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EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL ACTION ON THE ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN KADUNA STATE COLLEGE OF
EDUCATION GIDAN WAYA BY: PHILOMINA DANJUMA U22ZE2096
BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE
DEPARTMENTOF EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS AND
CURRICULUM, FACULTY OF EDUCATION, AHMADU BELLO
UNIVERSITY ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENTOF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGREE IN
EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING MAY,2025
DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the author of this research
and thatit is a record of my own research work.It has not been
presented on any occasion or in any application for a degree.All
sources of information including quotation (indented or enclose in
quotation marks) were acknowledge by references.
_____________________________________________ PHILOMINA
DANJUMA DATE U22ZE2096 APPROVAL PAGE This research titled
Effect of industrial Action onthe Academic Performance of Students in
Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya meets theregulations
governing the Award of Bachelor of Education Degree in Educational
Administration and Planning, andhas been approved for its contribution
to knowledge and literary presentation.
_____________________________________________ Dr.I. Yakubu
Date Project Supervisor
_____________________________________________ Dr.Iliya
Yakubu Date Project Coordinator
_____________________________________________ Dr.O.
Adegbemile Date Head of Department
_____________________________________________ External
Moderator Date DEDICATION This intellectual research work is
dedicated to my family: My Dad Mr.Danjuma Dari, My Mom Mrs.Mary
Danjuma and to my Elder Sister Hevilah Micah, also to my friends Mr.
Ayuba John and Mr.Abraham John with love and honor.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Gratitude to God Almighty for His love,
guidance, protection and inspiration towards the successful completion
of this research work.Sincere appreciation to my able supervisor, Dr.I.
Yakubu for devoting his time in making constructive criticisms,
suggestions and offered encouragement throughout the period of this
work, I really appreciate his fatherly advice.Special appreciation to Dr.O
Adegbemile, Head of Department whose support, academic leadership,
objective and constructive leadership skills in running the affairs of the
department contributed to the success of this study.I pray that God
Almighty bless him abundantly.Also, my appreciation goes to the
project coordinator Dr.I. Yakubu for his contribution in one way or the
other towards the success of this research work.May God bless you
abundantly.I also wish to extend my profound gratitude to the entire
academic and non academic staff of the department in persons of Dr.A.
Sule, Dr.A.M. Gimi, Dr.M.B. Abubakar, Dr.Faisal Imam, Dr.Maryam
Garba Dr.Bilkisu Aliyu, Hajiya Amina as well other staff too numerous
to mention.Thank you very much.May God bless and assist you in all
your endeavours.My heartfelt appreciation goes to my parents; My
Father Mr.Danjuma Dari and my Mother Mrs.
Mary Danjuma, for giving me education the light which i shall walk safe
on the face of the earth.Thank you for being such exceptional pillar of
support, words of encouragement and every motherly assistance you
have placed at my door step, all shall forever abide in me.I wish to
acknowledge my sibling and my friends: My Big Sister Hevilah Micah,
also to my friends Mr.Ayuba John and Mr.Abraham John.Thank you all
for your love, prayers and support.ABSTRACT This research topic
investigate the effect of industrial action on the academic performance
ofstudent in Kaduna State College of Education Gidan waya Four
research objectives, questions and hypotheseswere raised to guide the
study.Survey research design was employed as the design for the
study.The population of the study comprises of the academic staff,
administrators and management staff of the Kaduna State College of
Education Gidan waya.The population is total 1084.The researcher
adopt a simple random sampling techniques t draw to select a sample
of 200 academic lecturers, 100 administrators, and 20 management
staff from the college.Structured questionnaires of 5 linker scale was
used to collect the data from the respondents.The questionnaire was
validated by the supervisor and it was tested to be reliable.The data
collected were analyzed using frequency and percentage.The study
revealed that well-structured welfare policy ensures that employees feel
valued, motivated and supported.The study further revealed that strong
argument can be made that job security plays a crucial role in
influencing the quality of education that students receive.The study
revealed a clear correlation between job security and various aspects
of student learning outcomes.The findings of the study revealed a clear
consensus among respondents across all categories regarding the
negative effects of excessive workload on student learning outcomes.
The findings of the study revealed a clear consensus among
respondents across all categories regarding the positive influence of
effective management actions on student learning outcomes.The
researcher concludes that comprehensive assessment of the welfare
policy at Kaduna State College ofEducation Gidan waya provide
valuable insight into the strengths and weakness of the current polices
and their impact on student academic performance.While the college
has made progress in certain areas, such as lecturer accessibility and
managementsresponse to industrial action, there is a clear need for
improvement in other areas, includingresources allocation for
professional development, housing support and addressing the
challenges posed by excessive workloadand industrial action.The
researcher conclude that government and the management staff of the
colleges should strive toenhance welfare policies in the college which
will cater the professional development programs, housing andalso
review and improve the colleges support systems for staff during
industrial actions, ensuring thatthey provide adequate protection and
assistance among others.TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ----------i
Declaration ----------ii Certification ----------iii Dedication ----------iv
Acknowledgement ---------v Abstract----------vi Table of Contents
---------vii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the Study
--------1 Statement ofthe ----------7 Research Objective ----------8
Research Questions ---------9 Research Hypotheses ---------9 Basic
Assumption ---------10 Significanceof the Study ---------10 Scope of the
Study ---------11 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATUREIntroduction --- --------12 Conceptual Framework
---------12 Theoretical Framework ---------21 Empirical Review---------32
Summary of Literature Review--------33 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction --- --------35 Research
-----------35 Population of the Study---------35 Sampleand Sampling
Techniques -------36 Instrumentation ---------36 Validity of the instrument
--------37 Pilot Testing ---------37 Procedurefor Data Collection--------37
Procedure for Data Analysis --------38 CHAPTER FOUR DATA
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS Introduction
--- --------39 Analysis of Demographic Information-------39 Answering
Research Questions-------41 Testing of Hypothesis ---------49
Discussing ofFinding---------53 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction --- --------58
Summary -----------58 Conclusions----------58 Recommendations
----------59Reference ----------60 Appendix ----------64 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION Background of the sturdy The industrial action refers
to cessation of work by employees, as a of dispute between the
employers and employee.In the higher education sector, the industrial
action by academic staff takes the form ofstrike action, overtime bans,
work-to-rule and other forms of protest; which is significant impacts on
the academics activities of students in the College.The purpose of this
research project is to investigate the effect of industrial action on
academic performance of students in Kaduna State College of
Education Gidan Waya.Industrial actions, such as strikes and protests,
have become a common occurrence in the education sector, disrupting
the academic calendar and affecting the learning outcomes of students.
In Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya, students have
been subjected to several industrial actions in recent years, leading to
delays in examinations, lectures, and other academic activities.These
disruptions have raised concerns about the impact on students'
academic performance and overall educational experience."The
institution, formerly known as the Advanced Teachers College
Kafanchan, commenced formal classes on March30, 1977, at its initial
campus in Manchock, with a teaching staff of 17 anda student body of
186." Nigerian Colleges' Lecturers, COEASU Extend Strike By Three
Weeks Amid College Colleagues, ASUUs Stalemate July 20, 2022.
"The union's National Executive Council (NEC) made this decision
during a meeting at the Federal College of Education in Kano, Kano
State." The National Executive Council (NEC) of the Colleges of
Education Academic Staff Union (COEASU) has approved an
extension of the unions ongoing industrial action by three weeks.The
unions NEC reached the decision at a meeting held at the Federal
College of Education, Kano, Kano State, on Tuesday.This is coming
amid nationwide protest planned to be held on July 26 and 27by the
Nigerian Labour Congress (NLC) over the five months ongoing strike
by the Academic
Staff Union of Universities (ASUU).According to a report by Daily Post,
COEASUs National President, Smart Olugbeko, said that theunions
action was based on a number of major issues surrounding their
demands which thegovernment had not met.COEASU resumed its
suspended strike on June 10 over the governments failure to resolve
sometheir demands including non-release of N15 billion approved out
of the N456,599,691, and N18billion RevitalisationFund for both
Federal and State Colleges of Education contrary to repeated promises
of theFG.Others are; non-implementation of 2014 Needs assessment
report, nonpayment of outstanding promotion arrears from 2016to date,
non payment of responsibility allowance to Librarian in Colleges of
Education.Olugbeko said that the union decided to extend the strike
because of some unresolved issuesincluding modalities for the
disbursement of the revitalization fund which is yet to be agreedupon
as the committee of stakeholders, including the Unions, which is to take
the responsibilityis expected to be convened by the Federal
Government within the next few weeks.The unions national president
further noted that the governments sincerity towards meaningful
collective bargaining could not be ascertained until August 2 when the
renegotiation would start properly.Olugbeko said that, While
empathetically acknowledging the appeal of critical stakeholders
expecting the strike actionto be suspended, NEC painstakingly
submitted that the timing must be properly calculated based onthe
foregoing reservations in order to consolidate on the gains of the
struggle.Therefore, NEC unanimously resolved that the strike action
should continue for the next three weeks within which the Union hopes
that the foregoing reservations should have been addressed.NEC
noted with satisfaction that steady progress is being made towards the
amendment of the COE Establishment Act which would subdue most of
the challenges bedeviling the system.
