Ecosshm
The tRm ecosystu
Ths isshet to
aen by
voas A a. Tansly l43s)
g ecolcal
The
cosatzun Can be
de?nad as "he itnacHou
betiweem l n a enganisms amd tthei envisonm t
scalled ecosstiw.
asaiicalion
A On bhe basis q siz
a Mibecosyctu- as 4mall as a dioP 9 povd walau
b)Macoeos4teun. as lauge as est LAa
On he bases 2 slabllb
Tempnany e - Pond, Choplaud
b)Pemameut- OCan s t
3.0D e basi aligm
a Matinal -
e -
teit,
ocaam, Aine, Povnd ett
)Astitüal l 6yneHe - . hoplaud, quoiiun ee
. On due baus 9 habitat
Anuatio Tesaeaial
Mountain aa38land Fele Desett
Faau Maine
Oate
esea ocLau
Staudina
Runnd hoqtz
aten
ecosysemm
eLosystenn
CLetic
CLottc)
Pond
R v e r , sham
Stauctne Ecosystun
Ecosstkn)
AbiotiC Componeus| &iohc Components
tmatRe Edaphic Poduters consumesDecompose3
Factes
Fac+eis CAutotnoph) Cheterotiophas) Csapobaopes)
Raiu 6oil
PH
winol Mneaals8
4PAimar
Consumens
CHerbtves
Temperatue Topop y Secondavr
Consumens
CPAtma
Cantoes)
Tutiany lonsumus
LLanse cdlveus)
4)Quatenany Consu mey
Comnvus)
The stuctine am etonusm Chanactulzed by te
both abistic a d bote
Th imcudus he conmbonels.
Astibuion enena o n en-
PAoduLs]
AblofC Hebavus
eio He ensumes Carnlwone
ComponeG Compone
Mnenals,
Nutie . Top Ca~none
Decom poSes
he
ecosyslem s made up biouc a d abioic Lom-
Poneul3
otic Componemg- The tolal Javing matter psseut in
am ecosiun at amy me s Calldsauding crap.
Ohen r enpssd i n teww 9 e i g u ta
Callsd bimas
The betc componewts au unthen classiyied iuto
) AutoUqs qnLn plats nocn ane able to mamu
-
tactune tod om slmple imegauic dwbstances Calikd
PoolucUs
a) Hetenabophs -
oich camnot Maunitactun theii oou
fUd.Callsd Cconsumeis , Ae composels a s alo
heteotphs
Poduces They a p sola eneg9 avd convent
t Chendcal eneugy, pof2ntial enengt, herce
h ane calld as iansduten e Conveutuy.
Thei tem t i Pimauy bauà q lize n amy eco
Aytin
The podules ai all Lem plals, photosy n tneHc
bacteia awd hemasy ndhe Hc bactenia
Consumes- They colume awd ulilize
maeials
phodud by podules Oe pendi ng upou hee
tovd haLst thesl Cam be
uthe clasitud iulo
tow p s
1 F t d n Consums
CCs) Heblvetes The
-
ane
nown key Lndustuy aulals becaue e
as
Convel plaut aten t o aAmal
tod.
The a
They plaut eates
E ayshoppe, deer, Aabbit, Catle,ome bnds,
ome m ete
i)Seuad eden Consumvs Ca) PAma
Cunivens
Thy nu meat eatis avd
tod on hebl neu8
Cat, jackal, o et
ThAd onder Consumeu c) o Tesdaky Coniumes
P L Y upon othe Cannuonas , callad secondai
Cann vou E wslt Anake8 ec
NTo Caui neLe Thy Constitute h tednal erd
Peclato e uzv2 trod chan. Fa ion, ugen et.
