LECTURE-3

AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS
AGROFORETSRY TERMS:

System:
 System refers to a group of physical components, i.e. an assemblage of
objects connected or related in such a manner so as to form and/or act as a
unit; e.g. ecosystem which consists of living organism and their non-living
environment with which they are inseparably interrelated.

Sub-system:
 Sub-system indicates a lower order hierarchy of the system.
 It refers to a part of system, with more or less restricted role, content and
complexity than the system itself.

Practices:
 Practices in agroforestry denote specific land management operations of any
nature, carried out on a farm or other management unit.
 Such practices are involved in the constitution and maintenance of an
agroforestry system; e.g. alley cropping, boundary plantations of trees and
shrubs, shelterbelts and windbreaks, etc.
Why classification?

 It include logical way of grouping the major

factors on which production of the system will
depend
 It indicate how system is managed
 It offer flexibility for regrouping the information
 We usually understood and readily handled
CRITERIA /BASIS FOR AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM
CLASSIFICATION

 Combe (1982) proposed 24 agroforestry systems based on three

type of association of the trees with crops, with pastures and with
both crops and pastures); two major functions of the tree
components (production and protection); two spatial
arrangements (regular and irregular); and two types of temporal
association (temporary and permanent).
 The most obvious and easy-to-use criteria for classifying
agroforestry systems are the spatial and temporal arrangement of
components, the importance and role of components, the
production aims or outputs from the system, and the social and
economic features. They correspond to the systems' structure,
function (output), socioeconomic nature, or ecological
(environmental) spread. These characteristics also represent the
main purpose of a classification scheme. Therefore agroforestry
systems can be categorized according to these sets of criteria:
 Structural basis
 Functional basis
 Socioeconomic basis
 Ecological basis
 Agroforestry systems classification (Combe, 1982)

Kinds of associated agricultural products)

Agrosilvi Silvopas Agrosil Agro Silvo Agro
culture toral vopast silvic pasto silvo
oral ulture ral pasto
Duration of the combination

Major function of forest

ral

Permanent Production

Protection

Temporary Production

Protection

Regular Irregular

Spatial distribution

Fig. 3.1(a) Agroforestry systems classification, Combe (1982)

 Agroforestry systems-detailed classification (Combe,
1982)
Kinds of associated agricultural products)
AS SA SAq PS SP ASP AS SA SAq PS SP ASP
Duration of the combination

Major function of forest

Perm Prod
anent .

Prot.

temp Prod
ory .

Prot.

Regular Irregular

Spatial distribution

Fig. 3.1(b) Agroforestry systems classification, Combe (1982)

 100 % 100 %
agriculture forestry

% land
% land
allocation
allocation

• Relative allocation of land under agricultural, forestry and agroforestry production

•(after Vergera, 1982)

Fig. 3.2 Agroforestry system on relative allocation of land for components

Vergera (1982) considered the relative allocation of land, trees, crops, pastures
in various agroforestry systems.
 Fig. 3.3 Agroforestry systems on basis of relative
dominance of components

Tejwani (1987) suggested a classification which among the other

things also took into account relative dominance of trees or
crops/pastures
 CLASSIFICATION OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS (NAIR,
1985)

 Structural basis: refers to the composition of the components, including spatial

arrangement of the woody component, vertical stratification of all the
components, and temporal arrangement of the different components. Hence on
the basis of structure agroforestry system can be grouped into two categories.
1. Nature of components
2. Arrangement of components

3. Nature of components: Based on nature of component agroforestry systems

can be classified into following categories
 Agrisilviculture systems
 Silvopastoral systems
 Agrosilvopastoral systems and
 Other systems
FIG. 5 CLASSIFICATION OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS ON THE BASIS
OF NATURE OF COMPONENTS
AGROSILVICULTURE/AGRISILVICULTURE
This system involves the conscious and deliberate use of land for the
concurrent production of agricultural crops including tree, crops and forest
crops. Based on the nature of the components this system can be grouped
into various forms:
 Improved fallow species in shifting cultivation
 The Taungya system
 Multispecies tree gardens
 Alley cropping (Hedgrow intercropping)
 Multipurpose trees and shrubs on farmlands
 Crops combinations with plantation crops
 Agroforestry for fuelwood production
 Shelter belts
 Wind breaks
 Soil conservation hedges etc.
 IMPROVED FALLOW SPECIES IN SHIFTING CULTIVATION
SHIFTING CULTIVATION