While condemning the inaction of the Government until the festering
issues snowballed into the on-goingindustrial action, NEC commended
the impressive level of compliance of Chapters to the struggle and
noted with satisfaction that the national strike action has achieved the
following improvements.The Federal Government has inaugurated the
renegotiation team for the FGN-COEASU 2010 Agreement The release
of N15 billion revitalization fund for both Federal and State Colleges of
Education has beenrevalidated and approved by the Federal
Government.NEC however strongly condemned the oppressive actions
of the following: Provost of Akwa Ibom StateCollege of Education,
Afaha Nsit, for truncating the national warning strike action in the
College,ordering the arrest and suspension of some Chapter Executive
Council members; and Governments of Oyo,Benue, Plateau and
Ebonyi States for the unwarranted enforcement of no work, no pay
withoutprior meaningful engagement in collective bargaining despite
the Unions long predisposition to alternative dispute resolution.NEC
charged the National Secretariat to sustain ongoing efforts to address
the plights of the affected members.NEC also welcomed the on-going
mobilization by the Nigerian Labour Congress (NLC) for a national
protest to get our children back to school in solidarity with the struggle
of TradeUnions in the nations tertiary institutions.While applauding the
Labour Centre for this promising intervention, NEC posited that the
strike action should be sustained and charged Chapters to participate
in the mass protest.Education is the process that involves all round
development of cognitive, psychomotor and affective abilityof individual
in the society in order to promote the advancement of the individuals,
societyand the world at large should not be relegated to the
background in whatever manner.The cacophony between the central
authority and the staff unions should not be extended to
the point of jeopardizing the success of our education system which in
turn have undesirableeffects on the academic achievement of the
students.Bearing in mind ,no nation can develop the capacity of her
citizens.Staff industrial actions in Nigeria college , polytechnics and
College of Education systems have becomethe common phenomenon
with the detrimental effects on the academic commitment and success
of Nigeriastudents.Despite the fact that tongue and mouth are
inseparatable, clash between the two is inevitable.As long as the
Academic Staff union and employer (government) represented by
politicians are at variance in belief and philosophy there is bound to be
industrial dispute between the two.The action and counteraction of the
academic staff union (ASUU, ASUP, and COEASU) in recentyears to
recalcitrant attitude of the Federal Government towards the past
agreement; conditions of service,salaries and allowances adequate
funding as prescribed by UNESCO, College autonomy, integration of
polytechnic academicstaff payroll had led to frequent industrial action
by COEASU, ASUP and specifically ASUU.These unions have resulted
to employment of industrial action as the last resort to balancethe
power between their staff and the government when the bargaining and
consultation failed toyield desirable result.Implying that the only
language understands by the government is strike action.The
counteraction of the academic staff union to actions and inaction of the
government is not self-centred but incited by the quest to resuscitate
the acclaimed fall in Nigeria education standard.The specific evidence
to this fact are the agitation by ASUU and ASUP between 2013and
2014 which includes improvement and provision of educational
infrastructure in our dilapidated tertiary instruction;fulfilling 26%
budgetary allocation to education as prescribed by UNESCOO so that
Nigeria education system
would be able to turn out the graduates that are capable of taking up
thetask of national development and be globally competitive like in the
70s when Nigeria graduateswere accorded high esteem at the global
stage.In addition, it is incontrovertible that agitations of academic staff
unions are to foster theadequate conditions of services which would go
a long way in stimulating advantageous atmosphere forstudents to
accomplish the prerequisite curriculum objectives.And, this would
reduce to the barest minimum if not to zero level the half-baked
graduates or functional illiterates that Nigeria tertiary institutions are
turning out lately.Unfortunately, the strike action that is always
embarked upon by the staff unions whenever thereis industrials dispute
between them and their employer (government) always put students at
the detrimentalconditions.The reasons for this are not farfetched; they
end up having lesser period to prepare for academic exercise before
summative evaluation hence possibility of poor academic performance.
After the whole struggle, the academic staff salaries and allowances
that were withhold during the industrial action would end up being paid.
Aside the bad reputation the industrial actions conferred on Nigeria
education system; delayed and extensionof duration of students in
school in the face of age sensitive or discriminating NigeriaLabour
market which plummet the economics value of the graduates in Nigeria
labour market.And, unjust compression of the syllabus and academic
calendar which deprived students of adequate academicpreparation
and eventually have undesirable effect on the students achievement of
educational objectives as laiddown in the prescribed curriculum which
paved way for the production of half-baked graduates byNigerian
institutions is of great concern to the study sat hand.In view of this, the
specific objective of this investigative study is to the influence of
teacher's industrial action on educational system.
Student's go to daily with happiness, expectations stress and ambition
only to be turned back by the school authority pause of industrial
action.This study is to investigate the influence of teacher's industrial
action on academic performance of secondary school students.The
academic sector in Nigeria has remained in a state of turmoil in recent
years due to incessant industrial ions.Student-lecturer relationships
have been strained and the academic progress of students has been
held down due to constant disruptions in academic activities.The
Nigerian college system has experienced ten academic staff union
industrial actions since 1999, with the longest duration industrial action
being a six month long in 2013.These industrial actions have led to the
closure of Nigerian Diversities, leading to an increase in the number of
academically challenged graduates being produced by gerian
Universities annually.Furthermore, the 2018 Academic Staff Union of
Universities (ASUU) industrial action that lasted for 3months and 8
days was one of the longest in Nigeria's recent history and haddiverse
impacts on the academic life of thousands of students across Nigerian
Universities.For instance, several students were forced to defer their
semester or academic year, while some were unable to complete their
degrees and even graduate within the normal time frame.Statement of
the Problem The frequent industrial actions in Kaduna State College of
Education Gidan Waya have raised concerns about the academic
performance of students.The disruptions caused by strikes and protests
can lead to missed classes, delayed examinations, anda lack of
continuity in learning, which may affect students' ability to achieve their
academicgoals.It is essential to understand the extent of the impact of
industrial actions on students' academic performance and identify
potential solutions to mitigate these effects.The demand of ASUU,
COEASU and other industrial unions in the Nigerian Universities is that
government should fulfil an agreement it reached with them in 2009 on
how to savethe nation's universities from collapse.On the other hand,
government is proposing a piecemeal selective approach.There Is no
doubt that education is too vital to the survival of any nation that it
should be treated as a subject beyond politics or evasive polemics.
It is not deniable that Nigeria is presently not doing enough, by world
standards, in the funding of children's education.As far as the
government is concerned, there are other competing for the limited
funds available, and government is not doing enough in the
infrastructural development of the Nigerian Universities.This has
caused serious altercations between government and these industrial
unions including -ASSU resulting into persistent industrial actions.The
incessant strike action by the Academic Staff Union of Universities
(ASUU) and all theseindustrial unions has inadvertently affected the
academics of college dents; it usually poses a lotof challenges to their
study duration, performance in examinations and their final grading.The
students are kept away from school for a long time; most of them are
completely cut off In academics as conditions at home may not favor
productive and rigorous academic exercise.The dents and their parents
become frustrated because of long expectation of school resumption
that is far m sight.Some of the students while at home doing nothing
get engaged in other things other than academics.In some cases they
are easy recruits for criminal activities, such as armed robbery,
kidnapping, and rape and on the other hand encourage cultism.This
has made them a problem to the society, and also to the peace and
order in Nigeria.However the extent to which staff of the universities
including ASUU and COEASU industrial actionsaffects student's
academic performance requires a close examination and this research
is geared towards examiningthe extent to which it has affected the
performance of students particularly in Colleges, KadunaState.
Research Objectives The main aim of this research project is to
evaluate the effect ofindustrial action on the academic performance of
students in Kaduna State College of Education GidanWaya The
specific objectives are to: Determine lecturers welfare policy on
students academic performance inKaduna State College of Education
Gidan Waya Determine lecturers job security on students academic
performancein Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya
Determine excessive workload on students academic performance
in Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya Determine
management decision on students academic performancein Kaduna
State College of Education Gidan Waya To explore potential solutions
to mitigate thenegative effects of industrial actions on students' learning
outcomes.Research Questions This research project seeks to answer
the following research questions: What is thelecturers welfare policy on
students academic performance in Kaduna State College of Education
Gidan Waya?What is the lecturers job security on students academic
performance in Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya?What
is the excessive workload on students academic performance in
Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya?What is the
management decision on students academic performance in Kaduna
State College of Education Gidan Waya?Research Hypotheses In
order to arrive at a valid scientific conclusions, the following research
hypotheseswere posed: Hol: There is no significant different in the
opinion of respondents on welfarepolicy on students academic
performance in Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya Ho2:
Thereis no significant different in the opinion of respondents on job
insecurity on students academicperformance in Kaduna State College
of Education Gidan Waya HO3: There is no significant differentin the
opinion of respondents on excessive workload on students academic
performance in Kaduna StateCollege of Education Gidan Waya Ho4:
There is no significant different in the opinion ofrespondents on
management decision on students academic performance in Kaduna
State College of Education GidanWaya Basic Assumption The
research work titled Effect of Industrial Action on the Academic
Performanceof Students in Kaduna late College .The study has the
following basic assumptions: Disruption to the academic calendar:
Industrial action, byits nature, disrupts the planned schedule of classes,
exams, and other academic activities, potentially hindering
students' progress and ability to retain information.Shift in student
focus: The uncertainty and stress surrounding industrial action can
divert students' attention from their studies, leading to lower
engagement and motivation to learn effectively.Deterioration of learning
environment: Extended periods of inactivity due to strikes can lead to a
decline in the overall learning environment, impacting the quality of
education received by students.Changes in teaching approaches:
Faculty involved in the industrial action may adopt alternative teaching
methodsor condense curriculum content to compensate for lost time,
which might not be equally effectivefor all students.Significance of the
Study This research project is important because of the negative
impact of industrial actions on the quality of education received by
students.Research of this kind of utmost importance as it will benefit
Kaduna state ministry of education, students, management and labour
union leaders.This study is significant as it will provide valuable insights
into the impact of industrialactions on the academic performance of
students in Kaduna State College of Education Gidan WayaThe
findings will help policymakers and stakeholders in the education sector
to develop strategies toaddress the challenges posed by industrial
actions and improve the overall educational experience for students.
The findings of this study will help to: To state ministry of education,
this researchwork will provide useful insights for the development of
effective policies for improving student's academicperformance in the
Nigerian Tertiary Institutions.To students, this academic work will assist
in coming up with good recommendations so thatstudents academic
work will not be stopped because of industrial action and thus will boost
their academic, performance and achievements.To researchers, with
the introduction of the concept of management in industrial
disputes/strike action, theresearch can contribute to the pod of
knowledge already available and therefore adding to the
existing literature.To Collage management, labour union, and college
management, this research work will come up withpossible amicable
solutions to be applied by management and consultation in all issues
involving labourand labour union in the State.Scope of the Study This
research work titled Effect of Industrial Action on the Academic
Performance of Students.But due to financial and time constraints, the
researcher limited the study to Kaduna StateCollege of Education
Gidan Waya However, this will help to ensure that the findings ofthe
study are relevant to the specific context of the study.CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction In any meaningful research, a
literature review is very important in validating the research work.As a
researcher, one must build on what other researchers have done which
is directly or indirectly related to ones work or what one intends to do.
This is a logical extension of knowledge.They are drafted from books,
seminar papers, journals, educational speech etc on education to
human development and civilization.Therefore, literature review in this
independent study reviews the researches on the aspects of impactof
industrial action on students academic in Kaduna State College of
Education Gidan Waya Thechapter is discussed under the following
sub-headings: Conceptual Framework Theoretical Framework Review
of the Objectivesof the Study Review of Empirical Studies Summary of
Literature Review Conceptual Framework This sectionis giving
shedding more light on some variables that will guide the work.Concept
of Industrial Action According to the Oxford Dictionary of English
(2015), industrial action isdefined as a period when employees
collectively cease work due to disputes over conditions orpay.
