of logic.
heavy metal that was the same size from a high place?
Which would hit the ground first? Aristotle thought that It was a state of mind to be overcome. If you think clearly
the heavier one, the one made of metal, would fall faster. about it, death shouldn’t be frightening at all. Once you
In fact, this isn’t what happens. They fall at the same get your thinking straight you’ll enjoy your time here
speed. But because Aristotle declared it to be true, much more – which for Epicurus was extremely
throughout the medieval period just about everyone important. The point of philosophy, he believed, was to
believed that it must be true. No more proof was needed. make your life go better, to help you find happiness.
In the sixteenth century Galileo Galilei supposedly Some people believe that it is morbid to dwell on your
dropped a wooden ball and a cannonball from the own death, but for Epicurus it was a way of making living
leaning tower of Pisa to test this out. Both reached the more intense. Epicurus was born on the Greek island of
ground at the same time. So Aristotle was wrong. But it Samos in the Aegean. He spent most of his life in Athens
would have been quite easy to show this much earlier. where he became something of a cult figure, attracting a
Relying on someone else’s authority was completely group of students who lived with him in a commune. The
against the spirit of Aristotle’s research. It’s against the group included women and slaves – a rare situation in
spirit of philosophy too. Authority doesn’t prove Ancient Athens. This didn’t make him popular, except
anything by itself. Aristotle’s own methods were with his followers who almost worshipped him. He ran
investigation, research and clear reasoning. Philosophy this philosophy school in a house with a garden – and so
thrives on debate, on the possibility of being wrong, on it came to be known as The Garden. Like many Ancient
challenging views, and exploring alternatives. philosophers (and some modern ones, such as Peter
Fortunately, in most ages there have been philosophers Singer: see Chapter 40), Epicurus believed that
ready to think critically about what other people tell philosophy should be practical. It should change how you
them must be so. One philosopher who tried to think live. So it was important that those who joined him in The
Garden put the philosophy into practice rather than just at odds with their leader’s teaching. It’s more likely,
learnt about it. For Epicurus the key to life was though, that this was just a malicious rumour. One thing
recognizing that we all seek pleasure. More importantly, Epicurus certainly did spend a lot of time doing was
we avoid pain whenever we can. That’s what drives us. writing. He was prolific. Records suggest that he wrote as
Eliminating suffering from your life and increasing many as three hundred books on rolls of papyrus, though
happiness will make it go better. The best way to live, none of these has survived. What we know about him
then, was this: have a very simple lifestyle, be kind to comes mostly from notes followers wrote. They learnt
those around you, and surround yourself with friends. his books by heart, but they also passed on his teaching
That way you’ll be able to satisfy most of your desires. in written form. Some of their scrolls survived in
You won’t be left wanting fragments, preserved in the volcanic ash that fell on
Herculaneum near Pompeii when Mount Vesuvius
24 a little history of philosophy something you can’t get.
erupted. Another important source of information about
It’s no good having a desperate urge to own a mansion if
Epicurus’ teaching is the long poem On the Nature of
you won’t ever have the money to buy one. Don’t spend
Things by the Roman philosopher-poet, Lucretius.
your whole life working in order to get something that is
Composed over
probably beyond your reach anyway. It’s far better to live
in a simple way. If your desires are simple they are easy two hundred years after Epicurus’ death, this poem
to satisfy and you will have the time and energy to enjoy summarized the key teachings of his school. So, to return
the things to the question that Epicurus asked, why shouldn’t you
fear death? One reason is that you won’t experience it.
that matter. That was his recipe for happiness, and it
Your death won’t be something that happens to you.
makes a lot of sense. This teaching was a form of therapy.
When it happens you won’t be there. The twentieth-
Epicurus’ aim was to cure his students of mental pain,
century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein echoed this
and to suggest how physical pain could be made
view when he wrote in his Tractatus Logico-
bearable by remembering past pleasures. He pointed out
Philosophicus, ‘Death is not an event in life’. The idea
that pleasures are enjoyable at the time, but they are
here is that events are things that we
also enjoyable when we remember them afterwards, so
they can have long-lasting benefits for us. When he was experience, but our own death is the removal of the
dying and in some discomfort, he wrote to a friend about possibility of experience, not something further that we
how he managed to distract himself from his illness by could be conscious of and somehow live through. When
recalling his enjoyment of their past conversations. This we imagine our own death, Epicurus suggested, most of
is all quite different from what the word ‘epicurean’ us make the mistake of thinking there will be something
means today. It’s almost the opposite. An ‘epicure’ is of us left to feel whatever happens to the dead body. But
someone who loves eating fine foods, someone who this is a misunderstanding about what we are. We are
indulges in luxury and sensual pleasure. Epicurus had tied to our particular bodies, our particular flesh and
much simpler tastes than that suggests. He taught the bone. Epicurus’ view was
need to be moderate – giving in to greedy appetites
26 a little history of philosophy that we consist of atoms
would just create more and more desires and so in the
(though what he meant by this term was a bit different
end produce the mental anguish of unfulfilled craving.
from what modern scientists mean by it). Once these
That sort of life of wanting more and more should be
atoms come apart at death we no longer exist as
avoided. He and his followers ate bread and water rather
individuals capable of consciousness. Even if someone
than exotic food. If you start drinking expensive wine,
could carefully put all the bits back together again later,
then you’ll very soon end up wanting to drink even more
and breathe life back into this reconstructed body, it
expensive wine, and get caught in the trap of longing for
wouldn’t be anything to do with me. The new living body
things that you can’t have. Despite this, his enemies
wouldn’t be me, despite looking like me. I wouldn’t feel
claimed that in The Garden commune Epicureans spent
its pains, because once the body ceases to function
most of their time eating, drinking and having sex with
nothing can bring it back to life. The chain of identity
each other in a non-stop orgy. That’s how the modern
would have been broken. Another way Epicurus thought
the garden path 25 meaning of ‘epicurean’ got going. If he could cure his followers of their fear of death was by
Epicurus’ followers really did do this, it was completely pointing out the difference between what we feel about
the future and what we feel about the past. We care Chapter 5 Learning Not to Care Epictetus, Cicero, Seneca
about one but not the other. Think about the time before
If it starts to rain just as you have to leave your house,
your birth. There was all that time that you didn’t exist.
that is unfortunate. But if you have to go out, apart from
Not just the weeks when you were in your mother’s
putting on a raincoat or getting your umbrella, or
womb when you might have been born early, or even the
cancelling your appointment, there isn’t much you can
point before you were conceived but were just a
do about it. You can’t stop the rain no matter how much
possibility for your parents, but rather the trillions of
you want to. Should you be upset about this? Or should
years before you came along. We don’t usually worry
you just be philosophical? ‘Being philosophical’ simply
about not existing for all those millennia before our birth.
means accepting what you can’t change. What about the
Why should anyone care about all that time that they
inevitable process of growing older and the shortness of
didn’t exist? But then, if that’s true, why should we care
life? How should you feel about these features of the
so much about all those aeons of non-existence after
human condition? Same again? When people say they
death? Our thought is asymmetrical. We’re very biased
are ‘philosophical’ about what happens to them, they are
towards worrying about the time after our death rather
using the word as the Stoics would have done. The name
than the time before our birth. But Epicurus thought this
‘Stoic’ came from the Stoa, which was a painted porch in
was a mistake. Once you see this, you should start
Athens where these philosophers used to meet. One of
thinking of the time after your death in the same sort of
the first was Zeno of Citium (334–262 bc). Early Greek
way that you do the time before it. Then it won’t be a big
Stoics had views on a wide range of philosophical
concern. Some people get very worried that they might
problems about
end up being punished in an afterlife. Epicurus dismissed
that worry too. The gods aren’t really interested in their learning not to care 29 reality, logic and ethics. But they
creation, he confidently told were most famous for their views on mental control.
Their basic idea was that we should only worry about
the garden path 27 his followers. They exist apart from
things we can change. We shouldn’t get worked up about
us, and don’t get involved with the world. So you should
anything else. Like the Sceptics, they aimed for a calm
be all right. That’s the cure – the combination of these
state of mind. Even when facing tragic events, such as the
arguments. If it works, you should feel much more
death of a loved one, the Stoic should remain unmoved.
relaxed about your future non-existence now. Epicurus
Our attitude to what happens is within our control even
summed up his whole philosophy in his epitaph:
though what happens often isn’t. At the heart of Stoicism
‘I was not; I have been; I am not; I do not mind’ was the idea that we are responsible for what we feel
and think. We can choose our response to good and bad
If you believe that we are simply physical beings,
luck. Some people think of their emotions as like the
composed of matter, and that there is no serious risk of
weather. The Stoics, in contrast, thought that what we
punishment after death, then Epicurus’ reasoning may
feel about a situation or event is a matter of choice.
well persuade you that your death is nothing to be afraid
Emotions don’t simply happen to us. We don’t have to
of. You might still worry about the process of dying as
feel sad when we fail to get what we want; we don’t have
that is often painful and definitely experienced. That’s
to feel angry when someone tricks us. They believed
true even if it is unreasonable to fret about death itself.
emotions clouded reasoning and damaged judgement.
Remember, though, that Epicurus believed that good
We should not just control them, but wherever possible
memories could ease pain, so he had an answer even for
remove them altogether. Epictetus (ad 55–135), one of
that. But if you think that you are a soul in a body, and
the best-known later Stoics, started out as a slave. He
that soul can survive bodily death, Epicurus’ cure is
had endured many hardships and knew about pain and
unlikely to work for you: you will be able to imagine
hunger – he walked with a limp as a
carrying on existing even after your heart has stopped
beating. The Epicureans weren’t alone in thinking of result of a bad beating. When he declared that the mind
philosophy as a type of therapy: most Greek and Roman can remain free even when the body is enslaved he was
philosophers did. The Stoics, in particular, were drawing
renowned for their lessons in how to be psychologically
on his own experience. This wasn’t just an abstract
tough in the face of unfortunate events.
theory.
 His teaching included practical advice about how to deal spend more time on friendship and conversation which
with pain and suffering. It boiled down to this: ‘Our are themselves very rewarding. Finally, he believed that
thoughts are the soul lived for ever, so that old people shouldn’t worry
about dying. Cicero’s attitude was that we should both
up to us.’ This philosophy inspired a US fighter pilot
accept the natural process of growing older and
James
recognize that the attitude we take to that process need
B. Stockdale who was shot down over North Vietnam not be pessimistic.
during the Vietnam war. Stockdale was tortured many
learning not to care 31 Seneca, another great
times and
popularizer of Stoic views, took a similar line when he
kept in a cell in solitary confinement for four years. He wrote about the brevity of life. You don’t often hear
managed to survive by applying what he remembered of people complaining that life is too long. Most say it’s far
Epictetus’ teaching from a course he had taken in too short. There’s so much to do and so little time in
college. As he drifted which to do it. In the words of the Ancient Greek
Hippocrates, ‘Life is short, art is long.’ Old people who
30 a little history of philosophy down towards enemy can see their death approaching often wish for just a few
territory on his parachute he resolved to stay unmoved more years so that they can achieve what they really
by what others did to him, no matter how harsh his wanted to in life. But often it’s too late and they’re left
treatment. If he couldn’t change it, he wouldn’t let it feeling sad about what might have been. Nature
affect him. Stoicism gave him the strength to survive the
pain and loneliness that would have destroyed most is cruel in this respect. Just as we are getting on top of
people. This tough philosophy began in Ancient Greece, things,
but it was in the Roman Empire that it flourished. Two
we die. Seneca didn’t agree with this view. An all-
important writers who helped to spread the Stoic
rounder like Cicero, he found time to be a playwright, a
teaching were Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 bc) and
politician and a successful businessman as well as a
Lucius Annaeus Seneca (1 bc–ad 65). The brevity of life
philosopher. The problem as he saw
and the inevitably of ageing were topics that particularly
interested them. They recognized that ageing is a natural it was not how short our lives are, but rather how badly
process, and didn’t try to change what couldn’t be most
changed. At the same time, though, they believed in
of us use what time we have. Once again, it was our
making the best of our short time here. Cicero seemed
attitude
to pack more than most into a day: he
to unavoidable aspects of the human condition that
was a lawyer and politician as well as a philosopher. In
mattered most for him. We should not feel angry that life
his book On Old Age he identified four main problems
is short, but instead should make the most of it. He
with growing older: it gets harder to work, the body
pointed out that some people would waste a thousand
becomes weaker, joy in physical pleasures goes, and
years as easily as they do the
death is close. Ageing is inevitable but, as Cicero argued,
we can choose how we react to that life that they have. And even then they’d probably still
complain that life was too short. In fact life is usually long
process. We should recognize that decline in old age
enough to
need not make life unbearable. First, old people can
often get by doing get plenty done if we make the right choices: if we don’t
fritter it away on useless tasks. Some chase after money
less because of their experience, so any work they do
with such energy that they don’t have time to do much
can be
else; others fall
more effective. Their bodies and minds won’t
into the trap of giving over all their free time to drinking
necessarily
and sex. If you wait till you are old to discover this, it will
decline dramatically if they exercise them. And even if
be too late, Seneca thought. Having white hair and
physical pleasures become less enjoyable, old people can
wrinkles doesn’t guarantee that an old person has spent
much time doing anything worthwhile, even though unhappiness in the face of events we can’t control. But
some people mistakenly act as if it does. Someone who the cost might be that we become cold, heartless, and
sets sail in a ship and is carried this way and that perhaps even less human. If that is the price of achieving
calm, it may be too high. Although influenced by Ancient
32 a little history of philosophy by stormy winds hasn’t
Greek philosophy, Augustine, an early Christian whose
been on a voyage. He’s just been tossed about a lot. So it
ideas we’ll turn to next, was far from a Stoic. He was a
is with life. Being out of control, drifting through events
man of strong passions with a deep concern about the
without finding time for the experiences that are most
evil he saw in the world and a desperate desire to
valuable and meaningful, is very different from truly
understand God and his plans for humanity.
living. One benefit of living your life well is that you won’t
have to be afraid of your memories when you are old. If Chapter 6 Who Is Pulling Our Strings? Augustine
you waste your time, when you look back you may not
Augustine (354–430) desperately wanted to know the
want to think about how you spent your life, as it will
truth. As a Christian, he believed in God. But his belief left
probably be too painful to contemplate all the
many questions unanswered. What did God want him to
opportunities you missed. That’s why so many people
do? How should he live? What should he believe? He
become preoccupied with trivial work, Seneca thought –
spent most of his waking life thinking and writing about
it’s a way of avoiding the truth about what they’ve failed
these questions. The stakes were very high. For people
to do. He urged his readers to remove themselves from
who believe in the possibility of spending eternity in hell,
the crowd and to avoid hiding from themselves by being
making a philosophical mistake can seem to have terrible
busy. How, then, according to Seneca, should we spend
consequences. As Augustine saw it, he might end up
our time? The Stoic ideal was to live like a recluse, away
burning in sulphur for ever if he was wrong. One problem
from other people. The most fruitful way to exist, he
he agonized over was why God allowed evil in the world.
declared – perceptively – was studying philosophy. This
The answer he gave is still a popular one with many
was a way of being truly alive. Seneca’s life gave him
believers. In the medieval period, roughly from the fifth
plenty of chances to practise what he preached. In ad 41,
to the fifteenth century, philosophy and religion were
for example, he was accused of having an affair with the
very tightly interlinked. Medieval philosophers learnt
Emperor Gaius’ sister. It’s not clear whether he had or
from Ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and
not, but the result was that he was sent into exile in
Aristotle. But they adapted their ideas, applying them to
Corsica for the next eight years. Then his luck turned
their own religions. Many of these philosophers were
again and he was called back to Rome to become tutor
to the 12-year- old emperor-to-be, Nero. Later Seneca who is pulling our strings? 35 Christians, but there were
acted as his speechwriter and political advisor. This important Jewish and Arabic philosophers such as
relationship ended very badly, though: another twist of Maimonides and Avicenna too. Augustine, who was
fate. Nero accused Seneca of being part of a plot to much later made a saint, stands out as one of the
murder him. There was no escape for Seneca this time. greatest. Augustine was born in Tagaste in what is now
Nero told him to commit suicide. Refusal was out of the Algeria in North Africa but was then still part of the
question and would have led to execution anyway. To Roman Empire. His real name was Aurelius Augustinus,
resist would have been pointless. He took his own life, though he is now almost always known as either St
and, true to his Stoicism, was peaceful and calm to the Augustine or Augustine of Hippo (after the city where he
end. later lived). Augustine’s mother was a Christian, but his
father followed a local religion. After a wild youth and
learning not to care 33 One way of looking at the main
early adulthood during which he had a child by a
teaching of the Stoics is to think of it as a kind of
mistress, Augustine converted to Christianity in his
psychotherapy, a series of psychological techniques that
thirties, eventually becoming Bishop of Hippo. He
will make our lives calmer. Get rid of those troublesome
famously asked God to make him stop having sexual
emotions that cloud your thinking and everything will be
desires ‘but not yet’, because he was enjoying worldly
much more straightforward. Unfortunately, though,
pleasures too much. In later life he wrote many books
even if you manage to calm your emotions, you may find
including his Confessions, The City of God and almost a
that you have lost something important. The state of
hundred others, drawing heavily on the wisdom of Plato
indifference championed by the Stoics may reduce
but giving it a Christian twist. Most Christians think that to happen. In his younger days Augustine had a way of
God has special powers: he or avoiding believing that God wanted evil to happen. He
was a Manichaean. Manichaeism was a religion that
she is supremely good, knows everything and can do
originally came from Persia (present-day Iran). The
anything. That is all part of the definition of ‘God’. God
Manichaeans believed that God wasn’t
wouldn’t be God without having these qualities. In many
other religions God is described in similar ways, but who is pulling our strings? 37 supremely powerful.
Augustine was only interested in a Christian perspective. Instead there was a never-ending struggle going on
Anyone who believes in this God will still have to admit between equal forces of good and evil. So on this view,
there is a great deal of suffering in the world. That would God and Satan were locked in an ongoing battle for
be very hard to deny. Some is the result of natural evil control. Both were immensely strong, but neither was
such as earthquakes and diseases. Some of this suffering powerful enough to defeat the other. In particular places
is due to moral evil: evil caused by human beings. Murder at particular times, evil got the upper hand. But never for
and torture are two obvious examples of moral evil. Long long. Goodness would return and triumph over evil
before Augustine was writing, the Greek philosopher again. This explained why such terrible things happened.
Epicurus (see Chapter 4) had recognized that this Evil came from dark forces and goodness from the forces
presents a problem. How could a good, all-powerful God of light. Within a person, the Manichaeans believed,
tolerate evil? If God can’t stop it happening, then he can’t goodness came from the soul. Evil came from the body,
with all its weaknesses and desires and its tendency to
36 a little history of philosophy be truly all-powerful.
lead us astray. This explained why people were
There are limits to what he can do. But if God is all-
sometimes drawn towards wrongdoing. The problem of
powerful and doesn’t seem inclined to stop it, how can
evil wasn’t such a problem for them because the
he be all-good? That didn’t seem to make sense. It
Manichaeans didn’t accept the idea that God was so
puzzles many people today too. Augustine focused on
powerful that he controlled every aspect of reality. If God
moral evil. He realized that the idea of a good God who
didn’t have power over everything, then he wasn’t
knows that this kind of evil happens and does nothing to
responsible for the existence of evil, nor could anyone
prevent it is difficult to understand. He wasn’t satisfied
blame God for failing to prevent evil. Manichaeans would
with the idea that God moves in mysterious ways that
have explained the murderer’s actions as due to the
are beyond human comprehension. Augustine wanted
powers of darkness within him leading him towards evil.
answers. Imagine a murderer about to kill his victim. He
These powers were so strong in an individual that the
is poised over him with a sharp knife. A truly evil act is
forces of light could not defeat them. In later life
about to take place. Yet we know that God is powerful
Augustine came to reject the Manichaean approach. He
enough to stop it happening. It would just take a few
couldn’t see why the struggle between good and evil
minor alterations to the neurons in the would-be
would be never-ending. Why didn’t God win the battle?
murderer’s brain. Or God could makes knives turn soft
Surely the forces of good were stronger than those of
and rubbery every time someone tried to use them as a
evil? Although Christians accept that there can be
deadly weapon. That way they would just bounce off the
powers of evil, these powers are never as strong as God’s
victim, and no one would get hurt. God must know
power. Yet if God was truly all-powerful, as Augustine
what’s going on as he knows absolutely everything.
came to believe, the problem of evil remained. Why did
Nothing can escape him. And he must want the evil not
God allow evil? Why was there so much of it? There was
to happen, because that is part of what it means to be
no easy solution. Augustine thought long and hard about
supremely good. Yet the murderer kills his victim all the
these problems. His main solution was based on the
same. Steel knives don’t turn to rubber. There is no flash
of lightning, no thunderbolt, the weapon doesn’t 38 a little history of philosophy existence of free will: the
miraculously fall from the murderer’s hand. Nor does the human ability to choose what we will do next. It’s often
murderer change his mind at the last minute. So what is known as the Free Will Defence. This is theodicy – the
going on? This is the classic Problem of Evil, the problem attempt to explain and defend how a good God could
of explaining why God allows such things. Presumably if allow suffering. God has given us free will. You can, for
everything comes from God, then the evil must come example choose whether or not to read the next
from God too. In some sense God must have wanted this sentence. That’s your choice. If no one is forcing you to
read on, then you are free to stop. Augustine thought issue about free will: the question of how we could
having free will is good. It allows us to act morally. We choose to do anything if God already knows what we’ll
can decide to be good, which for him meant following choose.
God’s commands, particularly the Ten Commandments,
Chapter 8 The Perfect Island Anselm and Aquinas
as well as Jesus’ command to ‘Love thy neighbour’. But a
consequence of having free will is that we can decide to We all have an idea of God. We understand what ‘God’
do evil. We can be led astray and do bad things, like lying, means, whether or not we believe that God actually
stealing, harming or even killing people. This often exists. No doubt you are thinking about your idea of God
happens when our emotions overpower our reason. We now. That seems
develop strong desires for objects and for money. We
give in to our physical lusts and are led away from God very different from saying that God actually exists.
and what God commands. Augustine believed that the Anselm
rational side of us should keep our passions under (c.1033–1109), an Italian priest who later became
control, a view he shared with Plato. Human beings, Archbishop of Canterbury, was unusual in that with his
unlike animals, have the power of reason and should use Ontological Argument he claimed to show that, as a
it. If God had programmed us always to choose good over matter of logic, the fact that we have an idea of God
evil we wouldn’t do any harm, but we wouldn’t really be proves that God actually exists. Anselm’s argument,
free, and we couldn’t use our reason to decide what to which he included in his book Proslogion, starts from the
do. God could have made us like that. Augustine argued uncontroversial claim that God is that being ‘than which
that it was much better that he gave us choice. nothing greater can be conceived’. This is just another
Otherwise we’d have been like puppets with God pulling way of saying God is the greatest being imaginable:
all our strings so that we always behaved ourselves. greatest in power, in goodness and in knowledge.
There would be no point in thinking about how to behave Nothing greater can be imagined – or that thing would
since we would always automatically choose the good be God. God is the supreme being. This definition of God
option. So God is powerful enough to prevent all evil. But doesn’t seem controversial: Boethius (see Chapter 7)
the fact that evil exists is still not directly due to God. defined God in a similar way,
Moral evil is a result of our choices. Augustine believed
that it was also partly a result of Adam and Eve’s choices. the perfect island 47 for example. In our minds, we can
Like many Christians of his clearly have an idea of God. That too is uncontroversial.
But then Anselm points out that a God that only existed
who is pulling our strings? 39 time, he was convinced in our minds but not in reality wouldn’t be the greatest
that things went terribly wrong in the Garden of Eden as being conceivable. One that actually existed would
described in the first book of the Bible, Genesis. When certainly be greater. This God could conceivably exist –
Eve and then Adam ate from the Tree of Knowledge and even atheists usually accept that. But an imagined God
so betrayed God, they brought sin into the world. This cannot be greater than an existing one. So, Anselm
sin, called Original Sin, was not just something that concluded, God must exist. It follows logically from the
affected their lives. Absolutely every human being pays definition of God. If Anselm is right, we can be certain
the price. Augustine believed that Original Sin gets that God exists simply from the fact that we have an idea
passed on to each new generation by the act of sexual of God. This is an a priori argument, one that doesn’t rely
reproduction. Even a child from its earliest moments on any observation about the world to reach its
bears traces of this sin. Original Sin makes us more likely conclusions. It is a logical argument that, from an
to sin ourselves. For many present-day readers, this idea uncontroversial starting point, seems to prove that God
that we are somehow to blame and are being punished exists. Anselm used the example of a painter. The painter
for actions that someone else committed is very hard to imagines a scene before painting it. At some stage the
accept. It seems unfair. But the idea that evil is the result painter paints what he imagines. Then the painting exists
of our having free will and not directly due to God still both in the imagination and in reality. God is different
convinces many believers – it allows them to believe in from this sort of case. Anselm believed that it was
an all-knowing, all-powerful and all-good God. Boethius, logically impossible to have an idea of God without God
one of the most popular writers of the Middle Ages, actually existing, whereas we can quite easily imagine
believed in such a God, but he wrestled with a different
the painter who never actually painted the picture he case was weak. Anselm replied, making the point that
had imagined, so that the painting only existed in his his argument only worked in the case of God and not
mind, but not in the world. God is the only being like this: with islands, since other things are only the most perfect
we can imagine anything else not existing without of their kind, whereas God is the most perfect of
contradicting ourselves. If we truly understand what God everything. That’s why God is
is we will recognize that it would be impossible for God
not to exist. Most people who have grasped Anselm’s
‘proof’ of God’s existence suspect there is something the perfect island 49 the only being that necessarily
fishy about how he arrives at the conclusion. It just exists: the only one that couldn’t not exist. Two hundred
doesn’t feel right. Not many people have come to believe years later in a short section in a very long book called
in God purely on the basis of it. Anselm, in contrast, Summa Theologica, another Italian saint, Thomas
quoted from the Psalms that only a fool would deny Aquinas (1225–74), outlined five arguments, the Five
God’s existence. In his own lifetime another monk, Ways that were meant to demonstrate that God exists.
Gaunilo These Five Ways are now much better known than any
other part of the book. The second of these was the First
of Marmoutiers, however, criticized Anselm’s reasoning.
Cause Argument, an argument which, like much of
He
Aquinas’ philosophy, was based on one that Aristotle had
48 a little history of philosophy came up with a thought used much earlier. Like Anselm, Aquinas wanted to use
experiment that supported the fool’s position. Imagine reason to provide proof for God’s existence. The First
that somewhere in the ocean there is an island which no Cause Argument takes as its starting point the existence
one can reach. This island has incredible wealth, and is of the cosmos – everything that there is. Look around
filled with all the fruit, exotic trees and plants and you. Where did everything come from? The simple
animals that are imaginable. It isn’t inhabited either, answer is that each thing that exists has a cause of some
which makes it an even more perfect place. In fact it is kind that brought it into being and made it as it is. Take a
the most perfect island anyone can think of. If someone football. That is the product of many causes – of people
says that this island doesn’t exist, there’s no difficulty designing and making it, of the causes that produced the
understanding what they mean by this. That makes raw materials, and so on. But what caused the raw
sense. But suppose they then went on to tell you that this materials to exist? And what caused those causes? You
island must really exist because it is more perfect than can go back and trace that. And back and back. But does
any other island. You have an idea of the island. But it that chain of causes and effects go on back for ever?
wouldn’t be the most perfect island if it only existed in Aquinas was convinced that there couldn’t be a never-
your mind. So it must exist in reality. Gaunilo pointed out ending series of effects and their earlier causes going
that if anybody used this argument to try and persuade back endlessly in time – an infinite regress. If there had
you that this most perfect island actually existed, you’d been an infinite regress that would have meant that
probably think it was some kind of joke. You can’t there would never have been a first cause: something
conjure a perfect island into real existence in the world would have caused whatever you think was the first
just by imagining what it would be like. That would be cause of everything, and something must have caused
absurd. Gaunilo’s point is that Anselm’s argument for the that too, and so on to infinity. But Aquinas thinks that
existence of God has the same form as the argument for logically there must at some point have been something
the existence of the most perfect island. If you don’t that set everything going in this chain of causes and
believe that the most perfect island imaginable must effects. If he’s right about that, there must have been
exist, why believe that about the most perfect being something that wasn’t itself caused that began the series
imaginable? The same type of argument could be used of cause and effect which has brought us to
to imagine all kinds of things into existence: not just the
50 a little history of philosophy where we are now: an
most perfect island, but the most perfect mountain, the
uncaused cause. This first cause, he declared, must have
most perfect building, the most perfect forest. Gaunilo
been God. God is the uncaused cause of everything that
believed in God,
is. Later philosophers had plenty of responses to this
but he thought that Anselm’s reasoning about God in argument. Some pointed out that even if you agree with
this Aquinas that there must have been some uncaused
cause that began everything, there is no particular door when you leave your house? Surely it’s because you
reason to believe that that uncaused cause was God. An know that there are many people out there who would
uncaused first cause would have to be extremely happily steal everything you own? But, you might argue,
powerful, but there is nothing in this argument to only some people are that selfish. Hobbes disagreed. He
suggest that it need have any of the properties religions thought that at heart we all are, and that it is only the
usually assume rule of law and the threat of punishment that keep us in
check. The consequence of this, he argued, was that if
God has. For instance, such an uncaused cause wouldn’t
society broke down and you had to live in what he called
need to be supremely good; nor would it have to be all-
‘a state of nature’, without laws or anyone with the
knowing. It could have been some kind of surge of energy
power to back them up, you, like everyone else, would
rather than a personal God. Another possible objection
steal and murder when necessary. At least, you’d have to
to Aquinas’ reasoning is that we don’t have to accept his
do that if you wanted to carry on living. In a world of
assumption that there couldn’t be an infinite regress of
scarce resources, particularly if you were struggling to
effects and their causes. How do we know? For every
find food and water to survive, it could actually be
suggested first cause of the cosmos we can always ask
rational to kill other people before they killed you. In
‘And what caused that?’ Aquinas simply assumed that if
Hobbes’ memorable description, life outside society
we kept asking that question we would come to a point
would be ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short’. Take
where the answer would be ‘Nothing. This is an uncaused
away the power of the state to prevent people from
cause.’ But it is not obvious that this is a better answer
helping themselves to each other’s land and killing
than that there is an infinite regress of effects and
whoever they want to, and the result is a never-ending
causes. The saints Anselm and Aquinas, with their focus
war in which everyone is against everyone else. It is hard
on belief in God and their commitment to a religious way
to imagine a worse situation. In this lawless world even
of life, provide a stark contrast to Niccolò Machiavelli, a
the strongest wouldn’t be safe for long. We all have to
worldly thinker whom some have compared with the
sleep; and when we are asleep we are vulnerable to
devil.
attack. Even the weakest, if cunning enough, would be
Chapter 10 Nasty, Brutish, and Short Thomas Hobbes able to destroy the strongest. You might imagine that the
way to avoid being killed would be to team up with
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) was one of England’s friends. The trouble is you couldn’t be sure that anyone
greatest political thinkers. What’s less well known is that was trustworthy. If other people promised to help you,
he was also an early fitness fanatic. He would go out for then it might sometimes be in their interest to break
a long walk every morning, striding quickly up hills so as their promises. Any activity that required co-operation,
to get out of breath. In case he had any good ideas while like growing food
out he had a special stick made with an inkwell in the
handle. This tall, red-faced, cheerful man with a nasty, brutish, and short 59 on a large scale, or building,
moustache and a little wispy beard had been a sickly would be impossible without a basic level of trust. You
child. But as an adult he was extremely healthy and wouldn’t know that you’d been tricked until it was too
played real tennis into old age. He ate lots of fish, drank late, and perhaps by that time you’d literally have been
very little wine, and used to sing – behind closed doors, stabbed in the back. There would be no one to punish
and out of earshot – to exercise his lungs. And, of course, your backstabber. Your enemies could be everywhere.
like most philosophers, he had a highly active mind. The You’d live your whole life on your own in fear of attack:
result was that he lived to 91, an exceptional age for the not an attractive prospect. The solution, Hobbes argued,
seventeenth century when average life expectancy was was to put some powerful individual or parliament in
35. Despite his genial character, Hobbes, like Machiavelli, charge. The individuals in the state of nature would have
had a low view of human beings. We are all basically to enter into a ‘social contract’, an agreement to give up
selfish, driven by some of their dangerous freedoms for the sake of safety.
Without what he called a ‘sovereign’, life would be a kind
58 a little history of philosophy fear of death and the of hell. This sovereign would be given the right to inflict
hope of personal gain, he believed. All of us seek power severe punishment on anyone who stepped out of line.
over others, whether we realize this or not. If you don’t He believed that there were certain natural laws that we
accept Hobbes’ picture of humanity, why do you lock the would recognize as important, such as that we should
treat others as we’d expect to be treated ourselves. Laws mechanisms were the most advanced technology in the
are no good if there isn’t someone or something strong seventeenth century. Hobbes believed that muscles and
enough to make everyone follow them. Without laws, organs in the body were the equivalent of these: he
and without a powerful sovereign, people in the state of frequently wrote about the ‘springs’ of action and the
nature could expect a violent death. The only consolation ‘wheels’ that move us. He was convinced that all aspects
was that such a life would be very brief. Leviathan (1651), of human existence, including thinking, were physical
Hobbes’ most important book, explains in detail the activities. There was no space for the
steps needed to move from the nightmarish situation of
nasty, brutish, and short 61 soul in his philosophy. This
the state of nature to a secure society in which life is
is a modern idea that many scientists hold now, but it
bearable. ‘Leviathan’ was a gigantic sea monster
was radical for his time. He even claimed that God must
described in the Bible. For Hobbes it was a reference to
be a large physical object, though some people took this
the great power of the state. Leviathan opens with a
to be a disguised way of declaring that he was an atheist.
picture of a giant towering over a hillside, holding a
Critics of Hobbes think he went too far in allowing the
sword and a sceptre. This figure is made up of lots of
sovereign, whether it was a king or queen or parliament,
smaller people, who are recognizably still individuals.
to have such power over the individual in society. The
The giant represents the powerful state with a sovereign
state he describes is what we would now call an
as its head. Without a sovereign, Hobbes believed,
authoritarian one: one in which the sovereign has almost
everything would fall apart and society would
unlimited power over citizens. Peace may be desirable,
decompose into separate people ready to tear each
and fear of violent death a strong incentive to submit to
other to pieces in order to survive.
peace-keeping powers. But to put so much in the hands
60 a little history of philosophy Individuals in the state of of an individual or group of individuals can be dangerous.
nature, then, had very good reasons for wanting to work He didn’t believe in democracy; he didn’t believe in the
together and seek peace. It was the only way they could ability of the people to make decisions for themselves.
be protected. Without that their lives would be terrible. But if he’d known about the horrors committed by
Safety was far more important than freedom. Fear of tyrants in the twentieth century, he might have changed
death would drive people towards forming a society. He his mind. Hobbes was notorious for refusing to believe in
thought that they would agree to give up quite a lot of the existence of the soul. René Descartes, his
freedom in order to make a social contract with each contemporary, in contrast, believed that mind and body
other, a promise to let a sovereign impose laws on them. were completely distinct from each other. This was
They’d be better off with a powerful authority in charge probably why Hobbes thought Descartes was much
than all fighting each other. Hobbes had lived through better at geometry than philosophy and should have
dangerous times, even in the womb. He was born early stuck to that.Chapter 11 Could You Be Dreaming? René
because his mother had gone into labour when she heard Descartes
that the Spanish Armada was sailing to England and
You hear the alarm, turn it off, crawl out of bed, get
would probably invade the country. Fortunately it didn’t.
dressed, have breakfast, get ready for the day. But then
Later he escaped the dangers of the English Civil War by
something unexpected happens: you wake up and
moving to Paris, but the real fear that England could
realize that it was all just a dream. In your dream you
easily descend into anarchy haunted his later writing. It
were awake and getting on with life, but in reality you
was in Paris that he wrote Leviathan, returning to
were still curled up under the duvet snoring away. If
England soon after it was published in 1651. Like many
you’ve had one of these experiences you’ll know what I
thinkers of his day, Hobbes wasn’t just a philosopher –
mean. They’re usually called ‘false awakenings’ and they
he was what we would now call a Renaissance man. He
can be very convincing. The French philosopher René
had serious interests in geometry and science, and in
Descartes (1596–1650) had one and it set him thinking.
ancient history too. As a young man he loved literature
How could he be sure that he wasn’t dreaming? For
and had written and translated it. In philosophy, which
Descartes philosophy was one among many intellectual
he only took up in middle age, he was a materialist,
interests. He was an outstanding mathematician,
believing that humans were simply physical beings.
perhaps best known now for inventing ‘Cartesian co-
There is no such thing as the soul: we are simply bodies,
ordinates’ – allegedly after watching a fly walking across
which are ultimately complex machines. Clockwork
the ceiling and wondering how he could describe its from the scepticism of Pyrrho and his followers. They
position at various points. Science fascinated him too, were intent on showing that nothing could be known for
and he was both an astronomer and a certain; whereas Descartes wanted to show that some
beliefs are immune from even the strongest forms of
could you be dreaming? 63 biologist. His reputation as a
scepticism. Descartes sets out in his quest for certainty
philosopher rests largely on his Meditations and his
by thinking
Discourse on Method: books in which he explored the
limits of what he could possibly know. Like most first about the evidence that comes through the senses:
philosophers, Descartes didn’t like to believe anything seeing, touching, smelling, tasting and hearing. Can we
