exLEA 101

Law Enforcement - pagsunod mo sa batas, kung ano ang nakasulat sa batas yun lng yun
Policing- bigger than law enforcement, approach sa crime, Police Community relations

Styles of Policing by James O. Wilson

1. Watchmen Style - magmamatyag ka lang, maintain order, primary operating style, ignore
the minor infractions dito
2. Legalistic Style- no emotion involved, kung ano ang nakasulat sa law yun lang ang
susundin, letter of the law, it is by book
3. Service Style- Community or public thoughts matters, occurs middle and upper class
societies, focus on crimes against citizens privacy or robbery, Arrest only when
necessary.

Policing Approach or Models

1. Reactive Policing- Saka lang mag iikot pag may nangyari nang krimen, Tru Notifiy
(Routine Patroling)
2. Proactive Policing- Presence and engaging sa public, wala pang nangyayari e nagroronda
na sila (community Policing)
3. Problem-Oriented Policing- naghahanap muna sila ng problem bago makapagprovide ng
action/answer
4. Evidence-based Policing- What works, tinatry kung ano ba talaga ang gagana or hahanap
ng evidence kung ano ang mas effective.
5. Intelligence-led Policing - Serves as guides, dahil di gagalaw ang isang batas or
operations kung walang involved na intel.
6. Team Policing- By team ang pag galaw, patrol services.
7. Community-oriented Policing - community partnership, neighborhood policing. Allow
police to feel like the public can trust them.
a. SARA MODEL- departments approach in community policing agencies
i. Scanning- Determine what the problem is, the crime should be identified
ii. Analysis- Well-defined the problem, and what causes the problem
iii. Response- How to Solution, crime strategy
iv. Assessment- Response is evaluated if di effective balik sa Scanning.
8. Zero-Tolerance Policing- eliminating undesirable conduct, kaahit maliliit na bagay di
pinapalagpas.
a. Theory of Broken Windows
9. Predictive Policing- use calculations, and analytical techniques
a. Methods.
i. Methods of predicting crime- what type of crime?
ii. Methods of predicting offenders- Is it male or female
iii. Methods of predicting perpetrators' identities- sino ano ang identity nya, ano
itsura
iv. Methods of predicting victims of crimes- sino ang victim at bakit ka
naging victim

Basic Policing Theories according to Purpose.

1. Continental Theory- police officers serve the royalties/higher authorities
2. Home Rule Theory- serve the community/people/practice in country
Police Organization According to Function
1. Line- police supervised them, direct instruction or services
2. Staff- support and assistance
Luther Gulick’s Responsibilities of Police Administrators (POSDCORB)
1. Planning- what & how to accomplish, Di pa nangyayari action agad.
2. Organizing- application of the organizational principles, make arrangements
a. Budget/Financial Organization
b. Human Resources
 c. Material Resources
3. Staffing- personnel functioning, tao ang pinapagalaw, job matched.
4. Directing- managers provide directions to employees
5. Coordinating - interrelating the numerous, pakikipag coordinates sa ibang units
6. Reporting- Regarding operations, verbal or written. Everyone is informed
a. Unity of Command
7. Budgeting- planning of accounting

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

- Law enforcement agency
- Community and service-oriented
- Maintain peace and order
- Police exercise of discretion

Legal Bases of PNP

1. 1987 Philippine Constitution Art. 16 Sec. 6
- Shall be national in scope a civilian in character
- Controlled by the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM)
2. RA 6975
- Est. of PNP under DILG act of 1990
3. RA 8551
- National police reform reorganization act of 1998

National Police Commission

- Attached to DILG
- NAPOLCOM as collegial body

Composition of NAPOLCOM
1. 1 chairperson - Secretary of DILG (must be chairperson ex-officio)
a. JUANITO VICTOR C. REMULLA
2. 4 Regular Commissioner
a. 3 reg. Commissioner from the Civilian Sector active or former police or miitary
i. 1 of whom is designated as vice chairperson by the president
ii. 2-4 member= from law enforcement one of them must be a woman.
3. Chief of PNP as Ex-Officio Member of Commission
- From the office, right to the office

Philosophy of PNP
1. Service
2. Honor
3. Justice
Core Values of the PNP
1. makaDiyos
2. Makatao
3. Makabansa
4. Makakalikasan

Pnp Ranks According to Groups

1. Police Non-Commisioned Office
a. Pat. to Police Executive Master Sergeant
Insignias
i. Sleeve rank (sleeve)
ii. Enlisted Officers (from AFP)
2. Police Commissioned Officers (PCOS)
a. Lieutenant to Pol. Gen
i. Shoulder Rank Off.
ii. Listed Officers (from AFP)
 3. PNP officers according to levels
a. Superior police officers
b. Subordinate Police Officer
4. Police to Population ratio
a. On the Average - 1/500
b. Minimum 1/1000
c. Higher Minimum- urban areas must be prescribed

PNP PRINCIPLES, DOCTRINES & LEADERSHIP

Pnp Primarily Doctrines

 1. Fundamental Doctrines - dito naka based lahat, like policies, bases, planning
- Manual of pnp,mission, vission
2. Ethical Doctrine- magagandang personalities ng PNP, fundamental principles, attitude
etc.
Pnp Secondary Doctrines
1. Operational Doctrines- operations only
a. PNP police operational procedures
b. Criminal investigation manual
c. Field Manual on Forensic Investigation
2. Administrative Doctrines- office work, task
a. Pnp Chief
b. Deputy Administration
c. Deputy for Operations
3. Functional Doctrines or Administrative and Operational- routine operational and
administrative functions and unit
a. Admin
b. Operation
c. Terminal
4. Complementary Doctrine- manual na pinagkakasunduan ng 2 or more org.
- Regards sa public safety and peace and order
a. BJMP
b. BFP
c. PPSC
d. OTHER LEAS
5. Best practice Doctrine/manual
- Look for the best ideas or practices
- Technique na inaadopt natin from other

Principles of the PNP organization

1. Principle of Unity of Objectives
- Different units ay may same objectives
2. Principle of Organizational Efficiency
- Accomplished and objectives = minimum budget ang nailabas
3. Scalar Principle ( Chain Of Command)
a. Unity of Command - one lang immediate superior
b. Span of Control- number of subordinates ay kaya ma supervise ng suoerior
c. Delegation of Authority- growth of chain of custody
4. Functional Principle- breaking up of work, division, hati-hati
5. Line and Staff Principle
6. Directorial Staff Principle- enable to leader to maintain the performances
7. Principle of Balance- nede ng balance to meet the objections
8. Principle of delegation- ensure that the person you assign has the ability to accomplish
that work
9. Principle of Absoluteness of responsibility- lahat may responsibility, ang superior may
res. Sa subordinates vice versa din.
10.Principle of parity of Authority and responsibility- responsibility for actions cannot be
greater than it.
- 10 = 10
11.Authority-Level Principle-
12.Principle of Flexibility- changes should be adapted
13.Principle of leadership Facilitation- more org=more enables leaders to design

Broad bases of PNP Organizing Units of the commands

1. Area basis- according sa area within specific area ang reason bat nabubuo ang osang
organization
2. Functional basis- function based, specific functions.
 3. Clientele Basis- Special circumstances, kung sino ang irerespondehan. Like nabuo anf
VAWC dahil may mga naaping babae
4. Work Process basis- grouping together.
5. Contingency basis- short basis contingency, short term compromising. May emergency in
short period of time.

Chain of command
- Top to bottom or vice versa.

APPOINTMENT, PROMOTION, ATTRITION & RETIREMENT IN THE PNP

A. Appointment
- Regularization (Private)
- Plantilia hem ( Public)
- Job or Position, Police Service
Permanent Appointment- Appointed are met. Lasting , intended for indefinite position
Temporary Appointment- fails to meet the appropriate eligibility, can be withdrawn.