DecomposeLs - eed om diod and detayi ng m t l u
a d comwt the egam matiiials euto legauic
MaleiialLs Ea bacheiia, tungi e
They aL vaiously naned as
1)TAamstonmers -
because tey Bansjom
ngadc
matte nto
aprobes -
becaus they
neaauic matl
dasve kodd hom duoa
ngadc matteu
1 Osmabops thuy -
absab imple od by os Mokfe
tv Reduces be caus
tey aedute e coupper sol
toAimple od
Enuay Floud m Ecosstems
Ev ecosytm
ecosysti naqins
2ajins
ene tou ta un al. The
en
OCyclUe m o e u n u t q enema t
fHouoees t
g am
ecosyatam
Exteunal Eisonmet
Eney o t
Ene
OAgaism, An Ecasyste
Ev etosystewr has lo e n e stnee the exis-
kace q i tn ecosystew depevds Om . The
qmant avd qalily eney tlao decidas the
Sichnegs epoeuns g Lite. In hiosphene, , a sun
& the
utPmateAuleq enea
Continue amd One-voay FlooG n
The ntleds Ho m amcl mann n diKud
ecosems
CN o cndte hom abiofc seg meuts to bioo
seme am M-ves sa
u t ke enesy dns not eiuculale, Aatn louo
wwidiuectiouall
(Paaduteu-- - - O 0 -- - > - :
Sun Consumus Decomp6es
Thepar e n Aavsss m u g pnduces o d
Macio Consumes beteu ÄLacang decomposnL
, Cannot Hoo m ieveTAe LeEOn . t
HouD ev
atiuse q emeay louo
Lbecaul
En y Conveisiov Mecaiss
a m egaiAm, Canngt
be sagaind
Fod o n c e eatem b
a s trp s t anstm& i t o enenuA
ComvS wuch cau
Imio h e a t
one Used,
. Enea
AecoveiLdd
a meAy
Not
ot be
a . AL ng beis
nauine obd LAneay) n
nAna thein liyle.
aMd ogaln e moanto~
ouiside AAude2
4. The ene Comes om am
owly. 9 t Cam wttezed un uw
dome wek
b petedna
omefme
ti)b6eHina sBeing b a y o
has tbe dissephd inlo h e
S.Rnallu, e
eniiovment e dunundings.
FoOD CHALN ecosystem ,
the foo Ls a
Sn Lvu
oStai ned
St {iom
s slats and
0uce eneru
Cateèzeries Consumes,Thus
Concumel by diKeMT
o c c r s im AeRaad stgs
the tiausr 9 UB& eneiy
ealam by a sLL8 9 ngauisml
en vaieh,et s b e t n
and being eatn is tenmed
eattug
Tha seaueuee q
St shousg r e o enel CtodU
as toDd chon. coulumeAs
maAM pAduule
t diK
om a
im aucLesie stgg
> Cew TseLonday
Phcducen PARmaT
ConSwmen COnsumn
Oheatt (Mous cat
seedL
Mam)
(ge Insects Crccdile)
p s 9 Fodd Chain
Tn allL etosys+euns et is not owly te l n g egan-
s m s whie a A bet na eatan, buttthe dead
allens
o alo ban eta a s trd. Accedimyhe
opd codns cam be q ollouo pes
Aziwa Fod Chadu -
The mmen plauts a A
beina uzed by aimals, e F est, asland ecesy
G a s - Gsshopper Fo 6nake >Hao
Liou
Gnean Plaus Goot wol
Such a t o d casus d e s t eme nlm
Debibus Food Chon
-
The dead aamals aud
.
plai ane Consumed by detiuenes aud kteinpudatsis
Mamnove leot , e d u r i eatuane etosyiam
LizadLg
Dead pats 6otl MGtes Insects
Dead eigauic Matter tcteia Potooa Roües
mueh ou
Such tuDd cheins do not depend
he ilu
Aslan enei'y ,
hadthe ey depeud o u
Matans CAalad otkn sptems.
engaic
FoOD E B e b means 'netwsik . Io dKeu
ecosysteums, the Znduldual fonl caius,jenesal
do net enizt. t a
D
because mest g the comsimens
e d m muultipla kkrds q Apcies. Rnalay. sowne
pecies 4all pay t a e ed Pud ler
wolle a othe pecia a n eateu b evenal
nds a Pmdatns. Cousantly, t r e u d u i d u a l
kavd choims ae inaonnedtid hangh dteea
pes q gaisms, Called Oodneb.