without examining why he believed it; he also liked trust our senses? Not really, he concluded. The senses
asking awkward questions, questions which other people sometimes trick us. We make mistakes. Think about what
didn’t get round to asking. Of course Descartes you see. Is your sight reliable about everything? Should
recognized you couldn’t go through life constantly you always believe your eyes? A straight stick put in
questioning everything. It would be extremely difficult to water seems bent if you look at it from the side. A square
live if you didn’t take some things on trust most of the tower in the distance might look round. We all
time, as Pyrrho no doubt discovered (see Chapter 3). But occasionally make mistakes about what we see. And,
Descartes thought it would be worth trying once in his Descartes points out, it would be unwise to trust
life to work out what – if anything – he could know for something that has tricked you in the past. So he rejects
certain. To do this he developed a method. This is known the senses as a possible source of certainty. He can never
as the Method of Cartesian Doubt. The method is quite be sure that his senses aren’t tricking him. They probably
straightforward: don’t accept anything as true if there is aren’t most of the time, but the faint possibility that they
the slightest possibility that it isn’t. Think of a big sack of might be means he can’t completely rely on them. But
apples. In the sack you know there are some mouldy where does that leave him? The belief ‘I am awake
apples, but you’re not sure which ones they are. What reading this now’ probably seems fairly certain to you.
you want to end up with is a sack containing just good You are awake, I hope, and you are reading. How could
apples and no mouldy ones. How would you go about you possibly doubt it? But we’ve already mentioned that
achieving that result? One way would be to tip all the you can think you are awake in dreams. How do you
apples on to the floor and then look at them one at a know you aren’t dreaming now? Perhaps you think the
time, only putting the ones that you were absolutely sure experiences you are having are too realistic, too detailed
were good back into the bag. You might throw out a few to be dreams; but
good apples in the process because they looked as if they
could you be dreaming? 65 plenty of people have very
might possibly be a bit mouldy inside. But the
realistic dreams. Are you sure you aren’t having one
consequence would be that only good apples would
now? How do you know that? Perhaps you’ve just
make it into your sack. That’s more or less what
pinched yourself to see if you are asleep. If you haven’t,
Descartes’ Method of Doubt is. You take a belief, such as
try it. What did that prove? Nothing. You could have
‘I am awake reading this now’, examine it, and only
dreamt that you pinched yourself. So you might be
accept it if you are certain it can’t be wrong or
dreaming. I know it doesn’t feel like it, and it is very
misleading. If there is the tiniest room for doubt, reject
unlikely, but there must be room for a small doubt about
it. Descartes went through a number of things he
whether you are awake or not. So, applying Descartes’
believed, and questioned whether or not he was
Method of Doubt, you have to reject the thought ‘I am
absolutely certain that they
awake reading this now’ as not completely certain. This
64 a little history of philosophy were as they seemed to shows us that we can’t wholly trust our senses. We can’t
be. Was the world really the way it looked to him? Was be absolutely sure we’re not dreaming. But surely,
he sure he wasn’t dreaming? What Descartes wanted to Descartes says, even in dreams, 2 + 3 = 5. This is where
find was one thing that he could be sure about. That Descartes uses a thought experiment, an imaginary story
would be enough to give him a foothold on reality. But to make his point. He pushes doubt as far as it will go and
there was a risk that he might sink into a whirlpool of comes up with an even tougher test for any belief than
doubt and end up realizing that nothing at all was certain. the ‘Could I be dreaming?’ test. He says, imagine there is
He used a kind of sceptical move here, but it differed a demon who is incredibly powerful and clever, but also
fiendish. This demon, if it existed, could make it seem is the idea that your mind is separate from the body and
that 2 + 3 = 5 every time you did the sum even though it interacts with it. It is a dualism because there are two
really equals six. You wouldn’t know the demon was types of thing: the mind and the body. A twentieth-
doing this to you. You’d just be adding numbers up century philosopher, Gilbert Ryle, mocked this view as
innocently. Everything would seem normal. There is no the myth of the
easy way of proving that this isn’t happening now.
could you be dreaming? 67 ghost in the machine: the
Perhaps this fiendishly clever demon is giving me the
body was the machine, and the soul the ghost inhabiting
illusion of sitting at home typing at my laptop, when in
it. Descartes believed that the mind was able to produce
fact I’m lying on a beach in the south of France. Or
effects in the body and vice versa because the two
perhaps I’m just a brain in a jar of liquid on a shelf in the
interacted at a certain point in the brain – the pineal
evil demon’s laboratory. He might have put wires into my
gland. But his dualism left him with real problems about
brain and be sending electronic messages to me that give
how to explain a non-physical thing, the soul or mind,
me the impression that I’m doing one thing, while I am
producing changes in a physical one, the body. Descartes
really doing something completely different. Perhaps the
was more certain about the existence of his mind than
demon is making me think that I’m typing words that
his body. He could imagine not having a body, but he
make sense, when in fact I am just typing the same letter
couldn’t imagine not having a mind. If he imagined not
over and
having a mind, he’d still be thinking, and so that would
66 a little history of philosophy over again. There’s no prove that he had a mind because he couldn’t have
way of knowing. You couldn’t prove that that isn’t thoughts at all if he didn’t have a mind. This idea that
happening, however crazy it might sound. This evil body and mind can be separated, and that the mind or
demon thought experiment is Descartes’ way of pushing the spirit is non-physical, not made of blood, flesh and
doubt to its limits. If there was one thing that we could bones, is very common amongst religious people. Many
be sure the evil demon couldn’t trick us about, that believers hope the mind or spirit will live on after the
would be amazing. It would also provide a way of death of the body. Proving his own existence, just so long
answering those people who claim that we can’t know as he was thinking, would not have been enough to
anything at all for certain. The next move he made led to refute scepticism, though. Descartes needed further
one of the best-known lines in philosophy, though many certainties to escape from the whirlpool of doubt that he
more people know the quotation than understand what had conjured up with his philosophical meditations. He
it means. Descartes saw that even if the demon existed argued that a good God must exist. Using a version of St
and was tricking him, there must be something that the Anselm’s Ontological Argument (see Chapter 8), he
demon was tricking. As long as he was having a thought convinced himself that the idea of God proves God’s
at all, he, Descartes, must exist. The demon couldn’t existence – God wouldn’t be perfect unless he was good
make him believe that he existed if he didn’t. That’s and existed, just as a triangle wouldn’t be a triangle
because something that doesn’t exist can’t have without interior angles adding up to 180 degrees.
thoughts. ‘I think, therefore I am’ (cogito ergo sum in Another of his arguments, the Trademark Argument,
Latin) was Descartes’ conclusion. I’m thinking, so I must suggested that we know God exists because he has left
exist. Try it for yourself. As long as you have some an idea implanted in our minds – we wouldn’t have an
thought or sensation, it is impossible to doubt that you idea of God if God didn’t exist. Once he was certain that
exist. What you are is another question – you can doubt God existed, the constructive phase of Descartes’
whether you have a body, or the body that you can see thought became much easier. A good God wouldn’t
and touch. But you can’t doubt that you exist as some deceive
kind of thinking thing. That thought would be self-
68 a little history of philosophy humanity about the most
refuting. As soon as you start to doubt your own
basic matters. So, Descartes concluded, the world must
existence, the act of doubting proves that you exist as a
be more or less as we experience it. When we have clear
thinking thing. This may not sound like much, but the
and distinct perceptions these are reliable. His
certainty of his own existence was very important for
conclusion: the world exists, and is more or less as it
Descartes. It showed him that those who doubted
appears, even though we sometimes make mistakes
everything – the Pyrrhonic Sceptics – were wrong. It was
about what we perceive. Some philosophers, however,
also the start of what is known as Cartesian Dualism. This
believe this was wishful thinking, and that his evil demon acquired all kinds of beliefs and became the person we
might just as easily have deceived him about God’s think of now as John Locke. But in what sense was he the
existence as about the thought that 2 + 3 = 5. Without same person as the baby, and in what sense was the
the certainty of a good God’s existence, Descartes would middle-aged Locke the same person as the young man?
not have been able to move beyond his knowledge that This sort of problem doesn’t just arise for human beings
he was a thinking thing. Descartes believed that he had wondering about their relationship to their past. As
shown a way out of complete scepticism; but his critics Locke noticed, it can even be an issue when thinking
are still sceptical about this. Descartes, as we’ve seen, about socks. If you have a sock with a hole in it and you
used the Ontological and Trademark arguments to prove patch that hole up, and then patch up another hole,
to his satisfaction that God exists. His fellow countryman eventually you might end up with a sock that consists just
Blaise Pascal had a very different approach to the of the patches, with none of the original material there
question of what we should believe. at all. Would that still be the same sock? In one sense it
is, because there is a continuity of parts from the original
Chapter 14 The Prince and the Cobbler John Locke and
to the completely patched up sock. But in another sense
Thomas Reid
it isn’t the same sock, because none of the original
What were you like as a baby? If you have one, look at a material is there. Or think of an oak tree. An oak tree
photograph taken at the time. What do you see? Was grows from an acorn, loses its leaves each year, gets
that really you? You probably look quite different now. bigger, branches fall off, but still remains the same oak
Can you remember what it was like being a baby? Most tree. Is the acorn the same plant as the sapling, and the
of us can’t. We all change over time. We grow, develop, sapling the same plant as the huge oak?
mature, decline, forget things. Most of us get wrinklier,
the prince and the cobbler 83 One way of approaching
eventually our hair turns white or falls out, we change
the question about what makes a human being the same
our views, our friends, our dress sense, our priorities. In
person over time would be to point
what sense, then, will you be the same person as that
baby when you are old? This question of what makes out that we are living things. You are the same individual
someone the same person over time is one that vexed animal that you were as a baby. Locke used the word
the English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). Locke, ‘man’ (meaning by that ‘man or woman’) to refer to the
like many philosophers, had wide interests. He was ‘human animal’. He thought it was true to say that over
enthusiastic about the scientific discoveries of his friends a life each of us remains the same ‘man’ in that sense.
Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton, was involved in the There is a continuity of the living human being that
politics of his day and also wrote about education. In the develops in the course of its life. But for Locke
aftermath of the English Civil War, he fled to the
being the same ‘man’ was very different from being the
Netherlands when accused of plotting
same person. According to Locke, I could be the same
82 a little history of philosophy to murder the newly ‘man’, but not the same person I was previously. How
restored king, Charles II. From there he championed could that be? What makes us the same person over
religious toleration, arguing that it was absurd to try to time, Locke claimed, is our consciousness, our awareness
force people to change their religious beliefs through of our own selves. What you can’t remember isn’t part of
torture. His view that we have a God-given right to life, you as a person. To illustrate this he imagined a prince
freedom, happiness and property influenced the waking up with a cobbler’s memories; and a cobbler with
founding fathers who wrote the United States a prince’s memories. The prince wakes up as usual in his
Constitution. We don’t have any photographs or palace, and to outside appearances is the same person
drawings of Locke as a baby. But he probably changed he was when he went to sleep. But because he has the
quite a lot as he grew older. In midlife he was a gaunt, cobbler’s memories instead of his own, he feels that he
intense-looking figure with long straggly hair. As a baby, is the cobbler. Locke’s point was that the prince is right
though, he would have been quite different. One of to feel that he is the cobbler. Bodily continuity doesn’t
Locke’s beliefs was that the mind of a newborn is like a decide the issue. What matters in questions about
blank slate. We don’t know anything when we are born, personal identity is psychological continuity. If you have
and all our knowledge comes from our experience in life. the prince’s memories, then you are the prince. If you
As the baby Locke grew into the young philosopher, he have
 the cobbler’s memories, you are the cobbler, even if you the prince and the cobbler 85 view you could be the
have the body of a prince. If the cobbler had committed same person if you had the same memories, even if these
a crime, it would be the one with the prince’s body that were attached to a different body. One consequence of
we should hold responsible for it. Of course in ordinary Locke’s view is that you probably aren’t the same person
cases memories don’t switch like that. Locke was using as the baby in the photograph. You are the same
this thought experiment to make a point. But some individual, but unless you can remember being a baby,
people do claim that it is possible that more than one you can’t be the same person. Your personal identity
person can inhabit a single body. That is a condition only extends as far back as your memory. As your
known as memories fade in old age, too, the extent of what you are
as a person will also shrink. Some philosophers feel that
84 a little history of philosophy multiple personality
Locke went a bit far with his emphasis on self-conscious
disorder, where it appears that different personalities
memory as the basis of personal identity. In the
are present within a single individual. Locke anticipated
eighteenth century, the Scottish philosopher Thomas
this possibility and imagined two completely
Reid came up with an example showing a weakness in
independent persons living in one body – one present by
Locke’s way of thinking about what it is to be a person.
day, the other only at night. If these two minds have no
An old soldier can remember his bravery in a battle when
access to each other, then they are two persons, on
he was a young officer; and when he was a young officer
Locke’s account. For Locke, questions of personal
he could remember that he had been hit when as a boy
identity were closely connected with moral
he’d stolen apples from an orchard. But in his old age,
responsibility. He believed that God would only punish
the soldier can no longer remember this event from his
people for crimes they remembered committing.
childhood. Surely this pattern of overlapping memories
Someone who no longer remembered doing evil
would mean that the old soldier was still the same
wouldn’t be the same person who committed the crime.
person as the boy? Thomas Reid thought it was obvious
In everyday life, of course, people lie about what they
that the old soldier was still the same person as the
remember. So if someone claims to have forgotten what
young boy. But according to Locke’s theory the old
they’ve done, judges are reluctant to let them off. But
soldier was the same person as the young brave officer,
because God knows everything, he will be able to tell
but wasn’t the same person as the young child who was
who deserves punishment and who doesn’t. A
hit (because the old soldier had forgotten about that).
consequence of Locke’s view would be that if Nazi-
Yet, also according to Locke’s theory, the young brave
hunters track down an old man who in his youth had
officer was the same person as the child (because he
been a concentration camp guard, the old man should
could remember his orchard escapade). This gives the
only be held responsible for what he can remember, and
absurd result that the old soldier is the same person as
not for any other crimes. God wouldn’t punish him for
the young brave officer, and the young brave officer is
the actions he’d forgotten about, even if ordinary courts
the same person as the child; but at the same time the
wouldn’t give him the benefit of the doubt. Locke’s
old soldier and the child are not
approach to personal identity also gave an answer to a
question that vexed some of his contemporaries. They 86 a little history of philosophy the same person. As a
worried about whether you needed the same body to be matter of logic that doesn’t work at all. It is like saying A
brought back to life in order to go to heaven. If you did, = B and B = C, but A doesn’t equal C. Personal identity, it
what would happen if your body had been eaten by a seems, relies on overlapping memories, not on total
cannibal or a wild animal? How would you get all the recall as Locke had thought. Locke’s impact as a
body parts back together to be raised from the dead? If philosopher rests on far more than his discussion of
the cannibal had eaten you, then bits of you would have personal identity. In his great work An Essay Concerning
become part of him or her. So how could both the Human Understanding (1690), he put forward the view
cannibal and the cannibal’s meal (i.e. you) both be that our ideas represent the world to us, but that only
restored as bodies? Locke made clear that what some aspects of that world are as they seem. This
mattered was that you were the same person in the stimulated George Berkeley to come up with his own
afterlife rather than the same body. On his imaginative account of reality.
Chapter 15 The Elephant in the Room George Berkeley stone. It’s just that for Berkeley what we call a stone is
(and John Locke) nothing more than the sensations it gives rise to. There
is no ‘real’ physical stone behind it causing the pain in the
Have you ever wondered if the light really does go off
foot. In fact there is no reality at all beyond the ideas that
when you shut the fridge door and no one can see it?
we have. Berkeley is sometimes described as an idealist
How could you tell? Perhaps you could rig up a remote
and sometimes as an immaterialist. He was an idealist
camera. But then what happens when you turn the
because he believed that all that exist are ideas; he was
camera off? What about a tree falling in a forest where
an immaterialist because he denied that material things
no one can hear it? Does it really make a noise? How do
– physical objects – exist. Like many
you know your bedroom continues to exist unobserved
when you aren’t in it? Perhaps it vanishes every time you the elephant in the room 89 of the philosophers
go out. You could ask someone else to check for you. The discussed in this book, he was fascinated by the
difficult question is: does it carry on existing when relationship between appearance and reality. Most
nobody is observing it? It’s not clear how you could philosophers, he believed, were mistaken about what
answer these questions. Most of us think that objects do that relationship was. In particular, he argued that John
continue to exist unobserved because that is the simplest Locke was wrong about how our thoughts relate to the
explanation. Most of us too believe that the world we world. It’s easiest to understand Berkeley’s approach by
observe is out there somewhere: it doesn’t just exist in comparing it with Locke’s. If you look at an elephant,
our minds. Though according to George Berkeley (1685– Locke thought, you don’t see the elephant itself. What
1753), an Irish philosopher who became Bishop of you take to be an elephant is actually a representation;
Cloyne, anything that stops what he called an idea in your mind, something like a
picture of an elephant. Locke used the word ‘idea’ to
88 a little history of philosophy being observed ceases to
cover anything we could possibly think about or
exist. If no mind is directly aware of the book you are
perceive. If you see a grey elephant, the greyness can’t
reading, it won’t exist any more. When you are looking
simply be something in the elephant, because it would
at the book you can see and touch the pages, but all that
look a different colour under a different light. The
means for Berkeley is that you have experiences. It
greyness is what Locke called a ‘secondary quality’. It is
doesn’t mean that there is something out there in the
produced by a combination of features of the elephant
world causing these experiences. The book is just a
and features of our sensory apparatus, in this case the
collection of ideas in your mind and in other people’s
eye. The elephant’s skin colour, its texture and the smell
minds (and perhaps in God’s mind), not something
of its dung are all secondary qualities. Primary qualities,
beyond your mind. For Berkeley, the whole notion of an
such as size and shape, according to Locke, are real
outside world made no sense at all. All of this seems to
features of things in the world. Ideas of primary qualities
go against common sense. Surely we are surrounded by
resemble those things. If you see a square object the real
objects that continue to exist whether or not anyone is
object that gives rise to your idea of that object is also
aware of them, aren’t we? Berkeley thought not.
square. But if you see a red square, the real object in the
Understandably, many people believed he had gone mad
world that causes your perception isn’t red. Real objects
when he first started spelling out this theory. In fact it
are colourless. Sensations of colour, Locke believed,
was only after his death that philosophers started taking
come from the interaction between the microscopic
him seriously and recognized what he was trying to do.
textures of objects and our visual system. There’s a
When he heard about Berkeley’s theory, his
serious problem here, though. Locke believed that there
contemporary Samuel Johnson kicked a stone hard in the
is a world out there, the world that scientists try to
street and declared, ‘I refute it thus’. Johnson’s point was
describe, but that we only get at it indirectly. He was a
that he was certain that material things do exist and
realist in that he believed in the existence of a real world.
aren’t just composed of ideas – he could feel that stone
This real world continues to exist even when no one is
hard against his toe when he kicked it, so Berkeley must
aware of it. The difficulty
be wrong. But Berkeley was more intelligent than
Johnson believed him to be. Feeling the hardness of a 90 a little history of philosophy for Locke is knowing what
stone against your foot wouldn’t prove the existence of that world is like. He thinks that our ideas of primary
material objects, only the existence of the idea of a hard qualities such as shape and size are good pictures of that
reality. But how could he possibly tell? As an empiricist, Dear Sir, Your astonishment’s odd: I am always about in
someone who believes that experience is the source of the Quad. And that’s why the tree Will continue to
all our knowledge, he should have had good evidence for be, Since observed by Yours faithfully, God.
the claim that ideas of primary qualities resemble the
An obvious difficulty for Berkeley, however, is explaining
real world. But his theory doesn’t explain how he could
how we can ever be mistaken about anything. If all that
ever know what the real world is like since we can’t go
we have are ideas, and there is no further world behind
and check this. How could he be so sure that ideas of
them, how do we tell the difference between real objects
primary qualities, such as shape and size, resemble the
and optical illusions? His answer was that the difference
qualities of the real world out there? Berkeley claimed to
between experience of what we call reality and
be more consistent. Unlike Locke he thought that we do
experience of an illusion is that when we experience
perceive the world directly. That is because the world
‘reality’ our ideas don’t contradict each other. For
consists of nothing but ideas. The whole of experience is
example, if you see an oar in water, it may look bent at
all that there is. In other words, the world and everything
the point where it breaks the surface. For a realist such
in it only exist in people’s minds. Everything you
as Locke, the truth is that
experience and think about – a chair or a table, the
number 3, and so on – for Berkeley only exists in the 92 a little history of philosophy the oar is really straight –
mind. An object is just a collection of ideas that you and it just looks bent. For Berkeley, we have an idea of a bent
other people have of it. It doesn’t have any existence oar, but this contradicts the ideas we will have if we
beyond that. Without someone to see or hear them, reach into the water and touch it. We’ll then feel that it
objects simply stop existing, because objects aren’t is straight. Berkeley didn’t spend every hour of his day
anything over and above the ideas that people (and God) defending his immaterialism. There was much more to
have of them. Berkeley summed up this strange view in his life than that. He was a sociable and likeable man, and
Latin as ‘Esse est percipi’ – to be (or exist) is to be his friends included the author of Gulliver’s Travels,
perceived. So the fridge light can’t be on, and the tree Jonathan Swift. In later life Berkeley hatched an
can’t make a noise when there is no mind there to ambitious plan to set up a college on the island of
experience them. That might seem the obvious Bermuda and managed to raise quite a lot of money to
conclusion to draw from Berkeley’s immaterialism. But do this. Unfortunately the plan failed, partly because he
Berkeley didn’t think that objects were continually hadn’t realized how far from the mainland Bermuda was
coming into and out of existence. Even he recognized and how difficult
that that would be weird. He believed that God
guaranteed the continuing existence of our ideas. God it was to get supplies there. He did, however, after his
was constantly perceiving things in the world, so they death, have a West Coast university named after him –
continued to exist. Berkeley in California. That came from a poem he wrote
about America which included the line ‘Westward the
the elephant in the room 91 This was captured in a pair course of empire takes its way’, a line that appealed to
of limericks written in the early twentieth century. Here’s one of the university’s founders. Perhaps even stranger
the first one, which highlights the strangeness of the idea than Berkeley’s immaterialism was his passion in later
that a tree would stop existing if no one observed it: life for promoting tar water, an American folk medicine
made from pine tar and water. This was supposed to cure
There once was a man who said ‘God Must think it
just about every illness. He even went so far as to write a
exceedingly odd If he finds that this tree Continues
long poem about how amazing it was. Although tar water
to be When there’s no one about in the Quad.’
was popular for a time, and may even have worked as a
(A ‘quad’ is the name given to the squares of grass in cure for minor ailments since it does have mild antiseptic
courtyards in Oxford colleges.) This is surely right. The properties, it is, rightly, not a popular cure now.
hardest thing to accept about Berkeley’s theory is that a Berkeley’s idealism hasn’t caught on either. Berkeley is
tree wouldn’t be there if no one was experiencing it. And an example of a philosopher who was prepared to follow
here is the solution, a message from God: an argument wherever it went, even when it seemed to
lead to conclusions that defied common sense. Voltaire,
in contrast, had little time for this kind of thinker, or,
indeed, for most philosophers.
Chapter 17 chapter 17 interested in an argument for God’s existence that began
with observation of some aspects of the world. He
The Imaginary Watchmaker David Hume
believed the Design Argument was based on bad logic.
Take a look in the mirror at one of your eyes. It has a lens His Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)
that focuses the image, an iris that adapts to changing included a chapter attacking the idea that we can prove
light, and eyelids and eyelashes to protect it. If you look God’s existence in this way. That chapter and one arguing
to one side, the eyeball swivels in its socket. It’s also quite that it was never reasonable to believe eyewitness
beautiful. How did that happen? It’s an amazing bit of reports of miracles were extremely
engineering. How could an eye have turned out this way
the imaginary watchmaker 101 controversial. At the
just by chance? Imagine stumbling through a jungle on a
time in Britain it was difficult to be openly against
deserted island, and coming to a clearing. You clamber
religious beliefs. This meant Hume never got a job at a
over the tumbled remains of a palace with walls, stairs,
university despite being one of the great thinkers of his
pathways and courtyards. You know it couldn’t have got
time. His friends gave him good advice when they told
there by chance. Someone must have designed it, some
him not to allow publication of his most powerful attack
kind of architect. If you find a watch when you are out for
on the usual arguments for God’s existence, his
a walk it is quite reasonable to assume that it has been
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779), until after
made by a watchmaker, and that it was designed for a
his death. Does the Design Argument prove the existence
purpose: to tell the time. Those tiny cogwheels didn’t just
of God? Hume thought it didn’t. The argument does not
fall into place by themselves. Someone must have
provide enough evidence to conclude that an all-
thought it all through. All these examples seem to point
powerful, all-knowing and
to the same thing:
all-good being must exist. Most of Hume’s philosophy
100 a little history of philosophy objects that look as if
concentrated on the kind of evidence we can give in
they have been designed almost certainly have been.
support of
Well then, think of nature: trees, flowers, mammals,
birds, reptiles, insects, even amoebae. These things also our beliefs. The Design Argument is based on the fact
look as if they have been designed. Living organisms are that the world appears to be designed. But, Hume
much more complicated than any watch. Mammals have argued, just because it looks designed, it doesn’t follow
complex nerve systems, blood pumping round their that it really was designed; nor does it follow that God
body, and are usually very well suited to the places they was the designer. How did he arrive at that conclusion?
inhabit. So surely an incredibly powerful and intelligent Imagine an old-fashioned set of weighing scales partly
Creator must have made them. That Creator – a Divine behind a screen. You can only see one of the two pans of
Watchmaker or Divine Architect – must have been God. the scales. If you see that pan going up, all you can know
Or that’s what many people thought in the eighteenth is that whatever is in the other pan is heavier than the
century when David Hume was writing – and some still one you can see. You can’t tell what colour it is, whether
do today. This argument for the existence of God is often it is cube-shaped or spherical, whether it has words
known as the Design Argument. New discoveries in written on it, or is covered in fur, or anything else. In this
science in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries example we’re thinking about causes and effects. In
seemed to support it. Microscopes revealed the answer to the question ‘What caused the pan to move
complexity of tiny pond animals; telescopes showed the upwards?’ all you can answer is, ‘The cause was
beauty and regularity of the solar system and the Milky something heavier in the other pan.’ You see the effect –
the pan going up – and try to work out the cause from
Way. These too seemed to have been put together with
that. But without further evidence there’s not a lot more
great precision. The Scottish philosopher David Hume
you can say. Anything you do say is pure guesswork and
(1711–76) wasn’t convinced. Influenced by Locke, he set
we have no way of telling whether it is true or not if we
out to explain the nature of humanity and our place in
can’t look behind the screen. Hume thought we are in
the universe by considering how we acquire knowledge
and the limits of what we can learn by using reason. Like 102 a little history of philosophy a similar situation with
Locke, he believed that our knowledge comes from the world around us. We see the effects of various
observation and experience, so he was particularly causes, and try to work out the most likely explanation
of these effects. We see a human eye, a tree, a mountain, it had to defy a law of nature. A law of nature was
and they might well appear to be designed. But what can something like ‘No one dies and comes back to life again’
we or ‘Statues never talk’ or ‘No one can walk on water’.
There is a huge amount
say about their probable designer? The eye looks as if an
of evidence that these laws of nature hold. But if
eye-maker has thought about how best to make it work.
someone witnesses a miracle, why shouldn’t we believe
It doesn’t follow from this, though, that the eye-maker
them? Think about what you would say if your friend
was God. Why not? God is usually thought of as having
came running into the room now and told you that she
the three special powers already mentioned: he is all-
had seen someone walking
powerful, all-knowing and allgood. Even if you reach the
conclusion that something very powerful made the on water. Hume’s view was that there were always more
human eye, you don’t have evidence to say that it was plausible explanations of what was going on. If your
all-powerful. The eye has some flaws. Things go wrong: friend tells you that she saw someone walking on water,
many people need spectacles to see properly, for it is always more likely that she is either deceiving you,
example. Would an all-powerful, all-knowing and all- or has been mistaken herself, than that she has
good God have designed the eye just this way? Possibly. witnessed a genuine miracle. We know that some people
But the evidence we get from looking at the eye doesn’t delight in being the centre of attention and are prepared
show this. At best it shows that something highly to lie to get there. So that’s one possible explanation. But
intelligent and very powerful and skilful made it. But we also know that all of us can get things wrong. We
does it even show that? There are other possible make mistakes all the time about what we see and hear.
explanations. How do we know the eye wasn’t designed Often we want to believe
by a team of lesser gods all working together? Most
that we have seen something unusual and so avoid the
complex machinery is put together by a team of people;
more obvious explanation. Even today there are many
why doesn’t the same hold for eyes and other natural
people who jump to the conclusion that every
objects, assuming they are put together at all? Most
unexplained sound late at night is the result of
buildings are built by a team of builders; why should an
supernatural activity – ghosts moving
eye be different? Or perhaps the eye was made by a very
old god who has since died. Or a very young god who was 104 a little history of philosophy about – rather than
still learning how to design perfect eyes. Because we being due to more ordinary causes such as mice or the
don’t have evidence to decide between these different wind. Although he regularly criticized the arguments
stories, we can’t be sure just from looking at the eye – an used by religious believers, Hume never openly declared
apparently designed object – that it was definitely made that he was an atheist. He may not have been. His
by a single living God with the traditional powers. If you published views could be read as claiming that there is a
start thinking clearly in this area, divine intelligence behind everything in the universe, it’s
just that we can never say much about the qualities of
the imaginary watchmaker 103 Hume believed, you will
that divine intelligence. Our powers of reason, when
be very limited in the conclusions you can draw. Another
used logically, don’t tell us much at all about what
argument that Hume attacked was the Argument from
qualities this ‘God’ must have. On the basis of this, some
Miracles. Most religions claim that miracles have
philosophers think he was an agnostic. But he probably
happened. People are raised from the dead, walk on was an atheist by the end of his life, even if he stopped
water, or make unexpected recoveries from illness; short of that before then. When his friends came to visit
statues talk or cry, the list goes on. But should we believe him in Edinburgh in the summer of 1776 as he was dying
that miracles have happened just because other people he made clear that he wasn’t about to have a deathbed
tell us they have? Hume thought not. He was deeply conversion. Far from it. James Boswell, a Christian, asked
sceptical about that idea. If someone tells you that a man him whether he was worried about what would happen
has miraculously recovered from an illness, what does after he died. Hume told him he had absolutely no hope
that mean? For something to be a miracle, Hume that he would survive death. He gave the answer that
thought, Epicurus might have given (see Chapter 4): he was, he
said, no more worried about the time after his death
than he was about the time he had not existed before his Reason (1781), he explored these limits, pushing right to
birth. Hume had many brilliant contemporaries, many of the boundaries of what makes sense. This book is far
whom he knew personally. One of them, Jean-Jacques from an easy read: Kant himself described it as both dry
Rousseau, made a significant impact on political and obscure – and he was right. Very few people would
philosophy. claim to understand it all, and much of the reasoning is
complex and jargon-heavy. Reading it can feel like
Chapter 19 chapter 19
struggling through a dense thicket of words with little
Rose-Tinted Reality Immanuel Kant (1) sense of where you are going, and few glimpses of
daylight. But the core argument is clear enough. What is
If you are wearing rose-tinted spectacles they will colour reality like? Kant thought that we can’t ever have a
every aspect of your visual experience. You may forget complete picture of the way things are. We’ll never learn
that you anything directly about what he calls the noumenal
world, whatever it is that lies behind appearances.
are wearing them, but they will still affect what you see. Although he sometimes uses the word ‘noumenon’
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) believed that we are all (singular) and sometimes ‘noumena’ (plural) he
walking around understanding the world through a filter shouldn’t have done (a point Hegel made too, see
like this. The filter is the human mind. It determines how Chapter 22): we can’t know whether reality is one thing
we experience or many. Strictly speaking, we can’t know anything at all
everything and imposes a certain shape on that about
experience. Everything we perceive takes place in time 112 a little history of philosophy this noumenal world; at
and space, and every change has a cause. But according least we can’t get information about it directly. We can
to Kant, that is not because of the way reality ultimately know about the phenomenal world, though, the world
is: it is a contribution of our minds. We don’t have direct around us, the world we experience through our senses.
access to the way the world is. Nor can we ever take the Look out of the window. What you can see is the
glasses off and see things as they truly are. We’re stuck phenomenal world – grass, cars, sky, buildings, or
with this filter and without it we would be completely whatever. You can’t see the noumenal world, only the
unable to experience anything. All we can do is recognize phenomenal one, but the noumenal world is lurking
that it is there and understand how it affects and colours behind all our experience. It is what exists at a deeper
what we experience. level. Some aspects of what exists, then, will always be
rose-tinted reality 111 Kant’s own mind was very beyond our grasp. Yet we can, by rigorous thought, get a
ordered and logical. So was his life. He never married and greater understanding than we could get from a purely
he imposed a strict pattern to each day. scientific approach. The main question Kant set himself
to answer in The Critique of Pure Reason was this: ‘How
In order not to waste any time, he had his servant wake is synthetic a priori knowledge possible?’ That question
him at 5 a.m. He would then drink some tea, smoke a probably doesn’t make any sense to you. It will take a
pipe, and begin work. He was extremely productive, little explaining. But the main idea is not as difficult as it
writing numerous books and essays. Then he would first seems. The first word to explain is ‘synthetic’. In
lecture at the university. In the afternoon, he would go Kant’s philosophical language ‘synthetic’ is the opposite
for a walk at 4.30 – exactly the same time each day – up of ‘analytic’. ‘Analytic’ means true by definition. So, for
and down his street precisely eight times. In fact people example, ‘all men are male’ is true by definition. What
who lived in his home town of Königsberg (now this means is that you can know that this sentence is true
Kaliningrad) used to set their watches by his walk. Like without making any observations of actual men. You
most philosophers, he spent his time trying to don’t need to check that they are all male, as they
understand our relation to reality. That, in essence, is wouldn’t be men if they weren’t male. No fieldwork is
what metaphysics is about, and Kant was one of the required to come to this conclusion: you could sit in an
greatest metaphysicians to have lived. His particular armchair and work it out. The word ‘men’ has the idea of
interest was in the limits of thought, the limits of what male built into it. It’s like the sentence ‘All mammals
we can know and understand. This was an obsession for suckle their young.’ Again, you don’t need to examine
him. In his most famous book The Critique of Pure any mammals at all to know that they all suckle their
young, as that is part of the definition of a mammal. If a matter of the definition of mathematical symbols, Kant
you found something that seemed to be a mammal, but believed that we are able to know a priori that 7 + 5 is
which didn’t suckle its young, you’d know that it couldn’t equal to 12 (we don’t need to check this against objects
be a mammal. Analytic statements are really just about or observations in the world). Yet at the same time this
definitions, so they don’t give us any new knowledge. gives us new knowledge: it is a synthetic statement. If
They spell out what we’ve assumed in the way we’ve Kant is right, this is a breakthrough. Before him
defined a word. philosophers investigating the nature of reality treated it
simply as something beyond us that causes our
rose-tinted reality 113 Synthetic knowledge, in contrast,
experience. Then the difficulty was how we could ever
requires experience or observation and it gives us new
get access to that reality to say anything meaningful
information, something that isn’t simply contained in the
about it that was more than just guesswork. His great
meaning of the words or symbols we use. We know, for
insight was that we could, by the power of reason,
example, that lemons taste bitter but only through
discover features of our own minds that tint all our
having tasted them (or because someone else tells us
experience. Sitting in an armchair thinking hard, we
about their experience of tasting lemons). It isn’t true by
could make discoveries about reality that had to be true,
definition that lemons taste bitter – that is something
yet weren’t just true by definition: they could be
that is learnt through experience. Another synthetic
informative. He believed that by logical argument he had
statement would be ‘All cats have tails.’ This is something
done the equivalent of proving that the world must
that you would need to investigate to find out whether
necessarily appear pink to us. He’d not only proved that
or not it was true. You can’t tell until you look and see. In
we are wearing rose-tinted spectacles, but had also
fact some cats, Manx cats, don’t have tails. And some
made new discoveries about the various shades of pink
cats have lost their tails, but are still cats. The question
that these glasses contribute to all experience. Having
of whether all cats have tails is, then, a matter of fact
answered to his satisfaction the fundamental issues
about the world, not about the definition of ‘cat’. It’s very
about our relation to reality, Kant turned his attention to
different from the statement ‘All cats are mammals’,
moral philosophy.
which is just a matter of definition and so is an analytic
statement. So where does that leave synthetic a priori
knowledge? A priori knowledge, as we have seen, is
knowledge that is independent of experience. We know
it prior to experience, that is, before we’ve had
experience of it. In the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries there was a debate about whether or not we
know anything at all a priori. Roughly speaking,
empiricists (such as Locke) thought we didn’t; rationalists
(such as Descartes) thought we did. When Locke
declared that there were no innate ideas and that a
child’s mind was a blank slate, he was claiming that there
was no a priori knowledge. This makes it sound as if ‘a
priori’ just means the same as ‘analytic’ (and for some
philosophers the terms are interchangeable). But for
Kant it doesn’t. He thought that knowledge that reveals
truth about the world, yet is arrived at independently of
experience, is possible. That’s why he introduced the
special category of synthetic a priori knowledge to
describe this. An example of