Appointing Authorities
Patrolman to Police Executive Master Sergeant
- Appointed by PNP regional Director for regional personnel
- Chief of PNP for National headquarters
- Endorsement of NAPOLCOM attested by CSC
Police Lieutenant to Police Lieutenant Colonel
- By Chief of PNP recommended by immediate superior
- Attested by Chairman of CSC
Police colonel to police lieutenant general
- By President of the Philippines
- Police General
- By pres of the PH
- Serve s tour of duty not exceed 4 years.

During time of War the duty must exceed.

Appointment of Lateral Entry Officers

a. Police Lieutenant Rank
Rose from the rank
Dentist, optometrist, nurses, engineers , grad forensic sciences
b. Police Captain
Doctors of Med., Atty, Chaplains

C. ATTRIBITION
- Separation from police services
1. Attrition by attainment of Maximum Tenure in Position.
- Position lang ang naiiba not rank.
- 6 years ang maximum tenure.
2. Attrition by Relief
- Sinisibak sa position
- Has not been given an assignment within 2 yrs.
3. Attrition by Demotion in Position or Rank
- Assign in a lower position than hin grades dapat. Within 18 months shall be retired
4. Attrition by Non-promotion
- Pag continuous period of 10 yrs na di na popromote.
5. Attrition by other means
- Poor performer
- 2 successive yrs- sunod sunod
 - 3 cumulative yrs- kahit di sunod sunod

D. RETIREMENT
- Withdrawal from one’s occupation or position
- Retired

KINDS OF PNP RETIREMENT

Compulsory Retirements
- Age- 56 yrs old retired
- Physical Disability- at least 20 yrs of active service
Optional Retirement
- At least 20 yrs of satisfactory services

Implication of Retirement
1. Retirement in the Next Higher Grade
- Retired in 1 grade higher than the permanent grade last held.
2. Retirement Benefits
- 20 yrs - 50%
- 20 yrs+ = increase ng 2.5%
- 36yrs - 90%
3. Death and Disability
- His heir shall be entitled to the benefits.

THE PNP DISCIPLINARY MECHANICS, OFFENSES & PENALTIES

PNP Disciplinary Mechanics, Offenses & penalties

A. Citizen’s Complaints - natural or juridical person against any member of the PNP.
1. Chiefs of Police - a period not exceeding 15 days
2. Mayors of Cities and Municipalities - not less than 16 days but not exceeding 30
days
3. People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB)- exceeding 30 days or dismissal.

B. Internal Discipline
- Administrative cases, internal rules, and nilabag
1. Chief of Police or Equivalent Supervisors
- Not exceeding 15 days
2. Provincial Directors or equivalent supervisors
- 16 days Not exceed 30 days
3. Police regional Directors
- Not exceed to 60 days
4. Chief of PNP
- Not exceeding to 180 days

C. Internal Affairs Services

- At least 5 yrs experience in law enforcement

D. Disciplinary Appellate Boards and Authorities

1. Regional Appellate Boards
2. National Appellate Board
3. Department of Interior and Local Government
4. Civil Service Commission

THE CRIME PREVENTION POLICING AND SOLUTION OF THE PNP

SARA
Scanning- What is the Problem
Analyzing- what is contributing to the problem
Response- What can we improve the problem.
Assessment- Did the response work?

AIDA- strengthen
Awareness
Interest
Desire
Action

LEA 102- COMPARATIVE MODERN POLICING

4 Different Kinds of Society

1. Folk- Communal - may harsh/barbaric punishment
- African or Middle eastern tribes
- No written or code, di makatao
2. Urban-Commercial- Punishment are inconsistent, usually harsh or lenient (maluwag)
- King or Religious Law
3. Urban-industrial - incentives / disincentives for behavior, merit and demerit. codified
law. Di nangingialam ang Gov.
- Good behavior has good incentives
4. Bureaucratic Societies- Modern society, fully developed, and multiple types of crime
Most Post-Industrial Societies
- Technology based na ang Government

FOUR MAJOR LEGAL TRADITIONS

1. Common Law- innocent to guilty - adversarial (british empire)
2. Civil Law - Guilty to innocent - inquisitorial
(sweden, germany, france and japan)
3. Socialist law- Marxist-lennist justice.
- Controlled ng bansa ang mga tao
- Based sa idea
- China, Africa and Asia Communist states.
4. Islamic Law - Muslim-Arabic justice.
- Based on Koran / Sharia Court
- Absence of political law

THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING

1. Alertness to crime theory- report more crime, demand the police become more effective.
2. Economic or migration theory- mas madaming tao mas madaming crime, unrestrained
migration and overpopulation
3. Demographic theory- pagdami ng bata, dami ng crime. Greater number of children born
= delinquent the adolescent identity crisis
4. Opportunity theory- careless na tao= criminal opportunity.
5. Deprivation Theory- expectations ng mga mahihirap, yung mga yumayaman sila lang ang
yumayaman.
6. Modernizing Theory- society are too complex
7. The theory of anomie and synomie
a. Anomie- absence of norms
b. Synomie- united community values

THEORIES OF POLICING SYSTEM

 1. Home Rule theory- policemen are servant of the community
2. Continental Theory- Police are servant of the higher authority.

CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE

1. Continental/Old Policing- mas maraming nahuhuli = mas magaling = crime control.
- Punishment is the sole
2. Modern System- absence of crime = crime prevention
- Omnipresence - police visibility.
3. Deviance Control- about values and laws of the community, aayusin ang ethics or
manners
4. Civil order - Regular street Police, police nagroronda sa street.

DIFFERENT MODELS OF POLICING

1. Policing by Consent- pagsang ayon ang community sa ginawa ng police, consent of the
public.
2. Policing law- kung ano ang nasa batas yun lang yun, yun ang ipapatupad ng police.
3. Command Structure
a. Centralized- primary decision ( 1 tao lang magdedecide
b. Decentralized- kalat ang magdedecide, delegate
c. Single/Singular- coordinate the incidents, 1 tao within the small group.
4. Singular Mode- single force under single commander
- Saudi Arabia
- China
5. Multiple Model- 1 country = 2 or more police force, or commander

ERA OF POLICING
1. Political era
2. Professional/Reform Era
3. Community Policing Era

Types of Forces/Policing Area

1. Coordinated Centralized policing system- highly organized, 1 police force in a country
- Unlimited jurisdiction
2. Decentralized Command Structure/Law Enforcement- Federal Government.

Comparative Court System

1. Inquisitorial - guilty to innocent
2. Accusatorial- Innocent to guilty

INTERPOL
- World’s largest international police organization.
- Est. by Johannes Schober
- Investigative support
- Investigative, support, field operation, training and networking
- Extradition Treaty- agreement between countries.
- 196 members
- Means exchange informations

General Secretariat- maintain interpol day-by-day activities

- Coordinates all policing and administrative activities.
- Valdecy Urquiza of Brazil
- Oscar Dressler (Austria) - 1923 International Criminal Police Organization
Secretary general- Staffed by both police and civilians.
- Appointed by General Assembly
- Within 5 yrs
- Lyon France- Head Quarters
INTERPOL National Central Bureau- Contact to the Gen Sec. of a Country
General Assesmbly- 1x a year meeting of every representatives.

3 GLOBAL AREAS
1. Terrorism
2. Cyber crime
3. Organized crimes

Executive Committee - Presidents

National Central Bureaus - country’s focal point for all INTERPOL

- Heart of INTERPOL
- I-24/7 - communication network
- On the top point
- Canada - 1st country to connect

Commission for the Control of INTERPOL's Files (CCF) - ito yung may mga hawak ng
files.

