Earthwork And
Utilities
PREFACE
EARTHWORK
• UNDERSTANDING the subject of Engineering in
wider perspective, inter-relation with other subjects
influencing the performance of Engineering works and
challenges.
• ACQUIRRING cutting edge practical design
knowledge & skills that last forever in the world of
ever-changing infrastructural engineering.
• DEVELOPING your engineering knowledge
significantly and permanently.
• PROVIDING your dashing factor
(distinguish factor) for better chance of
employment upon graduation.
• EXPAND your employment versatility in
an ever-changing marketplace.
• WINNING at the office and in daily job
with the power of practical skill.
• ADVANCING your career as an Engineer.
• GAINING LEVERAGE by demonstrating
knowledge of engineering in a multi-
disciplinary context.
INRODUCTION
Definition of Earthwork
Earthworks are engineering works
created through the moving of
massive quantities of soil or unformed
rock.
Typical Earthwork Development
Typical earthworks include Platforms, roads, dams, dikes, cannal, bunding, and berms
("noise mounds").
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH EARTHWORK
MASTERPLAN & DESIGNING
GUIDING PRINCIPLE
To establish the overall earthworks for the viability of the project and to assist
on planning of landuse, compliance with prevailing guidelines and laws.
• Enhance Early Scoping
• Minimize Scope Changes
• Provide base platforms & Layout Plan
• Reduce Conflicts/ Disputes
• Costs Plan
TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
CONDITION
• Coastal Development Influence by high &
low tides
• Soft Ground Development Influence by
poor soil condition
• Low Land Development Influence by
Highest Flood Level
• High Land Development Influence by
slopes' risk Low risk, slopes < 25 deg High
risk, slopes > 25 deg
TYPICAL EARTHWORK DEVELOPMENT-NON COMPLIANCE
TYPICAL EARTHWORK DEVELOPMENT- COMPLIANCE
PLANNING & DESIGNING BENCHMARKS
A. Client's Requirement
• Development Master Plan
• Terms Of Reference
B. Authority's Requirement
• Compliance to local council conditions &
requirements (Development Order)
• Design Guidelines
• Statutory Requirement
DEVELOPMENT MASTERPLAN
• Development Landuse determined by
Masterplanner
• Engineer to advise on platform & drainage
pattern and other aspects of engineering
• Engineer to balance cut & fill design (wherever
possible)
• Engineer to minimise import earth
• Engineer to establish Term Of Reference
• Engineer to establish Specification
• Engineer to obtain approvals
• Engineer to supervise construction
INFRASTRUCTURE INFLUENCING
EARTHWORK DESIGN
PREMILINARY DESIGN
TYPICAL CADESTRAL PLAN
OBTAINING CONFIRMED
REQUIREMENTS & DATA
• Approved Development Layout Architect or Town Planner / JPBD
Masterplan
• Development Order Local Council
• Topographical Survey Land Surveyor
• Highest Flood Level DID
• Soil Investigation Geotechnical Engineer
• Local Guidelines Local Council / Authority / Agency
SITE RECCONNAISSANCE
Mandatory site visit
To confirm site location and development
boundaries
To familiarize with the site geographical
condition
To identify adjacent development, Access, etc.
To observe & assess site constraints
To have general idea of existing & future
design system
To gather information about flooding history
SOIL INVESTIGATION
• To identify general sub-soil profile i.e. suitability
• To provide detail picture of soil stratigraphy &
geological settings i.e. extend of soft & hard
underlayings, ground water
• To obtaining representative geotechnical
parameters of various sub-soil strata for
engineering design i.e. N-Values
DETAIL DESIGN
DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE
• Integrate the design platform levels with
existing developments.
• Design platform levels shall tie in with the
roads.
• All Slope formations shall be kept within the
plot boundaries.
• Achieve an almost balanced cut and fill volume
within the development
• Establishing preliminary platform levels based
on development scheme requirements,
infrastructure and utilities.
DESIGN PROCEDURE
• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction
With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels
• Propose Retaining Structure
DESIGN CRITERIA
• Clearing, grubbing, stripping top soil, cut & fill, compact, trimming, turfing,
soil test for FGL
• Embankment in swamp or soft ground, Height ≥ 1.5m, cross-slopes ≤ 1V :
3H
• Gradient for cut slope, 1: 1.2
• Gradient for fill slope, 1: 2
• Height of slopes, 3m intervals with toe, berm & intercepting drains
• Layers of 300mm intervals, compacted to 95% (Cohesive soil) or 100%
(Cohesionless soil) of max Dry Density. Ref BS1377 - 4.5kg rammer method
• All slopes closed turf
• Min Formation Platform Level, 1m above
Highest Flood Level or EHW (Coastal)
• Temporary drains to main drain shall pass Silt
Trap (Sediment trap)
• Wash Through before public road
• Temporary drains, design for 1 in 5 years,
checked for 1 in 10 years
• Min 1 no Temporary Bench Mark established
Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
Overall spatial organization of buildings,
roads, open spaces, and utilities.
Ensures efficient circulation, zoning, and
functional relationships.
Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction
With Dev Plan
Uses topographic and boundary
data to align the layout with actual
site conditions.
Identifies existing features like
trees, slopes, and drainage.
PROPOSE PLATFORMS LEVEL
Determines
appropriate floor and
ground elevations for
structures.
Ensures proper
drainage and
accessibility based on
site contours.
Propose Retaining Structure
Standards Used in Design
BS 6031:Code of practice for earthworks
BS 8002:Code of practice for earth retaining structures
BS 8004:Code of practice for foundations
BS 8081:Code of practice far ground anchorages
Propose Retaining Structure
Earth Retaining Structure
Earth Retaining Structure
Earth Retaining Structure
Earth Retaining Structure
Authority
Compliance & Approvals
Earthworks regulation and approval is under the jurisdiction of Local Council.
SUBMISSION CHECKLIST
Copy of Letter of Appointment As Consulting Engineer
Copy of D.O. Letter from Planning Dept.
Copy of Land Title / S & P Agreement
Earthwork Plan (duly endorsed by PE)
Copy of Approved D.O. Plan / Development Layout by Architect
Copy of Quit Rent of Current Year Site Photos of present condition
Copy of Approval Letter From JKR For Road System Or Prove Of
Submission
Copy of Approval Letter From JPS For Drainage System Or Prove Of
Submission
Copy of Approval Letter of Main Infra / Main Earthwork (if app.)
Copy of Geological Mapping (for hill dev) & Erosion Control Plan
Report
CONSTRUCTION
Identification of project site
• Planning of temporary drainage system
• Access and wash through location
• Detention ponds / silt traps
• Project office & facility
• Construction of Hoarding
• Observe all laws pertaining to construction
• Plan, design, manage all temporary works\
• Earthwork construction & supervision
8 Types of compaction machinery
types of compaction machinery
types of compaction machinery
types of compaction machinery
types of compaction machinery
types of compaction machinery
types of compaction machinery
types of compaction machinery
9 Types of Soil
THANK YOU