Also According to oxford advanced learners Dictionary (2015),
industrial action refers to a period oftime when an organized group of
employees of a company stops working because of adisagreement
over pay or conditions.Strike, also called industrial action or simply
strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to
work.A strike usually takes place in response to an employee's
grievances Etymologically, the word strikewas first used in 1768, when
sailors in support of a demonstration in London, removedthe top gallant
sails of merchant ship at port, thus crippling the ships.Officially the word
is used as work stoppage or Industrial dispute."Historical records
indicate that organized labor protests date back to ancient Egypt, with
evidence of artisans striking under Ramses III (Smith, 2000)." "Russell
(2013) describes strike action as the organization of workers or citizens
into a collective capable of resisting government or employer forces to
advocate for their rights." "Ozurumba (2017) defines industrial actions
as a state of inactivity in an organization." The Concept of Labor Union
Labour unions or trade unions according to Benson (2015) are
organizations formed by workers from related fields that work for the
common interest of its members.They help workers with issues like
fairness of pay/ good working environment, hours of work and benefits.
They represent a Cluster of workers and provide a between the
management and workers.For Photius (2005) labor unions have been
part of Nigerian industry since 1912, when government employees
formed a civil service union.In 1944, this organization became the
Nigerian union of civil nits after the, merger of the protectorates of
northern and southern Nigeria,.Wikipedia (2015)..defined labor or trade
union as an organization of workers who have come together toachieve
common goals such as protecting the integrity of its members,
improving safety standards, achievinghigher pay and benefits such as
health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees
and employer assigned to complete the work and better working
conditions.The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the
employers on behalf of union members.This is to say that trade,
industrial, labor unions are groups of workers who organizethemselves
in one body with a leader in order to strengthen and protect the welfare
ind interest of one another, hence they stand together as one and
speak in unitywith one voice.The purpose of these unions is to look into
the grievances of workers and present a collective voice in front of the
management.Hence, it acts as the medium of communication between
the workers and management.Ivancvich (2007) defined a labor union
as an organization of employees that uses collective action to advance
its members interest in regard to wages and working conditions.They
form or join because of the belief that there is strength in unity.Trade
union decree of 1973 as cited by shokan (1997) viewed labor unions as
anycombination of temporary and permanent workers or employees,
the purpose of which is to regulatethe terms and conditions of
employment of workers.Rosemary (2010) opined that trade unions are
seen as the legitimate representative of labors andconflict arising from
the clash of interest are resolved, if possible, by bargaining and
compromiseand if not, by overt power.Amstrong (2004) in his opinion
asserts that the fundamental purpose of trade unions is topromote and
protect the interest of their members; they are to redress the balance of
power between employers and Employees.r: The implication of the
above statement is that regulation of relation, settlement of grievances
raising new domands on behalf of workers, collective bargaining and
negotiation are the other principalfunctions that these trade unions
perform.Reason for Industrials (Labor) Union Strike The general
reasons why the academic staff union ofuniversities (ASUU) have been
going on strike has identified by Nwokeneme (2005) and Bangbose
(2006)as shown below: Poor salaries and wages, non-provision of
basic amenities and instructional materials, Governmentinsecurity over
promises or agreements, Secret cult activities, Independence
autonomy.Industrial actions in universities are often triggered by
various factors, including salary disputes, poor working conditions, lack
of funding, and disagreements between management and staff unions.
These issues can lead to strikes, protests, and other forms of industrial
actions that disrupt the academic calendar and affect students' learning
outcomes.Nwokeneme (2008) further says that various reasons
ranging from neglect of the universities, non- Maintenanceof the college
s infrastructure, breaching of agreement between the government and
lectures.Also, the autonomy of Nigerian tertiary institutions and its poor
inadequate funding, poor condition ofwork, pirate pay package or work
condition between the academic staff and non-academic staff aresome
of the sues that cause strike action in tertiary institutions.Specifically,
ASUU President Professor Emmanuel Osadeke noted in an interview
with channels Television News on1st July 2023 outlined the Key areas
of agreement with the Federal government that isyet to be implemented
that prompted the six months long strike that was embarked onby the
union.These include: Funding requirements of the Nigerian universities.
Federal government assistance To state universities, establishment of
Nigerian College Pension Management Committee (NUPEMCO),
Progressiveincrease a Annual Budgetary Allocation to education to
26% between 2009 and 2023, Earned allowances,
Amendment of the pension/retirement age of academics on the
professional cadre from 65-70 years, Reinstatementof prematurely
dissolved Governing Councils, Transfer of federal government landed
properties to universities, Setting upof research development council
and provision of research equipment laboratories and classroom in our
universities.Part of his broadcast reads: From all indications, it appears
the government is not yet prepared to address the challenges facing
the Nigerian college system with the urgency that is required.This trend
is dangerous, as it constitutes a threat to the relative peace in Nigerian
universities.There can be no justification for the government's position
given what all Nigerian know about the management of the nations
resources.It is evident that the government is highly deceptive and is
not interested in sustaining relative stability in our universities.If the
government can betray our union on the 2009 agreement, where is the
basis of trust for the impending review that was due for 2012?. The
strike action is comprehensive and total.Our members shall withdraw
their services until the Government fully implements and commence the
process of review of the same Agreement.In his including remarks he
said: Gentlemen of the press, the time has come to rise in defense of
the liberation of our country.We believe this liberation must begin with
education, which is a veritable weapon for Socioeconomic
transformation.The IMF/World Bank and their local collaborators would
make Nigerians believe that Basic or little education is good enough for
the children of the poor.It is a ruse Concept of Academic Performance
Academic performance or achievement represents outcomes that
indicate the extent to which a person has accomplished specific goals
that were the focusof activities in an instructional environment;
specifically in schools, colleges and universities.Wikipedia 2016 opines
that academic performance is commonly measured by evaluation
(examination) and continuous assessment but there is no general
agreement on how I can best be captured.It identified among others
factors that the learning environment or condition has real influence on
academic performance of the student.In her study, Melissa J.B. (2012)
highlights the stent to which a student meets the institution's standards.
Academic performance is a key measure of a students success.Scottlc
(2012) defines academic performance as a student's ability to
successfully complete their tasks and studies.Grades are widely
recognized as a primary indicator of academic performance.A student's
grades at the end of a semester or session are a common indicator of
their academic performance.High grades, such as A or B, suggest
strong performance, while lower grades indicate poor performance.Arul
Lawrence (2013) views academic performance as the degree to which
a learner benefits from instruction in a specific area of study, reflected
by the acquisition of skills and knowledge.Steinmayr et al.(2014) define
academic performance as the outcomes that reflect a person's
achievement of specific goals within an educational setting.Academic
performance is a multifaceted construct encompassing various
domains of learning, with its definition and measurement dependent on
the specific [indicators used.Given the recent strike and the ongoing
discussions about its impact, questionnaires and interviews can be
valuable tools for gathering information on how students were affected.
Effect of Strike on Students "In the 1990s, Nigerian tertiary institutions
experienced a notable risein closures, as college lecturers called for
better working conditions, asserting that their current conditionswere
below international standards." The disruptions caused by industrial
actions can have a significant impact on students' academic
performance.Missed classes, delayed examinations, and a lack of
continuity in learning can affect students' ability to grasp concepts,
complete assignments, and perform well in exams.These disruptions
can also lead to increased stress and anxiety among students, further
impacting their academic performance.Students in Nigerian tertiary
institutions also expressed dissatisfaction with their |.own experiences,
describing them as the worst possible for any student.As quoted by
Njoku (2002, p.12), Nwosu identified several symptoms of moral
decadence in Nigerian tertiary institutions, partly attributed to strike
actions.
He stated, 'Undoubtedly, most of our students are caught in a perpetual
cycle of distrust, want, |greed, and moral chaos.Our ancient academic
norms have been corrupted.' Nwosu then listed the following effects of
industrial strike actions: Examination malpractice Cultism Violence
Sexual promiscuity/harassment Delayed graduation - Academic
dishonesty Loss of interest in education and Stealing -Impersonation
Drugs abuse Abortion Betrayal Nudity, and above all Poor academic
performance or outcome.Elyoh (2020, p.7) argues that the closure of
tertiary institutions disrupts, academic programs, which are designed to
be completed within a specific timeframe.Students, whether
self-sponsored or externally funded, have financial plans based on the
anticipated duration and cost of their education.Frequent strikes by
unions or lecturers disrupt these plans and limit students' study time,
often leading to immediate laminations upon their return.Olabisi (2010,
p.15). Observes that the constant strike actions have made our ritool
calendar unreliable and unpredictable.As reported in The Nation
Newspaper on Friday, July 2009, the academic calendar in many
Nigerian tertiary institutions has been repeatedly disrupted due to
strikes by ASUU and other unions;the suffering endured by students
and other members of the college, university community is
unimaginable.Solutions to Mitigate the Effects of Industrial Actions To
mitigate the negative effects of industrialactions on students' academic
performance, universities can implement various strategies, such as
improving communication betweenmanagement and staff unions,
addressing the root causes of disputes, and developing contingency
plans toensure the continuity of academic activities during strikes and
protests.Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework in this
section aims to connect the current work to established theories in the
fields of psychology and sociology.Various scholars have developed
theories to explain conflict situations, as well as educational theories to
support academic activities and performance.
In this study, the researchers will base their work on the
"frustration-aggression theory" and "social conflict theory" to provide a
solid theoretical foundation.According to the frustration-aggression
theory, individuals may become aggressive when they are unable to
achieve a desired goal due to frustration.This theory suggests that
aggression is a natural response to frustration, and it can manifest in
various forms, including verbal or physical aggression.On the other
hand, social conflict theory posits that conflicts arise from inequalities in
power, resources, and opportunities within a society.This theory
emphasizes the role of social structures and institutions in perpetuating
conflicts and maintaining power imbalances.By incorporating these
theories into their research, the researchers aim to provide a
comprehensive analysis of the conflict situation under study.By
grounding their work in established theories, they can offer a deeper
understanding of theunderlying mechanisms at play and provide
valuable insights for addressing and resolving conflicts in various
contexts.Overall, the theoretical framework presented in this section
serves as a critical foundation for the study, guiding the research
questions, methodology, and analysis.By drawing on existing theories
in psychology and sociology, the researchers can contextualize their
workwithin a broader theoretical framework and contribute to the
existing body of knowledge in thefield.Frustration-Aggression-Theory
Frustration-aggression theory, proposed by John Dollard, Neal E.Miller,
and others in 1939, suggests that aggression is a consequence of
frustration or blocked goals.The theory posits that frustration inevitably
Leads to some form of aggression, and vice versa.In this context,
frustration is defined as the obstruction of ml response.Frustration
involves not only being blocked from achieving goals by another party
or circumstance but also experiencing annoyance as a result.Applying
this theory to the frequent conflicts between academic unions i the
government, we can see that the government's failure to address the
unions' demands leads to n.station, which ultimately results in
aggressive actions, such as strikes.