Six Regional Bureaus (ACCEKZ)

1. Argentina
2. Cameron
3. Cote D'Ivoire
4. El Salvador
5. Kenya
6. Zimbabwe

INTERPOL’S NOTICE (BRYBGSOP)

Black – Dead body
Red – Wanted person (identity & offense)
Yellow – Missing person
Blue – Additional info
Green – Criminal activity warning
Silver – Criminal assets
Orange – Event/public safety threat
Purple – Modus operandi

Interpol’s Command and Coordination Centre

- Nerve centre of INTERPOL’S daily operations
I-CORE - information hub (10 yr programme)

ICC - International Criminal Court

- Genocide = Intentional group destruction
- Crimes Against Humanity = Large-scale attack on civilians
- War Crimes = Crimes during conflict (Geneva Conventions)
- Aggression = Illegal war or invasion

Europol - Headquarters- Hague, Netherlands.

- 27 members
IACP- International Association of Chiefs of police - Group police leaders.
- Worlds largest and most influential profession association for police leaders.

ASEANAPOL - Asean Chiefs of National Police

- Orig: Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines.
- 10 members.
LEA 103

INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL SECURITY

Assets
- anything that has value, can be converted to cash. Tangible or intangible.
- Should be protected from risk
Risk
- Uncertainty of financial loss
- Probability to loss or decrease
Threat
- Impending danger
a. Natural disaster
b. Accidents
c. Intentional acts
Vulnerability
- Weakness, causes the threat and risk

3 Main Categories of Security

1. Physical Security - widest
2. Personnel Security- weakest link, determine the applicant/employee
3. Document and informational Security- integrity and classified information
Political Security
- Social relationship
1. Public Security- protection of its citizens, have direct impact in peoples life.
2. National Security- Survival of the state, includes militaries
3. International Security- nations and international organization, between 2 or more
country
Private Aspect in Security
1. Industrial Security- involves in industrial plants, business enterprises.
2. Bank and Armor Security- armorvans, transits
3. Hotel Security- includes bars and restaurants, for guest.
4. VIP security- top ranking officials, governments, foreign dignities
5. Operational Security- for formulas,patents
6. Communication security- protect from gaining informations, using cryptographics
- hidden messages.
7. Mall/Commercial Security- protection inside malls

RA 5487- Private security Agency law - Security Guard, watchmen, private

detectives and security officers as force multipliers

CATEGORIES OF SECURITY

Physical Security
- Tangible elements, prevent unauthorized access.
a. Protect from damage
b. Compromise
c. Loss

Principles of Physical Seciruty

1. Type Access - saan ang entrance and exit
2. No such thing as an impenetrable Barrier- lahat nasisira
3. Varies from another
4. Defense in barrier Depth-mas madami mas ok, mas makapal ang wall mas ok
Factors in Selecting Security Safeguards
1. Site Characteristics- nature of the site, the size, layout and utilities
- Anong security ang gagamitin
2. Environment- area surrounding the facility
3. Forces of nature- consider the climate, weather and natural forces
4. Crime- patterns in that place if there’s a crime

PHYSICAL BARRIERS
- Natural or manufactured obstacle, may cause delay but cannot be compromised
Advantages: Can cause psychological deterrence, reduce cost of security staffing
Purpose: Control the movement of people, segregate, compartmentalize, protection to the
objects

General Types of Physical barriers

1. Natural barriers- create ni God
2. Structural Barriers- man made barriers
3. Human barriers- security guards
4. Animal barriers- K9 team = german shepherd 9 (most popular)
- Rural residences - Geese barrier

A. First Line of Defense - The perimeter barrier

- Nakapalibot sa building
Ingress - entry point
Egress- Exit access
Purpose:
- As boundary
- To make physical and psychological deterrent
- Intrusion
Types:
1. Wire Fences (Solid or Full view)
a. Chain Link Fence
- 7 foot exclude topguard
- 9 gauge ang kapal ng bakal
- Not larger than 2 inc ang inches per side
- Twisted
- Soft ground, reach below and deep enough
 b. Barbed Wire Fence
- 4 point barbs
- 12 gauge ang kapal
- 7 feet high, excluding top guard
- Poste dapat not more than 6 feet ang layo sa isat isa

C. Concertina Wire Fences

- Cylindrical barbed wires
- 50 feet long and 3 feet diameter
- Radius 1.5 feet

D. Top guard
- 45 degree angle
- Affixed from the top of the fences

E. Clear Zone
- 20 feet or more should exist between perimeter and exterior structure.
- 50 feet or more between the perimeter and within the protected areas

2. Building walls
- Walls
- Stone slabs
 3. Bodies of water
- River, lakes usually in castles

B. Second Line defense: Building Exteriors.

1. Roofs- sheathing place over rafters
2. Exterior Walls- labas na part mismo ng pader, may be concrete or brick
3. Concrete Structures- pang malalaking buildings
- Six inches or less ay madaling matibag
4. Eight Inches Thick - pag more than 8 it is usually found in vault
5. Floors- Wooden mas madaling mapasok
6. Interior Walls- Loob na part ng walls
7. Ceiling- pag continous ceiling from other rooms ay madaling makatransfer ang intruder
from 1 room to another pag doon sya dumaan.
8. Windows
a. For ventilation
b. Illumination
c. Visual
9. Other Opening -

Steel bars or grills may be used to protect glass-paneled windows.

- Not more than 5 inches apart
- Round = ½ inches
- Flat steel= 1x ¼ in size
- Steel Grills = ⅛ x 2 mesh

C. Third line Defense: Interior Controls

- Not only maximized the efforts of security guards

Identification Systems

These may include identification systems, commercial telephone services,

intercommunications, two-way radios, call boxes, paging and recall systems, or coded card
system access.

Locks

● Installing locks on doors is the easiest line of defense inside a facility.

● Locks provide physical restraint and controlled entry but are not foolproof.
● Vulnerable to physical force and can be picked.
● Effectiveness depends on doors, jambs, and walls.
● Key management ensures only authorized personnel have access.
● Locks should be combined with other security measures.

Types of Locks

1. Key-operated mechanical lock – Uses internal physical barriers (ward tumblers)

aligned by a key. Includes:
○ Disc or wafer tumbler mechanism
○ Pin tumbler mechanism
 ○ Lever tumbler mechanism
2. Padlock – Portable and detachable with a sliding hasp.
3. Combination lock – Uses numbers, letters, or symbols to align tumblers manually.
4. Code-operated lock – Opened by pressing a series of numbered buttons in sequence.
5. Electrical lock – Operated remotely by electrical means.
6. Card-operated lock – Uses a coded card for access.

Keying Systems

A key consists of two parts:

● Blade – Inserted into the lock.

● Bow – Used to apply torque.

Types of Keys

1. Change Key – Operates a specific lock with a unique combination of cuts.

2. Sub Master Key – Opens all locks within a particular area.
3. Master Key – Opens a series of locks.
4. Grand Master Key – Opens everything in a system with multiple master key groups.

Change Key – Ang bawat bisita sa hotel ay may sariling susi (Change Key) na maaari lamang
magbukas ng kanilang kuwarto at hindi ang ibang kuwarto.
📌 Halimbawa: Si Ginoo Cruz ay may susi na eksklusibong nagbubukas ng Room 305 at hindi
ibang kuwarto sa hotel.

Sub Master Key – Ang housekeeping supervisor ay may Sub Master Key na kayang buksan
ang lahat ng kuwarto sa isang palapag para sa paglilinis.
📌 Halimbawa: Si Aling Rosa, isang housekeeping supervisor, ay may susi na kayang buksan
lahat ng kuwarto sa ikatlong palapag, kabilang ang Room 305.