114 a little history of philosophy synthetic a priori

knowledge, one that Kant himself used, was the
mathematical equation 7 + 5 = 12. Although many
philosophers have thought that such truths are analytic,
DICTUMS
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1-3 12. which of the following device is used to convert
(QUIZZUIZ) voltage from higher to lower or vice versa
TRANSFORMER
1. Manufactured from combinations of materials
from open and closed celled foams to quilted 13. the amount of electrical charge passing through a
fiberglass and barrier. circuit.
COMPOSITES CURRENT

2. which is the most practical conductor of 14. fluoride as an additive in the water supply is a
electricity? chemical for:
COPPER DENTAL

3. the prescribed color code for equipment grounding 15. A Plumbing permit shall be invalid if works not
conductor as per Philippine Electrical Code: commenced after a period of
GREEN 1 YEAR

4. a device designed to open and close a circuit by 16. any liquid which causes fire when in contact with
non-automatic means and to open the circuit an organic matter or with other chemicals.
automatically on predetermined overcurrent without CORROSIVE LIQUID
damage to itself when properly applied within its
rating: 17. the rapid change from a local fire to one involving
CIRCUIT BREAKER all combustible materials in a room.
5. the minimum distance (in meters) of a well from a FLASHOVER
septic tank
15 18. the part of the cut-out that is designed to open or
6. How many p-traps does a double kitchen sink break an electrical current under an excessive load.
require? What do call this?
ONE CIRCUIT BREAKER

7. what do you call the main feed line of an electrical 19. strong flushing action is created by a jet of water
circuit to which branch circuits are connected? directed into the rim and jet. The force of the jet
DISTRIBUTION LINE draws the bowl contents into the rear trap. It doesn't
use siphonic action but relies on the driving force of
8. The standard water pressure from nawasa, jet action. A flush valve, 25 psi is needed with a 1.5-in.
maynilad, manila water etc. inlet spud. The large water surface and large trap-way
60 PSI size make this model efficient and suitable for
9. what type of adhesive is used to caulk around the commercial use. Flushing is very noisy. Expensive
wet surfaces? PRESSURE/TANKLESS
SILICONE
20. a steel tank is located inside the china tank. Uses
10. areas which, due to their function, are more pressure from the water supply system. A 1.5 in.
usually susceptible to an outbreak of fire, or to a rapid water supply line provides 25 psi pressure,
spread of fire or smoke. compressing trapped air in the tank. When flushed
HIGH FIRE RISK AREAS the compressed air forces the water out. The bowl is
designed to accept the torrent of water. The crest of
11. liquid sewage that has been treated in a septic the surging water empties the bowl through the
tank or sewage treatment plant. enlarged trap. Large water surface makes this model
EFFLUENT efficient. Design features make it suitable for
residential use, flushing is very noisy. Low water SIPHON-VORTEX
usage (1.5 gpf) helps conserve water. Expensive
PRESSURE/TANK 26. A type of lighting that deals with lighting relatively
large area covered.
21. the unit of luminous intensity. GENERAL LIGHTING
CANDELA
27. a box with a blank cover that serves the purpose
22. of joining one different run of raceways or cable and
provided sufficient space for connection and
branching of the enclosed conductors.
JUNCTION BOX

28. Light rays strike a plain (surface) transparent glass

which allows the rays to proceed farther
TRANSMISSION

29. size of water piping shall be based on the total

________
WATER DEMAND

30. are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be

A. DRIP PAN withdrawn using manual or mechanical means such
B. OVERFLOW PIPE as a draw bucket, pump, etc.
C. GATE VALVE WELLS

23. water enters through rim punchings and through 31. May be used either for the collection of water
a jet that fills the rear trap-way completely, creating without consideration of pressure, or for storing
a siphon action and resulting in the quick withdrawal water under air pressure or under a static head for
of water from the bowl. A water jet is located at the future distribution by pneumatic or gravity means.
inlet of the trap-way. Most of the bowl surface is Materials are PVC, G.I., reinforced concrete, stainless
covered with water. This model is efficient but steel or plain steel.
moderately noisy. Its cost is reasonably low. WATER TANK
REVERSE-TRAP
32. Water enters through an open rim, as though a
24. fire alarm system that comprises one or more bucket of water were dumped into the bowl, filling
circuits with detectors connected in parallel, and the front trap-way and creating siphon action. This
each detector has a unique identification on the model provides quick removal of water with minimum
circuit. water rise. A small water surface makes the model
ADDRESSABLE FIRE ALARM PANEL vulnerable to soiling and clogging. This is the least
25. water enters through diagonal punching around efficient and most noisy type but the lowest in cost.
the rim of the bowl, creating a vortex that draws the WASH DOWN
water down into the rear trap with a swirling action
that scours the walls of the bowl. Water strikes two 33. pair of fitting terminating an EMT to a utility box.
parallel ridges and folds over forming a jet, producing BUSING & LOCKNUT
siphonic action. A large water surface provides a very 34. what is the minimum allowance clearance from
efficient and clean process, and the flushing is the highest point of the roof to the service conductor
extremely quiet. This model is mostly on one-piece according to the National Building Code of the
construction with a low profile, Expensive. Philippines?
2.5 M
 vent that ventilates multiple traps, in the case of back
35. No water closet or bidet shall be set closer than to back fixture.
______ m from its center to any side of the wall or COMMON VENT
obstruction or closer than _________m center to
center to any similar fixture. 43. refers to the unit of intensity of light of one
0.375 / 0.75 standard candle whose light is concentrated at a point
and the light source is assumed to be placed at the
36. recessed lighting that is built-in during center of a hollow sphere of one-foot radius.
construction. CANDLE POWER
DOWNLIGHTING
44. the principle artery of the venting system to which
37. an electrical safety device that operates to vent branches may be connected
provide overcurrent protection of an electrical MAIN VENT
circuit. its essential component is a metal wire or strip
that melts when too much current flows through it, 45. to cause water or other liquid to percolate
thereby stopping or interrupting the current. through something, so as to dissolve out soluble
constituents.
LEACH

46. Minimum wire size for an air-conditioning unit.

5.5MM^2

47. lighting by means of sources shielded by a ledge

or horizontal recess that distribute light over the
ceiling and upper wall.
COVE LIGHTING

FUSE 48. which is the best conductor of electricity?