The Social Conflict Theory According to Karl Marx, social conflict is the
struggle for power or agency within society.It occurs when two or more
actors engage in a social interaction, opposing each other and exerting
social power to achieve scarce or incompatible goals while preventing
their opponents from doing so.Social conflict is a social relationship
characterized by intentional actions aimed at imposing one's will on
others despite their resistance.According to Marx and Weber, 'all
history is the history of class conflict.' They argue that capitalists or
industrialists (governments) and the, working class (laborers, including
lecturers,teachers, and students) are perpetually in conflict due to
exploitation by the government.This theory aligns with the social conflict
between labor unions and governments, often stemming from the
government's failure to pay workers or meet their demands.These
conflicts can lead to strikes by workers, lecturers, and college staff,
ultimately resulting in poor academic performance among students.
Marx postulated that the disparity between industrials and labourers
would widen, with industrialists accumulating wealth while labourers
faced increasing poverty.Conflict theory is evident in various
interpersonal and group interactions, encompassing racial, gender, and
religious disparities.Academic bodies, such as lecturers, teachers, and
staff, aspire to work and receive compensation.Neglect by the
government or employers can lead to frustration, aggression, and
ultimately, subpar academic performance among students.This aligns
with Tyler's Rationale Planning objectives, as cited in I c.(2000), which
prioritize product (achievement of educational objectives or
performance) as a fundamental aspect ofcurriculum development
Welfare of Lecturers in College Paying attention to the welfare of
employees hasalways been one of the main factors in their productivity
Likewise, facilities of employees inan organisation will be accomplished
by the usage of techniques for the quality of workinglife.Main Ideas
Organizational Focus on Employee Welfare The text emphasizes the
importance of prioritizing employee well-being within organizations.It
highlights that employee welfare is a critical factor influencing overall
productivity and organizational success.
Recognition of Employee Contributions It underscores that employees
who are well-supported and valued tend to contribute more effectively.
The recognition of their efforts fosters a positive work environment and
enhances motivation.The Role of Unionization The content discusses
the significance of unions in the workplace, notingthat union
membership plays a vital role in advocating for workers' rights and
improving workingconditions.It suggests that unionization can lead to
increased worker satisfaction and better organizational practices.
Impact of Collective Bargaining The text points out that collective
bargaining is a key mechanism through which unions negotiate better
wages, benefits, and working conditions.It indicates that such
negotiations are crucial for ensuring fair treatment of employees.
Economic and Legal Context It references various legal and economic
environments that influence union activities and employee welfare
initiatives.The mention of different legal frameworks and economic
factors suggests that external conditions significantly affect
organizational policies.Benefits of Employee Welfare Programs The
narrative advocates for the implementation of welfare programs, such
as health plans, safety measures, and employee assistance initiatives,
which contribute to a healthier andmore productive workforce.Influence
of External Factors The content notes that external influences,
including economic downturns, legislative changes,and societal
expectations, impact the organizations approach to employee welfare
and union activities.Citations and Attribution The text references "Bell
and Menguc [2001]" as a source that states the importance of
employee welfare for organizational participation and success.This
citation supports the claim that employee welfare is vital for
organizational achievement.It also mentions "Mykerezi and Weste
[2003]" regarding the impact of collective bargaining on understanding
wage schedules and the influence of unions on higher incomes and
reduced wage disparities.Summary of Key Points AspectDescription
Employee Welfare Organizations should prioritize employee health,
safety, and overall well-being to enhance productivity.Union
Significance Unions serve as essential advocates for workers,
influencing wages and working conditions through collective bargaining.
Collective Bargaining Negotiation processes are crucial for securing fair
wages and benefits, reducing disparities.External Influences Economic
conditions and legal frameworks shape organizational policies on
employee welfare and union activities.Benefits of Welfare Programs
Implementing health and safety initiatives improves employee
satisfaction and organizational performance.Note on Citations The
primary scholarly attribution is to Bell and Menguc (2001) and Mykerezi
and Weste (2003), which provide foundational insights into the
importance of employee welfare and unioninfluence.Proper attribution
involves referencing these works when discussing the significance of
employee support systems and collective bargaining's role in wage and
income equality.In Nigeria, achieving excellence in the education sector
requires a multi-pronged approach, and one crucial .led involves
ensuring the well-being of lecturers.This essay explores the connection
between lecturer welfare policies and student academic performance in
Nigerian institutions.It argues that well-designed and implemented
policies can significantly impact student success.It is the contention of
this research that the broad parameters of the crisis in Nigerian
universities can be fined within the context of global under-development
theory.Lecturer welfare, encompassing factors like compensation,
working conditions, and professional development, plays a significant
role in shaping the academic performance of students.It influence
students Academic performance in the following ways: Increased
motivation and engagement: When lecturersfeel valued and supported
by their institutions, they are more likely to be motivated andengaged in
their teaching.This translates into more dynamic and stimulating
learning environments for students, fostering curiosity, active
participation, and a deeper understanding of the subject matter.
Improved teaching quality: With adequate resources and support,
lecturers can dedicate more time and effortto honing their teaching
skills, developing innovative and engaging lesson plans, and
incorporating relevant currentknowledge into their courses.
This leads to a more enriching and effective learning experience for
students.Enhanced accessibility and support: Adequate compensation
and working conditions allow lecturers to-dedicate.sufficient time to
students outside of class hours.They are more likely to offer
personalized guidance, address individual learning needs, and provide
timely feedback, fostering sense of support and facilitating student
success.' Greater commitment and job satisfaction: Well-supported and
valued lecturers are more likely to experience greater job satisfaction
and a stronger sense of commitment to their profession.This translates
into a more positive attitude towards students and teaching, creating a
more positive learning environment overall.Job security of lecturers in
the College Adeyemo and Aremu (1998) are in the viewthat many
Nigerian teachers choose to remain in the teaching profession due to a
lackof job opportunities in other sectors, rather than out of genuine
commitment.In the Nigeria College system, job security and job
satisfaction are two key factors influencing academic staff commitment.
Job security refers to an individual's belief in the continuity of their
employment.It involves employees' concerns about job loss or the loss
of desirable job features, such as limited promotion opportunities,
current working conditions, and long-term career prospects.Job security
is a crucial factor in employee commitment.College teachers' job
security is typically guaranteed after confirmation of appointment,
granting them re status.This protects teachers from arbitrary dismissal
and provides a sense of job security.However, job security of college
staff has faced threats in recent years.In 2003, the College of Ilorin .
mated the appointments of 44 lecturers involved in the ASUU national
strike without due process, .creating fear among academic staff
regarding their job security.Similar incidents have occurred in other .
.Nigeria higher institutions, potentially affecting academic staff
commitment.A secure job is a fundamental requirement and desire for
employees (Abdullah & Ramay, 2012).Job insecurity-can-negatively
impact- a workers commitment to the organization.Employees are more
likely to be committed to their jobs and organization if they feel secure.
In addition, during the 2022 industrial action, the then Governor of
Kaduna State, Mai.Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai, threatened to dismiss
academic staff of Kaduna State College who ; participated in the strike.
Research has demonstrated that job security positively influences
organizational commitment among workers.Davy, Kinicki, and Scheck
(1997) found a significant relationship between job security and
employee dedication.Lambert (1991) views job security as an extrinsic
benefit that positively correlates : with workers' commitment and
performance.Iverson (1996) reported a significant impact of job security
on organizational commitment.However, Rosenblatt and Ruvio (1996)
found a negative correlation between .organizational commitment and
job performance when job insecurity is high.This finding aligns with I
Guest's (2004) research, which revealed that low job security and
working conditions adversely affect employee commitment and job
satisfaction.Khan, Nawaz, Aleem, and Hamed (2012), as well as
Abdullah and Ramay (2012), discovered a significant positive
relationship between job safety/security and commitment and
performance.Yousef (2017) opined that the following are the benefits of
job security of academic staffon the academic performance of students
in Nigerian tertiary institutions: Increased teacher commitment and
motivation:Job security can reduce teachers' fear of dismissal for minor
mistakes, allowing them to focuson teaching and student development.
This can lead to greater commitment, motivation, and improved lesson
planning, delivery, and student support." Improved teacher retention:
High job security can lower teacher turnover, which benefits students in
several ways.
It fosters stronger teacher-student relationships, enhances the learning
experience, and leverages the expertise of experienced teachers."
Greater investment in professional development: Job security
encourages teachers to invest ii professional development activities,
such as further education, workshops, or research.This can improve
their teaching skills and knowledge, ultimately benefiting students."
Excessive workload of lecturers in the College Academics are the
greatest assets and amajor stakeholder in the college communities all
over the work We cannot overstate their rolesand importance in
knowledge delivery all over the world.However, academics face several
facets of demands such as excess workload, publish or perish dictum
and family lifework conflict seems to threaten the role of effective
knowledge delivery and abilityto involve in quality research keep lading
away amongst academics in developing countries such asNigeria.
Krause, 2009 is in the view that the roles of academics in institutions of
highereducation are becoming more heightened because of several
responsibilities embedded in teaching, research, and servicehandover
before These role also served as important benchmarks for
international ranking and college reputation.These roles are influenced
by many factors relating to the individual organization, departments
within the institution, family ties government, and the environment.All
these factors may affect academics in achieving a better result on the
assigned academic workload, which may also have a direct or indirect
effect on academic research publications.Workloads are the duties of
all the tasks carried out by workers in the course of their activities in
their workplace.Relating it to academics, workloads are professional
and non-professional duties carried out the academics inthe course of
their activities, while productivity in academics is measured by research
' publications.However, the major work of academics is to teach and
bring up the young generation of students to gain skills and knowledge
for growth and development.These duties complemented by research
activity and service to the entire college community.
Yusuf, 2012 view that tertiary institutions in Nigeria, apart from
competence in professional duties, researchpublications are
compulsory indices or indicators of assessment of academic
productivity of academics and promotion.However, both the quantity
and quality of research Output from these institutions in Nigeria are
unduly insignificant to make the desired impact on nation!development.
The Nigerian national education policy stated that "educational systems
cannot rise beyond the excellence ofits teachers," suggesting that
teachers play a crucial role in facilitating learning and teaching.