Master Key – Ang hotel manager ay may Master Key na kayang buksan ang lahat ng
kuwarto sa buong hotel, pero hindi nito mabubuksan ang mga restricted areas gaya ng opisina
ng seguridad.
📌 Halimbawa: Si Ginoo Santos, ang hotel manager, ay may susi na kayang buksan lahat ng
kuwarto sa hotel, pero hindi nito mabubuksan ang security control room.

Grand Master Key – Ang chief of security ay may Grand Master Key na kayang buksan
lahat ng kuwarto at restricted areas sa buong hotel.
📌 Halimbawa: Kapag may emergency, maaaring gamitin ni Ginoo Dela Cruz, ang security
chief, ang Grand Master Key upang buksan kahit anong pintuan sa hotel, kasama na ang
security control room at opisina ng accounting.

Key Control

Key management ensures that only authorized personnel can obtain or duplicate keys within a
lock system.

Key Control

To maintain positive control of all keys, key control must be established alongside new
locking devices using the following methods:

1. Key Cabinet – A well-constructed cabinet should securely store the original key to
every lock.
2. Key Record – Administrative records of code numbers and key recipients must be
maintained.
3. Inventories – Periodic inventories of all original and duplicate keys are required.
 4. Audits – Unannounced audits of key control records and procedures should be
conducted.
5. Daily Report – The personnel department must report departing employees to recover
issued keys.

Telephone Entry Systems

● Used in apartment buildings and condominiums.

● Located outside the building with a panel, handset, and touchpad.
● Visitors dial a special entry code assigned to tenants.
● Tenants can release the door lock using their residence phone.

Controlled entry begins with Identification Systems

identification verification, which can be done through:

1. Guards – Manually recognize or inspect IDs of employees and visitors.

2. Card Reader Systems – Compare coded ID cards with computer records.
3. Biometric Readers – Use fingerprint, retinal pattern, or other physical properties.

Protective Alarm Sensors

● Alert security personnel to attempted or completed intrusions.

● Types include local alarm systems, auxiliary systems, central station systems, and
proprietary systems.
● Functions: Detects motion, sound, or body heat to identify intruders.

Protective Alarms

● Barrier in security to detect, impeding, or deter threats.

● Alerts security if an intruder tampers with the alarm system (circuitry, beams, or
radiated waves).
● Communication equipment enhances operational efficiency.

Basic Parts of an Alarm System

1. Sensor/Trigger Device – Emits aural or visual signals.

2. Transmission Line – Circuit that transmits the message to the signaling apparatus.
3. Annunciator – Activates the alarm upon detection.

Protective Alarm Systems

1. Central Station System – Control station outside the facility; alerts police and public
safety agencies when triggered.
2. Proprietary System – Control station within the facility; duty operator contacts
firefighters, police, ambulance, or bomb disposal unit as needed.
3. Local Alarm – Visual or audible alarm near the protected object; activated if an
intruder tampers with windows or doors.
4. Auxiliary Alarm – Company-owned system with a direct unit in the nearest police
station; can communicate via radio, landlines, or cell phones.

Kinds of Alarms

1. Audio Detection Device – Detects sound from forced entry using a supersonic
microphone.
2. Vibration Detection Device – Detects vibrations using a sensor on walls, ceilings, or
floors.
3. Metallic Foil or Wire – Electrically charged foil or wire detects movement on doors,
windows, or glass surfaces.
 4. Laser Beam Alarm – A laser beam floods a wall or fence; an alarm is triggered when
the beam is interrupted.
5. Photoelectric/Electric Eye Device – Emits an invisible or visible beam; activates an
alarm when broken by an intruder.

Advantages of Sensors:

● More economical than labor costs.

● Accurate and reliable when installed, calibrated, and serviced properly.
● Detection reliability depends on intruder’s size, speed, strength, movement direction,
and distance to the sensor.

Protective Lighting

● Designed to illuminate perimeter barriers and outside areas.

● Threats are undetectable without proper lighting (for security personnel and cameras).
● Acts as a deterrent since criminals prefer darkness over well-lit areas.

Purpose of Protective Lighting

● Provides sufficient illumination at night.

● Improves visibility for spotting and identifying intruders.
● Creates psychological fear.
● Serves as a deterrent to thieves, pilferers, trespassers, and saboteurs.

General Characteristics of Protective Lighting

● Inexpensive to maintain.
● Reduces security force needs.
● Protects security forces by reducing the element of surprise for intruders.
● Requires less intensity than working light.

Types of Protective Lighting

1. Continuous Lighting – Provides constant illumination using fixed luminaries.

○ Glare Projection Type – Used in prisons and correctional institutions to
illuminate walls and barriers.
○ Controlled Lighting – Used where light needs to be precisely focused (e.g., near
highways or private property).
2. Standby Lighting – Backup system used to supplement continuous lighting or
selectively illuminate areas when needed.
3. Movable/Portable Lighting – Manually operated searchlights or floodlights for
temporary use in specific locations.
4. Emergency Lighting – Used during power failures or emergencies when other systems
fail.

General Types of Lighting Sources

1. Incandescent Lamp – Least expensive; provides instant illumination when switched

on.
2. Mercury Vapor Lamp – More efficient than incandescent; emits a purplish-white
light.
3. Metal Halide – Similar to mercury vapor but with higher efficiency and better color
rendition.
 4. Fluorescent – Good color rendition and long lifespan, but not ideal for flood lighting.
5. High-Pressure Sodium Vapor – Used for parking areas, roadways, and buildings;
emits a golden white to pink light with high lumen efficiency.

Types of Lighting Equipment

1. Floodlights – Used for outdoor security lighting (e.g., boundaries, fences, and
buildings).
2. Streetlights – Widely used to reduce crime.
3. Searchlights – Highly focused lights for pinpointing trouble spots.
4. Fresnel Lights – Wide beam lights used to illuminate long horizontal strips (e.g.,
perimeter approaches).

Protective lighting remains the most cost-effective deterrent against intruders and crime.

Personnel Security
- Prevent the organization from a applicant in a organization that has criminal records

QUALIFICATIONS:
- History work
- Employment Gap - gaano katagal ka walang work
APPLY:
- Pre-Employment screening - media searches
- Panel Interview
- Initial Interview
APPLICANT NA:
- Security orientation - explain the policies, plans
- Security Training
- Security Awareness- info dissemination
EXIT INTERVIEW:
- NDA: Non-Disclosure Agreement.

Document and Information Security

Military Documents:
1. Restricted Document
2. Top-Secret Document
3. Confidential Document
4. Secret Document

Private sector:
Class I: Vital Document
- Irreplaceable
- Can be reproduce but the value ay di na magiging the same.
Class II: Important Document
- Destroy = to much expense and mag cacause ng delay
Class III: Useful Document
- Pede mapaltan, but cause ng Inconvenience
Class IV: Non-essential documents
- No effect sa daily lives

Stages of Information Cycle

1. Creation - Discovered / developed
- Pagsulat mo ng isang information/notes
2. Use - ginamit mo habang nag rereview.
 3. Storage and retrieval- itatabi para magagamit mo sa future.
4. Transfer - yung time na di na sya ginagamit dahil galing sya sa stage ng storage e
gagamitin mo na ulit, mga notes mo noon ginamit mo ulit para sa compre.
- From inactive to active ulit.
5. Disposition- Disposed mo na ito dahil tapos mo na itong gamitin, pedeng itapon or ipasa
sa ibang taong magtatake din ng course mo para mapakinabangan ang notes mo.

Characteristic of Information
1. Expensive
2. Tends to accumulate
3. Requires barriers
4. Costly
5. Coveted
6. Limited life
7. Difficult to protect
8. Voluminous

Sensitive Information- also has value and needed to be protected.