SILVER
38. an electrical circuit that carries the same equal
current and the total resistance, R, is the sum of the 49. which is not one of the components of plumbing?
resistance throughout the circuit. ELECTRICAL PIPING SYSTEM
SERIES CONNECTION
50. A hanging fixture from the ceiling
39. the illumination at any point on the sphere is a PENDANT LIGHTING
one-foot candle the unit for the power or intensity of
light. 51. wall mounted lighting fixture
CANDLE POWER SCONCE LIGHTING

40. the extension of a soil or waste stack above the 52. In LED light, LED means ________
highest horizontal drain connected to the stack LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
horizontal drain, the uppermost end above the roof
STACK VENT 53. a flange that is not drilled
BLANK FLANGE
41. are grease can be disposed in the kitchen sink?
NEVER 54. Installation of all parts of the plumbing system
which can be completed prior to the installation of
42. a vent connecting at the junction of two fixture fixtures
drains and serving as a vent for both fixtures. A single ROUGH IN
 MOISTURE RESISTANT THERMOPLASTIC
55. to cause water or other liquid to percolate
through something, so as to dissolve out soluble 67. areas in which all occupants are ambulant and
constituents. able to move unaided away from a fire.
LEACH LIFE RISK AREAS

56. one of the first steps in the selection of a suitable

water supply source is: BUILDING UTILITIES
(WATER) POTABILITY
Types of Rigid Plastic Pipes
57. the unit of electrical energy as a product of -Polyvinylchloride
current passing through a resistor. -Chlorinated Polyvinyl
VOLTAGE -Polypropylene

58. what fits between a closet flange and toilet bowl? -Acrilonitryle bytadiene styrene
WAX RING Types of cast iron pipes
-Standard Pipe Single Hub pipe
59. used to connect the two ends of two pipes, -double hub pipe
neither of which can be turned -hub less pipe
NIPPLE Types of Traps
-P-Trap
60. the cable that connects the distribution line to the
service entrance -S-trap
SERVICE DROP -3/4 Strap
-Grease Trap
61. the science that deals with the measurement of -Bag Trap
light
PHOTOMETRY -Crown Trap
-Bell trap
62. the standard height of lighting switch measured Causes of Trap seal loss
from the finished floor line. -Siphonage
120 CM
-Back pressure
63. Light rays leaving the source strike a rough, -Evaporation
opaque surface which spreads the light in various -Capillary Attraction
directions. -Wind effects
DIFFUSION
Types of Valves
64. all pipe determinations shall be based on eighty -Gate valve
percent (______) of the reduced pressure. -Check Valve
80% -Globe Valve

65. this material is used to threaded pipe connections -Angle Valve

to prevent leakage -Butterfly Valve
TEFLON TAPE -Foot valve
-Safety Valve
66. TW type of wire is the most common electrical
wire used and is appropriate for dry and wet Types of Ventilation System
locations. what is the trade name of TW? -Unit Vent
-Circuit Vent
-Yoke Vent

-Loop vent
-Relief Vent
-Back vent
-Blind vent

-Branch vent
● Clean out – Equal removable Plug which
provides inspection
● Circuit Vent – Sewers two or more traps and
extends from in front of the last fixture
● Seal measurement – The vertical distance
between the top, dip and crown wear of a
pipe.
● Seepage Pit/cesspool – A lined and covered
excavation
in the ground
● Septic Tank – a water type receptacle which
receives the discharge of a plumbing system
● Back vent – also called individual vent
● Globe Valve – a valve in which the flow of
fluid is control by a rotating drilled ball
● Loop vent – a type of ventilation system used
in fixture in a
room away from partitions
● Air gap – the unobstructed vertical distance
through the free.
● Horizontal pipe – less than 45 degrees with
horizontal.
● Riser – a water supply pipe that extends one
full storey
● Soil Stack – vertical line of piping that
extends one or more floors and receive the
discharge of water closet.
● Vent pipe – pipe installed two ventilate a
building drainage
system and to prevent trap siphonage
 ● Stack vent – also serves as a drain. The ● Speed – some travels at 1130 feet per
extension of a soil or waste stack second or 344 minutes per second at
above the highest horizontal drain normal room Temperature (68 F)
connection to the stack. sound travels faster in denser media.
● Building supply pipe – the pipe from ● Intensity – rate at which sound energy
the water main or other source of is being transmitted measured at any
water supply to the water distributing point in the medium: Square distance
system of a building. ● Decibel – the unit in which sound
● Vent Stack – a vertical pipe installed in intensity is defined for
order to provide architectural purposes.
circulation of air to and from the drainage ● Frequency – the number of
system. displacement or oscillations that a
● Drain pipe – a pipe that only conveys particle undergoes per second.
liquid waste free from fecal matter. ● Hertz – units of frequency numerically
● Battery of fixture – any group of two equal to cycles per second.
ore more similar Pitch – the attribute of an auditory
adjacent fixtures which discharge into a system which enables as to pinpoint
common horizontal waste or soil branch. sound a scale extending from high to
● Sewer – an artificial conduit usually low frequency.
underground for carrying ● Sound reflection – Sound reflected of
off waste water and refuse. a surface usually one is hard rigid or
● 3/8 – minimum fixture supply size by flat.
lavatory ● Sound absorption – sound waves
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM absorb in a material upon contact
change of sound energy into some
●Rolling gutter – this shuts of the well other form.
way at a given floor, thus preventing ● Surface absorption – sound absorption
draft and the spread of fire upward of a surface
through escalator as well. obtains by multiplying the area of a surface
● Smoke guard – consists of fire proof ● Sabin’s – unit of surface absorption
baffles surrounding the well way ● Sound diffusion – occurs when sound
extending downward about 20 below waves dispersed equally in a room
ceiling level. ● Sound diffraction – acoustical
ACOUSTIC SYSTEM phenomenon which causes sound
waves to be bent or scattered around
● Environmental Acoustics – deals with such obstacles as corners, columns,
the effect of the environmental upon walls and beam.
audible sound waves architectural ● Sound diffraction – change of sound
acoustics and landscape acoustics. waves direction as it moves from one
● Sonics – deals with mechanical waves medium to another of different
in basic scientific researches industry density.
and medicine. ● Sound transmission – Sound which
● Speech – produce by the woman penetrates through surface
voice. ● Pitch – frequency of sound vibration in
● Noise – produced by the impact, by the predominant
vibrating bodies even by speech or frequently of a sound as perceived buy a
music. human ear.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
● Automatic system – uses detectors to
trigger the alarm is triggered by hand.
● Manual system – used visual
detection and the alarm is
triggered by hand
● Photoelectric detector – this detector
reacts to the obscuration of a light
beam by smoke.
● Dual coded systems – this system is a
combination of the non-coded and
the zone coed system
ELECTRIC SYSTEM

● Alternating current generators or

alternators – the bulk of electrical
energy utilize today is inform of
alternating current including energy
for power and lighting
● Coulomb – a coulomb of electricity
comprises 6.25 x 1018
● Ampere – current represents a rate of
flow of one coulomb or
6.25 x 1018 electrons / second to a given cross
section
● Volt – is the electromotive force or
potential difference between two
pints in an electric field which will
move a charge of one coulomb
between theses points.
● Ohm – the resistance between allow
one ampere of current to
flow when one volt is empress upon it.
 ● Watts – the unit of electric power or ● Armored cable wiring – consist of rubber
the rate of doing electrical work. or thermos plastic covered wire protected
● Ohms law – 1 = V/R by injury to a certain wire protected from
● Branch circuits – an electrical injury to a certain extent from dampness
s=circuits may be defining as a ● Unit substations – AN ASSEMBY OF
complete conducting path carrying PRIMARY switch fuse breakers step down
the current from a source of transformer
electricity to and trough some LIGHTING
electrical device or load and back to
the source. ● Reflection – when light or sound is
● Lightning rod – anything of several reflected from a smooth surface the angle
conducting rods installed at the top of of incidents is equals to the angle of
a structure and grounded to divert reflection
lighting away from a structure. ● Diffusion- a scattered reflection of light
● Conductors – our materials which from an irregular surface or an erratic
allow the free flow of electrons dispersion through a translucent material.
through them.
● Armored cable – a fabricated
assembly of insulated conductors and
close inflexible metal sheath
● Flat cable assemblies – an assembly of
parallel conductor’s form integrally
with an insulating material web design
especially for field installation in
square structural channels.
● Conduits – are circular raceways used
to enclose wires and cable and are of
metal or plastics.
● Raceways – a channels are wiring
accessories so design for
holding wires cables and bus bars that are
either made of metal, plastic or isolating
medium
● Bus conductors – large conductors
which are not circular in
cross section and usually found only to supply
the main switch bards
● Outlet – is an outlet intended for
direct connection to a lamp older
lighting fixture or pendant chords
● Lighting track – a factor assembled
channel with conductors for one to
four circuit permanently installed in
the track that will act as slight duty.
● Flat cable assemblies – a field installed
rigidly mounted square, structural
channel
 ● Absorption – the radiation In column, the ratio of its effective length to its
absorbs by a surface least radius of gyration is called.
● Refraction – the change of ● Slenderness ratio
direction f a ray of light as it passes
obliquely from one medium and A bended rod to resist shear and diagonal stresses
to another in which velocity is in a concrete beam is called.
different ● Stirrups
● Transmittance – the radiation
transmits and emerging from
body
● Diffraction – the modulation of
light or sound waves as they
bend around the edges of an obstacle in path
● Luminous intensity = candel (cd)
ARSC
A temporary change in the dimensions or
shape of a body produced by a stres

● elastic deformation
Type of load that is increasing or decreasing
linearly throughout the length of the beam
● uniformly varying load
Buildings used for college or adult education
with a capacity of 500 or more students fall to
what type of occupancy?
● Special occupancy
Aviation control towers fall to what type of
occupancy?
● Essential facilities
Buildings or structures therein housing and
supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or
substances fall to what type of category?
● Hazardous facility
A bend or curve given to develop an equivalent
embedment length, used where there is
insufficient room to develop in adequate
embedment length.
● Hook

Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural

buildings fall to what type of occupancy?
● Miscellaneous occupancy
Short column refers to the laterally
unsupported length along the longitudinal axis
not more than how many times its least lateral
dimension?
● 10
A short steel bar extending from one concrete A property of a body that defines its resistance
element to another as for instance a concrete to a change in angular velocity about an axis of
foundation to a concrete column. It may or rotation.
may not transfer direct stress. ● moment of inertia
● Dowel
Long column refers to the laterally These are lateral loads except one
unsupported length along the longitudinal ● movable load
axis not less than how many times its least A storey whose strength is less than 80 of the
lateral dimension? strength of the storey above is considered as
● 10 .
A material used as ingredient of concrete and ● Weak Storey
added to concrete before or during its mixing This is essentially a vertical truss system
to modify its properties provided to resist lateral forces of a building.
● Admixture ● Braced Frame
The section at which the moment changes
from positive to negative along its longitudinal
axis.
● inflection point
An expansion joint’s adjacent parts of a
structure to permit expected movements
between them is called.
● Contraction joint
The main reinforcing bar resisting tension at
the span of a beam.
● Bottom Bar
The vertical or horizontal face in a concrete
structure where concreting has been stopped
and continued later
● Construction joint
Honey comb in concrete can be limited by the
use of…
● vibrator
waterThe tendency of most material to move
or deform over time under a constant load
The amount of movement varies enormously
depending upon the material.
● Creep
A deformed bar, embedded in a concrete
construction at a joint and designed to hold a
butting edges together, not designed for
direct load transfer
● Dowel
Formed when a concrete surface hardens
before the next batch of concrete is placed
● Cold joint
The main reinforcing bar resisting tension at
the support of a beam.
● top Bar
Constructing a high- rise building requires The behavior of sandy soil to weaken its
concrete that can easily be pumped. What capacity to carry imposed loads when
type of admixture in concrete the contractor subjected to vibration such as earthquake
will provide which can reduce the particularly when water table saturates this
requirement of mixing water and produce a layer.
flowing concrete that does not segregate and ● Liquefaction
needs very little vibration It is a beam especially provided over an opening
● Plasticizer for a door or window to carry the wall over
(NSCP 403.20) A complete record of test of opening.
materials and of concrete shall be available for ● Lintel beam
inspection during the progress of work . How For any given granular material, the steepest
many years after completion of the project angle with horizontal, a heaped soil surface will
shall certificates be preserved by the make in normal condition that will not slide.
inspecting engineer or architect. ● Angle of repose
● 2 year The analysis of the stress, strain and deflection
What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of steel? characteristics of structural behavior is
● 7,850 Kg referred to as:
What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of concrete? ● structural analysis
● 2,400 Kg It is the general term applied for all force which
What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of water? act upon a structure and anything else which
● 1,000 Kg causes stresses or deformation within a
A type of gunite mixed with an accelerating structure, or part thereof:
admixture with aggregate larger than 10mm ● loads
originally sprayed under high air pressure of The section at which the moment changes from
lining tunnels. positive to negative
● Shotcrete ● Inflection Point
If a structure is judged under the condition A joint where two successive placement of
either to be no longer useful for its intended concrete meet.
function or to unsafe, it has reached its .
● Limit state
A phenomenon of failure or damage that may
result in sudden and brittle fracture of a
ductile material due to reversals of stresses
applied to a body repeatedly or a great
number of times.
● Metal Fatigue
The load at which a perfectly straight member
under compression assumes a deflected
position.
● Buckling load
It is a beam type supported by a hinge/roller
at one end and the other end is projecting
beyond a fixed support.
● Semi-continuous beam
The upward pressure against the bottom of
the basement floor of a structure or road slab
caused by the presence of water.
● Uplift pressure
 ● Construction joint • Radius
A joint between adjacent parts of a •
structure which permits movement
between them

resulting from In the design of structures, the maximum unit

contraction • Contractio stress permitted under working loads by codes
n joint and specifications.

A joint or gap between adjacent parts of a A load which acts evenly over a structural
building, structure or concrete work which member or over a surface that supports the
permits their relative movement due to load.
temperature changes (or other ● Distributed load
conditions)without rupture or damage The weight of a structure itself, including the
● Expansion joint weight of fixtures or equipment permanently
A wall which supports vertical loads in addition attached to it.
to its weight without the benefit of a complete ● Dead load
vertical load carrying space frame. The distance between inflection point in the
● Bearing wall column when it breaks.
Wall, either freestanding or laterally braced, ● Effective length
that bears against an earth or other fill surface The minimum length of straight reinforcing bar
and resists lateral and other forces from the or reinforcing rod which is required to anchor it
material in contact with the side of the wall, in concrete
thereby preventing the mass from sliding to a ● Development length
lower elevation. The length of embedded reinforcement
● Retaining wall required to develop the design strength at a
Any material changes in shape when subjected critical section
to the action of a force. ● Development length
● Deformation In an elastic material which has been subject to
Any displacement in a body from its static strain below its elastic limit, the ratio of the unit
position, or from an established direction or stress to the corresponding unit strain.
plane, as a result of forces acting on the body ● Modulus of elasticity
● Deflection Steel reinforcement which is placed in a
A law stating that the deformation of an elastic concrete slab, or the like, to minimize the
body is proportional to the force applied, possibility of developing cracks as a result of
provided the stress does not exceed the elastic temperature changes.
limit of the material. ● Temperature bar
● Hook’s law To find the volume of water in a cylinder tank,
The deformation of a structural member as a multiply the area of its base by its:
result of loads acting on it. • Diameter
● Deflection • Height
The major horizontal supporting member of • Perimeter
the floor system is called:
● Girder
Load acting on a very small area of a structure.
● Concentrated load
 • Allowable stress embedment length beyond the
• Bending stress point of inflection?
• Flexural stress • Not less than the effective
• Tensile stress depth of member
The stress that can cause the bending of a of 12 db, or 1/16th the clear span, whichever is
member, as under a load. greater.
• Allowable stress • L/3 + d or 24 db, or 1/12th the
• Bending stress clear span, whichever is
• Flexural stress greater.
• Tensile stress • Not less than 1.5 d or 14 db, or
The most important component to determine 1/12th the clear span,
the strength of concrete mix. whichever is greater.
• Cement • L/4 + 2d or 12 db, 1/12th the
• Gravel clear span, whichever is
• Lime greater What is the minimum
• Sand concrete cover for primary
The ultimate strength of the material divided reinforcement of beams and
by the allowable working load. columns not exposed to earth
• Maximum strength or weather for precast
• Safety factor manufactured under plant
• Strength limit control conditions?
• None of these • db but not less than 25 mm
The ratio of the ultimate breaking strength of • db but not less than 15 mm
a member or piece of material or equipment and need not exceed 40 mm
to the actual working stress when in use. • db but not less than 20 mm and
• Maximum strength need not exceed 50 mm
• Safety factor
• Strength limit
• None of these
How is a 90 degree bend standard hook for
concrete reinforcement constructed?
• 90 degree bend plus 10 db
extension, at free end of the
bar
• 90 degree bend plus 12 db
extension, at free end of the
bar
• 90 degree bend plus 6 db
extension, at free end of the
bar
• 90 degree bend plus 4 db
extension, at free end of the
bar What is the minimum
requirement for development
of at least 1/3 of the total
reinforcement provided for
negative moment
reinforcement as an
 • db but not less than 30 mm • None of the above The primary reason for
What is the minimum concrete cover for using pinned connection.
primary reinforcement of beams and • To allow relatively free end rotation of
columns not exposed to earth or weather for connection members
cast in place concrete? • To make the analysis simpler
• db but not less than 25 mm • To allow for better load distribution
• db but not less than 15 mm • All of the above
and need not exceed 40 mm The milky layer composed of cement and fine
• db but not less than 20 mm aggregate on the upper surface of the concrete
and need not exceed 50 mm mass during curing process due to an excess
• db but not less than 30 mm amount of water used:
Everybody perseveres in its state of being at • Grout
rest or of moving uniformly straight forward • Laittance
except insofar as it is compelled to change its • Mortar
state by forces impressed.
• Brace System
• moment of couple
• moment of inertia
• none of the above
A shear type structural system without a
complete vertical load carrying space frame.
• Bearing wall system
• Brace frame system
• Structural system
• All of the above
An assemblage of framing members designed
to support gravity loads and resist lateral
forces. They may be categorized as building
or non- building.
• Bearing wall
• Brace frame
• Structure
• All of the above Loop or reinforcing bar or
wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement.
• Dowel
• Extra bar
• Stirrup
• Tie
The distance between inflection point in the
column when it breaks.
• Development length
• Cross-sectional area
• Effective length
• Equivalent distance The amount of space
measured in cubic units:
• Area
• Perimeter
• Volume
• Plaster factors of structural integrity for human
The milky layer composed of cement and fine habitation.
aggregate on the upper surface of the • Architectural Structures
concrete mass during curing process due to
an excess amount of water used: • Beam
• Grout • Column
• Laittance • Structure
• Mortar Structural connectivity to the ground of all
• Plaster Type of beam fixed only at one buildings by theoretical application.
support. • Cantilever
• Cantilever beam • Fixed connection
• continuous beam • Pin connection
• semi- continuous beam • Roller connection
• simple beam High rise structural system consisting of the
A graphic representation of the variation in outer walls modified as a structural frame.
magnitude of the bending moment • Core system
• Concentrated load
• Deflection
• moment diagram
• shear diagram
An imaginary line passing through the
centroid of the cross section of a beam, along
which no bending stresses occur.
• clear span
• effective span
• span
• neutral axis
Measure of resistance for flexural or bending
stress
• Moment
• Moment of inertia
• Section Modulus
• Shear
The extent of space between two supports of
a structure
• clear span
• effective span
• span
• neutral axis The distance between inner
faces of the support
• clear span
• effective span
• Span
• neutral axis
The integration of the Architecture
profession in collaboration to structural
engineering to produce a Work of Art with
• Damper system • Core system
• Outrigger braced system • Damper system
• Tubular System • Outrigger braced system
A body or assemblage of bodies in space to • Tubular System
form a system capable of supporting loads. A type of foundation capable of distributing the
• Architectural Structures loads on a wide surface of the ground.
• Beam
• Column • Deep foundation
• Structure • Pile foundation
The most commonly used spanning structure • Raft foundation
because of their light weight and high strength • Shallow foundation
in place of solid beam. Piles designed for anchorage to prevent soil
• Arch erosion during wide excavation.
• Pneumatic structure
• Post and lintel • Bored piles
• Truss • Concrete piles
The transitional structure of a building to
safely transfer the loads to the comparatively
weaker ground.
• Load transfer
• Foundation
• Safety
• Structure
Type of structural system where a pendulum is
incorporated in the building to act as counter
weight for external forces.
• Core system
• Damper system
• Outrigger braced system
• Tubular System
Type of stress developed along the
longitudinal axis of a cable holding a
suspended bridge.
• Bearing stress
• Compressive stress
• Shear stress
• Tensile stress
A spanning structure with an all compressive
part holding together in a state of equilibrium.

• Arch
• Pneumatic structure
• Post and lintel
• Truss
High rise structural system creating interior
reinforcement as a form of large hollow
column.
 • Sheet piles • Bored piles
• Timber Piles • Driven piles
Classification of piles where most of the • Friction piles
resistance is developed at the toe of the pile, • End bearing piles
bearing on a hard layer or bedrock. Timber piles are the most economical but have
• Bored piles limited lengths and are classified as.
• Driven piles
• Friction piles • Bored piles
• End bearing piles • Driven piles
Pile-bearing capacity is developed by shear • Friction piles
stresses along the sides of the pile, suitable • Replacement piles
when harder layers are too deep to attain.
• Bored piles The characteristic of pile when the founding
• Driven piles layers are too deep to attain.
• Friction piles
• End bearing piles
The characteristic of an offshore pile in terms
of mechanism of load transfer

• Bored piles
• Driven piles
• Friction piles
• End bearing piles
Classification of cast in place concrete
according to its method of installation

• Bored pile
• Composite pile
• Driven pile
• Pre-cast pile

The characteristic of a steel H-section pile in

terms of method of installation.

• Bored piles
• Driven piles
• Friction piles
• End bearing piles
A vertical supporting element connecting the
foundation and the elevated railway.

• Pier
• Pile cap
• Tie Beam
• Transom
Replacement piles are classified according to
its method of installation.
 • Bored piles • Driven pile
• Driven piles • Pre-drilling
• Friction piles A type of foundation where the load of building
• End bearing piles is distributed deep into the soil.

Displacement piles are classified according to • Deep foundation

its method of installation. • Pile foundation
• Raft foundation
• Bored piles • Shallow foundation
• Driven piles THE CODE NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF
• Friction piles THE PHILIPPINES
• End bearing piles

A vertically installed structural element to

prevent the displacement of a foundation
produced by the weight of a structure.
• Pile
• Pile cap
• Pier
• Transom
A horizontal structural element exposed to
weather supporting the elevated railway.

• Pier
• Pile cap
• Tie Beam
• Transom
This is done if the soil is loose to avoid
collapse of the bore wall during the
installation process.
• Cased pile
• Cast in-place pile
• Driven pile
• Pre-drilling
A horizontal foundation to connect the pile
and the vertical supports of the super
structure.

