4 Pic 1
C A R B S
P R O T E I N
B I O M O L E C U L E
General Biology 2
Lesson 14
Synchronous Class
Learning Topic:
Biomolecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acid
Learning Content:
Describe the structure of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates and relate them to
their function
•
•
•
•
CARBOHYDRATE
• The term carbohydrate is itself a combination of the
“hydrates of carbon”.
• They are also known as “Saccharides” which is a
derivation of the Greek word “Sakcharon”
meaning sugar.
• Some of the most common carbohydrates that we come across in our daily lives are in
form of sugars.
• Glucose, Sucrose, Fructose, Cellulose, Maltose.
CARBOHYDRATE
Simple sugars are monosaccharide and disaccharides.
Monosaccharide (one saccharide)
Glucose used in dextrose, blood sugar; the form utilized by the
human body
Galactose found in milk and milk products
Fructose found in fruits and honey
CARBOHYDRATE
Simple sugars are monosaccharide and disaccharides.
Disaccharides (two saccharides)
Maltose glucose + glucose found in malt
Sucrose glucose + fructose found in regular table sugar, sugarcane, and sugar
beet
Lactose glucose + galactose found in milk and milk products
CARBOHYDRATE
Complex sugars are the polysaccharides
Polysaccharides (many saccharides)
Amylose storage form of glucose in plants
Amylopectin storage form of glucose in plants
Glycogen storage form of glucose animal; stored in the liver and muscles
Cellulose structural material in plants--cell wall in wood, wood fiber cannot be
digested
CARBOHYDRATE
CARBOHYDRATE
Carbohydrates
They are made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Monomer: saccharides
Examples: rice, cereal, potatoes, fruits, pastas
Function: main energy source of the body
CARBOHYDRATE
Did you know that?
Marathon runners, tri-athletes, and other runners eat carbohydrates
for weeks leading up to a big event.
They call it “carbo-loading”. What’s the point?
As the athletes consume massive amounts of starch and pasta, the
energy begins to store up in their body, saving itself for use during the
event.
CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE
Carbohydrates are organic
compounds that contain only
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• contain a chain of carbons, an
aldehyde or a ketone, and
hydroxyl groups
• all consist of one or more smaller
units called monosaccharides
CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE
Monosaccharides can be classified by:
• the number of carbon atoms they contain:
diose (2), triose (3), tetrose (4), pentose (5),
hexose (6), heptose (7), and so on.
• based on whether or not they contain an
aldehyde (aldose) or ketone (ketose)
• Or a combination of these 2
GLYCOSIDIC BOND
LIPIDS
• Lipids are macromolecules made up of
fatty acids monomers
• Lipids play a great role in the cellular structure
and are the chief source of energy.
• Functions of lipids include structural support for
the cell, energy storage and cell signalling.
• Are non-pilar and do not interact with water.
LIPIDS
Fat and oil are the most common examples of lipids.
They are under triglycerides because they are composed of glycerol and three fatty
acids.
• Fat refers to solid triglyceride usually from animal sources such as meat, milk, butter, margarine,
eggs, and cheese.
• Oil refers to liquid triglycerides from plant sources. Examples are olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil,
and soybean oil.
ESTER BOND
Lipids
• They are made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• They are soluble (dissolve) in oil but are insoluble in water
Examples: fats and oils
Function: long-term storage of energy in the body
Monomer: fatty acid
Two classes:
1. Saturated fats is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds.
• Saturated fats are unhealthy fats like butter.
2. Unsaturated fats is a type of fat wherein there is at least one double bond within the
fatty acid chain
• Unsaturated fats are healthy, and include oils.
PROTEIN
• Proteins are some polymers of Amino Acids.
• Proteins are found in our body as Muscles,
Enzymes, Hormones, Antibodies and many more.
• Food that contains proteins are Meat, Fish, Eggs, Soya.
Examples of Protein
1. Keratin is a structural protein found in hair, skin, and nails.
2. Fibroin / Silk protein - Fibroin is found in silk.
3. Collagen is a major insoluble fibrous protein found in connective tissues such as
tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage, and the cornea of the eye.
4. Enzymes function to catalyse chemical reactions.
Examples of enzymes
a. Lipase - help in digestion of fats
b. Pepsin - help in breaking down proteins into peptides (smaller units)
c. Sucrase - also called invertase; help in the digestion of sugars and starches
5. Myoglobin is a polypeptide that stores oxygen in muscles. It contains a heme group
which has an iron where the oxygen is stored.
Amino Acid Structure
Essential amino acids
PEPTIDE BOND
Proteins
They are made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Proteins are made up of amino acids combined through a
dehydration link called a peptide bond.
Monomer: amino acid
There are 20 essential amino acids
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or large
biomolecules, essential to all known forms of
life.
• They are composed of nucleotides, which
are the monomers made of three
components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate
group and a nitrogenous base.
• The functions of nucleic acids have to do with the storage and expression
of genetic information.
• The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
NUCLEIC ACIDS
PHOSPHODIESTER BOND
Nucleic Acids
They are made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Monomer: nucleotide
Examples: DNA and RNA
Function:
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) –storage of hereditary traits
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- protein synthesis
DNA is the blueprint of life because it contains instructions on how to make proteins in
the body.
Synthesis
Synthesis
“Take care of your body as if you were
going to live forever, and take care of your
soul as if you were going to die tomorrow.”
- St. Augustine