1. Secret information
- Disclose= serious damage = 90% damage
2. Restricted Information
- Detrimental ang damage
- Ex: marketing strategies
- 80% damage
3. Private- salaries, bonuses, job etc.
4. Proprietary Information - not readily accessible to others, need bayadan to have access.
a. Patents- kayo ang may gawa nito, kayo ang nakaimbento. Selling inventions.
b. Trademarks- used by manufacturers (Eat bulaga: Joey De Leon)
c. Copyrights - protection given by national government
- Infringement and piracy
- Literacy, dramatic, musical intellectual works
d. Trade Secrets- For formula, programs , devices

Security Survey - fact finding process, to identify the measure if it is still effective and
security within 1 facility.
Security inspection - what are the possible risk, and if there’s present risk.

Security inspection
- Human Lives ang need i-protect.

Security Risk Analysis

1. Loss Event Profile - ibat-ibang risk laban sa isang assets.
2. Loss event probability - may possibility ba na mangyari ang risk na ito?
a. Physical Environment- Climate, exposures and external matters.
b. Social environment- mga nasa paligid mong tao ang rason kung mangyayari ba
ang risk na yun.
c. Political Environment- kung may backer ka.
Probability Ratings:
1. 100% no chance to happen.
2. threat will happen
3. 70%
4. 50%
5. No info
 3. Loss event Critically - aspects, financial impact
100% = Fatal
75% = Very Serious
50% = Average
25% = Less Serious
0% = Unimportant

Security hazard
1. Natural Hazard
2. Man Made hazard

Risk- potential loss / damage

Risk Analysis- Scrutiny of specific vulnerability.

Risk management Alternatives

Risk Avoidance
- elimination or eradication
- Aalisin / iwas ang asset sa risk
Risk Reduction
- - Decreasing of the risks by minimizing the probability of the potential loss
- Bawasan ang risk
Risk Spreading
- compartmentalization or decentralization
- Distribution of risk to limit the impact
- Time management
Risk transfer
- e movement of the financial impact
- Loss to insurance company
Risk self-assumption
- planned assumption and acceptance of the potential risk
- Acceptance and proceed sa plan B
Combination of the above
- Making use of two or more of the above given strategies.
-
Other types of Plan
Reactive plan – di pa nangyayari
Proactive Plan – anticipation of problems
Visionary Plan – for future
Extra Office plan – special division
Management Plan – future operation of the faculty

Major Approaches
1. Synoptic Approach - rational comprehensive approach, based on the problem oriented
approach to planning
2. Transactive Approach – alternative planning, face-to-face interaction
3. Incremental Approach – break down long term planning into smaller entities.
4. Advocacy Approach – focus on greater sensitivity
 5. Radical Approach – metropolitan planning, immediate future, kinabukasan agad need

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTH - Initiative that performing well, advantages.

WEAKNESS – underperforming, vulnerabilities.
OPPORTUNITY – give organization a competitive advantages. Mas marami aa strength
sa weaknesses
THREAT – mas marami weakness sa strength

SMART method
Specific – Clearly define what you want to achieve.
Measurable – Ensure progress can be tracked with numbers or milestones.
Achievable – Set a realistic and attainable goal.
Relevant – Make sure the goal aligns with broader objectives.
Time-bound – Set a deadline to accomplish the goal.

CRIME MAPPING
- Crime data using GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
- Visualization and Statistical techniques
- Crime Hotspot tawag sa dating crime mapping
Types Of Crime Mapping
1. Manual Pin Mapping
- Wall f the briefing rooms and most recent crimes representative by pins.
2. Computer Mapping
- Computer used to place a point
3. Geographic Information System (GIS)
- Powerful software, create anything (3d visualization of spatial or temporal data)
4. Crime Analysis Mapping
- Crime analysis using spatial context
- Crime Registrar – tawag sa taong naglalagay
SyMAP (Synteny Mapping and Analysis Program)
is a software package for detecting, displaying, and querying syntenic relationships between
sequenced genomes.
- 1st automated computer mapping system.
GBF-DIME – Ambitious Geographic Base Files and Dual Independent Map Encoding – in US
digitalize street maps.

CRIME MAPPING IN PHILIPPINES

- Pnp Cordillera (2012) developed it.
- GIS-based tool are more accurate
- E-blotter and mobile tracking system of patrol vehicle
Crime Mapping Research Center
- Provide training in computer mapping technology
Real time Crime forecasting and challenge
- Data science to address the challenges of crimes
- Real time data
Crime Information Reporting and Analysis System ( CIRAS)- Databased facilities crime
documentation and systematic data storage and retrieval.
GIS – Geographical Information System
- Create manages, analyzed and maps all types of data
- Map and location
TYPES OF GIS
1. Data Completeness – measure the totality of features
- No defect
2. Data Precision – degree of details, nakadisplay ang geo/ crime data.
3. Data Accuracy – discrepancy , titingnan kung accurate ang legit event sa nakikita
sa data
4. Data Consistency - absence of conflict
Spatial Data- attributes data contain information about what, where and why.
Attribute Data – tabular format, provide characteristic about spatial data.
TYPES OF SPATIAL DATA
1. Vector Data – physical location of the world
a. Longitude
b. Latitude
- Point Data (feature) – Legend used shapes
- Nonadjacent feature
- Feature represents the place etc.
- Line or Arc data feature – linear features, rivers, trail from start to end. Pins place in
paper walls
- Polygon Data (Feature) – Boundary of city, color gradation schemes. Closed set of
lines
2. Raster Data – grid data, includes aerial and satellite imagery.
Continuous Raster Data – no clearly defined boundaries
- Kita ang geographic Area
Discrete Raster Data- only occurs in specific location
1. Thematic Data – have common features
- By color, elevated lart ng place
2. Spectral Data – images and aerial photos
- Sketched, google maps.
3. Pictures (imagery) – include scanning maps or drawing and building photographs.
TYPES OF ATTRIBUTE DATA
1. Charter – text based
2. Integer- Number (- or +)
3. Floating – Numeric Values.
4. Date – date and time
5. BLOB ( Binary Large Object) – images, multimedia
TYPES OF CRIME ANALYSIS
1. Tactical crime analysis – Short term in order to stop what is currently taking place.
2. Strategic Crime Analysis – look for long term and on-going issues
- Bigger than tactical.
- Identify what areas has high crime rates, police service more effectively
3. Administrative Crime Analysis – analysis in administration and deployment police
resources

LEA 104
POLICE OPERATION, PLANNING AND CRIME MAPPING

Categories of Police Policing

1. Patrol Operations
- Backbone of policing
- Most basic Police function
2. Law enforcement Operations
- Service and implementation of warrant.
3. Internal Security
- Counterterrorism
- Criminal operations.
- NPA (target)
4. Public Safety Operation
- Search, rescue and retrieval
● Authorized Person Outside of Residence - frontliners
● Search and rescue - usually on land
● Water search and rescue - sa water naman ito.
5. Special Police Operation
- Usually 8 members
- Checkpoints and roadblock operations
- Sec. on major and special events
Peculiar - unique mission or purpose
Team Leader - Gen. Police Lieutenant (at least)
6. Investigation Operations
- 1st respondents
SOCO - Scene of the crime operatives - tao
Scene of the crime Operation - procedure / team.
7. Police Community Relation
- PCAD - Police Community Affairs and Development.

Other Enforcement operation:

BFAR - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
- Development, and improvement etc. of fisheries and aquatic resources
PCG- Philippine Coast Guard
- 3rd Armed Agency
- Under of Department of transportation
Times of war - Under of Department of national defense.
NBI- National Bureau of Investigation
- Attached to DOJ
- Copycat of NBI
- Higher caliber of PNP
- Detection of Investigation and other offenses
LTO- Land Transportation Office
- Ensure road safety.
LAW ENFORCEMENT PLANNING

SOP - Standard Operating Plan

Planning
- is a fundamental management function, which
involves deciding beforehand, what is to be done, when is it to be
done, how it is to be done and who is going to do it.