• Pier
• Pile cap
• Tie Beam
• Transom
An initial bore is set to correctly identify the
exact location of the bore with a rotating
bucket.
• Cased pile
• Cast in-place pile
 (NSCP 305.7.3) In using sand backfill in the • 300 mm
annular space around column not embedded (NSCP 407.8.1) Minimum concrete cover cast
in poured footings, the sand shall be against and permanently exposed to earth.
thoroughly compacted by tamping in layers • 50 mm
not more than mm in depth? • 75 mm
• 200 mm • 100 mm
• 300 mm • 125 mm
• 400 mm (NSCP 407.7.3)In spirally reinforced or tied
• 500 mm reinforced compression members, clear
(NSCP 407.7.3)The minimum clear spacing distance between longitudinal bars shall not be
between parallel bars in a layer must be db less than?
but not less than? • 1.50 db
• 25mm • 1.75 db
• 50mm • 2.0 db
• 75mm • 2.15 db
• 100mm
(NSCP 407.7.6.4) Individual bars within a
bundle terminated within the span of flexural
members shall terminate at different
points with at least stagger:
• 10 db
• 20 db
• 30 db
• 40 db
(NSCP 207.20) Low rise buildings is an
enclosed or partially enclosed with mean roof
height less than or equal to?
• 15 M
• 18 M
• 21 M
• 24 M
(NSCP 407.30) The minimum bend diameter
for 10mm Ø through 25mm Ø bars
• 6 db
• 8 db
• 10 db
• 12 db
(NSCP 407.8.1) The minimum clear concrete
covering for cast in place slab.
• 20mm
• 25mm
• 40mm
• 50mm
(NSCP 412.3.1) Development length for
deformed bars in tension shall be less than.
• 150 mm
• 200 mm
• 250 mm
 (NSCP 407.7.5)In walls and slabs other than • L/28
concrete joist construction, primary flexural (NSCP 208.5.1.1) In the determination of
reinforcement shall not be spaced farther seismic dead load with a minimum of
apart than 3 times wall or slab thickness nor of floor live load shall be applicable for storage
farther than? and warehouse occupancies.
• 300mm • 25%
• 375mm • 30
• 450mm • 35
• 500mm • 50
(NSCP 409.2.1) In ultimate strength design, the (NSCP 302.2.4) Before commencing the
strength reduction factor Ø for flexure without excavation work, the person making the
axial loads. excavation shall notify in writing the
• 0.70 owner of the adjoining building not less than
• 0.75 days before such excavation is to be
• 0.85 made.
• 0.90 • 10 days
• 15 days
(NSCP 409.4.2.3) In ultimate strength design,
the strength reduction factor Ø for shear and
torsion.
• 0.70
• 0.75
• 0.85
• 0.90
(NSCP 409.6.2)The minimum one way slab
thickness which is simply supported at the
ends only.
• L/10
• L/20
• L/24
• L/28
(NSCP 409.6.2)The minimum one way slab
thickness for a ONE end continuous slab.
• L/10
• L/20
• L/24
• L/28
(NSCP 409.6.2) The minimum one way slab
thickness for a BOTH ends continuous slab.
• L/10
• L/20
• L/24
• L/28
(NSCP 409.6.2) The minimum cantilevered slab
thickness.
• L/10
• L/20
• L/24
• 30 days • 450mm
• 60 days Zone 3 of the Philippine map has a • 500mm
wind velocity of Kph? • 300mm
• 150 Kph Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in
• 150 Kph contact to act as one unit shall be united to
• 200 Kph pieces in one bundle. (NSCP 407.7.6.1)
• 250 Kph • 4
(NSCP 410.5.10) Spacing for a lateral support • 3
for a beam shall not exceed times the least • 2
width b of compression flange or face. • 5
• 30 Bars larger than mm shall not be bundled in
• 40 beams: (NSCP 407.7.6.3)
• 50 • 25mm
• 60 • 16mm
Concrete filled driven piles of uniform section
shall have a nominal outside diameter of not
less than (NSCP 307.7.3)
• 200 mm
• 250 mm
• 300 mm
• 350 mm
The minimum bend diameter for 28mm Ø
through 36mm Ø bars (NSCP 407.30)
• 12 db
• 6 db
• 8 db
• 10 db
The minimum clear spacing between parallel
bars in a layer must be 1.5 db but not less
than? (NSCP 407.7.3)
• 50mm
• 25mm
• 75mm
• 100mm
In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced
compression members, clear distance
between longitudinal bars shall not be less
than? (NSCP 407.7.3)
• 2.0 db
• 2.15 db
• 1.50 db
• 1.75 db
In walls and slabs other than concrete joist
construction, primary flexural reinforcement
shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times
wall or slab thickness nor farther than? (NSCP
407.7.5)
• 375mm
 • 28mm • L/24
• 36mm • L/10
Individual bars within a bundle terminated • L/28
within the span of flexural members shall The minimum one way slab thickness for a
terminate at different points with at least BOTH ends continuous slab is: (NSCP 409.6.2)
stagger: (NSCP 407.7.6.4) • L/20
• 12 db • L/24
• 10 db • L/10
• 50 db • L/28
• 40 db The minimum cantilevered slab thickness is :
Minimum concrete cover cast against and (NSCP 409.6.2)
permanently exposed to earth: (NSCP • L/20
407.8.1) • L/24
• 100 mm • L/10
• 75 mm • L/28
• 50 mm
• 150 mm
The minimum clear concrete covering for
cast in place slab:
(NSCP 407.8.1)
• 20mm
• 25mm
• 40mm
• 50mm
In ultimate strength design, the strength
reduction factor Ø for flexure without axial
loads: (NSCP 409.2.1)
• 0.85
• 0.75
• 0.90
• 0.70
In ultimate strength design, the strength
reduction factor Ø for shear and torsion:
(NSCP 409.4.2.3)
• 0.70
• 0.75
• 0.85
• 0.90
The minimum one way slab thickness which
is simply supported at the ends only is: (NSCP
409.6.2)
• L/20
• L/24
• L/28
• L/10
The minimum one way slab thickness for a
ONE end continuous slab is: (NSCP 409.6.2)
• L/20
Deep continuous flexural members has The slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper
overall depth to clear span ratio greater than: than slope. (NSCP 302.2.2)
(NSCP 410.8.10) • 50%
• 0.40 • 60
• 0.60 • 30
• 0.75 • 40
• 0.70 Before commencing the excavation work, the
Deep simple span flexural members has person making the excavation shall notify in
overall depth to clear span ratio greater than: writing the owner of the adjoining building not
(NSCP 307.4.2) less than days before such excavation is
• 0.40 to be made. (NSCP 302.2.4)
• 0.60 • 15 days
• 0.75 • 10 days
• 0.70 • 30 days
Spacing of shear reinforcement placed • 60 days
perpendicular to axis of non-prestressed Fill slopes shall not be constructed on natural
member shall not exceed: (NSCP 411.6.4.1) slopes steeper than slope (NSCP 302.3.1)
• d/2 • 50%
• d/4 • 10
• ¾d • 20
• d/5
Is an essentially vertical truss system of the
concentric or eccentric type that is provided
to resist lateral forces: (NCSP 208.1)
• Building frame
system
• Braced frame
• Diaphragm
• Collector
Is a frame in which members and joints are
capable of resisting forces primarily by
flexure:
• Moment resisting
frame
• Ordinary braced
frame
• Truss
• Eccentric braced
frame
In the determination of seismic dead load
with a minimum of of floor live load shall
be applicable for storage and warehouse
occupancies. (NSCP 208.5.1.1)
• 50
• 25%
• 30
• 35
 • 60 • 150 Kpa
The minimum distance that the toe of fill slope • 200 Kpa
made to the site boundary line: (NSCP The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts
302.4.3) when wood plates or sill shall be bolted to
• 0.80 M foundation wall in zone 2 seismic area in the
• 0.60 M Philippines. (NSCP 305.60)
• 1.50 M ● 12mm
• 2.00 M The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts
The max. distance that the toe of fill slope when wood plates or sill shall be bolted to
made to the site boundary: (NSCP 302.4.3) foundation wall in zone 4 seismic area in the
• 0.80 M Philippines. (NSCP 305.60)
• 0.60 M ● 16mm
• 6.00 M Individual pile caps and caissons of every
• 1.00 M structure subjected to seismic forces shall be
In using sand backfill in the annular space interconnected by ties. Such ties shall be
around column not embedded in poured capable of resisting in tension or compression
footings, the sand shall be thoroughly a minimum horizontal force equal to of the
compacted by tamping in layers not more largest column vertical load. (NSCP 306.20)
than mm in depth? (NSCP 305.7.3) ● 10%
• 500 mm
• 400 mm
• 200 mm
• 300 mm
In using a concrete backfill in the annular
space around column not embedded in
poured footings, the concrete shall have
ultimate strength of Mpa at 28 days. (NSCP
305.7.3)
• 30 Mpa
• 15 Mpa
• 10 Mpa
• 5 Mpa
When grillage footings of structural steel
shapes are used on soils, they shall be
completely embedded in concrete. Concrete
cover shall be at least mm on the bottom.
(NSCP 305.8)
• 100 mm
• 150 mm
• 200 mm
• 250 mm
Temporary open air portable bleachers may
be supported upon wood sills or steel plates
placed directly upon the ground surface,
provided soil pressure does not exceed
Kpa. (NSCP 305.9)
• 100 Kpa
• 50 Kpa
Such piles into firm ground may be considered ● L/360
fixed and laterally supported at M The allowable deflection for any structural
below the ground surface. (NSCP 306.20) member loaded with dead load and live load
● 1.50 M only. (NSCP 104.2.2)
Such piles into soft ground may be considered ● L/240
fixed and laterally supported at M Retaining walls shall be designed to resist
below the ground surface. (NSCP 306.20) sliding by at least times the lateral force.
● 3.00 M (NSCP 206.6)
The maximum length of cast in place ● 2
piles/bored piles shall be times the Retaining walls shall be designed to resist
average diameter of the pile. (NSCP 307.2.1) overturning by at least times the
● 30 times overturning moment. (NSCP 206.6)
Cast in place/bored piles shall have a specific ● 1.50
compressive strength Fc of not less than An open building is a structure having all walls
Mpa. (NSCP 307.2.1) at least open. (NSCP 207)
● 17.50 Mpa ● 80%
Pre-cast concrete piles shall have a specific Low rise buildings is an enclosed or partially
compressive strength Fc of not less than enclosed with mean roof height less than or
Mpa. (NSCP 304.7.1) equal to? (NSCP 207.20)
● 20 Mpa ● 18 M
The maximum spacing of ties and spirals in a The wind load importance factor lw for
driven pre-cast concrete pile center to center. essential facilities is equal to? (NSCP 207.50)
(NSCP 307.5.1) ● 1.15
● 75 mm The wind load importance factor for hazardous
Pre-cast pre-stressed concrete piles shall have facilities is equal to?
a specified compressive strength Fc of not less
than Mpa. (NSCP 307.5.1)
● 35 Mpa
The minimum outside diameter of pipe piles
when used must be? (NSCP 307.6.3)
● 250 mm
Aviation control towers fall to what type of
occupancy?
● Essential facilities
Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural
buildings fall to what type of occupancy?
● Miscellaneous occupancy
Buildings used for college or adult education
with a capacity of 500 or more students fall to
what type of occupancy?
● Special occupancy
Buildings or structures therein housing and
supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or
substances fall to what type of category?
● Hazardous facility
The allowable deflection for any structural
member loaded with live load only. (NSCP
107.2.2)
 ● 1.15 For members whose design is based on tensile force,
The wind load importance factor for standard the slenderness ratio L/r preferably should not
occupancy structures is equal to? exceed .
● 1.0 ● 300
The wind load importance factor for miscellaneous For pin connected members, the allowable stress on
structures is equal to? the net area of the pinhole for pin connected
● 0.87 members is . (NSCP 504.4.1.1)
Large city centers with at least 50 of the buildings ● 0.45 Fy
having a height greater than 21M. falls on what Other than pin connected members, the allowable
exposure category for wind loading? (NSCP 207.5.3) tensile stress shall not exceed
● 0.87 on the gross area. (NSCP 504.2.1)
Open terrain with scattered obstructions having ● 0.60 Fy
heights less than 9M. Falls on what exposure The maximum longitudinal spacing of bolts, nuts and
category for wind loading? intermittent welds correctly two rolled shapes in
● Exposure C contact for a built up section shall not exceed
Flat unobstructed areas exposed to wind flowing . (NSCP 505.5.4)
over open water for a distance of at least 2 km falls ● 600 mm
on what exposure category for wind loading? The ratio L/r for lacing bars arranged in single system
● Exposure D shall not exceed . (NSCP 505.5.80)
Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other ● 140 mm
terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions The ratio L/r for lacing bars arranged in double
having the size of single family dwelling or larger falls system shall not exceed .
on what exposure category for wind loading? ● 200 mm
● Exposure B
Zone 1 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of
Kph?
● 250 Kph
Zone 2 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of
Kph?
● 200 Kph
Zone 3 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of
Kph?
● 150 Kph
In testing concrete laboratory cured specimens, no
individual strength test (average of 2 cylinders) falls
below fc’ by more than . (NSCP 405.7.3.3)
● 3.50 Mpa
For a rectangular reinforced concrete compression
member, it shall be permitted to take the radius of
gyration equal to times the overall dimension of
the direction of stability is being considered. (NSCP
410.12.20)
● 0.30
For members whose design is based on compressive
force, the slenderness ratio kL/r preferably should
not exceed ? (NSCP 502.8.1)
● 200
For members bent about their strong or weak axes,
members with compact sections where the flanges
continuously connected to web the allowable
bending stress is . (NSCP 506.4.1.1)
● 0.66 Fy
For box type and tabular textural members that
meet the non compact section requirements of
section 502.6, the allowable bending stress is
. (NSCP 506.4.1.1)
● 0.60 Fy
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1-4 (QUIZ) 13. A system of removal and interchangeable floor panels
1. Most common wood composite which is made of supported on adjustable pedestals for access below
several plies glued together RAISED FLOORING SYSTEM
PLYWOOD
14. A deformed bar embedded in a concrete construction
2. A type of glass manufactured by pouring molten glass at a joint and designed to hold abutting edges together
into a surface of molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly not designed for direct load transfer
FLOAT GLASS STIRRUP

3. Concrete proportion for class “B” 15. Type of beam supported by a row of columns
1:2.5:5 CONTINUOUS BEAM

4. Brick bond having alternating headers and stretchers in 16. A type of foundation where load of building is
each course distributed deep into the soil
FLEMISH BOND PILE FOUNDATION

5. Wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one end 17. Transitional structure of a building of a safely transfer
and driven into the ground to serve as boundaries for the load to the comparatively weaker ground
building layout FOUNDATION
STAKE
18. Wall, either freestanding or laterally braced that bears
6. Wooden building frame having studs from sill plate to against an earth or other fill surface and resists lateral and
roof plate other forces from the material in contact with the side of
BALLOON FRAME the wall, thereby preventing the mass from sliding to a
lower elevation
7. Beam supporting the weight above a door or window RETAINING WALL
opening
LINTEL 19. It contains an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
8. A membrane or coating applied to render a surface
impervious to water 20. A mixture of surface run-off and ground water. It
WATERPROOFING includes rives, lakes ponds and reservoirs
NATURAL SURFACE WATER
9. The natural material on which the construction rests
FOUNDATION BED 21. The use of building materials and construction
assemblies designed to reduce the transmission of
10. A panel-like area in a multi-storey building between airborne and structure-borne sound from one room to
sill and window head another or from the exterior to the interior of a building
SPANDRIL SOUND INSOLATION

11. The process of building from site preparation through 22. A vibration that propagates as a typically audible
erection, assembly and finishing operations mechanical wave of pressure and displacement, in an
CONSTRUCTION elastic medium such as air, water, most building
materials, and the earth
12. Describing a building having a moderately large SOUND
number of stories usually 5 to 10 and equipped with
elevators 23. Which of the following cement is/are made of grey or
MID-RISE BUILDING white?
ALL OF THE ABOVE

24. These materials are known as concrete additives and

may be used for one of the following reasons, except:
III ONLY
 STEEL
25. The word “cement” traces from the romans who used
the term 39. Produced lesser strength of concrete
COLORUS CEMENTESIOUS WATER

26. This allows earlier removal of forms and in some cases 40. Corrodes quickly, easily forged, welded & riveted
reduce the whole curing period HIGH CARBON STEEL
ACCELERATORS
41. Materials used to reduce or to stop the passing of
27. Which of the following has more than 1.5 - 4.5% water through the concrete is called
present as free graphite DAMP ROOFERS
I ONLY
42. The basis in designing of concrete mixture
28. Building stones obtained by quarrying from the rocky WATER-CEMENT RATION
strata of earth and reducing it to the required shapes
and sizes for construction 43. Used for making those parts that are hard, tough and
STONE MASONRY durable and capable of withstanding shocks and
vibrations
29. Consists mainly quartz, feldspar, mica and other HIGH CARBON STEEL
colored minerals; colors include black, gray, red, pink,
brown, buff and green 44. Which of the following causes a slight expansion in
GRANITE plastic concrete or mortar and thus reduces and
eliminates voids caused by settlements
30. A type of sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized I &III
grains made of silica, iron oxide and clay – colors include
gray, brown, light brown, buff, russet, red, copper, and 45. Which of the following improves concrete’s
purple workability and resistance to chemical attack
SEDIMENTARY I & III

31. Which of the following stones has a color property 46. Which of the following makes the concrete more
that ranges from olive green to greenish-black is fine resistant to deterioration due to repeated freezing and
grained and dense thawing cylcle
SERPENTINE I ONLY

32. Properties of limestone and sandstone except 47. Is a liquid and powder types used for this type of agent
IV ONLY BONDING AGENTS

33. The common quality of concrete is based on __ and 48. Concrete classification used for slab on fill, non-
________ periods bearing wall
7, 28 DAYS CURING CLASS “B” – 1:2 ½ : 5

34. Specimens are usually cylindrical with a length 49. Is used to delay or to extend the setting time of the
EQUAL TO TWICE THE DIAMETER cement paste in concrete
RETARDERS
35. Used as reinforcement in R.B. & R.C.C.
STEEL 50. This is done at least within 7-day period or more, 24
hours after the concrete has poured
36. Can withstand shocks without permanent injury used ALL OF THE ABOVE
in chains, crane, hooks and railway couplings
CAST-IRON 51. Concrete classification for footing, column, beams
37. Is substance that sets and hardened independently and RC slab
CEMENT CLASS “A” – 1:2:4
38. Is equally strong tension, compression and in shear
52. Used to reduce the amount of water necessary to 7.51 TO 11.22 T/SQM
produce a concrete of given consistency or to increase
the slump for a given water content 62. 6Filling is done the same way as the slump test but
WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURE taken out from the mold in
24 HOURS
53. Comp. strength 6.3 – 7.1 tones/sq cm, ultimate tensile
is strength 1.26 to 1.57 tones/sq cm 63. Classification of cast in place concrete according to its
CAST-IRON method of installation
COMPOSITE PILE
54. Compressive strength is 2.0 tones/sq cm and ultimate
tensile strength 3.15 tones/sq cm 64. Non-portland hydraulic cement are the following,
WROUGHT IRON except
I & III
55. What is steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod,
strand or a bundle of such elements, used to impart 65. The following are Portland cement blends except
prestress to concrete IV ONLY
TENDON
66. A type of shutter proof opaque glass used to construct
56. A floor finish commercially size 1” x 12” x 12” utilizing a door with glass to allow natural light only
clay and fired in traditional manner making interesting FIGURED WIRED GLASS
and attractive rustic clay shade patterns. Because of the
rustic effect the floor is finished rough and simply adhere 67. A paint defect which indicates imperfect adhesion of
by cement with some irregularities paint to the surface, with the film getting stripped off in a
VIGAN TILES relatively large pieces due to application on damp or
greasy surface
57. What is the act of excavating or filling of earth or any PEELING
sound material or combination therof, in preparation for
a finishing surface such as paving 68. A water-mixed product mixed to a ratio of 1:20 to
CUT AND FILL stabilize lime activity in new masonry surface. Without
preparing the surface with this mixture will cause the
58. What is the minimum concrete cover for primary subsequent painting to be detective
reinforcement of beams and columns not exposed to MASONRY NEUTRALIZER
earth or weather fir precast manufactured under plant
control conditions 69. An equipment to uniformly distribute tile adhesive at
DB BUT NOT LESS THAT 15 MM AND NEED NOT EXCEED the underside of a _____ tile during installation
40 MM NOTCH TROWEL

59. Aggregates should conform to PNS or ASTM standard 70. What type of joint is used to install a glass into a lite
and must be well graded, easy workability and method of of French window?
consolidated are such that the concrete can be poured RABBET
without honeycomb or voids. What is the nominal
maximum size of a course aggregate when working 71. A type of “hands of door” where the hinge is at the
spaces between reinforcements for proper bonding left and the door leaf swings inside the room to the left
COURSE AGGREGATES SHALL BE NO LONGER THAT 2/4 LEFT HAND
THE MINIMUM CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL
REINFORCING BARS OR WIRES, BUNDLES OF BARS, OR 72. To prevent cement plaster from improper adhesion,
PRESTRESSING TENDONS OR DUCTS the substrate must be roughened while observing the
following;
KEEP THE CEMENT PLASTER AS THIN AS POSSIBLE
60. Vernacular term for rough plastering 73. A type of window where the ventilating sash rotates
REBOKADA 90 to 180 degrees about the header and sill or about the
side jamb
61. the ultimate tensile strength of steel PIVOTED
 83. A concrete flooring and finish which transforms
74. Which of the following concrete handling criterion ordinary plain concrete into an elegant and decorative
impairs the quality concrete? textured surface. This is done by adding dust on color
CONCRETE SHALL BE CARRIED ON AT SUCH A RATE THAT pigments to the concrete to give a fast color and
CONCRETE IS AT ALL TIMES PLASTIC AND FLOWS READILY imprinted with a patented pattern and texture while the
INTO SPACE BETWEEN REINFORCEMENT concrete is still plastic to create the look and finish of
stone, slate or brick
75. A type of terrazzo floor described by its physical STUCCO
appearance whereby the stone or pebble is intentionally
exposed while the cement matrix is depressed. 84. What is a round steel bolt embedded in concrete or
STANDARD TERAZZO masonry, steel columns or beams, casting, shoes, beams,
plates and engine heads?
76. When utilizing “knock down” modular system of FOUNDATION BOLTS
cabinets and furniture, and end user is constrained of
using: 85. What is a concrete beam placed directly on the
STANDARD SIZES, SHAPES AND FORMS ground to provide foundation for the superstructure?
77. A type of wood end joint where both woods is cut and GRADE BEAM
equal angles diagonally
SCARF 86. Which of the following criteria for bundle bars, do
NOT apply?
78. What criterion conforms to good construction GROUP OF PARALLEL REINFORCING BARS BUNDLED IN
practice for the earliest time to remove scaffolding for CONTACT TO ACT AS A UNIT SHALL BE LIMITED TO THREE
concrete flooring other than early strength concrete if no IN ANY ONE BUNDLE
anticipated load is expected over poured floor?
25% OF SCAFFOLDINGS CAN BE REMOVED AT SLAB AREA 87. What are the piles at an inclination to resist forces
AFTER 21 DAYS OF POURING AND 100% OF SCAFFOLDS that are not critical?
AFTER 28 DAYS BATTER PILES

79. A common and cheap masonry finish where dry 88. Good high-strength-bolted connection for steel
consistency mortar is sprayed by mechanical or should have the following physical characteristic for good
pneumatic means. The sprayed cement is left to dry and workmanship. Which of the following listed is NOT ideal?
give a rustic finish. Optional paint coat maybe required. SURFACE IN CONTACT WITH THE BOLT HEAD AND NUT
SANDBLAST SHALL HAVE A SLOPE OF NOT MORE THAN 1:10 WITH
RESPECT TO A PLANE NORMAL TO THE BOLT AXIS
80. A special coating system with a high gloss shine while
moisturizing the natural wood qualities, maintenance 89. How is a 90 degree bend standard hook for concrete
free used to finish and topcoat wood flooring reinforcement constructed
POLYEURETHANE FLOOR COATING 90 DEGRESS BEND PLUS 12 DB EXTENSION AT THE END
OF BAR
81. Local species of wood commonly used for wall
standing, cabinet framing and floor, door framing, though 90. Lumber that is not prepared or finished
scarcely available in the market now due to forestry ban. UNDERDRESSED LUMB
This type of species is due to cheaper cost than the other
listed below. 91. Kalomein door is
MAHOGANY A FIREPROOF DOOR WITH METAL COVERING

82. A pretreatment of poured concrete such as walls 92. Keystone is __________

beams and columns where a thin layer of lean cement A WEDGE-SHAPED STONE OF AN ARCH
grout mixed with flexible base additives is splattered by 93. The zig-zag rule is a ________
Tampico brush or masonry spoon to the surface to give a CARPENTER’S MEASURING TOOL
“tooth” for excellent plaster adhesion
SCRATCH COAT 94. The term to describe the putting up of the skeleton of
the building
FORMWORKS BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1
SITE WORK
95. A vertical space in a building intended for ducts, pipes, EARTHWORKS
wire and cables boulders: above 75 mm,
CHASE gravel: 75 mm to No.10 sieve,
coarse sand: No.10 to No.40 sieve,
96. The material used for the process of making fine sand: No.40 to No.200 sieve.
watertight the roof intersection and other exposed areas
on the exterior of a building FILL MATERIALS: soil, crashed stone, and sand used to
FLASHING raise existing grade, generally used under spread footing,
pavers, concrete slab on grade.
97. The hardware on a door to accommodate the knob
and lockset keyhole RIPRAP (ROCK LINING): constructed layer of stone to
ESCUTCHEON prevent erosion, scouring or sloughing of a structure or
embankment.
98. To allow concrete to dry by keeping it moist to attain
maximum strength GABION SYSTEMS: wire enclosed riprap consisting of
STABILIZE baskets fabricated from wire mesh and filled with small
riprap.
99. Pertaining to a material description that resembles
glass. GEOSYNTHETICS: (1) geotextiles, (2) geomembranes, (3)
FIBERGLASS geocomposites, (4) geonets, (5) geocells

TERMITE PROOFING
PHYSICAL BARRIERS: (1) termite resistant sand, (2)
termite mesh, (3) construction details.

CHEMICAL BARRIERS: (1) pre-construction chemical

barriers, (2) vertical barriers, (3) horizontal barriers.

BAIT SYSTEM: the objective is to continuously attract the

termite workers to forage on a slow-acting insect growth
regulator (IGR) or hexaflumuron to eliminate the entire
termite colony

ROADS AND PARKING

SUBGRADE MATERIALS: (1) borrow materials, (2) base
coarse materials, (3) chocker aggregate.

SURFACE PAVING MATERIALS: (1) concrete, (2)

bituminous surfacing (asphalt).

CONCRETE

CEMENTING MATERIALS
LIME: a white, caustic odorless solid obtained by heating
forms of calcium carbonate, as shells or limestone.

