One Page Notes
ICSE Class 10
Hydrogen
Chloride
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HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
Preparation of Hydrogen Chloride
1. Laboratory Preparation from Sodium Chloride:
Reactants: Sodium chloride (NaCl) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).
Products: Hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) and sodium hydrogen sulfate (NaHSO₄).
Equation:2NaCl+H2SO4→Na2SO4+2HCl2NaCl + H_2SO_4 \rightarrow Na_2SO_4 + 2HCl2NaCl+H2SO4→Na2SO4+2HCl
Apparatus and Procedure:
Apparatus:
Glass tubing for gas transfer.
Delivery tube.
Reaction flask.
Gas jar for collection.
Procedure:
Heat a mixture of NaCl and concentrated H₂SO₄ in a reaction flask.
Collect HCl gas evolved in a gas jar.
The gas is dry and can be collected over water or in a gas jar.
Observation:
Colorless, pungent gas.
Precautions:
Use a fume hood or work in a well-ventilated area.
Handle concentrated sulfuric acid with care.
Identification:
HCl gas turns blue litmus paper red.
2. Simple Experiment to Show Density:
Experiment:
Demonstrate that HCl gas is heavier than air by allowing it to flow through a tube and settle in an inverted container.
Observation:
HCl gas will displace air and settle at the bottom of the container.
Inference:
HCl gas is denser than air.
3. Solubility (Fountain Experiment):
Apparatus and Procedure:
Set up a flask with a delivery tube submerged in a beaker of water.
Allow HCl gas to flow through the delivery tube into the water.
Observation:
The water in the flask is drawn up, indicating that HCl gas dissolves in water.
Inference:
HCl is highly soluble in water, forming hydrochloric acid.
4. Preparation of Hydrochloric Acid:
Method:
Dissolve HCl gas in water using a special apparatus to avoid back suction (a setup involving a gas jar with a delivery
tube).
Special Arrangement:
The gas is passed through water, and care is taken to avoid any suction of water back into the gas jar.
Mechanism:
1.
A bubbler or similar device is used to ensure no backflow of water.
Reactions and Properties
Reaction with Ammonia:
Reaction:
HCl gas reacts with ammonia (NH₃) to form ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl).
Equation:
HCl+NH3→NH4Cl
Observation:
White fumes of ammonium chloride are produced.
Acidic Properties of HCl Solution:
Reaction with Metals:
HCl reacts with metals like zinc (Zn) to produce zinc chloride and hydrogen gas.
Equation:Zn+2HCl→ZnCl2+H2
Reaction with Metal Oxides and Hydroxides:
HCl reacts with metal oxides and hydroxides to form metal chlorides and water.
Example:
With zinc oxide (ZnO): ZnO+2HCl→ZnCl2+H2O
With sodium hydroxide (NaOH): NaOH+HCl→NaCl+H2O
Reaction with Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates:
HCl reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide (CO₂), water, and metal chlorides.
Example:
With sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃): Na2CO3+2HCl→2NaCl+CO2+H2O
With sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃): NaHCO3+HCl→NaCl+CO2+H2O
Precipitation Reactions:
With Silver Nitrate:
HCl reacts with silver nitrate (AgNO₃) to form a white precipitate of silver chloride (AgCl).
Equation:HCl+AgNO3→AgCl↓+HNO3
With Lead Nitrate:
HCl reacts with lead nitrate (Pb(NO₃)₂) to form a white precipitate of lead chloride (PbCl₂).
Equation:2HCl+Pb(NO3)2→PbCl2↓+2HNO3
Summary:
Hydrogen chloride is prepared from sodium chloride using sulfuric acid, and it is denser than air.
The solubility of HCl is demonstrated through the fountain experiment.
Hydrochloric acid is prepared by dissolving HCl gas in water.
HCl reacts with ammonia to form ammonium chloride and shows its acidic properties through various reactions with metals,
oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates.
It forms precipitates with silver nitrate and lead nitrate.
2.