Nonetheless, all bad student performance is frequently blamed on the
instructors by the administration, while teachers have also complained
about being overworked.This could be responsible for the increase in
the number of student and the growthof topics in the curriculum of the
assigned subject, which has brought about mo: responsibility-on
instructors and strained them past the carrying capacity of their
manpower.The excessive workload can influence the academic
performance of students in the following ways: Reducedengagement
and motivation: When burdened by excessive administrative tasks,
research pressures, and large class sizes,academic staff may
experience diminished enthusiasm and engagement in teaching.This
can manifest in less interactive lectures, limited availability for individual
support, and reduced effortin designing engaging learning experiences,
all of which can negatively impact student motivation and learning.
Increased stress and burnout: Heavy workloads can lead to stress and
burnout among academic staff affecting their mental and physical
well-being.This can manifest in decreased focus, irritability, and
difficulty maintaining optimal performance.This, in turn, can hinder their
ability to effectively guide and support students, leading to a potential
decline in student performance.Deteriorated quality of teaching: Time
constraints imposed by heavy workloads can limit the time and effort
dedicated to preparing engaging and effective lectures.This can result
in the quality of teaching, with less in teaching methods, reduced
opportunities for interactive learning, and less individualized attention
for students.
These factors can significantly hinder student engagement and
comprehension, ultimately affecting their academic performance.
Management decision in the College Broadly speaking, management is
viewed as the formal authority to direct and coordinate others.It
involves the ability to influence others, with or without formal authority
(Firmina, 2015).Academic achievement, on j other hand, refers to the
extent to which individuals within the school system attain educational
objectives.Therefore, academic achievement can be measured by the
degree to which students achieve then j educational goals and
objectives (Owan et al., 2018).Students' academic achievement can be
influenced by various factors, including personal factors interactions
with parents,teachers, and administrators, and broader systemic
influences such as school districts, neighbourhoods, local economy,
politicalpolicy, and multicultural relations (Bertolini and Thorngren,
2012).Jacobson (2011) argues that school management should not be
limited to formally titled relationship butshould be a collective effort
involving teachers and support staff through the creation of
relationshipsand networks to improve learning.In other words,
academic outcomes are more likely to improve when teachers are
empowered in areas they deem important through effective
management practices.While teacher quality undoubtedly influences
students' motivation and achievement, the quality of school
management isalso crucial in determining teacher motivation, teaching
quality, and ultimately student achievement.School management plays
a critical role in shaping the academic environment and ultimately
influencing the learning outcomes of students.Some of this areas
include: Creating a supportive and safe learning environment: Strong
management prioritizescreating a positive and secure environment
where students feel comfortable taking risks, asking questions, and,
participating actively in learning.This can be achieved by fostering an
inclusive school culture, implementing clear discipline policies, and
ensuring students' physical and emotional well-being.
Effective resource management: Efficient management ensures that
resources, both human and material, are allocated effectively towards
academic success.This includes ensuring well-equipped classrooms,
qualified and motivated teachers, access to technology, and adequate
learning materials.Strategic curriculum development and
implementation: Effective management oversees the development and
implementation of a curriculum that is relevant, engaging, and
challenging for students.This involves setting clear learning objectives,
utilizing diverse teaching methods, and ensuring rigorous assessments
to track student progress and adapt instruction accordingly.Positive
leadership and collaboration: Strong school leaders set clear vision and
direction for the school, fostering collaboration among staff, students,
and parents.This collaborative approach creates a sense of shared
responsibility for student success and encourages open
communication, allowing for addressing challenges and implementing
improvements together.Data-driven decision making: Effective
management utilizes data to analyze student performance, identify
areas for improvement, and inform decision-making.This allows for
targeted interventions to support struggling students, celebrate
successes, and continuously refine educational practices to meet the
evolving needs of the learner population.Review of Empirical Studies N.
N. Abaekwume et al.(2022).Conducted a study on Strike Action and the
Academic Performance of Students at Alvan Ikoku Federal College of
Education Owerri.The study examined the impact of strike action on the
academic performance of students in tertiary institutions, focusing on
Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri.A descriptive survey
design was used, with a structured questionnaire as the data collection
instrument.A Likert five -point scale was adopted, and the
collected-data were analyzed.Using mean.The results of the data
analysis from the study carried out indicated that strike action
significantly influences negatively on the academic performance of
students in tertiary institutions.Poor remuneration, government neglect,
and a conducive academic environment were identified as major
causes of strike action.The researchers recommended granting
autonomy to tertiary institutions, providing adequate funding, and
re-orienting staff tofind alternative ways of expressing grievances as
measures to reduce frequent strike actions in Nigerian
tertiary institution.Osuorji and David (2014) conducted research on the
impact of incessant strikes on the academic performance of business
education students at ABU Zaria.The study aimed to determine the
extent to which strike action has affected the academicperformance of
business education students and to assess students' perceptions of the
impact of incessantstrikes, on academic performance.A descriptive
survey research design was adopted for the study.The results showed
that incessant strikes by lecturers have a negative pact on the
academic performance of business education students at ABU Zaria.
Ige Akindele (2014) conducted research on 'stemming the Tide of
Strikes in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria: stakeholder Roles and
Responsibilities.The study employed descriptive statistics and an
expository style for analysis.The study recommended effective
administration of tertiary institutions, adequate government tiding for
education, and stafforientation as measures to reduce frequent strikes
and advance tertiary institutions.Ednyang et al.(2013) conducted
research on the impact of strike action on human development among
secondary school students in Uyo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom
State, Nigeria.The researchers employed a descriptive survey method
with a population of 6,500 and a sample size of 650.A questionnaire
was used for data collection, and multi-stage sampling techniques were
employed.The study found that disruptions in academic programs due
to strikes lead to school closures, affecting students' learning of the
curriculum and their overall development.As a result, students may
perform poorly in examinations and engage in examination malpractice.
Duruji Glory et al.(2012) conducted research on the impact of strike
action on the academic performance of intents in selected secondary
schools in Owerri Municipal Council.A descriptive survey design was
used, with a population of 728 school teachers and a sample of 440.
Questionnaires were used to gather data, and of respondents agreed
that strike action negatively influenced students' academic
performance.Summary of Literature Review In the aforementioned
chapter, a critical reviewed of literature materials was examined.This
was with a view to have a proper guidance of the direction of the
present research study.The chapter starts with the review of various
concepts like, the concept industrial action, labourunion, causes of
industrial action, dents academic performance, and effect of industrial
actions on studentsacademic performance, lecturers welfare policy in
the college , job security and excessive workload inthe college and
agreement decision.Followed by theoretical framework of
Frustration-Aggression-Theory of John Dollard and The Social Conflict
Theory of Karl Marx and Max Weber.The researcher also review some
empirical studies to support the literature.This will give the readers with
in-depth knowledge of the topic in discussion.CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction This section deals with the
research design, population of thestudy, sample and sampling
techniques, instrumentation, validity and reliability of the instrument as
well asmethod for data collection and analysis.Research Design This
study will employ a survey research method.According to Obeka
(2016), survey research involves collecting data to describe and
interpret existing, conditions, common practices, beliefs, attitudes, and
ongoing processes.Ajayi (2015) similarly defines survey research as an
investigation of an entire population or items through data collection
from samples, assuming these samples represent the entire population.
The study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of how industrial action
affects the academicperformance of students at Kaduna State College
of Education Gidan Waya Population of the StudyA population is a set
of all elements, objects or events that are of interestfor a particular
study.
The target population for this study is some selected Academic Staff
and Non- Academic staff of Kaduna State College of Education Gidan
Waya.According to the research.The staff strength has grown from 981
in 2016 to 1,084 in 2022.Table 3.1 Population Distribution of Kaduna
State College Staff SN CATEGORIES NO OF STAFF I.Academic Staff
450 2, Non-Academic Staff/Administrator 500 3.Management Staff 134
Total 1,084 Source: 2025 Online Research [Kaduna State College of
Education Gidan Waya.Website] Sample and Sampling Procedure
Given the impossibility of including all academic staff, a simplesampling
procedure will be used to select a sample of 200 academic lecturers,
100 administrators,and 20 management staff from the seven faculties
in the college .A random sampling technique will be applied to select
the sample from the population of staff, ensuring that every member
has an equal chance of being selected, as advocated by Aderonmu
(1985).A multi-stage sampling technique will be used to ensure that all
subgroups within the population are equally represented in the sample.
This involves folding papers with yes' and 'no' written on them, mixing
them in a container, and allowing staff to randomly select a paper.Staff
who select 'yes' will be eligible to fill out the questionnaire, while those
whoselect 'no' will not participate in order to reduce the economic cost
regarding to thequantity of the questionnaire.The table 3.1 showed the
sample distribution: Table 1: Sample Distribution S/N Sampled
Sampled Staff 1.Management Staff 20 2.Administrators
&Non-Academic Staff 100 3.
Academic Staff 200 Instrumentation Structured questionnaire will be
used in collecting data from the respondents.It was a closed ended
questionnaire.The questionnaire was in two sections, section A and B.
Section A contained personal bio data of the respondents while section
B aimed at collecting information on the research questions of the study
as presented in chapter one.The questions were closed ended with four
(5) Linkert scale options that requires respondents tochoose from the
available options which will result to greater uniformity among the
respondents viewson each item because all the questions require
Strongly Agree 1 (SA), Agree 2 (A),Neutral 3 (N), Disagree 4 (D), and
Strongly Disagree 5 (SD) response respectively.Validity of the
Instrument The draft questionnaire will be submitted to the supervisor
for review and correction also to academic expert.The researcher will
sure content validity by comparing the questionnaire items with the
study's objectives and hypotheses to ensure that the instrument
accurately measures what it intends to measure.The instrument will
then be presented to research specialists for their suggestions,
comments, and potential improvements.The researcher's decision to
seek expert validation is based on Kelinger's (1983) remark that 'Expert
validation is an effective tool for content validation of research
instruments.Pilot Testing Reliability is the degree of consistency
between two measures of the same thing;designed instrument will be
printed and administered to thirty-five (35) lecturers in order to
determineits reliability and internal insistency (Kenneth and Abbot,
2002).The reliability coefficient of the instrument will be determined
using Cronbachs Alpha technique and check if the answer is equal or
close to 1.This will show that the research instrument is valid because
the closer it is to 1 the valid it is.Also, Ajayi, (1991) stressed that the
instruments are reliable if they were consistently measured what they
are expected to measure.Procedure of Data Collection The researcher
made a personal visit to the Kaduna state College sample faculties.