GYPSUM: a soft mineral, hydrated calcium sulfate, used

as a retarder in Portland cement and in the making of
gypsum plaster
CEMENT: a calcined mixture of clay and limestone, finely ADMIXTURES: (1)accelerators, (2) retarders, (3)
pulverized and used as an ingredient in concrete and airentraining agents, (4) surfaceactive agent, (5) water-
mortar. reducing agent, (6) coloring agent
FORMS FOR CONCRETE: (1) lumber forms, (2) plywood
STORAGE OF CEMENT: stored in shed with wood flooring forms, (3) steel forms.
elevated at 12” from the ground. Vertical stacking is METAL REINFORCEMENT: (1) steel bars, (2) wire fabric,
limited to 12 sacks. (3) welded wire, (4) expanded mesh, (5) laths.
CONCRETE PROCESSED CONCRETE
Concrete: an artificial, stone-like building material made AEROCRETE: metallic aluminum powder, Portland
by mixing cement and various mineral aggregates with cement and sand of cinders.
sufficient water to cause the cement to set and bind the GUNITE: sand and cement under high pneumatic
entire mass. pressure.
AGGREGATES PORETE: Portland cement with chemical foam.
(1) fine aggregate (sand): smaller than ¼” in size, HAYDITE: concrete with lightweight aggregate
(2) coarse aggregate (gravel, crushed stone): larger than
¼” in size. LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE: (1) volcanic origin (pumice,
perlite), (2) vermiculite, (3) expanded shales and clays, (4)
SLUMP TEST: to measure the consistency of concrete mix. by-product aggregates (expanded slags, foamed slags,
Metal cone (bottom opening: 8”, top opening: 4”, height: cinders.)
12”). MASONRY
MORTARS AND PLASTERS
MAX. MIN. MORTAR: lime, water, sand used as a bonding agent in
Reinforced 5” 2” masonry construction.
foundation PLASTER: lime, water, sand applied in a pasty form to the
walls and surfaces of walls or ceilings in a plastic state and allowed
footings to harden and dry.
Plain 4” 1” LIME PLASTER: hydrated lime and water.
footings, GYPSUM PLASTER: plaster of Paris mixed with clay.
caissons PORTLAND CEMENT PLASTER: mixed with water, sand
Slabs, beams, 6” 3” and lime putty.
columns, SGRAFFITO: highly decorative type of plaster work
reinforced developed in Italy during the Renaissance.
walls UNIT MASONRY
Pavement 3” 1” UNIT MASONRY: building with units of various natural or
Heavy mass 3” 1” manufactured products, as stone, brick, or concrete
construction block.
METALS
CONCRETE PROPORTIONS MIXING OF ALUMINUM
Class “AA” 1 : 1.5 : 3 (1) aluminum sheet and strip, (2) aluminum foil, (3)
Class “A” 1:2:4 corrugated aluminum, (4) structural aluminum, (5)
Class “B” 1 : 2.5 : 5 aluminum doors and windows, (6) aluminum panels.
Class “C” 1:3:6 ALUMINUM FINISHES: (1) mechanical finishes, (2)
chemical finishes, (3) electrolytic finishes, (4)
Class “D” 1 : 3.5 : 7
electroplating, (5) porcelain (6) paint
IRON
CONCRETE: (1) machine mixing: truck mixer (5 cu.m.), (2)
cast iron: for piping and fittings, ornamental ironwork,
hand-mixing: use of concrete up to ½ hour.
hardware, railings, vents, stairs, manhole covers, gratings.
CURING OF CONCRETE
For production of the many kinds of steel.
Columns 2 days (48 hours)
STEEL WROUGHT IRON STEEL: (1) structural steel, (2)
Beams Sides 3 days (36 hours) 14
reinforcing bars, (3) sheet and strip, (4) corrugated steel,
Bottom days (336 hours)
(5) steel mesh and wire cloth, (6) steel windows and
doors, (7) hardware.
Slabs 5 days (120 hours)
ALLOY STEEL: (1) high-strength low-alloy steel, (2) (1) air-drying: exposed to air,
stainless steel. (2) kiln-drying: superheated steam is used to release
COPPER: copper sheet and strip are used for roofing and moisture
flashing.
TIN: architectural uses of tin include bronzes, brasses, WOOD PRESERVATIVES
terneplate, mirrors, gilding, solders, hardware and fusible (1) oil-type preservative (2) water-borne preservative
alloys. PHILIPPINE WOODS
ZINC: (1) as protective coatings on iron and steel, (2) as GROUP 1: aranga, bansalagin, ipil, molave, narra, supa,
die-casting metal, (3) as an alloying element in brasses. tindalo, yakal,
BRASS in architecture, used for doors, windows, door and GROUP 2: banuyo, dungon, guijo, kalamansanai, malugai,
window frames, and for ornamental metalwork (railings, manggachapui, narig,
grilles). GROUP 3: amamanit, amugis, apitong, lumbayao,
METHODS OF METAL JOINING SOLDERING mayapis, pagatpat, palosapis, pine, red lauan, tanguile,
(1) metal bath dip solder, (2) soldering iron, (3) torch, (4) GROUP 4: almon, batete, lamog, white lauan.
sweat method. WOOD COMPOSITES
BRAZING: type of soldering with higher operating products made from mixture of wood and other
temperature. But lower than in welding. materials.
WELDING: two metals are joined that there is actual PLYWOOD: made by bonding veneers together under
union of the inter-atomic bonds. (5,500 °F). heat and pressure. Sizes: 3’ x 6’ (900 mm x 1800 mm) 4’ x
RIVETS: metal pin having a head at one end, used for 8’ (1220 mm x 2440 mm)
uniting plates by passing the shank through a hole in each HARDBOARD: dense, compressed wood fiberboard.
piece and hammering down the plain end to form a Sizes: 4’ x 8’ (1220 mm x 2440 mm) (1/8”, 3/16”, 1/4”) (1)
second head. standard hardboard (dense),
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT (2) panel hardboard (denser),
(1) steel bars, (2) wire fabric, (3) expanded mesh, (4) laths. (3) tempered hardboard (densest).
STORAGE OF METAL: stored in racks above the ground (Brands: Lawanit, Lawanex, Masonite)
and away from moisture and vegetation. CHIPBOARD/PARTICLE BOARD: made by bonding small
WOODS AND PLASTICS wood particles under heat and pressure. Sizes: 2’ x 4’
WOOD (600 mm x 1220 mm) 4’ x 4’ (1220 mm x 1220 mm) 4’ x
(1) soft wood: from conifers (evergreen) which have 8’ (1220 mm x 2440 mm)
needles instead of leaves (pines), MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD: made of wood and other
(2) hard wood: from deciduous trees. plant fibers compressed with a binder into rigid sheets.
Sizes: 4’ x 8’ (1220 mm x 2440 mm) (Brands: Celotex,
STRUCTURE OF WOOD Canex, Homasote, Philtex, Bonotex)
(1) sapwood: softer, younger, outer portion of a tree that GYPSUM BOARD: having a gypsum core faced with paper
lies between the cambium and the heartwood, on each side. Sizes: 4’ x 8’ (1220 mm x 2440 mm) (1/2”)
(2) heartwood: older, harder, central portion of a tree. (1) wall board, (2) backing board (denser), (3) coreboard,
(4) type X gypsum board, (5) water-resistant gypsum
METHODS OF WOOD SAWING backing board, (6) gypsum sheating, (7) gypsum
(1) plain sawing: cut tangent to the annual rings (0°-45°). formboard. (Brands: Boral, Elephant)
Preferred for pleasing patterns., FIBER CEMENT BOARD: comprised of 72% Portland
(2) quarter sawing: cut radially to the annual rings (45°- cement, 20% mineralized cellulose fibers derived from
90°). Desirable due to less shrinkage than plain sawing. recycled materials, and 8% calcium carbonate. Sizes: 4’ x
8’ (1220 mm x 2440 mm)
LUMBER: wood used in construction. MILLWORK : finished lumber which is further cut and
(1) strips: <2” thick and 8” wide, processed at a lumber mill. (doors, windows, mouldings,
(2) board lumber: <2” and <5” in any dimension, trims etc.)
(3) dimension lumber: >2” and <5” in any dimension, (4) PLASTICS
timber: 5” or more on the least dimension. synthetic or natural organic materials that can be molded,
extruded, or drawn into objects or films
LUMBER MEASUREMENT board-foot (bf) bf = thickness THERMOPLASTICS: (1) acrylics, (2) polyethylene, (3)
(in.) x width (in.) x length (ft.) / 12 polystyrene, (4) polyvinyl chloride, (5) polycarbonates, (6)
SEASONING OF LUMBER
polypropylene, (7) nylons, (8) fluroplastics, (8) (3) bolts and fasteners: door bolt/barrel bolt, chain door
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. fastener, chain bolt, foot bolt, flush bolt, automatic door
PLASTICS THERMOSETTING PLASTICS: (1) melamine and bottoms, weather stripping, thresholds.
urea, (2) epoxy, (3) alkyds, (4) phenolics, (5) polyester, (6) FURNITURE HINGES: (1) butt hinge, (2) concealed hinge,
urethanes, (7) silicones, (8) fluroplastics, (8) acrylonitrile (3) pivot hinge, (4) T-hinge, (5) glass door hinge.
butadiene styrene. CABINET CATCHES: (1) friction catch, (2) magnetic
MOISTURE AND THERMAL PROTECTION pressure catch, (3) bullet/bull catch.
WATERPROOFING AND DAMP-PROOFING FINISHES
WATER-PROOFING: membrane or coating applied to CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES WALL
render a surface impervious to water. (1) stucco/cement plaster finish, (2) rubbed finish, (3)
DAMP-PROOFING: treatment of a masonry or concrete brushed finish, (4) tooled finish, (5) sand-blast finish, (6)
surface to retard the absorption of water or penetration exposed-aggregate finish.
of water vapor. FLOOR: (1) wood float finish, (2) steeltrowelled finish, (3)
WATER-PROOFING: (1) impermeability through dense integral coloredcement finish.
concrete, (2) water-proofing coatings and washes, (3) GRANOLITHIC AND TERRAZO FLOOR FINISHES
integral water-proofing compounds, (4) membrane GRANOLITHIC FINISH: topping of mixture of one-part
water-proofing. cement, one-part sand and one part finely crushed stone.
ROOFING MATERIALS (1) sheet metal roofing (galvanized TERRAZO FINISH: mixture of cement, marble chips,
iron, aluminum), (2) tile roofing (clay, concrete), (3) aggregates and water laid as a topping.
shingles (wood, asphalt). TILE FINISHES CEMENT TILE: topping of mixture of one-
JOINT SEALANTS (1) bituminous cement, (2) silicone part cement, one-part sand and one part finely crushed
sealant. stone.
GLASS CERAMIC TILE:
GLASS: hard, brittle substance produced by fusing silica (1) glazed interior tiles,
with flux and stabilizer into a mass. (2) ceramic mosaic tiles,
SHEET GLASS: fabricated by drawing the molten glass (3) glazed weatherproofed tiles,
from a furnace. (4) pavers.
PLATE GLASS: formed by rolling molten glass into a plate.
FLOAT GLASS: manufactured by pouring molten glass RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES TILES AND SHEETS:
onto a surface of molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly. (1) asphalt, (2) vinyl, (3) rubber, (4) linoleum.
OTHER TYPES OF GLASS: (1) annealed glass, (2) heat WOOD FLOORING FINISHES
strengthened glass, (3) tempered glass, (4) safety glass, (1) strip flooring: tongue-and-groove boards,
(5) wire glass, (6) patterned glass, (7) spandrel glass, (8) (2) plank flooring: squareedged boards,
insulating glass, (9) tinted/heat-absorbing glass, (10) (3) parquet tile flooring: block flooring (square pieces or
reflective glass, (11) low-emissivity glass (e-glass). blocks built in several layers having a veneered surface).
HARDWARE CEILING FINISHES (1) ceiling board, (2) acoustic tile.
ROUGH HARDWARE: bolts, nails, and metal fittings PAINT FINISHES TRANSPARENT FINISHING MATERIALS (1)
concealed in a finished construction. wood stains, (2) wood fillers, (3) shellac, (4) varnish, (5)
FINISH HARDWARE: exposed hardware for decorative and lacquer.
utilitarian purpose. (locks, hinges etc.). OPAQUE FINISHING MATERIALS PAINT: `pigment and
NAILS: (1) common wire nail, (2) finishing nail, (3) brad, vehicle.
(4) box nail, (5) casing nail, (6) clinch nail, (7) roofing nail, (1) oil paint,
(8) metal lath nail, (9) staple, (10) concrete nail. (2) synthetic latex paint,
SCREWS: (1) wood screw, (2) metal screw, (3) lag screw, (3) Portland cement-based paint,
(4) screw anchor, (5) tekscrew. (4) enamel paint,
BOLTS: (1) machine bolt, (2) carriage bolt, (3) toggle bolt, (5) rust-inhibiting paint.
(4) expansion bolt.
DOOR HARDWARE PAINT FINISHES PAINT DEFECTS
(1) door hinges: butt hinge, olive knuckle hinge, invisible (1) blistering/peeling,
hinge, spring hinge. (2) chalking,
(2) latches and locksets: mortise lock or latch, (3) flaking,
preassembled lock and latch, bored lock and latch, (4) fading,
interconnected lock. (5) cracking and alligatoring,
(6) peeling/cracking, FOUNDATION BED
(7) bleeding, FOUNDATION BED: the natural material on which the
(8) mildew, construction rests. (1) rock (solid rock, bed rock, ledge),
(9) staining, (2) decayed rock (rotten rocks), (3) loose rock, (4) gravel,
(10) checking and flaking. (5) boulders, (6) sand, (7) clay, (8) hard pan, (9) silt, (10)
mud, (11) mould, (12) loam, (13) peat, (14) filled ground.
SITE INVESTIGATION
EXPLORATION: (1) test pits, (2) test borings.
SOIL MECHANICS
COARSE-GRAINED SOIL: relatively large particles.
FINE-GRAINED SOIL: small particles (silt and clay).
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2-5 EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK
PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION (1) excavation, (2) leveling and grading, (3) soil
stabilization, (4) adjoining structure protection, (5)
STAKING-OUT shoring, (6) needling and underpinning, (7) dewatering
STAKING-OUT: the process of relocating the point of SITE DRAINAGE: to prevent erosion and to collect excess
boundaries and property lines of the site. water resulting from new construction.
SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE: the underground piping
LAYING THE BATTERBOARDS network to convey groundwater to a point of disposal
BATTER BOARDS (HORIZONTAL BOARDS): to establish the (catch basins, culverts, foundation drainage tile and pipe).
height of the finish foundation. : to support the guidelines SURFACE DRAINAGE: the grading and surfacing to divert
for the excavation of footing trenches. rain and surface water into natural drainage patterns
(swales, area drain, dry wells, ponds and marshes,
FORMWORK AND SHORING absorption and disposal fields, absorption trench).
FORMWORK: to shape and support fresh concrete until SLOPE PROTECTION AND RETAINING STRUCTURES
cured. Ground slopes over 25% are subject to erosion.
(1) run-off diversion and terraces, (2) soil binders, (3)
SHORING: temporary supports to carry forms for beams riprap, (4) cribbing (5) bin wall, (6) gabions, (7) retaining
and slabs. structures (gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort).
PAVEMENT
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS: unit pavers of concrete, bricks,
HAND TOOLS: (1) pry bar, (2) measurement and layout stone on sand setting bed.
tools, (3) hammers, (4) screw drivers, (5) saws, (6) chisels, RIGID PAVEMENTS: reinforced concrete slabs or paving
(7) specialized hand tools. units mortared over a concrete slab.
WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT REINFORCED CONCRETE
POWER TOOLS: (1) power drill, (2) power screw CONSTRUCTION
driver/screw gun, (3) power saws, (4) power hammer, (5) WOOD FRAMING SYSTEMS
power nailers and staplers. LIGHT WOOD FRAMING:
(1) balloon frame: the lightest form of framing. Studs and
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT: (1) conveyor, (2) surveying corner posts are set up in continuous lengths from first
equipment, (3) pumps, (4) concrete mixer, (5) welding floor line or sill to roof plate.
machines. (2) combination frame: the modification of the old braced
frame. Lighter timbers and less mortising and pinning
HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT: (1) bulldozer, (2) compared to heavy timbers mortised and tenoned.
cranes, (3) excavator, (4) highway construction (3) platform frame: the studs are only one storey high.
equipment The floor joists for each storey rest on the top plates.
HEAVY WOOD FRAMING: the floor joists are carried by
MAJOR PARTS OF A BUILDING girders, and trusses or rafters by girts which frame into
SUPERSTRUCTURE: above the ground. (1) slab on fill, (2) the posts.
crawl space, (3) basement.
SUBSTRUCTURE: below the ground. JOINTS AND SPLICING
FOUNDATION: structural portion to transfer the loads to JOINTS: (1) lap joint, (2) butt joint, (3) oblique joint, (4)
the soil. scabbed joint, (5) scarf joint, (6) mortise and tenon joint,
(7) halved joint, (8) rabbet joint, (9) dado joint, (10) miter STIFFENERS: CHB partitions are supported against lateral
joint, (11) dovetail joint, (12) coped joint. movements. (1) stiffener columns: vertical, (2) stiffener
SPLICES: to connect two or more pieces of timbers with beams: horizontal.
equivalent strength of single timber. (1) splices for LINTEL: horizontal structural member over an opening
compression (scabbed or fished splice, halved splice), (2) which carries the weight of the wall above.
splice for tension (square splice), (3) splice for bending ON GRADE CONSTRUCTION
(scarfed splice). SLAB ON GRADE (SOG):
TIMBER CONNECTORS (1) isolation joints: expansion joints. Allow movement
metal devices used to provide added strength at bolted between slab and column/walls,
joints. (2) construction joints: provide a place for construction
(1) split rings: used for heavy construction. Sizes (2-1/2”, to stop and then continue at the later time,
4”, 6” diameter, (3) control joints: control cracking within the pre-
(2) toothed plates/rings: used between two timber determined lines.
frames for light construction. Sizes (2”, 2-5/8”, 4” GRADE BEAMS: part of the foundation system which
diameter supports the exterior wall of the superstructure
(3) claw plates: used either singly (timber to metal CONCRETE PIERS ON ISOLATED FOOTING
connections) or in pairs (timber to timber connections). (1) WOOD POSTS ON CONCRETE PIERS
One side clawed, other side smooth, (2) WOOD BEAMS ON CONCRETE PIERS
(4) shear plates: used to develop shear resistance in
demountable wood to wood connection or wood to metal POSTS
connections. a stiff vertical support in timber framing. Wood posts are
MASONRY WALLS loaded axially in compression. (1) solid sawn column, (2)
MASONRY WALLS: modular building blocks bonded built-up columns, (3) spaced columns.
together with mortar to form durable, fire-resistant, and WOOD FLOOR FRAMING
efficient walls. (1) floor joist: series of small, parallel beams for
(1) unreinforced masonry walls: incorporate horizontal supporting floors, ceilings or flat roofs,
joint reinforcement and metal wall ties to bond wythes of (2) common joist: a joist on which floor boards are laid,
a solid or cavity walls, (3) binder: a beam which supports the common joists,
(2) reinforced masonry walls: utilize steel reinforcing bars (4) girder: a large beam used to support concentrated
embedded in grout filled joints and cavities to aid the loads along its length,
masonry in resisting stresses. (5) bridging: an arrangement of braces between joists to
TYPES: (1) bricks, (2) concrete blocks, (3) structural clay prevent their rotation or lateral movement,
tile, (4) structural glass block, (5) natural cast stone. (6) cross bridging: diagonal bracing between adjacent
MORTAR: a plastic mixture of cement or lime with sand floor joists to prevent the joists from twisting.
and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry (7) solid bridging: short boards fixed vertically between
construction. floor joists to stiffen the joists,
Type M (high strength), (8) bridging floor: floor supported by common joists,
Type S (medium high strength), (9) principal joist: a large joist carrying the floor load,
Type N (medium strength), (10) sleeper joist: joist resting directly on sleeper
Type O (low strength), (horizontal timber laid on concrete slab),
Type K (very low strength). (11) ledger: a horizontal board let into studding to carry
the ends of joists
(12) ledger strip: a piece attached to the face of a beam
at the bottom to support the ends of joists,
CHB WALL CONSTRUCTION (13) sill: the lowest horizontal member resting on and
TYPES: (1) stretcher (3-core), (2) corner, (3) double corner anchored to a foundation wall.
or pier, (4) bull nose, (5) jamb, (6) stretcher (2-core), (7) WOOD FLOOR FINISHES
partition, (8) beam or lintel. (1) strip flooring, (2) plank flooring, (3) parquet flooring,
WALL FOOTING: a strip of reinforced concrete wider than (4) parquet tile flooring
the wall which distributes the loads to the soil. WOOD WALL FRAMING
Reinforcement: 0.2% to 0.3% of the gross cross sectional (1) studs: upright members of wood forming the
area of the concrete. structural frame of a wall,
(2) top plate: uppermost horizontal member on which (9) DOME: a hemispherical form of roofs.
joists rest, (10) CONICAL ROOF: a steep roof of circular section that
(3) soleplate: the bottom horizontal member upon which tapers uniformly from the circular base to a central point.
a row of studs is erected,
(4) cripple: framing member as a stud above a door RAFTER FRAMING GABLE ROOF
opening or below window sill (1) common rafters: the main rafters from a wall plate to
WOOD BOARDS a ridge board/beam,
HORIZONTAL BOARD SIDING: (1) bevel siding, (2) dolly (2) collar ties: connect two opposing rafters at a point
varden siding, (3) shiplap siding, (4) rustic siding below the ridge,
WOOD BOARDS VERTICAL BOARD SIDING: (1) T&G siding, (3) ridge board/beam: horizontal member supporting the
(2) V-cut siding, (3) corrugated siding, (4) batten siding, upper ends of rafters
(5) stone-cut siding. RAFTER FRAMING HIP ROOF
WOOD MANUFACTURED BOARDS: (1) plywood, (2) (1) hip rafter: form the junction of the sloping sides of a
hardboard, (3) chipboard, (4) fiberboard, (5) gypsum hip roof,
board, (6) fiber cement board, (7) particle board (2) jack rafter: rafter that is shorter than the full length of
WOOD CEILING FRAMING: the roof slope, meeting a hip or a valley,
(1) ceiling joist: small beams which the ceiling of a room (3) hip jack: jack rafter extending from a wall plate to a hip
is attached, rafter,
(2) binder: beam which supports the common joists, (4) valley jack: jack rafter extending from a valley rafter to
(3) plate joist: horizontal board which connects and a ridge,
terminates the ceiling joists, (5) valley rafter: rafter connecting the ridge to the wall
(4) ceiling strap: strip of wood nailed to the underside of plate along a valley
floor joist from which ceiling is suspended TRUSS PARTS
ROOFING: (1) chord, (2) web, (3) king post, (4) collar beam: for
RIDGE: the horizontal line of intersection at the top rafters.
between two sloping planes of a roof. TYPES: (1) king-post truss, (2) queen-post truss, (3) howe
HIP: the inclined projecting angle formed by the junction truss, (4) fink truss, (5) scissors truss.
of two adjacent sloping sides of a roof. ROOF COVER
VALLEY: the intersection of two inclined roof surfaces (1) corrugated galvanized iron roofing, (2) metal seam
toward which rainwater flows. roofing, (3) batten seam roofing, (4) clay/cement tile
SHED: the roof having a single slope roofing.
GABLE: the triangular portion of wall enclosing the end of WOOD STAIRS
a pitched roof from ridge to eaves. LAYING OUT: formula: T + R = 45 cm. PARTS: (1) header,
DORMER: projecting structures built from a sloping roof (2) trimmer, (3) stringer: cut, rabbeted, cleated, built-up,
and housing a vertical window. (4) baluster, (5) balustrade, (6) newel, (7) rail, (8) bullnose
RAKE: the inclined edge of a sloping roof. step, (9) nosing, (10) nosing strip.
EAVE: the overhanging lower edge of a roof. DOORS
SOFFIT: the underside of an overhanging roof eave. DOORS OPERATION: (1) swinging door, (2) bypass sliding
ROOFING TYPES door, (3) surface sliding door, (4) pocket sliding door, (5)
(1) SHED ROOF: a roof having a single slope. folding door
(2) GABLE ROOF: a roof sloping downward in two parts WOOD FLUSH DOOR: door having smooth-surfaced faces.
from a central ridge. WOOD PANEL DOOR: door having framework of stiles,
(3) HIP ROOF: a roof having sloping ends and sides rails.
meeting at an inclined projecting angle. HARDWARE: (1) locksets, (2) hinges, (3) closers, (4) panic
(4) PAVILION ROOF: a pyramidal hip roof. devices, (5) push/pull bars, (6) kick plates, (7) door stops,
(5) GAMBREL ROOF: a ridged roof divided on each side (8) thresholds, (9) weather stripping, (10) tracks/guides.
into a shallower slope above a stepper one. OPENING CONVENTIONS: (1) left hand, (2) right hand, (3)
(6) MANSARD ROOF: a roof having on each side a stepper left hand reverse, (4) right hand reverse.
lower part and a shallower upper part. WINDOWS
(7) SAWTOOTH ROOF: a roof composed of a series of FRAME: (1) window frame, (2) head, (3) jamb, (4) sill, (5)
small parallel roofs of triangular cross section casing trim, (6) head/jamb casing, (7) apron, (8)
(8) BUTTERFLY ROOF: a roof having two slopes, each architrave, (9) plinth block.
descending inward from the eaves. SASH AND GLAZING
SASH: framework in which panes of glass are set. REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS TYPES: (1) rectangular
PANE: one of the divisions of window, consisting of a beam, T-beam, beam with compression reinforcement,
single unit of glass set in a frame. cantilever beam, hollow box girder, corbel.
GLAZING: the panes of glass set in sashes. ROOF DECK: the structural surface to which flooring or
RAIL: horizontal members framing a window sash. roofing is applied
MUNTIN: rabbeted member for holding the edges and WALL SYSTEMS TYPES
panes within a sash. (1) bearing wall
STILE: upright member framing a sash. (2) curtain wall: panel wall, panel curtain wall: sticktype,
MULLION: vertical member separating a series of unit and mullion type, grid type, panel type, spandrel
windows. type, sheathed type,
OPERATION: (1) fixed window, (2) casement window, (3) (3) foundation wall,
awning window, (4) hopper window, (5) sliding window, (4) retaining wall: gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort
(6) double-hung window, (7) jalousie window, (8) pivoting wall,
window. (5) spandrel wall
GLAZING: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
(1) face glazing: glazier’s point, putty, face putty, glazing PRE-TENSIONING: to prestress a concrete member by
compound, tensioning the reinforcing tendons before the concrete is
(2) wet glazing: glazing tape, sealant, glazing bead, heel cast. The tendons are first stretched between two
bead, (3) dry glazing: compression gasket, abutments until a predetermined tensile force is
(4) structural gasket glazing, developed. Concrete is then cast in formwork around the
(5) glass setting tolerances: glass size, united inches, edge tendons and fully cured. Finally, the tendons are cut, and
block, setting block, face clearance, bite, edge clearance the tensile stress in the tendons are transferred to the
SKYLIGHTS: an opening in a roof or ceiling, glazed with a concrete through bond stresses.
transparent or translucent material for admitting POST-TENSIONING: to prestress a concrete member by
daylight. tensioning the reinforcing tendons after the concrete has
HEAVY REINFORCED CONCRETE AND PRE-STRESSED set. Unstressed tendons are placed in the sheaths before
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION concrete is cast in formwork around the tubes. After the
FOUNDATION SYSTEMS concrete has cured, the tendons are clamped on one end
SHALLOW FOUNDATION: (1) isolated footing, (2) strip and jacked against the concrete on the other end until the
footing, (3) combined footing, (4) cantilevered footing, (5) required force is developed. The tendons are then
continuous footing, (6) mat foundation. anchored on the jacking end and the jack removed
DEEP FOUNDATION: (1) pile foundation: wood pile, PRECAST CONCRETE : a concrete member or product that
concrete pile, steel pile, composite pile, (2) caisson is cast and cured in a place other than where it is to be
foundation. installed in a structure.
FOUNDATION WALLS BUILDING PROTECTION SYSTEMS
wall occurring below the floor nearest grade to support WATER-PROOFING
and anchor the superstructure DAMP-PROOFING
WATER REPELLING
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN THERMAL INSULATION
SHORT COLUMN: H < 10 (least dimension) TERMITE PROOFING
LONG COLUMN: H < 10 (least dimension) RAT PROOFING
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN TYPES: (1) tied column, FIRE PROOFING FLOOR PROTECTION
(2) spiral column, (3) composite column, (4) combined RUST PROOFING
column, (5) lally column. DESCALER
DOWEL: short reinforcing bar extending equally into two
abutting sections of concrete to prevent differential WATER-PROOFING: (1) integral type, (2) membrane type,
settlement (3) fluid type, (4) cementitious type.
REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS THERMAL INSULATION: (1) loose fill, (2) blanket
SUSPENDED SLAB: (1) one-way slab, (2) ribbed slab, (3) insulation, (3) block/rigid slab insulation, (4) foamed-in
two-way slab, (4) waffle slab, (5) flat plate, (6) flat slab place insulation, (5) sprayed-on insulation.
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS STRUCTURAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION
(1) SIMPLE BEAM (2) CANTILEVER BEAM (3) CONTINUOUS
BEAM
STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES : (1) square bar, (2) round 4. SPACE FRAMES.
bar, (3) plate bar, (4) angle bar, (5) channel, (6) I-beam, 5. FOLDED PLATES.
(7) tee beam, (8) Hcolumn, (9) wide flange, (10) zee. 6. THIN SHELL STRUCTURES.
STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING: (1) one-way beam system, 7. STRESSED SKIN STRUCTURES.
(2) twoway beam system, (3) three-way beam system 8. SUSPENSION STRUCTURES.
STEEL COLUMN: (1) strut of one/two angle, (2) starred 9. INFLATABLE STRUCTURES.
angle, (3) latticed column, (4) rolled H-column, (5) built-
up column, (6) top chord section, (7) column for bent, (8) ARCHITECTURAL FINISHING SYSTEM
battened column DRYWALL SYSTEM
STEEL BEAM (1) plate girder, (2) box girder. WALL BOARD: any of various sheet materials used in
CONNECTIONS: (1) moment connection, (2) shear covering a wall or ceiling as a substitute for plaster or
connection, (3) semi-rigid connection. paneling.
OPEN WEB JOIST: light weight, shop fabricated steel TRACKS
members having a trussed web. STUDS
METAL DECKING GYPSUM BOARD
METAL DECKING: galvanized sheet steel strengthened for ROCKWOOL INSULATION
use as floor or roof decking by cold-rolled a series or ribs JOINT TAPE
or flutes into it. SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEM
FORM DECKING: metal decking serving as permanent a ceiling suspended from an overhead floor or roof
formwork for a reinforced slab until the slab can support structure to provide space for pipes, ductwork, lighting
itself. fixtures, or other service equipment.
COMPOSITE DECKING: metal decking serving as CROSS TEE
permanent formwork and tensile reinforcement for a MAIN RUNNER
concrete slab bonded to it by a deformed or dovetail rib SPLINE
pattern. TIE RODS
CELLULAR DECKING: metal decking manufactured by GYPSUM BOARD/ACOUSTIC BOARD
welding a corrugated steel sheet to a flat steel sheet,
forming a series of raceways for electrical wires and SPECIFICATION AND QUANTITY SURVEYING
cables. SPECIFICATION
STEEL TRUSS The part of the contract documents consisting of a
TRUSS: structural frame based on the geometric rigidity detailed description of the technical nature of the
of the triangle and composed of linear member’s subject materials, standards, and quality of execution of the work
only to axial tension or compression. to be placed under contract.
TYPES: (1) fink truss, (2) howe truss, (3) pratt truss, (4) PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION
scissors truss, (5) hammerbeam truss, (6) sawtooth truss, DESCRIPTIVE SPECIFICATION
(7) warren truss, (8) pettit truss. REFERENCE SPECIFICATION
RIGID FRAMES: structural frame of linear members rigidly PROPRIETARY SPECIFICATION
connected at their joints. MOMENT RESISTING-FRAME.
JOINING STEEL MEMBERS UNIFORM SYSTEM (MASTERFORMAT) 16-DIVISION
(1) riveting, UNIFORM CONSTRUCTION INDEX:
(2) bolting: carbon-steel bolt, high-strength bolt, Division 1: General Requirements
(3) welding: fillet weld, groove weld, slot weld. Division 2: Site Work
STANDARD STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS Division 3: Concrete
1. WOOD. Division 4: Masonry
2. STEEL. Division 5: Metal
3. CONCRETE. Division 6: Wood and Plastics
4. MASONRY. Division 7: Thermal and Moisture Protection
5. COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION. Division 8: Doors and Windows
6. WALLS AND THE BUILDING ENVELOPE Division 9: Finishes
COMPLEX STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS Division 10: Specialties
1. TRUSSES. Division 11: Equipment
2. ARCHES. Division 12: Furnishings
3. RIGID FRAMES. Division 13: Special Construction
Division 14: Conveying Systems Facia – senepa
Division 15: Mechanical Feet – piye, pye
Division 16: Electrical Floor – suelo/ sahig
THREE-PART SECTION FORMAT Flush – alahado/ lahado
Part 1: GENERAL: defines the specific administrative and Frame – balangkas
procedural requirements unique to this section Gable – sibi
Part 2: PRODUCTS: describes, in detail, the quality of Gable roof – dos aguas
items that are required for incorporation into the project Girt – sepo, barote
under this section. Girder – guililyan
Part 3: EXECUTION: describes, in detail, preparatory Groove – kanal
actions and how the products are incorporated into the Ground – sular
project Gutter – alero, alulod
Height of Burj Khalifa: 828 m, 830 m to tip G.I strap – lingueta
Floors: 163 Half circle – medya luna, medya kunya
Hinge – bisagra
Hinge (cabinet) – espelon
Inch - pulgada
Here's a list of Vernacular Terms used in construction. Jack rafter – sobre kilo
Jamb – hamba
Abutment – tulay Joist –soleras, suleras
Arc – arko, balantok King post – pindulo
Baseboard – rodapis Landing – mesa, pahingahan
Beam – biga Lath, wood strip– listong kahoy
Bottom chord – barakilan Lathing – pagliliston
Brace (diagonal) - pie de gallo Lattice – sala-sala
Bolt – pierno Mason – mason, kantero
Brick – tisa Masonry fill – lastilyas
Butted – tumbok Mezzanine – entresuelo
Canopy – pabilyon Mortar – paupo
Ceiling joist – kostilyahe Moulding (quater round) – mediacana
Chb laying – asinta Nail setter – punsol
Chb layed – asintada Oakum – estopa
Clinch – mag-rematse Parapet – kuta, muralya
Collar beam – ternate Pattern – plantilya, padron
Concrete slab – larga masa Pavement – pabimento
Conductor/gutter - alulod Pickwork –piketa
Conduit – padaluyan Pile – pilote
Corrugated G.I. sheet – yero galbanisado Plastered line course – kusturada
Cross bracing – krusete Plate –sepo
Crushed stone - escombro Plumb – panghulog
Design – debuho Plumb line – hulog
Door case – hambahe Post – halige
Door frame – marko ng pinto Purlin – reostra, parlina
Door head – trabesanyo, sombrero Putty – masilya
Door fillet – batidora Projection - bolada
Door jamb – hamba Queen post – sobre pindulo
Door panelled – de bandeha Rabbet – vaciada, basyada
Door sill – umbral Rafter – kilo, tahilan
Drip mould – gwardya agwa Ramp – sumyinta
Earth fill – escombro, lastilyas Rebar - kabilya
Eave – sibe Ridge – palupo
Easement – rekudo Ridge roll – caballete
Facade – patsade Rise – senepa
Riser – takip
Rivet - rimatse
Roof – atip
Rubble – eskombro, tigkal-tigkal
Scaffolding, platform – andamyo
Scratch coat – rebokada
Septic tank – poso negro
Sheet - plantsa
Sketch – krokis
Siding (external) – tabike
Sill (floor) – guililan
Sink – prigadero
Skirt – senepa
Slab – kustado
Soffit – sepeto, intrados
Slope –bahada
Solder - hinang
Spacing – beinto
Stake – estake, estaka
Steel – asero
Stirrup, ties – anilyo
Stringer – sepo, tahilan
Stringer (close) – madre
Stringer (open) – hardinera
Stud – pamakuan
Stud (vertical) – pilarete
Stud (horizontal) – pabalagbag
Tenon – mitsa
Tile – baldosa
Tinsmith - latero
Top chord – kilo
Thread – roskas
Tread - baytang
Truss – kilo
Varnished – varnisado, monyeka
Vault – balantok, bodega
Wainscoat – entablemento, arimadilyo
Washer – pitsa, tsapa
Weatherstrip – baryete
Window grille - rehas
Wood grain – haspe
Wood plank - tabla
Yoke – sinturon, pamatok
QUIZ: BUILDING UTILITIES
Banners Suspended from ceiling, bar joist, or pre-engineered suspension systems; designed to
hang in a horizontal or catenary fashion