Police Planning-
- Fundamental management function, deciding forehand
- Allocating anticipated resources to meet anticipated service demand.
POP - Police Operational Planning
- Determining the police policy and guidelines for police operations and providing
controls and safeguards for such activities and operations
Steps in Decision Making Process.
1. Identify the decision
- Ano ang decision mo, di ka makakapag decide pag 1 lang ang option mo
2. gather relevant information
- Dapat may hawak kang informations
3. identify the alternatives
- Anong choices mo
4. weigh the evidence
- Sukatin ang kahihinatnan ng pipiliin mo
5. choose among alternatives
- Pumili ka ng best
6. take action
- Gawin mo na ang decision mo
7. Review Decision and its consequences
- Ask sarili if tama ba ang desisyong mong iyon.

Categories of Plan in a Organization

Category 1: Time Dimension in Planning

A. Long-Range Planning - long term plans to long term objectives
- Extend to 1 to 20 yrs
- Encompasses 5-10 yrs
- Pag aaral ng grade 1 to 4th yr college
B. Intermediate-range Planning
- 6-18 months
- Pag rereview
C. Short-Range Planning
- Specific time frame ang plan.
- 1day to 6 months ang time frame

Category 2: Use Dimension in Planning.

Standing Plans (ongoing plans)
- Derederetso
- Continuos guidance to the actions
1. Policies - serve as continuing guidelines for management
2. Procedure- chronological sequence of detailed instructions
- Sequence sya
3. Rules - simplest type of standing plan
- Specific actions, must be taken into a specific situation
Single use ( One-shot Plan)
1. Programmes- accomplish a certain goal or major goals.
 2. Projects- Single-use plan
a. Smaller than programs
b. Course
c. Subjects
3. Budget- financial terms of planned allocation.

Category 3: The scope or breadth Dimension in Planning

- Master plan
Types:
1. Operational Planning - design or pattern for all department
a. Per Campus
2. Strategic Planning- deals with the future
a. For BSU
3. Tactical Planning - characterized as short term planning
a. Per office
4. Contingency Planning - it is for changes arises
a. Alternate plans
b. Risk analysis, developing recovery strategies.

CFLM 1

Here is a summary using the exact words from your text:

THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
Trait Theory: Some personality traits may lead people naturally into leadership roles.

- Appearance palang

Great Events Theory: A crisis or important event can cause a person to rise to the occasion,
putting forth extraordinary quality of leadership in an ordinary person.

- Nagkaroon ng event, pangyayari tas ikaw ang tumayong leader

Transformational or Process Leadership Theory: Today, it is the widely accepted theory.

People can opt for leadership. People can learn the ability to take leadership.

- Nabuo ang pagkatao nya, na mold overtime

THE SIX POINTS OF LEADERSHIP POWER

Coercive Power: Power that is based on fear.

-Takot sayo ang mga tao kaya ikaw ang lider

Reward Power: Compliance achieved on the basis of the ability to distribute rewards which
others find important.

- Nagbibigay ka ng reward

Legitimate Power: The power a person receives in an organization’s formal hierarchy as a

consequence of his or her role.

-respected ka ng mga tao kaya ikaw ang lider

Expert Power: Influence based on special skills or knowledge.

 Referent Power: Influence based on individual or desirable possession of wealth or personal
traits.

- May special skill ka, or Knowledge.

Referent Power: Possession of wealth or personal traits, like beauty, elegance or appreciation.

- Maganda ka kaya ikaw ang ginawang lider

Informational Power: Providing information to others which leads to thinking or acting in a

new way.

- Madami kang nalalamn na infos.

LEADERSHIP STYLES

Transactional Leadership: This strategy is strongly disciplinary and is often called a

leadership style of "telling."

- Uses various incentives or punishments.

- May parusa

Transformational Leadership: Leaders empower their workers to change, enhancing or

transforming individuals or groups.

- Binibigyan mo ng chance ang ibang tao to be the leader.

- Empower subordinates

Servant Leadership: "Leaders are the ones who are willing to give up something of their own
for us.” – Simon Sinek

- Selfless leader
- Uunahin ang nakakarami kesa sa sarili.

Democratic Leadership: Members manage organizational programs in a democracy.

- Participative Leadership
-

Autocratic Leadership: Leaders see themselves as having absolute power.

- Sya lang ang nagdedecide.

- Bawal opinion mo.

Bureaucratic Leadership: Leaders follow agreed protocols.

- Follow nila aang protocols bago makarating sa positiong iyon.

Laissez-Faire Leadership: A hands-off leadership approach.

- Leave it be.
- Hinahayaan ka kung anong gusto mong pamamalakad.
 Charismatic Leadership: Leaders use eloquent communication and persuasion to unite a team
around a cause.

- Macharisma sila kaya sila ang naging Leader.

MANAGEMENT
Management is a set of principles relating to planning, coordinating, directing, and regulating
the use of physical, financial, human, and information capital to achieve organizational
objectives.

1. PHYSICAL RESOURCES
2. FINANCIAL RESOURCES
3. HUMAN RESOURCES
4. INFORMATION RESOURCES.

THE MANAGER

- Directs the activities of others

First Line Managers: Usually called supervisors or foremen.

Middle Level Managers: Called functional managers, heads of plans, and of projects.
Top Managers: Responsible for making organizational decisions and setting policies. (Vice
President & chief executived, board members etc.)

UNDERSTANDING EMPLOYEE BEHAVIOR & MOTIVATION

Behavior Management Techniques:

● Antecedent strategies: Used before a behavior occurs.

- Attempt to discourage
- Provoke behaviors
- Prevention of bad behavior na di na mangyari.
● Consequent strategies: Used after a behavior occurs.
- Continuing and repeating
- Mapigilan na ang paulit-ulit na behavior

BMT - Behavioral Management Theory: Management considers human needs and workers
as valuable tools for achieving objectives.

- Employee ang babantayan

Management by Example: Requires interpersonal communication skills and good human

relationships.

DECISION-MAKING CONCEPTS
- Decision-making is a problem-solving process generating an ideal or acceptable solution.

DECISION-MAKING APPROACHES

● Rational or Analytical Approach: Systematic decision-making.

- Analysis, process, procedure, sequence of events. Assumption of the desire
solution
● Intuitive Decision-Making Approach: Relying on emotions and feelings.
- Gut feeling or hunch
● Random or Chance Approach: Decisions made impulsively.
- Ex: Flipping a coin, dependent style.
FOUR STYLES OF DECISION-MAKING

● Directive Decision Making: Based on knowledge and reasoning.

- Sorts the pros and cons
- Advantage and disadvantages
● Analytic Decision Making: Based on observation, data, and facts.
- Analyzed lahat ng lot details
- Analyzed the informations
● Conceptual Decision Making: Collaborative and future-focused.
- Brain storming
● Behavioral Decision Making: Group-oriented and discussion-based.
- Working well when together
- Based sa attitude and personality

DECISION-MAKING MODELS

● The Universal Model: Assumes little difference in decision-making across cultures.

- Small Differences from diff. Culture make their choices
- Nagkakaroon ng ways sa pag pili ng choice based sa culture ng isang tao
● The Dynamic Model: Considers cross-cultural variations and the influence of culture on
decision-making.
- cross-cultural variations.

Character Formation

Character formation, also known as character building, is the development of stable patterns of
behavior, thoughts, and emotions influenced by biological and environmental factors.