Consultations with Educational administrators will be made to assist
with the following information, the actual
number of the lecturers available from each sample zone within the
districts under study.The questionnaire will be structured for data
collection from academic staff.The questionnaire will be in sections A to
E, section A was on personal data, while section B-E will consist 20
items to be drawn based on the hypotheses.A research assistant will
be employed and trained on how to distribute and collect the filled
questionnaire.Procedure for Data Analysis The data collected from the
respondents will be compiled and tabulated in chapter four, using
frequency and percentage.Interpretations of data analysis were made
after every table.The raw scores from the frequency were converted to
percentages through the descriptive statistical techniques such as
mean and percentage to answer the research questions.Frequency and
percentage distribution were used to show the respondents perceptions
on a given item on the table.At the end, to test the postulated
hypotheses of this research inferential statistics of Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) will be employed to analyze the data.While the hypotheses
will be tested at 0.05 significance level.CHAPTER FOUR DATA
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS Introduction This chapter presents
and analyzed the data collected from the research investigation; the
chapter covers the results and discussion.200 copies of the
questionnaire were distributed to academic staff, 20 questionnaires
were distributed tomanagement staff and 80 questionnaires were
distributed to administrative staff of the college making threehundred
[300] pieces of questionnaires were distributed.However, academic
staff returned 195 accurately filed, management returned all the 20
questionnaires duly andadequately filled while other administrative staff
returned 75 pieces of the questionnaire accurately making ita total of
two hundred and ninety copies of the questionnaire were adequately
filed andreturned.The data analysis was based on the questionnaire
received from the sample in the study.
Analysis of Demographic Information Descriptive statistics was used to
analyze the demographic information of the respondents; these
included the use of frequency and percentage.Table 4.1.1.
Demographic Characteristic of the Respondents .S/N Items Frequency
Percentage Gender Male 192 66% Female 98 34% Qualification Ph.D
88 30% M.Ed/MA 125 43% B.Ed/B.Sc 65 22% NCE 14 5% Years of
Working Experiences 0-5 32 11% 6-10 6623% 11-15 74 26% Above 20
118 40% Marital Status Married 202 70% Single 8329% Divorced 5 1%
Widow/widower - - Cadre Academy staff 195 67% Administrators 75
26%Management staff 20 7% Total 290 100% Source: Field Survey,
2025 The above table offersa snapshot of the demographic
characteristics of the respondents, providing valuable insights into their
backgroundand experience.One of the most striking findings is the
gender distribution, with a significant majority of respondents being
male (66%).In term of qualifications, 30% of respondents hold Ph.D
degrees, 43% have M.Ed/MA degrees, 22% have B.Ed/B.Sc degrees,
and 5% have NCE Qualifications.This indicates a relatively high level of
educational attainment among the participants.The years of working
experience data reveal a diverse range.11% of respondents shave 0-5
years of experience, 23% have 6-10 years, 26% have 11-15 years and
40% have over 20 years of experience.
This suggests that the survey capture the perspectives of both
seasoned professionals and those with relatively less experience.
Marital status is another factor to consider.70% of respondents are
married, while 29% are single.There are very few divorced respondents
(1%) and no widowed respondents reported.This suggests a
predominance of stable relationship among the participants.Finally, the
cadre data show 67% of respondents are academic staff, 26% are
administrators and 7% are management staff.This suggests that the
survey primarily captures the views of individuals within educational
institutions.Answering Research Questions The researcher used 3.00
as the mean otherwise known as decision mean since the instrument
was structured alonga modified five point linker scale structure to take
decision on whether to agree ordisagree the research questions after
comparing it with the cumulative mean.Therefore, a mean score of 3.0
and above indicate positive response to the research question is agree
while a mean score below 3.0 indicate negative answer to the research
questions and disagree.This is shown below: SA-5 A-4 N-3 D-2 SD-1
5+4+3+2+1=15 15/5=3.00 (Decision Mean) Table 4.3.1. Research
question one: What is the welfare policy on students academic
performance in Kaduna state College of Education Gidan Waya?S/n
Item Statement Categories SA A N D SD M.Decision Freq.% Freq.
% Freq.% Freq.% Freq.% The college provides adequate resources for
lecturers professional development.Academic staff 5 6 24 72 88 1.81
Rejected 3% 3% 12% 37% 45% Administrator 11 22 7 23 12 2.96
Rejected 14% 30% 9% 31% 16% Management staff 2 2 - 4 12 1.90
Rejected 10% 10% - 20% 60% Lectures are readily available for
consultations outside of class hours Academic staff 52 102 10 22 9 3.
81 Accepted 27% 52% 5% 11% 5% Administrator 21 34 5 9 6 4.32
Accepted 28% 45% 7% 12% 8% Management staff 10 4 2 4 - 4.00
Accepted 50% 20% 10% 20% - Kaduna State College has
implementedhousingallowances for its staff Academic staff 5 6 24 72
88 1.81 Rejected 3% 3% 12% 37% 45% Administrator 4 8 16 25 22 2.
08 Accepted 5% 11% 21% 33% 29% Management staff 2 2 - 4 12 1.90
Rejected 10% 10% - 20% 60% Staff in Kaduna State College attend
professional development programmes annually.Academic staff 43 98
11 3 10 3.50 Accepted 22% 50% 6% 17% 5% Administrator 13 11 10
24 17 2.72 Accepted 17% 15% 13% 32% 23% Management staff 12 6 -
12 - 4.40 Accepted 60% 30% - 10% - The college s support systems
adequately address the challenges staff face during industrial actions
Academic staff 20 27 7 89 52 2.35 Rejected 10% 14% 4% 46% 27%
Administrator 4 8 16 25 22 2.8 Rejected 5% 11% 21% 33% 29%
Management staff 4 - - 10 6 2.
30 Rejected 20% - - 50% 30% Source Filed Survey, 2025 The above
table assessed the various aspects of the welfare policy at Kaduna
State College of education Gidan Waya.Item 1 Revealed that the low
mean scores and the Rejected decision for all categoriesindicate that a
significant portion of respondents believe that the university is not
providing sufficientresources for lecturers professional development.
Item 2 revealed the availability of lecturers for consultations outside of
class hours.The findings were overwhelmingly positive, with a majority
of respondents across all categories expressing satisfaction with teh
accessibility of lectures.Academic Staff (Mean: 3.81, Decision:
Accepted), Administrators (Mean: 4.32, Decision: Accepted), and Mgt.
Staff (Mean: 4.00, Decision: Accepted) all reported favourable
experiences.Item 3 revealed that the low mean scores and the
Rejected decision for all categoriesindicate that a significant portion of
respondents believe that the college has no t adequatelyaddress
housing needs through the implementation of allowances.Items 4
revealed the aspects of staff welfare is the provision of opportunities for
professional development.While a significant portion of academic staff
and management staff reported attending annual professional
development programs, a smaller percentage of administrators
indicated participation.This suggests that there may be disparities in the
availability or accessibility of these programs within different
departments or roles.Academic Staff (Mean: 3.50, Decision: Accepted),
Administrators (Mean: 2.72, Decision: Rejected), and Mgt.
Staff (Mean: 4.40, Decision: Accepted) showed varying levels of
satisfaction.Item 5 revealed that the colleges support systems for staff
during industrial actions were also evaluated.The findings were
predominantly negative, with a majority of respondents expressing
dissatisfaction with the adequacy of these systems.Academic Staff
(Mean: 2.35, Decision: Accepted), Administrators (Mean: 2.08,
Decision: Rejected), and Mgt.Staff (Mean: 2.30, Decision: Rejected) all
reported negative perceptions.Table 4.3.2. Research question Two:
What is the impact of job security on students academic performance in
Kaduna state College of Education Gidan Waya?S/n Item Statement
Categories SA A N D SD M.Decision Freq.% Freq.% Freq.% Freq.%
Freq.% Lecturer with strong Job security are more likely to invest time
and effort in preparing for classes.Academic staff 52 102 10 22 9 3.81
Accepted 27% 52% 5% 11% 5% Administrator 25 22 4 8 16 3.
42 Accepted 33% 29% 5% 11% 21% Management staff 10 4 2 4 - 4.00
Accepted 50% 20% 10% 20 - Lectures with job security are more
willing to take risk and try new approachable to improve student
learning Academic staff 55 89 8 26 17 3.71 Accepted 28% 46% 4%
13% 9% Administrator 21 34 5 9 6 4.32 Accepted 28% 45% 7% 12%
8% Management staff 6 8 2 2 2 3.70 Accepted 30% 40% 10% 10%
10% Lecturers who feel secure in their jobs are more likely to be
available for student consolations outside of class Academic staff 89 52
7 20 27 3.80 Accepted 46% 27% 4% 10% 17% Administrator 24 17 13
11 10 3.45 Accepted 32% 23% 17% 15% 13% Management staff 6 8 2
2 2 3.70 Accepted 30% 40% 10% 10% 10% Job security can lead to
increased lecturer motivation, which can positively influence student
learning outcomes Academic staff 55 89 8 26 17 3.71 Accepted 28%
46% 4% 13% 9% Administrator 21 34 5 9 6 4.32 Accepted 28% 45%
7% 12% 8% Management staff 8 8 - 2 2 4.00 Accepted 40% 40% -
10% 10% When lecturers feel secure, they can dedicated more time to
student mentorship, guiding them towards academic and professional
goals,.Academic staff 71 77 7 17 23 3.80 Accepted 36% 39% 5% 9%
12% Administrator 25 23 7 12 8 3.60 Accepted 33% 31% 5% 16% 11%
Management staff 10 4 2 4 - 4.00 Accepted 50% 20% 10% 20% -
Source Filed Survey, 2025 Data contained in theabove table revealed
the opinion of the respondents on the impact of job security onstudents
academic performance in Kaduna State College of Education Gidan
waya.6-10 of the questionnaire revealed that there is high degrees of
consensus among all the categories of the respondents.All the
categories of the respondents in all the items obtained a mean score
that is above the benchmark of 3.00. all the respondents across the
categories agreed that, lecturers with job security are more willing to
take risk and try new approaches to improves students learning .
lecturers who feel secure in their jobs are more likely to be available for
studentsconsultations outside of class, job security can lead to
increased lecturer motivation, which can positivelyinfluences students
learning outcomes and that when lecturers feel secure, they can
dedicate more timeto students mentorship, guiding them towards
academic and professional goals.Table 4.3.3. Research question
Three: What is the impact of workload on students academic
performance in Kaduna state College of Education Gidan Waya?S/n
Item Statement Categories SA A N D SD M.Decision Freq.% Freq.%
Freq.% Freq.% Freq.% The stress of industrial actions combined with a
heavy workload can negatively impact lecturer well-being and teaching
effectiveness Academic staff 55 89 8 26 17 3.71 Accepted 28% 46% 4
13 9 Administrator 24 17 13 11 10 3.45 Accepted 32% 23% 17% 15%
13% Management staff 6 8 2 2 2 3.70 Accepted 30% 40% 10% 10%
10% When lecturers are already overloaded, industrial action can
further limit their availability for student consultations.Academic staff 55
89 8 26 17 3.71 Accepted 28% 46% 4% 13% 9% Administrator 21 45 5
9 6 4.32 Accepted 28% 34% 7% 12% 8% Management staff 8 8 - 2 2 4.