Geometrix Sculptured sound absorbing modular units for walls as corner traps, bass traps and ceiling
Broadband Absorber applications

pipe sealants/ pipe This material is used to threaded pipe connections to prevent leakage.
joint compounds

Photometry The science that deals with the measurement of light

coupling Used to connect the two ends of two pipes, neither of which can be turned

20 psi / 60 psi The standard water pressure from nawasa, maynilad, manila water etc.

Circuit breaker The part of the cut out that is design to open or break an electrical current under an
excessive load.

white or gray The prescribe color code for equipment grounding conductor as per Philippine Electrical
Code

Moisture-resistant TW type of wire is the most common electrical wire used and is appropriate for dry and
Thermoplastic wet locations. What is the trade name of TW?

BLANK FLANGE A flange that is not drilled

Composite materials Manufactured from combinations of materials from open and closed celled foams to
quitted fiberglass and barrier

TRANSFORMERS Which of the following device used to convert voltage from higher to lower or vice versa?

Main Vent The principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches may be connected

Architectural lighting It is a field in architecture concerned primarily with the illumination of architecture including
academic/institutional corporate, hospitality, monumental structures, retail/entertainment
and site/facade, lighting projects.

Baffles Used to reduce sound pressure levels and lower reverberation times in large spaces such
as gymnasiums and theatres ; suspended from open truss and pre-engineered
suspension systems: designed to hang in vertical fashion allowing free flow of air.

Panel / distribution What do you call the main feed line of an electrical circuit to which branch circuits are
panel connected?

ROUGHING-IN Installation of all parts of the plumbing system which can be completed prior to the
installation of fixtures

Stack vent The extension of a solid or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to
the stack horizontal drain , the uppermost end above the roof
GOLD Which is the best conductor of electricity

Kinetics Noise A resilient base for mechanical equipment, installed to reduce the transmission of vibration
Control vibration and noise to the supporting structure
isolation products

Circuit Breaker A device designed to open and close a circuit by non-automatic means and to open the
circuit automatically on predetermined overcurrent without damage to itself when properly
applied within its rating:

Minimum allowance clearance from the highest point of the roof to the service conduction
according to the National Building Code of the Philippines

Pull Box A box with a blank cover which serves the purpose of joining one different runs of
raceways or cable and provided with sufficient space for connection and branching of the
enclosure conductors.

1.2 m / 48 inch Standard height of lighting switch measured from the finished floor line

EFFLUENT Liquid sewage that has been treated in a septic tank or sewage treatment plant

non-SI unit of The illumination at any point on the sphere is one foot candle the unit for the power or
illuminance or light intensity of light.
intensity

DIFFUSION Light rays leaving the source….

POLARIZATION Light rays striking a polarize....

ACCENT Lighting that provides illumination on special objects

SPECIFIC Lighting used primarily to draw...

INDIRECT Types of lighting where 90-10…..

Pair of fitting terminating an EMT to a utility box

Pipe size? All pipe determinations shall be based on eighty percent(__) the reduced pressure

ONE How many p-traps does a double kitchen sink require

Water demand Size of water piping shall be based on the total_____

Refers to the unit of intensity of light of one standard candle whose light is concentrated at
a point and the light source is assumed to be placed at the center of a hollow sphere of
one foot radius

No? Does your toilet should be running all the time

NEVER Grease can be disposed in the kitchen sink

SERIES CIRCUIT Electrical circuit that carry the same equal current and the total resistance, R, is the sum of
 the resistances throughout the circuit

15 inches (381 mm) No water closet or bidet shall be set closer than ___m from its center to any side of the
or closer than 30 wall or obstruction or closer than__m center to center to any similar fixture
inches (762 mm)

30-60 amp with 10-4 Minimum wire size for an air-conditioning unit
AWG wire

The main component of a rotating mechanical device

Fluoride as an additive in the water supply is a chemical for

1 coulomb? The amount of electrical charge passing through a circuit

Water tank May be used either for the collection of water without consideration of pressure, or for
storing water under air pressure or under a static head for future distribution by pneumatic
or gravity means. Materials are PVC, G.I., reinforced concrete, stainless steel or plain
steel

One of the first steps in the selection of a suitable water supply source

Wells Are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be withdrawn using manual or mechanical
means such as a draw bucket, pump, etc.

coulomb? The unit of electrical energy as a product of current passing through a resistor

The cable that connect from the commercial power supply to the power subscriber

Service Drop The cable that connects the distribution line to the service entrance

60 ft/ 15.24 m The minimum distance (in meters) of well from a septic tank

WASH DOWN Water enters through an open rim, as though a bucket of water were dumped into the
bowl,filling the front trap way and creating siphon action.This model provides quick
removal of water with minimum water rise. Small water surface makes the model more
vulnerable to soiling and clogging. This is the least efficient and most noisy type but lowest
in cost.

Wavelength The distance a sound wave travels during each complete cycle of vibration measured in
meters or feet

COMMON VENT A vent connecting at the junction of two fixture drain and serving as a vent for both
fixtures. A single vent that ventilates multiple traps in the case of back to back fixture.

SIPHON-JET Water enters through rim punching and through a jet that fills the rear trapway completely,
creating a siphon action and resulting in quick withdrawal of water from the bowl. A water
jet is located at the inlet of the trapway. Most of the bowl surface is covered with water.
This model is efficient but moderately noisy. Its cost is reasonably low.

SI unit: candela The unit of luminous intensity

(Cd)
Diffusion Light rays leaving the source strike a rough, opaque surface which spreads the light in
various directions

Sound Absorption Fraction of energy of the incident sound absorbed by the surface; the time fraction of the
Coefficient incident energy not reflected.

acoustic panel ? One of a number of acoustic panels installed near the ceiling of a concert hall to reflect
sound for improving the acoustic quality of time

Leach To cause water or other liquid to percolate through something, so as to dissolve out
soluble constituent

Six (6) months Plumbing permit shall be invalid if works not commenced after a period of

GENERAL A type of lighting that deals with lighting relatively large area covered
LIGHTING

DOWNLIGHT Recessed lighting that is built in during construction

PENDANT A hanging fixture from the ceiling

SCONCE Wall mounted lighting fixture

COVE LIGHT Lighting by means of sources shielded by a ledge or horizontal recess that distribute light
over the ceiling and upper wall

Fits between a closet flange and toilet bowl

SIPHON-VORTEX Water enters through diagonal punching around the rim of the bowl creating a vortex that
draws the water down into the rear trap with a swirling action that scours the walls of the
bowl. Water strikes two parallel ridges and folds over forming a jet, producing siphonic
action. Large water surface provides a very efficient and clean process, and the flushing is
extremely quiet. This model is mostly of one-piece construction with a low profile.
Expensive.

LIGHT EMITTING LED means

DIODE

REVERSE-TRAP A steel tank is located inside the chinak tank. Uses pressure from the water supply
system. A 1.5 in. water supply line provides 25 psi pressure, compressing trapped air in
the tank. When flushed the compressed air forces the water out. The bowl is designed to
accept the torrent of water. The crest of the surging water empties the bowl through the
enlarged trap. Large water surface makes this model efficient. Design features make it
suitable for residential use. Flushing is very noise. Low water usage(1.5 gpf) helps
conserve water. Expensive.

Noise reduction The perceived difference in sound pressure levels between two enclosed spaces due to
the sound-isolating qualities of the separating barrier as well as the absorption present in
the receiving room.

Which is not one of the components of plumbing?

PRESSURE/TANKL Strong flushing action is created by a jet of water directed into the rim and jet. The force of
ESS the jet draws the bowl contents into the rear trap. It doesn’t use siphonic action but relies
on the driving force of jet action.

Flanking Sound which penetrates through surface by means of travelling along parts of the building
Transmission other than the common wall or floor

Reflection? Light rays strike a plain surface transparent glass which allows the rays to proceed farther

Silicone caulk Type of adhesive used to caulk around wet surfaces

SABINS Unit for Sound Absorption

Rapid change from a local fire to one involving all combustible materials in a room

Life Risk Areas Areas in which all occupants are ambulant and able to move unaided away from a fire

Addressable Fire alarm system that comprises one or more circuits with detectors connected in parallel,
and each detection has a unique identification on the circuit

Sound Concentration Relevant to sound reflection, a concave surface results

Loudness A subjective attribute of an auditory sensation in terms of which sound may be ordered on
a scale of soft to loud

Sprinkler System An integrated network hydraulically designed system which automatically discharges
water when activated by heat or combustion products from a fire

A fire protection integrated system that comprises the control and indicator panel

Sound Diffraction The acoustical phenomenon which causes sound waves to be bent of scattered around
such obstacles as corners, columns, wall,beams and etc.

Acoustic foam Sound absorbers are usually made of foamed open cell plastics, mineral fibre and fluffy
fabrics. A wide variety of materials can be applied to walls and ceilings

Composite materials Manufactured from combinations of materials from open and closed celled foams to a
quilted fibreglass and barrier

Structure Borne A sound wave which moves through materials or structures

Sound

Sound Refraction Change of sound wave direction as it moves from one medium to another of different
density

Sound Dispersion Occurs when sound waves are dispersed equally in a room

Any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or with other chemicals
Flammable &
Combustible Liquids
– Hazards
Sound Dispersion Relevant to sound reflection, a convex surface results

Areas which, due to their function are more usually susceptible to an outbreak of fire, or to
a rapid spread of fire or smoke

Fuse An electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical
circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current
flows through it, thereby stopping or interrupting the current.

Direct transmission Sound coming through the common wall or floor

Surveillance and Any visual or audible signal to warn the occupants of the presence or danger of fire
Signal
Equipment

Reverberation The prolongation of sound as a result of successive reflections in an enclosed space after
the source of sound is turned off.
BUILDING UTILITIES Types of Ventilation System

Types of Rigid Plastic Pipes -Unit Vent

-Polyvinylchloride -Circuit Vent

-Chlorinated Polyvinyl -Yoke Vent

-Polypropylene -Loop vent

-Acrilonitryle bytadiene styrene -Relief Vent

Types of cast iron pipes -Back vent

-Standard Pipe -Blind vent

Single Hub pipe -Branch vent

-double hub pipe • Clean out – Equal removable Plug which

provides inspection
-hub less pipe
• Circuit Vent – Sewers two or more traps
Types of Traps and extends from in front of the last fixture
• Seal measurement – The vertical
-P-Trap distance between the top, dip and crown
wear of a pipe.
-S-trap
• Seepage Pit/cesspool – A lined and
-3/4 Strap covered excavation in the ground
• Septic Tank – a water type receptacle
-Grease Trap which receives the discharge of a
plumbing system
-Bag Trap
• Back vent – also called individual vent
-Crown Trap • Globe Valve – a valve in which the flow of
fluid is control by a rotating drilled ball
-Bell trap • Loop vent – a type of ventilation system
Causes of Trap seal loss used in fixture in a room away from
partitions
-Siphonage • Air gap – the unobstructed vertical
distance through the free.
-Back pressure
• Horizontal pipe – less than 45 degrees
-Evaporation with horizontal.
• Riser – a water supply pipe that extends
-Capillary Attraction one full storey
• Soil Stack – vertical line of piping that
-Wind effects
extends one or more floors and receive
Types of Valves the discharge of water closet.
• Vent pipe – pipe installed two ventilate a
-Gate valve building drainage system and to prevent
trap syphonage
-Check Valve
• Stack vent – also serves as a drain. The
-Globe Valve extension of a soil or waste stack above
the highest horizontal drain connection to
-Angle Valve the stack.
• Building supply pipe – the pipe from the
-Butterfly Valve
water main or other source of water supply
-Foot valve to the water distributing system of a
building.
-Safety Valve
• Vent Stack – a vertical pipe installed in • Sound reflection – Sound reflected of a
order to provide circulation of air to and surface usually one is hard rigid or flat.
from the drainage system. • Sound absorption – sound waves absorb
• Drain pipe – a pipe that only conveys in a material upon contact change of
liquid waste free from fecal matter. sound energy into some other form.
• Battery of fixture – any group of two ore • Surface absorption – sound absorption
more similar adjacent fixtures which of a surface obtains by multiplying the
discharge into a common horizontal area of a surface
waste or soil branch. • Sabin’s – unit of surface absorption
• Sewer – an artificial conduit usually • Sound diffusion – occurs when sound
underground for carrying off waste water waves dispersed equally in a room
and refuse. • Sound diffraction – acoustical
• 3/8 – minimum fixture supply size by phenomenon which causes sound waves
lavatory to be bent or scattered around such
obstacles as corners, columns, walls and
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM beam.
• Rolling gutter – this shuts of the well way • Sound diffraction – change of sound
at a given floor, thus preventing draft and waves direction as it moves from one
the spread of fire upward through medium to another of different density.
escalator as well. • Sound transmission – Sound which
• Smoke guard – consists of fire proof penetrates through surface
baffles surrounding the well way extending • Pitch – frequency of sound vibration in the
downward about 20 below ceiling level. predominant frequently of a sound as
perceived buy a human ear.
ACOUSTIC SYSTEM
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• Environmental Acoustics – deals with
the effect of the environmental upon • Automatic system – uses detectors to
audible sound waves architectural trigger the alarm is triggered by hand.
acoustics and landscape acoustics. • Manual system – used visual detection
• Sonics – deals with mechanical waves in and the alarm is triggered by hand
basic scientific researches industry and • Photoelectric detector – this detector
medicine. reacts to the obscuration of a light beam
• Speech – produce by the woman voice. by smoke.
• Noise – produced by the impact, by • Dual coded systems – this system is a
vibrating bodies even by speech or music. combination of the non-coded and the
• Speed – some travels at 1130 feet per zone coed system
second or 344 minutes per second at ELECTRIC SYSTEM
normal room Temperature (68 F) sound
travels faster in denser media. • Alternating current generators or
• Intensity – rate at which sound energy is alternators – the bulk of electrical energy
being transmitted measured at any point in utilize today is inform of alternating current
the medium: Square distance including energy for power and lighting
• Decibel – the unit in which sound intensity • Coulomb – a coulomb of electricity
is defined for architectural purposes. comprises 6.25 x 1018
• Frequency – the number of displacement • Ampere – current represents a rate of flow
or oscillations that a particle undergoes of one coulomb or 6.25 x 1018 electrons /
per second. second to a given cross section
• Hertz – units of frequency numerically • Volt – is the electromotive force or
equal to cycles per second. potential difference between two pints in
• Pitch – the attribute of an auditory system an electric field which will move a charge
which enables as to pinpoint sound a of one coulomb between theses points.
scale extending from high to low
frequency.
• Ohm – the resistance between allow one • Reflection – when light or sound is
ampere of current to flow when one volt is reflected from a smooth surface the angle
empress upon it. of incidents is equals to the angle of
• Watts – the unit of electric power or the reflection
rate of doing electrical work. • Diffusion- a scattered reflection of light
• Ohms law – 1 = V/R from an irregular surface or an erratic
• Branch circuits – an electrical s=circuits dispersion through a translucent material.
may be defining as a complete conducting • Absorption – the radiation absorbs by a
path carrying the current from a source of surface
electricity to and trough some electrical • Refraction – the change of direction f a
device or load and back to the source. ray of light as it passes obliquely from one
• Lightning rod – anything of several medium and to another in which velocity is
conducting rods installed at the top of a different
structure and grounded to divert lighting • Transmittance – the radiation transmits
away from a structure. and emerging from body
• Conductors – our materials which allow • Diffraction – the modulation of light or
the free flow of electrons through them. sound waves as they bend around the
• Armored cable – a fabricated assembly of edges of an obstacle in path
insulated conductors and close inflexible • Luminous intensity = candel (cd)
metal sheath
• Flat cable assemblies – an assembly of ARSC
parallel conductor’s form integrally with an A temporary change in the dimensions or shape of
insulating material web design especially a body produced by a stres
for field installation in square structural
channels. • elastic deformation
• Conduits – are circular raceways used to
enclose wires and cable and are of metal Type of load that is increasing or decreasing
or plastics. linearly throughout the length of the beam
• Raceways – a channels are wiring • uniformly varying load
accessories so design for holding wires Buildings used for college or adult education with a
cables and bus bars that are either made capacity of 500 or more students fall to what type
of metal, plastic or isolating medium of occupancy?
• Bus conductors – large conductors which • Special occupancy
are not circular in cross section and Aviation control towers fall to what type of
usually found only to supply the main occupancy?
switch bards • Essential facilities
• Outlet – is an outlet intended for direct Buildings or structures therein housing and
connection to a lamp older lighting fixture supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or
or pendant chords substances fall to what type of category?
• Lighting track – a factor assembled • Hazardous facility
channel with conductors for one to four A bend or curve given to develop an equivalent
circuit permanently installed in the track embedment length, used where there is insufficient
that will act as slight duty. room to develop in adequate embedment length.
• Flat cable assemblies – a field installed • Hook
rigidly mounted square, structural channel
• Armored cable wiring – consist of rubber Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural
or thermos plastic covered wire protected buildings fall to what type of occupancy?
by injury to a certain wire protected from • Miscellaneous occupancy
injury to a certain extent from dampness Short column refers to the laterally unsupported
length along the longitudinal axis not more than
• Unit substations – AN ASSEMBY OF
PRIMARY switch fuse breakers step down how many times its least lateral dimension?
transformer
• 10
LIGHTING
In column, the ratio of its effective length to its least • moment of inertia
radius of gyration is called.
These are lateral loads except one
• Slenderness ratio
• movable load
A storey whose strength is less than 80% of the strength of
A bended rod to resist shear and diagonal stresses the storey above is considered as __________.
in a concrete beam is called. • Weak Storey
• Stirrups This is essentially a vertical truss system provided to resist
lateral forces of a building.
A short steel bar extending from one concrete
• Braced Frame
element to another as for instance a concrete Constructing a high- rise building requires concrete that can
foundation to a concrete column. It may or may not easily be pumped. What type of admixture in concrete the
transfer direct stress. contractor will provide which can reduce the requirement of
• Dowel mixing water and produce a flowing concrete that does not
Long column refers to the laterally unsupported segregate and needs very little vibration
• Plasticizer
length along the longitudinal axis not less than how
(NSCP 403.20) A complete record of test of materials and of
many times its least lateral dimension? concrete shall be available for inspection during the
• 10 progress of work . How many years after
A material used as ingredient of concrete and completion of the project shall certificates be preserved by
added to concrete before or during its mixing to the inspecting engineer or architect.
• 2 year
modify its properties
What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of steel?
• Admixture • 7,850 Kg
The section at which the moment changes from What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of concrete?
positive to negative along its longitudinal axis. • 2,400 Kg
• inflection point What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of water?
An expansion joint’s adjacent parts of a structure to • 1,000 Kg
A type of gunite mixed with an accelerating admixture with
permit expected movements between them is aggregate larger than 10mm originally sprayed under high
called. air pressure of lining tunnels.
• Contraction joint • Shotcrete
The main reinforcing bar resisting tension at the If a structure is judged under the condition either to be no
span of a beam. longer useful for its intended function or to unsafe, it has
reached its __________.
• Bottom Bar
• Limit state
The vertical or horizontal face in a concrete A phenomenon of failure or damage that may result in
structure where concreting has been stopped and sudden and brittle fracture of a ductile material due to
continued later reversals of stresses applied to a body repeatedly or a great
• Construction joint number of times.
• Metal Fatigue
Honey comb in concrete can be limited by the use
The load at which a perfectly straight member under
of… compression assumes a deflected position.
• vibrator • Buckling load
waterThe tendency of most material to move or It is a beam type supported by a hinge/roller at one end and
deform over time under a constant load The the other end is projecting beyond a fixed support.
amount of movement varies enormously depending • Semi-continuous beam
The upward pressure against the bottom of the basement
upon the material.
floor of a structure or road slab caused by the presence of
• Creep water.
A deformed bar, embedded in a concrete • Uplift pressure
construction at a joint and designed to hold a The behavior of sandy soil to weaken its capacity to carry
butting edges together, not designed for direct load imposed loads when subjected to vibration such as
earthquake particularly when water table saturates this layer.
transfer
• Liquefaction
• Dowel It is a beam especially provided over an opening for a door
Formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next or window to carry the wall over opening.
batch of concrete is placed • Lintel beam
• Cold joint For any given granular material, the steepest angle with
The main reinforcing bar resisting tension at the support of a horizontal, a heaped soil surface will make in normal
beam. condition that will not slide.
• top Bar • Angle of repose
A property of a body that defines its resistance to a change The analysis of the stress, strain and deflection
in angular velocity about an axis of rotation. characteristics of structural behavior is referred to as:
 • structural analysis In an elastic material which has been subject to strain below
It is the general term applied for all force which act upon a its elastic limit, the ratio of the unit stress to the
structure and anything else which causes stresses or corresponding unit strain.
deformation within a structure, or part thereof: • Modulus of elasticity
• loads Steel reinforcement which is placed in a concrete slab, or the
The section at which the moment changes from positive to like, to minimize the possibility of developing cracks as a
negative result of temperature changes.
• Inflection Point • Temperature bar
A joint where two successive placement of concrete meet. To find the volume of water in a cylinder tank, multiply the
• Construction joint area of its base by its:
A joint between adjacent parts of a structure which permits • Diameter
movement between them resulting from contraction • Height
• Contraction joint • Perimeter
A joint or gap between adjacent parts of a building, structure • Radius
or concrete work which permits their relative movement due •
to temperature changes (or other conditions)without rupture In the design of structures, the maximum unit stress
or damage permitted under working loads by codes and specifications.
• Expansion joint • Allowable stress
A wall which supports vertical loads in addition to its weight • Bending stress
without the benefit of a complete vertical load carrying space • Flexural stress
frame. • Tensile stress
• Bearing wall The stress that can cause the bending of a member, as
Wall, either freestanding or laterally braced, that bears under a load.
against an earth or other fill surface and resists lateral and • Allowable stress
other forces from the material in contact with the side of the • Bending stress
wall, thereby preventing the mass from sliding to a lower • Flexural stress
elevation. • Tensile stress
• Retaining wall The most important component to determine the strength of
Any material changes in shape when subjected to the action concrete mix.
of a force. • Cement
• Deformation • Gravel
Any displacement in a body from its static position, or from • Lime
an established direction or plane, as a result of forces acting • Sand
on the body The ultimate strength of the material divided by the allowable
• Deflection working load.
A law stating that the deformation of an elastic body is • Maximum strength
proportional to the force applied, provided the stress does • Safety factor
not exceed the elastic limit of the material. • Strength limit
• Hook’s law
• None of these
The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads
The ratio of the ultimate breaking strength of a member or
acting on it.
piece of material or equipment to the actual working stress
• Deflection
when in use.
The major horizontal supporting member of the floor system
• Maximum strength
is called:
• Safety factor
• Girder
• Strength limit
Load acting on a very small area of a structure.
• Concentrated load
• None of these
A load which acts evenly over a structural member or over a How is a 90 degree bend standard hook for concrete
surface that supports the load.
reinforcement constructed?
• Distributed load • 90 degree bend plus 10 db extension, at
The weight of a structure itself, including the weight of free end of the bar
fixtures or equipment permanently attached to it. • 90 degree bend plus 12 db extension,
• Dead load at free end of the bar
The distance between inflection point in the column when it • 90 degree bend plus 6 db extension, at
breaks. free end of the bar
• Effective length • 90 degree bend plus 4 db extension, at
The minimum length of straight reinforcing bar or reinforcing free end of the bar
rod which is required to anchor it in concrete What is the minimum requirement for development of at least
• Development length 1/3 of the total reinforcement provided for negative moment
The length of embedded reinforcement required to develop reinforcement as an embedment length beyond the point of
the design strength at a critical section inflection?
• Development length • Not less than the effective depth of
member of 12 db, or 1/16th the clear
span, whichever is greater.
 • L/3 + d or 24 db, or 1/12th the clear • To allow relatively free end
span, whichever is greater. rotation of connection
• Not less than 1.5 d or 14 db, or 1/12th members
the clear span, whichever is greater. • To make the analysis simpler
• L/4 + 2d or 12 db, 1/12th the clear span, • To allow for better load
whichever is greater distribution
What is the minimum concrete cover for primary • All of the above
reinforcement of beams and columns not exposed to earth or The milky layer composed of cement and fine aggregate on
weather for precast manufactured under plant control the upper surface of the concrete mass during curing
conditions? process due to an excess amount of water used:
• db but not less than 25 mm • Grout
• db but not less than 15 mm and need • Laittance
not exceed 40 mm • Mortar
• db but not less than 20 mm and need • Plaster
not exceed 50 mm The milky layer composed of cement and fine aggregate on
• db but not less than 30 mm the upper surface of the concrete mass during curing
What is the minimum concrete cover for primary process due to an excess amount of water used:
reinforcement of beams and columns not exposed to earth or • Grout
weather for cast in place concrete? • Laittance
• Mortar
• db but not less than 25 mm • Plaster
• db but not less than 15 mm and need Type of beam fixed only at one support.
not exceed 40 mm • Cantilever beam
• db but not less than 20 mm and need • continuous beam
not exceed 50 mm • semi- continuous beam
• db but not less than 30 mm • simple beam
Everybody perseveres in its state of being at rest or of A graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the
moving uniformly straight forward except insofar as it is bending moment
compelled to change its state by forces impressed. • Concentrated load
• Brace System • Deflection
• moment of couple • moment diagram
• moment of inertia • shear diagram
• none of the above An imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross
A shear type structural system without a complete vertical section of a beam, along which no bending stresses
load carrying space frame. occur.
• Bearing wall • clear span
system • effective span
• Brace frame system • span
• Structural system • neutral axis
• All of the above Measure of resistance for flexural or bending stress
An assemblage of framing members designed to support • Moment
gravity loads and resist lateral forces. They may be • Moment of inertia
categorized as building or non- building. • Section Modulus
• Bearing wall • Shear
• Brace frame The extent of space between two supports of a structure
• Structure • clear span
• All of the above • effective span
Loop or reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal • span
reinforcement. • neutral axis
• Dowel The distance between inner faces of the support
• Extra bar • clear span
• Stirrup • effective span
• Tie • Span
The distance between inflection point in the column when it • neutral axis
breaks. The integration of the Architecture profession in collaboration
• Development length to structural engineering to produce a Work of Art with
• Cross-sectional area factors of structural integrity for human habitation.
• Effective length • Architectural Structures
• Equivalent distance
The amount of space measured in cubic units: • Beam
• Area • Column
• Perimeter • Structure
• Volume Structural connectivity to the ground of all buildings by
• None of the above theoretical application.
The primary reason for using pinned connection. • Cantilever
 • Fixed connection • Sheet piles
• Pin connection • Timber Piles
• Roller connection Classification of piles where most of the resistance is
High rise structural system consisting of the outer walls developed at the toe of the pile, bearing on a hard layer or
modified as a structural frame. bedrock.
• Core system
• Damper system • Bored piles
• Outrigger braced system • Driven piles
• Tubular System • Friction piles
A body or assemblage of bodies in space to form a system • End bearing piles
capable of supporting loads. Pile-bearing capacity is developed by shear stresses along
• Architectural Structures the sides of the pile, suitable when harder layers are too
deep to attain.
• Beam
• Column • Bored piles
• Structure • Driven piles
The most commonly used spanning structure because of • Friction piles
their light weight and high strength in place of solid beam. • End bearing piles
• Arch The characteristic of an offshore pile in terms of mechanism
• Pneumatic structure of load transfer
• Post and lintel
• Bored piles
• Truss
• Driven piles
The transitional structure of a building to safely transfer the
• Friction piles
loads to the comparatively weaker ground.
• End bearing piles
• Load transfer
Classification of cast in place concrete according to its
• Foundation
method of installation
• Safety
• Structure • Bored pile
Type of structural system where a pendulum is incorporated • Composite pile
in the building to act as counter weight for external forces. • Driven pile
• Core system • Pre-cast pile
• Damper system
• Outrigger braced system The characteristic of a steel H-section pile in terms of
• Tubular System method of installation.
Type of stress developed along the longitudinal axis of a
cable holding a suspended bridge. • Bored piles
• Bearing stress • Driven piles
• Compressive stress • Friction piles
• Shear stress • End bearing piles
• Tensile stress A vertical supporting element connecting the foundation and
A spanning structure with an all compressive part holding the elevated railway.
together in a state of equilibrium.
• Pier
• Arch • Pile cap
• Pneumatic structure • Tie Beam
• Post and lintel • Transom
• Truss Replacement piles are classified according to its method of
High rise structural system creating interior reinforcement as installation.
a form of large hollow column.
• Bored piles
• Core system • Driven piles
• Damper system • Friction piles
• Outrigger braced system • End bearing piles
• Tubular System Timber piles are the most economical but have limited
A type of foundation capable of distributing the loads on a lengths and are classified as.
wide surface of the ground.
• Bored piles
• Deep foundation • Driven piles
• Pile foundation • Friction piles
• Raft foundation • Replacement piles
• Shallow foundation
Piles designed for anchorage to prevent soil erosion during The characteristic of pile when the founding layers are too
wide excavation. deep to attain.