Hawk SpalonD
Tnseat
Snake
Gnalns
CaAass
MOUle Lzanal
Food 0 eb
Thes koDd web shus t e
complex jeedina chals Quone
dMe
d erd
1aanisms, ot has
wany ineat totd lhodss
CaAoüns MOuse Snak e
CAain Ms
Gmals Muge Snake Haok
GAass InSect SpallDo Hauwk
GAasS Dnsest izand Snake Hawk
as Insect Spaibuo Snake Hawk
ueh Mn copley tood ebs er nnaln
ECOLoGICAL PYRA MIDecoloical p An
d
pynama
aaphital nupmesetallan g the Aelatiousiip
betoeem tte d i L T JaAna gmisms at ditese
ophic levels.
hese the shape a Octial Pauds
Pnamids aA u
wth dhe base betwa the baod baoadest, wkieh is
Conesd by louoest tiophh lenel i.e. producens. The
next level fs occuded by a next hophic level.Ie.
de
maa
Pimanz Lomsumes amd o
TAophe Level -
salis ha ee dana stalus
t a
onganim m am ecasyatiun, t 2 based ou ëhe
ssti Lconcel) as to ouw endo olom,
) 1s Topie Level Gmam plads oich ase plodu-
Ces, The qet enenn kraw s n and pAoduee
bD tophic Level eguisms by a
PACSA pholosymthesia
1 ad Thopic Level- HerbivenLs o
pimay onsumeng
The t enesy b eak tho produci
ti) 3 Thopic Level- CoLveus e
6econdary LoueeneN
They dpas pna COMuMes Hen theil t
Thopuie LevelOmives otesiai Cenluume^s,
The dapd om secodany contumeis teu enesy
Accoding to t e Auuce
kund ossimdatad, a eveM
peie& May CuLpy one, twD eL mee opie leuel
aain Man
Inset cicken Ma
1st 314 th
Thopic Level Topic Level hoplic Level 7oplic Level
JPeS EcoloCal Pnamidg These an
4
Pynadd NumbeLs t shous ke umbe
at 9 gans ms
Boplic level. St s emsed In no./undt
each
ana-
SE
sumally upizu except t o dettius tod chan
Te
Consumeku mntwug
FleaHapen
wnobes
Paaslis
J Lces
P
secondaMlcaninens
COsmeis
maY
Panasas
Consumens HerbineLs Hea&veus d s
PoduLeess PaduLes Tee
AutotMophs
Pyna A Numbus
. Pamid. q etoma8 - t heus the tetal day woes
tha total amoumt
mater L ans /ut àsua)
St 2s uluall uAigl ece o thal
obsened
n Oceaus shend laa 9 200pl auk tons dlepend
no
o n sm alleu no. 9
phyto plak tous
Zooplawktons
Lion Phtoplamktos
Fox
oDk
Des, labsit
- Loooa
Gnass
_- St shous the amounl Low9
3. Pya mid _ Ee ludtda/y
lunels.Ccaleies
at succLssive bopie
ene ehaim ià
St 2s alsoans upiigut as eneugy low in tod
alumys widheonal
Teatian
COnemes Deciea
6ecomdarr Eneiy
ComS dnen
Pian Consumes
Pcducens
mpertamca Ecological Pnamid
9
hou he
jeedhno diHeneut agaudsms im dned eusyátemo
Shous e epicieucy enesy ansL
The cndiHou t h eosystem c a n be mouitenud,
amd
am then damas c a n be penented:
L lakuo a Ecolosical Pymaudd
Thes system does nst take anto acconts toDd webs
Saprophates a ngt Comsldenmd im aw the
raa m i d
P evem tongn eum an fmpetail
o t g tke vanous ecosiyatenn
The Pnamids a e aPpicaHe o w to mple
oDd cto ns, which usually do net occu natually
d o ngt d e l t e amy uondis u aelaton to
Nalaone i peasou and Maz
Tpes 9 Ecosyatem Somemaje ecosyatems an