Types of Characters:

1. Self-realized Character – Confident and aware of strengths and weaknesses. (You know
who you are)

2. Covetous Character – Greedy and willing to cross moral limits for personal gain.
(Greed will endeavor, inggit)

3. Superstitious Character – Excessive reliance on superstition affects logical thinking.

(Masyadong mapamahiin)

4. Egoistic Character – Overbearing and self-centered, difficult to deal with. (Everybody

should respect him, hard to please, closeminded)

5. Anti-social Character – Disregards societal norms, often engaging in criminal acts. (Di
maalam sumunod sa rules)

6. Insincere Character – Lacks genuine concern for others.

(No sincere thanks)

 7. Complacent Character – Overconfident to the point of failure. (Overconfident)

Nationalism

Nationalism is an ideology focused on promoting a nation's interests and sovereignty.

Types of Nationalism:

1. Ethnic Nationalism – Based on common ethnicity and culture.

(Describe by prior Generations, Hereditary, pinagmulan ng tao)

2. Civic Nationalism – Legitimacy comes from citizens' participation.

(Will of the individuals, voluntarily, active participation.)

3. Expansionist Nationalism – Seeks territorial expansion, often through force.

(Want to expand territory.)

4. Romantic Nationalism – Tied to historical and cultural identity.

(Organic/Identity nationalism, Historical.)

5. Third World Nationalism – Developed in response to colonial rule.

(Revolution ng Pilipinas noon.)

6. Liberal Nationalism – Aligns nationalism with democratic values.

(Liberated country ang gustong maatim.)

7. Religious Nationalism – Based on shared religious beliefs.

(Based sa religion.)

8. Pan Nationalism – Advocates for a collective of ethnic groups.

(Cluster - Ethnic or Culture.)

9. Diaspora Nationalism – Nationalism among people living outside their homeland.

(Mga tao na nasa ibang bansa.)

10.Stateless Nationalism – Nationalist movements without a recognized state.

(Want humiwalay sa Pilipinas.)

11.National Conservatism – Prioritizes national interests while avoiding extremism.

(Focus on Domestic interest.)

12.Revolutionary Nationalism – Calls for radical changes in national identity.

(United by shared sense of intent, radical nationalism. EDSA Revolution.)

13.Left-Wing Nationalism – Combines socialist principles with nationalism.

(Socialist nationalism, Marxist Theory.)

Patriotism

Patriotism is a love and dedication to one's country, expressed through loyalty, service, and
cultural pride.

Patriota = Countryman

Kinds of Patriotism:

1. Patriotism of Duty – Involves active service, like military duty.

(Pagiging tapat sa Duty.)

2. Patriotism of Affection – Emotional attachment to one's country.

3. Patriotism of Manners – Cultural expressions, such as saluting the flag. (panunumpa.)

Types of patriotism

1. Personal Patriotism – Individual acts of national pride. (Respect sa flag. Hooring

veterans.)
2. Official Patriotism – Government-led patriotic acts. (heavily on symbolic acts.)
3. Symbolic Patriotism – Used to boost morale during wartime.
4. Peacetime Patriotism – Maintained even without external threats. (Walang war.)

Difference Between Nationalism and Patriotism

● Patriotism is based on love for a country’s values (liberty, justice, equality).

- Ikabuuti ng bansa
- Proud ka sa tamang ginawa
● Nationalism prioritizes national superiority and can lead to conflicts.
- Superior over the country
- Proud kahit mali or tama ang ginagawa

Filipino National Identity & Symbols

● Core Values: Self-reliance, unity, patriotism, equality, human solidarity.

● National Symbols: Flag, anthem, coat of arms, heroes, national animals, plants, dances,
and clothing.

Summary of Filipino National Identity, Values, and Symbols

Filipino National Identity Based on Indigenous Values

Filipino identity is shaped by core indigenous values:

● Pagsasarili (self-reliance)
● Pakikisama (equitable sharing and partnership)
● Pagkabayani (patriotism)
● Pagkakaisa (national unity, national consensus, and discipline)
● Pakikitungo (consideration)
● Pakikipagkapwa-Tao (human solidarity based on national development)
● Pagkakapantay-Pantay (equality and equity)

Philippine Symbols That Promote Nationalism

National symbols hold deep significance in fostering nationalism. Official symbols include:

● Philippine Flag – Represents the country’s unity, independence, and provinces.

● Coat of Arms of the Philippines – Features the yellow sun with eight rays for the
original provinces. (Manila
1. Manila
2. Cavite
3. Batangas
4. Bulacan
5. Pampanga
6. Nueva Ecija
7. Tarlac
8. Laguna

● Lupang Hinirang – The Philippine National Anthem. The Chosen land

● Sampaguita – National flower symbolizing purity and simplicity. (jasminun Sambac.)
● Narra – National tree representing strength and resilience. (Pterocarpus.)
● Philippine Eagle – National bird, a symbol of national pride and conservation.
● Dr. Jose P. Rizal – The National Hero of the Philippines.
● Tinikling – National dance, showcasing gracefulness.
● Carabao – National animal, symbolizing hard work. (Water Buffalo.)
● Bangus – National fish, representing versatility.
● Mango – National fruit, known for its sweetness.
● Barong & Baro't Saya – National clothing for men and women.
● "Bayan Ko" & "Pilipinas Kong Mahal" – National songs.
● Arnis – National sport (stick fighting).
● Anahaw – National plant, symbolizing resourcefulness.
● Nipa Hut – National house, representing traditional Filipino homes.

Laws on National Symbols

● Executive Order 179, s. 1994 – Ordered the display of the national flag from May 28 to
June 12, 1994.
● Republic Act No. 8491 (1998) – Established the Code of the National Flag, Anthem,
Motto, and other heraldic items.

Filipino Core Values

Core values guide behavior, distinguishing right from wrong and shaping individuals and
society.

Filipino Value System

Filipino values evolve but are deeply rooted in cultural traditions passed through generations.
Key values include:

● Pagkalinga, pag-aaruga, at pakialam (Care) – Emphasizes compassion and

responsibility.
● Kapwa – The essence of social relationships in Filipino society.
● Cultural Etiquette & Ethical Codes – Shape behavior based on religion, education, and
societal influences.

Summary of the Philosophical Foundation, Structures, and Laws Related to Filipino Values

Philosophical Foundation of Filipino Values

Filipino values are shaped by two main models:

 ● Exogenous Model (Foreign Model) – A "legal and formal" model influenced by
Western cultures, particularly Spanish and American heritage, seen in institutions like
Philippine bureaucracy.
● Indigenous Model (Traditional Model) – A "traditional and non-formal" model that is
deeply ingrained in Filipino consciousness.

Structures and Elements of Filipino Values

● Kapwa – The core Filipino value emphasizing shared identity and community.
● Surface Values derived from Kapwa:
○ Hiya (ownership/dignity)
○ Pakikisama (companionship/esteem)
○ Utang na Loob (gratitude/solidarity)

Police Service and the Acronym SERVICE

The Philippine police uphold values encapsulated in SERVICE:

● Servant Hood – Commitment to unconditional service, honesty, and dedication.

● Excellence – Striving for outstanding and effective results.
● Responsibility with Accountability – Performing duties with diligence and
responsibility.
● Valuing People and Respect for Human Rights – Serving with dignity, compassion,
and human rights protection.
● Integrity – Upholding honesty and ethical conduct.
● Courage – Moral strength to face difficult duties and fight corruption.

Philippine Heritage Charter

A guide for heritage conservation and management based on Philippine traditions and
international references (Venice, Burra, Nara Charters, ICOMOS).