• Bored piles • Bored piles

• Concrete piles • Driven piles
 • Friction piles • 25mm
• End bearing piles • 50mm
• 75mm
Displacement piles are classified according to its method of • 100mm
installation. (NSCP 407.7.6.4) Individual bars within a bundle terminated
within the span of flexural members shall terminate
• Bored piles at different points with at least ____ stagger:
• Driven piles • 10 db
• Friction piles • 20 db
• End bearing piles • 30 db
• 40 db
A vertically installed structural element to prevent the
(NSCP 207.20) Low rise buildings is an enclosed or partially
displacement of a foundation produced by the weight of a
enclosed with mean roof height less than or equal to?
structure.
• 15 M
• Pile • 18 M
• Pile cap • 21 M
• Pier • 24 M
• Transom (NSCP 407.30) The minimum bend diameter for 10mm Ø
A horizontal structural element exposed to weather through 25mm Ø bars
supporting the elevated railway. • 6 db
• 8 db
• Pier • 10 db
• Pile cap • 12 db
• Tie Beam (NSCP 407.8.1) The minimum clear concrete covering for
• Transom cast in place slab.
This is done if the soil is loose to avoid collapse of the bore • 20mm
wall during the installation process. • 25mm
• Cased pile • 40mm
• Cast in-place pile • 50mm
• Driven pile (NSCP 412.3.1) Development length for deformed bars in
• Pre-drilling tension shall be less than.
A horizontal foundation to connect the pile and the vertical • 150 mm
supports of the super structure. • 200 mm
• 250 mm
• Pier • 300 mm
• Pile cap (NSCP 407.8.1) Minimum concrete cover cast against and
• Tie Beam permanently exposed to earth.
• Transom • 50 mm
An initial bore is set to correctly identify the exact location of • 75 mm
the bore with a rotating bucket. • 100 mm
• 125 mm
• Cased pile (NSCP 407.7.3)In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced
• Cast in-place pile compression members, clear distance between longitudinal
• Driven pile bars shall not be less than?
• Pre-drilling • 1.50 db
A type of foundation where the load of building is distributed • 1.75 db
deep into the soil. • 2.0 db
• 2.15 db
• Deep foundation
(NSCP 407.7.5)In walls and slabs other than concrete joist
• Pile foundation
construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall not be
• Raft foundation
spaced farther apart than 3 times wall or slab thickness nor
• Shallow foundation
farther than?
THE CODE NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE
• 300mm
PHILIPPINES
• 375mm
(NSCP 305.7.3) In using sand backfill in the annular space • 450mm
around column not embedded in poured footings, the • 500mm
sand shall be thoroughly compacted by tamping in (NSCP 409.2.1) In ultimate strength design, the strength
layers not more than _____mm in depth? reduction factor Ø for flexure without axial loads.
• 0.70
• 200 mm • 0.75
• 300 mm • 0.85
• 400 mm • 0.90
• 500 mm
(NSCP 407.7.3)The minimum clear spacing between parallel (NSCP 409.4.2.3) In ultimate strength design, the strength
bars in a layer must be db but not less than? reduction factor Ø for shear and torsion.
 • 0.70 • 8 db
• 0.75 • 10 db
• 0.85 The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer
• 0.90 must be 1.5 db but not less than? (NSCP 407.7.3)
(NSCP 409.6.2)The minimum one way slab thickness which • 50mm
is simply supported at the ends only. • 25mm
• L/10 • 75mm
• L/20 • 100mm
• L/24 In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression
• L/28 members, clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not
(NSCP 409.6.2)The minimum one way slab thickness for a be less than? (NSCP 407.7.3)
ONE end continuous slab. • 2.0 db
• L/10 • 2.15 db
• L/20 • 1.50 db
• L/24 • 1.75 db
• L/28 In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction,
(NSCP 409.6.2) The minimum one way slab thickness for a primary flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther
BOTH ends continuous slab. apart than 3 times wall or slab thickness nor farther than?
• L/10 (NSCP 407.7.5)
• L/20 • 375mm
• L/24 • 450mm
• L/28 • 500mm
(NSCP 409.6.2) The minimum cantilevered slab thickness. • 300mm
• L/10 Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act
• L/20 as one unit shall be united to ___ pieces in one bundle.
• L/24 (NSCP 407.7.6.1)
• L/28 • 4
(NSCP 208.5.1.1) In the determination of seismic dead load • 3
with a minimum of_______% of floor live load shall be • 2
applicable for storage and warehouse occupancies. • 5
• 25% Bars larger than ___mm shall not be bundled in beams:
• 30% (NSCP 407.7.6.3)
• 35% • 25mm
• 50% • 16mm
(NSCP 302.2.4) Before commencing the excavation work, • 28mm
the person making the excavation shall notify in writing • 36mm
the owner of the adjoining building not less than Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of
_____days before such excavation is to be made. flexural members shall terminate at different points with at
• 10 days least ____ stagger: (NSCP 407.7.6.4)
• 15 days • 12 db
• 30 days • 10 db
• 60 days • 50 db
Zone 3 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of • 40 db
____Kph? Minimum concrete cover cast against and permanently
• 150 Kph exposed to earth: (NSCP 407.8.1)
• 150 Kph • 100 mm
• 200 Kph • 75 mm
• 250 Kph • 50 mm
(NSCP 410.5.10) Spacing for a lateral support for a beam • 150 mm
shall not exceed _______times the least width b of The minimum clear concrete covering for cast in place slab:
compression flange or face. (NSCP 407.8.1)
• 30 • 20mm
• 40 • 25mm
• 50 • 40mm
• 60 • 50mm
Concrete filled driven piles of uniform section shall have a In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor Ø
nominal outside diameter of not less than (NSCP 307.7.3) for flexure without axial loads: (NSCP 409.2.1)
• 200 mm • 0.85
• 250 mm • 0.75
• 300 mm • 0.90
• 350 mm • 0.70
The minimum bend diameter for 28mm Ø through 36mm Ø In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor Ø
bars (NSCP 407.30) for shear and torsion: (NSCP 409.4.2.3)
• 12 db • 0.70
• 6 db • 0.75
 • 0.85 The slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper than
• 0.90 _______% slope. (NSCP 302.2.2)
The minimum one way slab thickness which is simply • 50%
supported at the ends only is: (NSCP 409.6.2) • 60%
• L/20 • 30%
• L/24 • 40%
• L/28 Before commencing the excavation work, the person making
• L/10 the excavation shall notify in writing the owner of the
The minimum one way slab thickness for a ONE end adjoining building not less than _____days before such
continuous slab is: (NSCP 409.6.2) excavation is to be made. (NSCP 302.2.4)
• L/20 • 15 days
• L/24 • 10 days
• L/10 • 30 days
• L/28 • 60 days
The minimum one way slab thickness for a BOTH ends Fill slopes shall not be constructed on natural slopes steeper
continuous slab is: (NSCP 409.6.2) than ____% slope (NSCP 302.3.1)
• L/20 • 50%
• L/24 • 10%
• L/10 • 20%
• L/28 • 60%
The minimum cantilevered slab thickness is : (NSCP The minimum distance that the toe of fill slope made to the
409.6.2) site boundary line: (NSCP 302.4.3)
• L/20 • 0.80 M
• L/24 • 0.60 M
• L/10 • 1.50 M
• L/28 • 2.00 M
Deep continuous flexural members has overall depth to clear The max. distance that the toe of fill slope made to the site
span ratio greater than: (NSCP 410.8.10) boundary: (NSCP 302.4.3)
• 0.40 • 0.80 M
• 0.60 • 0.60 M
• 0.75 • 6.00 M
• 0.70 • 1.00 M
Deep simple span flexural members has overall depth to In using sand backfill in the annular space around column
clear span ratio greater than: (NSCP 307.4.2) not embedded in poured footings, the sand shall be
• 0.40 thoroughly compacted by tamping in layers not more than
• 0.60 _____mm in depth? (NSCP 305.7.3)
• 0.75 • 500 mm
• 0.70 • 400 mm
Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis • 200 mm
of non-prestressed member shall not exceed: (NSCP • 300 mm
411.6.4.1) In using a concrete backfill in the annular space around
• d/2 column not embedded in poured footings, the concrete shall
• d/4 have ultimate strength of ____Mpa at 28 days. (NSCP
• ¾d 305.7.3)
• d/5 • 30 Mpa
Is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or • 15 Mpa
eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces: (NCSP • 10 Mpa
208.1) • 5 Mpa
• Building frame system When grillage footings of structural steel shapes are used on
• Braced frame soils, they shall be completely embedded in concrete.
• Diaphragm Concrete cover shall be at least _____mm on the bottom.
• Collector (NSCP 305.8)
Is a frame in which members and joints are capable of • 100 mm
resisting forces primarily by flexure: • 150 mm
• Moment resisting frame • 200 mm
• Ordinary braced frame • 250 mm
• Truss Temporary open air portable bleachers may be supported
• Eccentric braced frame upon wood sills or steel plates placed directly upon the
In the determination of seismic dead load with a minimum of ground surface, provided soil pressure does not exceed
________% of floor live load shall be applicable for storage ____Kpa. (NSCP 305.9)
and warehouse occupancies. (NSCP 208.5.1.1) • 100 Kpa
• 50% • 50 Kpa
• 25% • 150 Kpa
• 30% • 200 Kpa
• 35%
The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts when wood Retaining walls shall be designed to resist overturning by at
plates or sill shall be bolted to foundation wall in zone 2 least ______times the overturning moment. (NSCP 206.6)
seismic area in the Philippines. (NSCP 305.60) • 1.50
• 12mm An open building is a structure having all walls at least
The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts when wood _____% open. (NSCP 207)
plates or sill shall be bolted to foundation wall in zone 4 • 80%
seismic area in the Philippines. (NSCP 305.60) Low rise buildings is an enclosed or partially enclosed with
• 16mm mean roof height less than or equal to? (NSCP 207.20)
Individual pile caps and caissons of every structure • 18 M
subjected to seismic forces shall be interconnected by ties. The wind load importance factor lw for essential facilities is
Such ties shall be capable of resisting in tension or equal to? (NSCP 207.50)
compression a minimum horizontal force equal to _____% of • 1.15
the largest column vertical load. (NSCP 306.20) The wind load importance factor for hazardous facilities is
• 10% equal to?
• 1.15
Such piles into firm ground may be considered fixed and The wind load importance factor for standard occupancy
laterally supported at _____M below the ground surface. structures is equal to?
(NSCP 306.20) • 1.0
• 1.50 M The wind load importance factor for miscellaneous structures
Such piles into soft ground may be considered fixed and is equal to?
laterally supported at _____M below the ground surface. • 0.87
(NSCP 306.20) Large city centers with at least 50% of the buildings having a
• 3.00 M height greater than 21M. falls on what exposure category for
The maximum length of cast in place piles/bored piles shall wind loading? (NSCP 207.5.3)
be _____times the average diameter of the pile. (NSCP • 0.87
307.2.1) Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights less
• 30 times than 9M. Falls on what exposure category for wind loading?
Cast in place/bored piles shall have a specific compressive • Exposure C
strength Fc of not less than ______Mpa. (NSCP 307.2.1) Flat unobstructed areas exposed to wind flowing over open
• 17.50 Mpa water for a distance of at least 2 km falls on what exposure
Pre-cast concrete piles shall have a specific compressive category for wind loading?
strength Fc of not less than _____Mpa. (NSCP 304.7.1) • Exposure D
• 20 Mpa Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other terrain
The maximum spacing of ties and spirals in a driven pre-cast with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size
concrete pile center to center. (NSCP 307.5.1) of single family dwelling or larger falls on what exposure
• 75 mm category for wind loading?
Pre-cast pre-stressed concrete piles shall have a specified • Exposure B
compressive strength Fc of not less than ____Mpa. (NSCP Zone 1 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of
307.5.1) ____Kph?
• 35 Mpa • 250 Kph
The minimum outside diameter of pipe piles when used must Zone 2 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of
be? (NSCP 307.6.3) ____Kph?
• 250 mm • 200 Kph
Aviation control towers fall to what type of occupancy? Zone 3 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of
• Essential facilities ____Kph?
Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings fall to • 150 Kph
what type of occupancy? In testing concrete laboratory cured specimens, no individual
• Miscellaneous occupancy strength test (average of 2 cylinders) falls below fc’ by more
Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity than _______. (NSCP 405.7.3.3)
of 500 or more students fall to what type of occupancy? • 3.50 Mpa
• Special occupancy For a rectangular reinforced concrete compression member,
Buildings or structures therein housing and supporting toxic it shall be permitted to take the radius of gyration equal to
or explosive chemicals or substances fall to what type of _______times the overall dimension of the direction of
category? stability is being considered. (NSCP 410.12.20)
• Hazardous facility • 0.30
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded For members whose design is based on compressive force,
with live load only. (NSCP 107.2.2) the slenderness ratio kL/r preferably should not exceed
• L/360 ________? (NSCP 502.8.1)
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded • 200
with dead load and live load only. (NSCP 104.2.2) For members whose design is based on tensile force, the
• L/240 slenderness ratio L/r preferably should not exceed
Retaining walls shall be designed to resist sliding by at least _________.
_______times the lateral force. (NSCP 206.6) • 300
• 2
For pin connected members, the allowable stress on the net
area of the pinhole for pin connected members is
_________. (NSCP 504.4.1.1)
• 0.45 Fy
Other than pin connected members, the allowable tensile
stress shall not exceed _______ on the gross area. (NSCP
504.2.1)
• 0.60 Fy
The maximum longitudinal spacing of bolts, nuts and
intermittent welds correctly two rolled shapes in contact for a
built up section shall not exceed ________. (NSCP 505.5.4)
• 600 mm
The ratio L/r for lacing bars arranged in single system shall
not exceed ________. (NSCP 505.5.80)
• 140 mm
The ratio L/r for lacing bars arranged in double system shall
not exceed ________.
• 200 mm
For members bent about their strong or weak axes,
members with compact sections where the flanges
continuously connected to web the allowable bending stress
is _________. (NSCP 506.4.1.1)
• 0.66 Fy
For box type and tabular textural members that meet the non
compact section requirements of section 502.6, the
allowable bending stress is ________. (NSCP 506.4.1.1)
• 0.60 Fy
QUIZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Most common wood composite which is made of several piles glued together

A type of glass manufactured by pouring molten glass into a surface of (di ko mabasa)
and allowing it to cool slowly

1:2.5:5 Concrete proportion for class B

FLEMISH BOND Brick bond having alternating headers and stretchers in each course

STAKE Wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one end and driven into the ground to serves
as boundaries for building layout

BALLOON FRAME Wooden building frame having studs from sill plate to roof plate

LINTEL Beam supporting the weight above a door or window opening

WATERPROOFING A membrane of coating applied to render a surface impervious to water

FOUNDATION BED The natural material on which the construction rests

A panel like area in a multi-storey frame building between window sill and window head

CONSTRUCTION The process of building, from site preparation through erection,assembling and finishing
operations

MID-RISE Describing a building having a moderately large number of stories usually 5 to 10 and
equipped with elevators

A system of removal and interchangeable floor panels supported on adjustable pedestals

for (di ko maintindihan) below

DOWEL A deformed bar embedded in a concrete construction (di ko maintindihan) to hold abbuting
edges together, not designed for direct load transfer.

CONTINIOUS Type of beam supported by a row of columns

BEAM

DEEP Type of foundation where the load of building is constructed deep into the soil
FOUNDATION

BORED PILE Classification of cast in place concrete according to its method of installation

Transitional structure of a building to safety transfer load to the comparatively weaker

ground (di ko maintindihan (4))

It contains an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft

NATURAL A mixture of surface run-off and ground water such as rivers, lakes and water reservoirs
SURFACE WATER
 The use of building materials and constructions assembles designed to reduce the
transmission of airborne and structure borne sounds from one room to another or from the
exterior to the interior of a building

A vibration that propagates as a typically and (di ko maintindihan)

Which of the following cement is/are made of grey or white

These materials are known as concrete additives and may be used for one of the following
reasons EXCEPT:

Non-Portland hydraulic cement are the following, EXCEPT:

The following are Portland cement blends, EXCEPT

OPUS The word “cement” traces from the Romans who used the word of:
CAEMENTICIUM

ACCELERATORS This will allow earlier removal of forms and in some cases reduces the whole curing period

Which of the following has more thant 1.5- (dikonamabasa)

STONE MASONRY Buildings stones obtained by quarrying the rock strata of earths and reducing it to the
required shapes and sizes for construction

32

33

34

40

45
 50

This is done at least within 7 days period or more, 24 hours after the concrete has poured

Concrete Classification for Footing, Column, Beams and RC Slab

9.51 TO 11.22 The ultimate tensile strength of steel is

T/SQM

Used to reduce the amount of water necessary to produce a concrete of given (Nahati) or
to increase the slump for given water content

Comp strength 6.3-7.1 tonnes/ sq cm | Ultimate tensile strength 1.26 to 1.57 tonnes/ sq cm

Compressive strength is 2.0 tonnes/sq cm and ultimate tensile strength 3.15 tonnes/sq cm

TENDON Steel element such as wire, cable, bar, road or strand or a bundle of studs elements used
to impart prestress to concrete

VIGAN TILES A floor finish commercially size 1”x12” utilizing clay and fired in a traditional manner
making interesting and attractive rustic clay shade patterns.

GRADING Act of excavating or filling of earth or any sound material or combination thereof, in
preparation for a finishing surface such as paving

Minimum concrete cover for primary reinforcement of beams and columns not exposed to
earth of weather for precast manufactured under plant control conditions

Aggregates should conform to the PNS or ASTM standards and must be well graded, -
easy workability and method of consolidation are such that the concrete can be poured
without honeycomb or voids.

REBOKADA Vernacular term for rough plastering

FIGURED WIRED A type of shutter proof opaque glass used to construct a door with glass to allow natural
GLASS light only

PEELING A paint defect which indicates imperfect adhesion of paint to the surface with the film of
 getting stripped off in a relatively large pieces due to application on damp or greasy
surface

MASONRY A water-mixed product mixed to a ratio of 1:20 to stabilize lime activity in new masonry
NEUTRALIZER surfaces. Without preparing the surface with this mixture will cause the subsequent paint to
be defective.

An equipment to uniformly distribute tile adhesive at the underside of a _____ tile during
installation

MORTISE Type of joint used to install a glass into a life of a french rose window

LEFT HAND Type of hands of door where the hinge is on the left and the door leaf swings inside the
room to the left

To prevent cement plaster from improper adhesion, the substrate must be roughened while
observing the following:

PIVOTED A type of window where the ventilating sash rotates 90 degrees to 180 degrees about the
head and sill or about the side jamb

Which of the following concrete handling criterion impairs the quality of concrete

Type of terrazzo floor described by its physical appearance whereby the stone or pebble is
intentionally exposed while the cement matrix is depressed

When utilizing knock down modular system of cabinets and furniture on end (diko
mainintidahan

Type of wood end joint where both woods are cut at equal angles diagonally

78

SANDBLAST A common and cheap masonry finish where dry consistency mortar is sprayed by
mechanical or pneumatic means. The sprayed cement is left to drigy and di ko
maintindihan

POLYEURETHANE A special coating system with a high gloss shine while moisturizing the natural wood
FLOOR COATING qualities, maintenance free used to finish and topcoat wood flooring

Local species of wood commonly used for wall standing, cabinet framing and floor, door
framing (dikonamaintindihan)

A pretreatment or pored concrete such as di ko na mabasa

83

ANCHOR BOLTS A round steel bold embezzled in concrete or masonry use to hold down machinery steel
columns or bears

GRADE BEAM Concrete beam placed directly on the ground to provide foundation for the superstructure
 86

BATTER PILES Piles at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical

Good high strength bolted connection for steel should have the following physical
characteristic for good workmanship. Which of the following listed it NOT ideal?

90 DEGRESS How is a 90 degree bend standard hook for concrete reinforcement constructed
BEND PLUS 12 DB
EXTENSION AT
THE END OF BAR

UNDERDRESSED Lumber that is not prepared or finished

LUMB

A FIREPROOF Kaulamein door is

DOOR WITH
METAL COVERING

WEDGE SHAPED Naputol sa vid haha

STONE AS A ARCH

CARPENTERS’ Zig zag rule

MEASURING TOOL

94