00 Accepted 40% 40% - 10% 10% The combined effect of a heavy
workload and industrial action can lead to a rushed and unclear
presentation of course material Academic staff 71 77 7 17 23 3.
80 Accepted 36% 39% 5% 9% 12% Administrator 25 23 7 12 8 3.60
Accepted 33% 31% 5% 16% 11% Management staff 10 4 2 4 - 4.00
Accepted 50% 20% 10% 20% - Students may feel additional stress and
uncertainty abouttheir studies due to the combined effects of lecturer
workload and industrial action Academic staff52 102 10 22 9 3.81
Accepted 27% 52% 5% 11% 5% Administrator 25 22 4 8 16 3.42
Accepted 33% 29% 5% 11% 21% Management staff 10 4 2 4 - 4.00
Accepted 50% 20% 10% 20% - When the university addresses lecturer
workload concerns and provide support during industrial actions, it can
positively impact student performance.Academic staff 55 89 8 26 17 3.
71 Accepted 28% 46% 4% 13% 9% Administrator 21 45 5 9 6 4.32
Accepted 28% 34% 7% 12% 8% Management staff 6 8 2 2 2 3.70
Accepted 30% 40% 10% 10% 10% Source Filed Survey, 2025 Data
contained in theabove table revealed the opinion of the respondents on
the impact of workload on studentsacademic performance in Kaduna
State College of Education Gidan Waya.Item 11-15 of the
questionnaire were all positive across all categories of the respondents.
A significant majority of academic staff (71%) believe that the
combination of heavy workload and industrial action can lead to a
rushed and unclear presentation of course material.This suggests that
the disruptions caused by industrial actions exacerbate the challenges
posed by excessive workload.A similar percentages (78%) of
administrators share this view, emphasizing the negative impact on the
quality of teaching and learning.While the sample size for management
staff is smaller, their responses align with the other groups, indicating a
consensus on the detrimental effects of workload and industrial action.
Item 12 ravelled that a large majority (79%) of academic staff believe
that students may
experience increased stress and uncertainty due to the combined
effects of lecturer workload and industrialaction.This highlights the
potential psychological impact on students.Administrators express
concern, with 72% agreeing that students may feel additional stress.
The smaller size makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions, but the
available data suggests that management staff share similar concerns.
Item 13 revealed that all the respondents agreed that combined effect
of a heavy workloadand industrial actions can lead to a rushed and
unclear presentation of course material havingobtained mean score
across all category above the benchmark of 3.00. Item 14 revealed that
a significant majority of academic staff, administrators and
management staffbelieve students may feel additional stress and
uncertainty about their studies due to the combinedeffects of lecturer
workload and industrial action having obtained a mean score that is
abovethe benchmark 3.00 among all categories of the respondents.
Item 15 revealed that all the categories of the respondents agreed that
when the university addresses lecturer workload concerns and provides
support during industrial action.It can positively impact student
performance.The mean score obtained across all the categories of the
respondents is above the benchmark of 3.00. Table 4.3.4. Research
question Four: What is the management decision on students academy
performance in Kaduna state College of Education Gidan Waya?S/n
Item Statement Categories SA A N D SD M.Decision Freq.
% Freq.% Freq.% Freq.% Freq.% When management prioritizes
minimizing the disruption to student learning during industrial action, it
positively impact academic performance.Academic staff 71 77 7 17 23
3.80 Accepted 36% 39% 50% 9% 12% Administrator 25 23 7 12 8 3.60
Accepted 33% 31% 5% 16% 11% Management staff 10 4 2 4 - 4.00
Accepted 50% 20% 10% 20% - The management decision that
address lecturer concerns during industrial actions can help maintain a
positively learning environment.Academic staff 52 102 10 22 9 3.81
Accepted 27% 52% 5% 11% 5% Administrator 25 22 4 8 16 3.42
Accepted 33% 29% 5% 11% 21% Management staff 10 4 2 4 - 4.00
Accepted 50% 20% 10% 20% - The availability of alternative learning
resources provided by management during industrial action can
support student learning.Academic staff 55 89 8 26 17 3.71 Accepted
28% 46% 4% 13% 9% Administrator 21 45 5 9 6 4.32 Accepted 28%
34% 7% 12% 8% Management staff 8 8 - 2 2 4.00 Accepted 40% 40%
- 10% 10% Offering additional support services such as online lecturers
or extended library hours, can help student cope with challenges
caused by industrial action.Academic staff 55 89 8 26 17 3.71 Accepted
28% 46% 4% 13% 9% Administrator 21 45 5 9 6 4.32 Accepted 28%
34% 7% 12% 8% Management staff 6 8 2 2 2 3.
70 Accepted 30% 40% 10% 10% 10% Proactive management decision
regarding industrial action can significantly lessen its negative impact
on student academic performance.Academic staff 71 77 7 17 23 3.80
Accepted 36% 39% 50% 9% 12% Administrator 25 23 7 12 8 3.60
Accepted 33% 31% 5% 16% 11% Management staff 10 4 2 4 - 4.00
Accepted 50% 20% 10% 20% - Source Filed Survey, 2025 Data
contained in theabove table revealed the opinion of the opinions of the
respondents on the impact ofmanagement decision on students
academic performance in Kaduna State College of Education Gidan
Waya .Item 16 revealed that majority of respondents, across all
categories, believe that management's prioritization ofminimizing
disruption to student learning during industrial action positively impacts
academic performance having obtained amean score above the
benchmark of 3.00 across all the categories of the respondents (3.80,
3.60 and 4.00) respectively.Item 17 revealed that all categories of the
respondents agreed that management decisions that addressthe
concerns of lecturers during industrial action can help maintain a
positive learning environment havingobtained the mean score of (3.81,
3.42 and 4.00) which is above the benchmark of 3.
00. Item 18 revealed that all categories of the respondents agreed the
availability of alternativelearning sources, such as online materials or
extended library hours, provided by management during industrial
action can support student learning.This indicates that offering
supplementary resources can help students continue their studies
despite disruptions.Item 19 revealed that there is high level of
consensus among all e categories ofthe respondents accepting the
opinion that offering additional support services, such as online lectures
orextended library hours, can help students cope with challenges
caused by industrial action, tem 20revealed that all the categories of
the respondents agreed that proactive management decisions
regarding industrialaction can significantly lessen its negative impact on
student academic performance.4.4. Hypotheses Testing this section,
test all the five null hypotheses using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on
the perception of the tee categories of respondents i.e (academic staff,
administrators and management staff of Kaduna State diversity) in
each section.hypothesis One: This null hypothesis state that there is no
significant different in the opinionof respondents on welfare policy on
students academic performance in Kaduna State College of Education
Gidan Waya .Table 4.6: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistics in the
opinions of (academic staff, administrators and managementstaff on
the welfare policy on students academic performance in Kaduna State
College of EducationGidan Waya.Welfare Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square F Sig.Between Groups 4.
067 2 2.034 .153 .859 Within Groups 22435.772 1683 13.331 Total
22439.839 168 The above table indicates no significant difference in
the opinions of academic staff,administrators and management staff on
welfare policy on students academic performance in Kaduna State
Collegeof Education Gidan Waya .Reasons being that the calculated p
value of 0.859 is above the 0.05 level of confidence while the computed
F value of 0.153 is lower than the 2.60 F critical value.Consequently,
the null hypothesis which state that there is no significant different in
the opinionof respondents on welfare policy on students academic
performance in Kaduna State College of EducationGidan Waya is
hereby accepted and retained.Testing of Hypotheses Two: This null
hypothesis state that there is no significant different inthe opinion of
respondents on job insecurity on students academic performance in
Kaduna State Collegeof Education Gidan Waya.Table 4.7: Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) statistics in the opinions of (academic staff,
administrators and management
staff on job insecurity on students academic performance in Kaduna
State College of Education GidanWaya Job security Sum of Squares Df
Mean Square F Sig.Between Groups 4.978 2 2.489 .267 .766 Within
Groups 15692.569 1683 9.324 Total 15697.547 1685 From Table 4.7
the Results of the Analysis of variance statistics shows no significant
difference in theopinions of academic staff, administrators and
management staff on impact of job insecurity on studentsacademic
performance in Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya .
Reasons being that the calculated p value of 0.766 is above the 0.05
level of confidence while the computed F value of 0.267 is lower than
the 2.60 F critical value.Consequently, the null hypothesis which states
that there is no significant different in the opinionof respondents on job
insecurity on students academic performance in Kaduna State College
of EducationGidan Waya is hereby accepted and retained.Testing of
Hypotheses Three: This null hypothesis state that there is no significant
different in
the opinion of respondents on excessive workload on students
academic performance in Kaduna State Collegeof Education Gidan
Waya Table 4.8: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistics in the
opinions of (academic staff, administrators and managementstaff on job
insecurity on the impact of workload on students academic
performance in KadunaState College of Education Gidan Waya
Workload Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.Between Groups 4.
067 2 2.034 .153 .859 Within Groups 22435.772 1683 13.331 Total
22439.839 1685 Table 4.8 shows the results of Analysis of variance
statistics.It indicates no significant difference in the inions of academic
staff, administrators and management staffon job insecurity on the
impact of workload on students academic performance in Kaduna State
College of Education Gidan Waya.Reasons being that the calculated P
value of 0.859 is above the 0.05 level of confidence while the computed
F value of 0.159 is lower than the 2.60 F critical value.
Consequently, the null hypothesis which states that there is no
significant different in the opinionof respondents on excessive workload
on students academic performance in Kaduna State College of
EducationGidan Waya is accepted and retained.Testing of Hypotheses
Four: This null hypothesis state that there is no significant different in
the opinion of respondents on management decision on students
academic performance in Kaduna State Collegeof Education Gidan
Waya.Table 4.9: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistics in the
opinions of (academic staff, administrators and managementstaff on job
insecurity on the impact management decision on students academic
performance in KadunaState College of Education Gidan Waya.
Welfare /Health Facilities Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 4.978 2 2.489 .267 '.766 Within Groups 15692.569
1683 9.324 Total 15697.547 1685 Results of the Analysis of variance
statistics in table 4.9 shows there is no significant different in the
opinion of respondents on management decision on students academic
performance in Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya .
Reasons being that the calculated p value of 0.