. Fetest . anas lamd 3. Deseat 4. Aguatfc
A FoLest Ecosystem FeLests a^e natua a u t
commenHes tth domananee 9 mes The majer
teest Siomes +0end m India an
TopiCal kabn F e s l
Thopicoal deciduous Peest
Temperate i a d - Leoy Feest
Tempeake Needle- Leay Feiert
t compsooene e a e s t ecsssteun
AbloRc Com pohenll
Tneaame coupounds paserl im an aud sal,
Ongamie compaunds pruLet m ai aud sAed
1) Scatlerud debis q dead bodiIes
04fc Compohenls
DPhaducens -
Bees CTeak, Dhak, Sal ete) g &ves4lad
pRses shubs ede
Pmany Con&umeAg
a mua aua mals- anlb bugs, apidau, beetlus et
6malL ani mals mic s4a US mongooes e t
c Biag and mals deens, antelopes,ajes elephant dt
seComdah Coniun e8
brds,zads, uos, snakes koxe e
i)Tertha Cokue Ta -
Lou e
Deco pose8
ungi- Aspe us, Alternaia etc
bacteua bacill us, Pseudomgnas
et.
Acttnomycebes Atneplomy tes
-
w
Pond Ecosysem t l s ao qotol example
}
o a t ecosysem whien enhm LTts a eAutiCieud
ad
ek- Aqulatd ng g .
Locatuom, size, dapth
Aubstratm g a pond constitte the biology 9
g he
D
eLosysam. The vasius componets a a ollou
( Abstic Componemls
Heat Lat pH
.
oalan hummus O29n a l
mêneals ce H, O, N, P, Ca , s e )
Cabohydates PMstein apids
eelotte Componenl
a) Produ Less-
Ptoplauktong - w manita {loating e suspeda
Lowen planls Calaaa and agellatis).
a n e m a , ulothalx , Spl%o a vol ox ete ane
aaph oplauk tons:
Mauepy- valnly Aostud low plats fncuda
submumd , floang avd emengua Aydnophtis.
e Tapa, Valienania, saluna , Mansiea ee
b)ConsumeA:
PAmoa Onsums -
Potogoa ad msaceo
93 Secondany oMsumns- LoMa akis, ws ,
, Aeptihep ec
i Tuia Consuns- Fisht3, 6haks e
CDeCompSNs
Bacheia avd msi-
Aspengiilus, Rhizopus, Pythum,
Fusanium et
AcHo mycetS
has
balanced Ecosytam
-
A balanced ecossti
ies
ablity to malntain ZE Atuelne Celamdscape, sp
Nasiy et) anel uncHon Ce nubiert amd noata
eltng bomass poductfon etc) ove Lon , peiod
me despia distinbances. t kas balance amon
bietic amd akiotc Lomponemls am etosystam,
Homeostasè CEcoSstD Balanco)
Slabë19alio knouon as homeostasds
Homeostaiis the diana mie euilibium amon
e
ing members am eccsystem, againstE
enienmemtal covditiouns u c h as nslnd, Aainfaly
b i e t availabiliy , ail qualily, ei matz ek.
t the inhesent propety
q all ang ytem
to sestt ham
The ecosy4*em Cam shouw thi teleranee en Aess
tance o n ofth? n a Maxi mum and a Mau m m
Aama C Aama oelaca), tnou as homeostatic
plateouu
In the Samge q toleiance, a n shes Bres to
Cause a deuaion, hen sem has I i ouon mech
amism to comkena hese deialLous
whie
ane callud neaative {edback Mechauisms
ut, tha suss ë tod kighw , dhem poslnue heacl-
back Me chan SStat openall ng 3t nd o
s s t e m auwoa t0m the opti'mal Ondiiom anol
Collopse he ecosyLkm
2ollapse
teed back
ve -e
(teedbadk, HomeoStatic
teedbak Plateau
S.the
eed badk
collapse