Key Philippine Laws Related to Values and Heritage

● Republic Act No. 10086 – Strengthens nationalism through Philippine history by

renaming the National Historical Institute as the National Historical Commission of the
Philippines.
● Republic Act No. 8044 (Youth in Nation-Building Act) – Establishes the National
Youth Commission and a national program for youth development.
● Republic Act No. 1425 (Rizal Law) – Requires the study of Jose Rizal’s life, works,
and writings, particularly Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, in all schools.

1987 Philippine Constitution

Preamble – "We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to
build a just and humane society..." do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

Republic Act No. 10390 – An Act amending Republic Act No. 7306, known as "An Act
Revitalizing the People's Television Network, Incorporated," defining its powers and functions,
and providing for its sources of funding.

Republic Act No. 9512 – An Act to promote environmental awareness through environmental
education and for other purposes, known as the "National Environmental Awareness and
Education Act of 2008."

Republic Act No. 10066 – Approved on March 26, 2010, known as the "National Cultural
Heritage Act of 2009," providing for the protection and conservation of the National Cultural
Heritage and strengthening the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA).
Republic Act No. 7104 – Approved on August 14, 1991, known as the "Commission on the
Filipino Language Act," creating the Commission on the Filipino Language and prescribing its
powers, duties, and functions.

Republic Act No. 9850 – Approved on December 11, 2009, declaring Arnis as the National
Martial Art and Sport of the Philippines. Defines Arnis as an indigenous Filipino martial art,
also known as Eskrima, Kali, Garrote, and other regional names. It is characterized by
swinging, thrusting, and parrying techniques using sticks, hands, and feet. The law mandates the
Philippine Sports Commission to lead its implementation.

Republic Act No. 6847 – Approved on January 24, 1990, known as "The Philippine Sports
Commission Act," creating and establishing the Philippine Sports Commission, defining its
powers, functions, and responsibilities.

Republic Act No. 8491 – Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines

Approved on February 12, 1998, this Act prescribes the National Flag, Anthem, Motto,
Coat-of-Arms, and Other Heraldic Items and Devices of the Philippines.

● Section 4: The flag of the Philippines shall be blue, white, and red with an eight-rayed
golden-yellow sun and three five-pointed stars.
● Section 5: The flag shall be displayed in public buildings, official residences, public
plazas, and institutions of learning every day throughout the year.
● Section 6: The flag shall be permanently hoisted, day and night, at Malacañang Palace,
Congress, Supreme Court, Rizal Monument, Aguinaldo Shrine, Barasoain Shrine,
Libingan ng mga Bayani, and other designated places. It shall be properly illuminated
at night.
● Section 7: The flag shall also be displayed on April 9 (Araw ng Kagitingan), May 1
(Labor Day), May 28 to June 12 (Independence Day), last Sunday of August
(National Heroes Day), November 30 (Bonifacio Day), and December 30 (Rizal Day).
● Section 10: The blue field shall be on top in time of peace and the red field on top in
time of war.
● Section 14: A flag worn out through wear and tear shall be solemnly burned to avoid
misuse or desecration.
● Section 18: All government offices and educational institutions shall observe the flag-
raising ceremony every Monday morning and the flag-lowering ceremony every
Friday afternoon.
● Section 23: The flag shall be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning for the President
(10 days), Vice President, Chief Justice, Senate President, and House Speaker (7
days), and other officials as determined by the Institute.
● Section 24: The flag may be used to cover the caskets of military personnel, veterans,
national artists, and civilians who have rendered distinguished service to the nation.
● Section 25: The Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag states:
Ako ay Pilipino, Buong katapatang nanunumpa Sa watawat ng Pilipinas... Maka-Diyos,
Maka-tao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa.
● Section 26: The period from May 28 to June 12 is declared as Flag Days, enjoining
government offices, businesses, institutions, and private homes to display the flag.
● Section 34: It shall be prohibited to mutilate, deface, defile, trample on, or cast
contempt on the flag. The flag shall not be used as drapery, festoon, tablecloth, or
covering for ceilings, walls, statues, or other objects.

Here’s a summarized version while keeping the exact words and terms from the provided text:

Republic Act No. 8491 – February 12, 1998

Prohibited Uses of the National Flag

● Section 34: The flag shall not be used:

4) As a staff or whip
5) For unveiling monuments or statues
6) As trademarks, or for industrial, commercial or agricultural labels or designs

● Section 34(d): The flag shall not be displayed:

○ Under any painting or picture

○ Horizontally face-up – it must always be hoisted aloft and allowed to fall freely
○ Below any platform
○ In discotheques, cockpits, night and day clubs, casinos, gambling joints, and
places of vice or where frivolity prevails
● Section 34(e-j): Other prohibited acts:

○ Wearing the flag in whole or in part as a costume or uniform

○ Adding any word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawings, advertisement, or
imprint of any nature on the flag
○ Printing, painting, or attaching representations of the flag on handkerchiefs,
napkins, cushions, and other articles of merchandise
○ Publicly displaying any foreign flag, except in embassies, diplomatic
establishments, and international offices
○ Using or displaying the flag in any advertisement or infomercial
○ Displaying the flag in front of buildings or offices occupied by aliens

National Anthem: Lupang Hinirang

● Section 35: The National Anthem is entitled "Lupang Hinirang."

● Section 36: The National Anthem shall always be sung in the national language within
or outside the country.

Lyrics of "Lupang Hinirang":

Bayang magiliw, Perlas ng Silanganan...

Ang mamatay ng dahil sa iyo.

● Section 37: The National Anthem must be played or sung in accordance with the
musical arrangement and composition of Julian Felipe.
● Section 38: When played in public gatherings, the attending public shall sing the
anthem with fervor.
○ Everyone must stand at attention and face the flag, or if none, face the band or
conductor.
○ At the first note, all persons must execute a salute by placing their right palms
over their left chests.
○ Those in military, scouting, citizens' military training, and security guard
uniforms shall follow their respective salute regulations.
○ The salute is completed upon the last note of the anthem.

Restrictions on the Use of the National Anthem

● The anthem shall not be played or sung for mere recreation, amusement, or
entertainment except on the following occasions:
a) International competitions where the Philippines is the host or has a representative
b) Local competitions
c) During the "signing off" and "signing on" of radio broadcasting and television
stations
 d) Before the initial and last screening of films and before the opening of theater
performances
e) Other occasions as may be allowed by the Institute

National Symbols and Seals

● Section 40: The National Motto shall be:

"MAKA-DIYOS, MAKA-TAO, MAKAKALIKASAN AT MAKABANSA."

● Section 41: The National Coat-of-Arms shall include:

○ Paleways of two (2) pieces, azure and gules

○ A chief argent studded with three (3) mullets
○ An ovoid argent over the sun rayonnant with eight minor and lesser rays
○ Beneath shall be a scroll with the inscription "REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS"
● Section 42: The Great Seal shall:

○ Be circular in form
○ Contain the arms described in Section 41 but without the scroll
○ Have a double marginal circle with the words "Republika ng Pilipinas"
○ Include the National Motto
● Section 43: The Great Seal shall be affixed to commissions signed by the President
and other official documents. The President shall have custody of the Great Seal.

● Section 44: Government entities, including the military, may adopt coat-of-arms,
administrative seals, logos, insignias, badges, patches, and banners as authorized by
Congress or the President.

● Section 45: These heraldic devices must be filed with the Institute for recording and
evaluation based on precedence, design, customs, and traditions. The Institute shall draft
rules and regulations subject to approval by Congress or the President.

Penalties for Violations

● Section 50: Any person or entity that violates any provision of this Act shall be
punished with:
○ A fine of not less than ₱5,000 but not more than ₱20,000
○ Imprisonment for up to one (1) year
○ Both fine and imprisonment at the court’s discretion
○ For second and additional offenses, both fine and imprisonment shall always be
imposed
○ If the violation is committed by a juridical person, the President or Chief
Executive Officer shall be held liable
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