766 is above the 0.05 level of confidence while the computed F value of
0.267 is lower than the 2.60 F critical value.Consequently, the null
hypothesis which state that there is no significant different in the
opinionof respondents on management decision on students academic
performance in Kaduna State College of EducationGidan Waya, is
hereby accepted and retained.4.5. Discussion of Findings Objective
One: The welfare of academic and administrative staff is a critical factor
in the overall success of College.A well-structured welfare policy
ensures that employees feel valued, motivated, and supported, e
assessment revealed a mixed picture of the College's welfare policy.
While some aspects were med satisfactory, others demonstrated
significant deficiencies.One of the positive findings was the general
accessibility of lecturers for consultations outside of class hours.This
indicates that the College has implemented policies or practices that
promote a supportive and approachable faculty.However, several areas
require attention.The College's provision of resources for lecturer
professional development was found to be inadequate, as evidenced
by the low mean scores and "Rejected" decision for all categories.This
suggests that the College may need to allocate more funds and
resources to support faculty growth and development.Another
significant issue identified was the College's failure to adequately
address housing needs through allowances.This is a critical concern as
housing can have a substantial impact on staff well-being and job
satisfaction.The assessment revealed that a significant portion of
respondents believed that the College had not taken sufficient steps to
address this issue.The assessment also highlighted disparities in the
availability and accessibility of professional development opportunities
for different staff members.While a significant portion of academic staff
and management staff reported attending annual programs, a smaller
percentage of administrators indicated participation.
This suggests that the College may need to review its professional
development policies to ensure equitable access for all staff.Finally, the
Colleges support systems for staff during industrial actions were found
to be inadequate.A majority of respondents expressed dissatisfaction
with the adequacy of these systems, indicating a need for improvement
in this area.Objective Two: The relationship between job security and
student academic performance is a complex one has been the subject
of much research and debate.A strong argument can be made that job
security plays a crucial role in influencing the quality of education that
students receive.The study revealed a clear correlation between job
security and various aspects of student learning outcomes.Lecturers
with strong job security were found to be more likely to invest time and
effort in preparing for classes, indicating a greater commitment to their
teaching responsibilities.Additionally, these lecturers were more willing
to take risks and try new approaches to improve student learning,
suggesting a more innovative and experimental teaching environment.
Furthermore, the study found that job security can lead to increased
lecturer motivation and dedication to I student mentorship.When
lecturers feel secure in their positions, they are more likely to be
enthusiastic and I committed to their teaching duties.This can positively
influence student learning outcomes by creating a I more engaging and
supportive classroom environment.One of the most significant findings
of the study was the impact of job security on lecturer availability for I
student consultations.Lecturers who feel secure in their jobs are more
likely to be available to students outside of class hours, providing them
with additional opportunities for guidance and support.This can be
particularly important for students who may struggle with the course
material or require extra assistance.In conclusion, the findings of the
study at Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya provide
strong evidence that job security is a crucial factor in enhancing student
academic performance.By creating a stable and supportive
environment for lecturers, universities can foster a more positive and
productive learning experience for dents.The implications of these
findings for Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya are
significant,as they highlight e importance of implementing policies and
practices that promote job security amongfaculty members, Objective
Three: The relationship between lecturer workload and student
academic performance is acomplex one that has been the subject of
much research and debate.
The findings of the study revealed a ear consensus among
respondents across all categories regarding the negative effects of
excessive workload on student learning outcomes.A significant majority
of respondents believed that the combination heavy workload and
industrial actions couldlead to a rushed and unclear presentation of
course material, potentially compromising the quality ofeducation
students receive.Furthermore, the study highlighted the potential
psychological impact of excessive workload on students.Many
respondents expressed concern that students may experience
increased stress and uncertainty due to combined effects of lecturer
workload and industrial actions.This can negatively affect students'
academic performance and overall well-being.The study also
emphasized the importance of addressing workload concerns and
providing support during industrial actions to improve student
performance.Respondents agreed that when the College takes steps to
reduce lecturer workload and provide assistance during disruptions, it
can positively impact student outcomes.In conclusion, the study at
Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya provides compelling
evidencethat excessive workload and industrial actions can have a
significant negative impact on student academicperformance.The
consensus among respondents across all categories highlights the
urgency of addressing these issues to create a more conducive
learning environment for students.Objective Four: The relationship
between management decisions and student academic performance is
a complex one that has been the subject of much research and debate.
The findings of the study revealed a clear consensus among
respondents across all categories regarding the positive influence of
effective management actions on student learning outcomes.The
majority of respondents believed that management's prioritization of
minimizing disruption to student learning duringindustrial actions was
crucial in preserving the quality of education students receive.
Furthermore, the study emphasized the importance of addressing the
concerns of lecturers during industrial actions.Respondents agreed that
management decisions that addressed the needs and grievances of
lecturers could help maintain a positive learning environment, even in
the face of disruptions.In addition to these factors, the study highlighted
the significance of providing alternative learning resources d support
services to students during industrial actions.
The availability of online materials, extended library hours, and
additional support services could help studentscontinue their studies
and mitigate the negative impact of disruptions on their academic
performance.The study also emphasized the importance of proactive
management decisions regarding industrial actions.By anticipating and
preparing for potential disruptions, management can take steps to
minimize their negative impact on student academic performance.
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS INTRODUCTION This chapter deals mainly
with the summary ofthe research study, major findings, conclusions
reached by the researcher and recommendations drawn based onthe
results of the investigation carried out.SUMMARY The study was
structure into five chapters.Chapter one gave the background of the
study, and statement of problem, the objectives, research questions,
significance of the study.The scope and limitation of the study were
also given within the chapter.Chapter two consisted of the review of the
related literatures to the study.In chapter three, the methodologies used
in the study were stated.The statistical analysis and interpretation of the
findings from the analyzed data were present in chapter four.In this
section, data collected were analyzed and interpreted as well as the
testing ofthe null hypotheses posed in the study in order to arrive at a
valid researchconclusions CONCLUSION The comprehensive
assessment of the welfare policy at Kaduna State College of Education
Gidan waya provides valuable insights into the strengths and weakness
of the current policies andtheir impact on student academic
performance.While the college has made progress in certain areas,
such as lecturer accessibility and Management'sresponse to industrial
actions, there is a clear need for improvement in other areas, including
resource allocation for professional development, housing support, and
addressing the challenges posed by excessive workloadand industrial
actions.RECOMMENDATION The researcher made the following
recommendations based on the findings of the studies: Thegovernment
and the management staff of the College should strive to enhance
welfare policies inthe college which will cater the professional
development programs, housing and also review and improvethe
college's support system for staff during industrial actions, ensuring that
they provide adequate protectionand assistance.The management staff
should recruit more staff to address the issue of excessive workload of
staff in the college.The management staff should ensure that their
decision prioritize the well being and academic success of students,
even during times of disruption.The management staff should strive to
develop and implement policies and practices that promote job security
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academic performance in Nigeria universities: Implications for best
practices and counselling.SMCC Higher Education Research Journal,
3(3), 1-6.QUESTIONNAIRE ON ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL
ACTION ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN
KADUNA STATECOLLEGE OF EDUCATION GIDAN WAYA
Department of Educational Administration and Planning, School of
Education, FederalUniversity of Education, Zaria.Dear Respondent,
REQUEST TO FILL A QUESTIONNAIRE I am a final year students of
theabove department carrying out research on Industrial Action on the
academic performance of students in
Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya.Your participation is
crucial as your responses will be strictly confidential.Thank you.Yours
faithfully, PHILOMINA DANJUMA U22ZE2096 SECTION A BIO-DATA:
Please tick [ ] in the appropriate box that relates to you.Gender Male[ ]
Female[ ] Qualification[ ] Professor [ ] Ph.D[ ] M.Ed/MA[ ] B.Ed/B.Sc[ ]
NCE[ ] Other (please specify)................................... Years of Working
Experience 0-5 years[ ] 6-10 years[ ] 11-15 years[ ] Above20years [ ]
Cadre/ Role Management Staff [ ] Senior Staff [ ] Junior Staff[ ]
SECTION B (RESEARCH QUESTIONS ) Please tick [ ] in the
appropriate boxthat relates to you.Agree A= Agree SA= Strongly D=
Disagree SD= Strongly Disagree UD= Undecided Research Question
One: Table 4.3.1. Research question one: What is the welfare policy on
students academic performance in Kaduna state College of Education
Gidan Waya?S/N Item Statement SA A N D SD The college provides
adequate resources for lecturers professional development.Lectures
are readily available for consultations outside of class hours Kaduna
State College has implementedhousingallowancesfor its staff Staff in
Kaduna State College attend professional development programmes
annually.The college s support systems adequately address the
challenges staff face during industrial actions ResearchQuestion Two:
What is the impact of job security on students academic performance in
Kadunastate College of Education Gidan Waya?
S/N Item Statement SA A N D SD Lecturer with strong Job security are
more likely to invest time and effort in preparing for classes.Lectures
with job security are more willing to take risk and try new approachable
toimprove student learning Lecturers who feel secure in their jobs are
more likely to beavailable for student consolations outside of class Job
security can lead to increased lecturer motivation,which can positively
influence student learning outcomes When lecturers feel secure, they
can dedicated moretime to student mentorship, guiding them towards
academic and professional goals.Research Question Three: What is
the impact of workload on students academic performance in Kaduna
state College of Education Gidan Waya?S/N Item Statement SA A N D
SD The stress of industrial actions combined witha heavy workload can
negatively impact lecturer well-being and teaching effectiveness When
lecturers are alreadyoverloaded, industrial action can further limit their
availability for student consultations.The combined effect of a heavy
workload and industrial action can lead to a rushedand unclear
presentation of course material Students may feel additional stress and
uncertainty about theirstudies due to the combined effects of lecturer
workload and industrial action When the universityaddresses lecturer
workload concerns and provide support during industrial actions, it can
positively impact studentperformance.Research Question Four: What is
the management decision on students academy performance in
Kaduna state College of Education Gidan Waya?S/N Item Statement
SA A N D SD When management prioritizes minimizing the disruption
to student learning during industrial action, it positively impact
academic performance.The management decision that address lecturer
concerns during industrial actions can help maintain a positively
learning environment.The availability of alternative learning resources
provided by management during industrial action can support student
learning.Offering additional support services such as online lecturers or
extended library hours, can help student cope with challenges caused
by industrial action.
Proactive management decision regarding industrial action can
significantly lessen its negative impact on student academic
performance.

Matched Sources
https://eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/Effect-of-Academics-Wo
eajournals.org
rkload-on-Academics-Productivity-in-Nigeria-2.pdf
punchng.com https://punchng.com/just-in-coeasu-extends-strike-by-three-weeks

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