 It is prevalent in many parts of Africa, Latin America, South-East

Asia and Indian subcontinent.
 In India it is prevalent in Assam, Meghalaya, Jharkhand,
Manipur, Orissa, Nagaland, Chattisgarh, M.P., Arunanchal
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Mizoram, Tripura, Kerala, West
Bengal, Sikkim.
 It is known as ‘jhuming’ in North-east, ‘khallu / kurwa’ in
Jharkhand and ‘dahiya’ or ‘podo’ in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh.
 In this system, forest patch is selected and cleared felled. The
herbs, shrubs and twigs and branches (slashed vegetation) are
burnt. Cultivation of crops is done for a few years until soil
fertility declines. The site is than abandoned (fallow period) and
new patch is selected for cultivation of crops. The site is again
cultivated after giving rest for few years.
 Earlier the fallow cycle was of 20–30 year. However, due to increasing
requirement for cultivation of land due to population pressure, fallow
period has reduced from 25–30 years to 2–3 years which has broken down
the resilience of ecosystem and the land is increasingly deteriorating. Thus
now shifting cultivation has become source of ecological degradation, soil
erosion and converting good forests into wastelands.

Fig.6. Shifting cultivation

Effect of shifting cultivation

 Deforestation and denudation of hill slopes-in secondary succession,

area is occupied by weeds, useless shrubs etc
 Soil erosion which leads to soil and nutrient losses, silting of
reservoirs and streams, reduction in water-yield and landslips and
landslides
 Shifting cultivation adversely affects cation exchange capacity and
physical properties of soil. It leads to lowering of organic matter
and lowering the total quantity of sesquioxides, iron, aluminum,
calcium, potassium, phosphorus, etc.
 Increases soil pH and reducing microbial activity
 More weed growth and lower crop yield
 No opportunity for infrastructural development
Controlling shifting cultivation

 Motivate public for permanent agriculture by opening demonstration centers

for improved agricultural practices, good quality seed, manuring, irrigation,
weeding use of improved tools, terracing etc.
 Earning goodwill of local people: By engaging them in forest work and training
them to undertake shifting cultivation on scientific lines.
 Arable land can be provided to the tribals for carrying out agriculture and also
to settle in the area; a few schemes are being implemented under integrated
tribal development programme
 Legal measures: on steep slopes, near to roadside etc
 Using land according to its capability
 Provision of alternative management
 Development of animal husbandry and dairy farming
 Training of artisans and development of handicrafts
 Employment in forest works and other industries
 Providing communication facilities
 Providing economic assistance for houses and agriculture operations
Improved fallow species in shifting cultivation:

 Fallows are crop land left without crops for periods ranging from one season to
several years.
 The objective of improved fallow species in shifting cultivation is to recover
depleted soil nutrients. Once the soil has recovered, crops are reintroduced for
one or more season.
 The best species for the fallow system should induce good nitrogen fixation in
the soil.
 The main aim of the fallow is to maintain or restore soil fertility and reduce
erosion; some plants can be introduced primarily for their economic value.
 Plants included in improved fallows should be compatible with future crops,
free of any negative physical or chemical effects on the soil and not in
competition with the crops to be planted later on the same site.
b) Taungya System:
 The taungya system was used primarily as an inexpensive means of establishing
timber plantations but is finally a recognized AF system.
 The taungya (taung = hill, ya = cultivation) is a Burmese word coined in Burma in
1850. The system was introduced to India by Brandis in 1890 and the first taungya
plantations were raised in 1896 in North Bengal.
 It was introduced to S Africa in 1887 and was taken to Chittagong and Sylhat (Now in
Bangladesh) in 1870.
 In India it started in 1863 in North Bengal. In 1890, it was introduced to Coorg in
Karnataka. Regular plantation however started in North Bengal in 1911 for raising Sal
plantations and in 1912, extended for raising Teak. In 1923 it was adopted in UP for
raising Sal plantations.
 It is still practiced in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Orissa, Karnataka and the
north-eastern hill region.
 This is a modified form of shifting cultivation in which the labour is permitted to raise
agri-crops in an area but only side by side with the forest species planted by it. The
practice consists of land preparation, tree planting, growing agricultural crops for 1-3
years, until shade becomes too dense, and then moving on to repeat the cycle in a
different area. A large variety of crops and trees, depending on the soil and climatic
conditions, are grown in India. In fact this system was introduced to raise forest
plantations, but finally became recognized agroforestry system.
 TYPES OF TAUNGYA:

 Departmental Taungya: Under this, agricultural crops and

plantation are raised by the forest department by employing a
number of labourers on daily wages. The main aim of raising
crops along with the plantation is to keep down weed growth.
 Leased Taungya: The plantation land is given on lease to the
person who offers the highest money for raising crops for a
specified number of years and ensures care of tree plantation.
 Village Taungya: This is the most successful of the three taungya
systems. In this crops are raised by the people who have settled
down in a village inside the forest for this purpose. Usually each
family has about 0.8 to 1.7 ha of land to raise trees and cultivate
crops for 3 to 4 years.
Table 3.1 Trees and crops grown in Taungya
STATE TREE CROP ASSOCIATED AGRICULTURAL CROPS

U.P. Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis, Maize, paddy, sorghum, pigeon-pea, soyabean, wheat,
barley, chick-pea, rape-seed and miscellaneous
Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sisso,
Eucalyptus spp., Populus spp.
Andhra Pradesh (AP) Anacardium occidentale, Hill paddy, groundnut, sweet potato
Tectona grandis, Bombax ceiba, Bamboo,
Eucalyptus spp.
Kerala Tectona grandis, Bombax ceiba, Paddy, tapioca, ginger, turmeric, etc.
Eucalyptus spp.
Shorea robusta, S. assamica Paddy
Tamil Nadu Tectona grandis, Santalum album, Millet, pulses, groundnut, cotton
Tamarindus indica, Acacia nilotica ,
Acacia mearnsii ,Ceiba pentandra ,
Cashew, Rubber, Bamboo

Andaman and Pterocarpus dalbergioides Sugar-cane, maize

Tectona grandis, Acacia nilotica Sunhemp, jute, mesta, sunflower, castor etc.
Tripura Shorea spp., Schima spp., Michelia spp. Paddy, maize etc

Tectona grandis, Shorea robusta, Paddy, maize, millets, turmeric, ginger, lady’s, finger,
pineapple, sunhemp
Schima wallichii, Cryptomeria japonica,
Quercus spp., Michelia doltsopa

Karnataka Tectona grandis, Santalum album, Cassia Paddy, tapioca, etc.

siamea
ADVANTAGES OF TAUNGYA:
 Artificial regeneration of the forest is obtained cheaply;
 Problems of unemployment are solved;
 Helps towards maximum utilization of the site;
 Low cost method of forest plantation establishment;
 In every case, highly remunerative to the forest departments;
 Provision of food crops from forest land; and
 Weed, climber growth, etc. is eliminated.

DISADVANTAGE OF THE TAUNGYA:

 Loss of soil fertility and exposure of soil;
 Danger of epidemics;
 Legal problems created;
 Susceptibility of land to accelerated erosion increases; and,
 It is a form of exploitation of human labour
 c) Multi-species tree Gardens:
 In this system of agroforestry, various kinds of tree species are grown mixed.
 The major function of this system is production of food, fodder and wood products
for home consumption and sale.
d) Alley cropping (Hedge row intercropping):

• Alley cropping, also known as hedgerow

intercropping,
• In this perennial, preferably leguminous trees
or shrubs are grown simultaneously with an
arable crop.
• The trees, managed as hedgerows, are grown
in wide rows and the crop is planted in the
interspace or 'alley' between the tree rows.
• During the cropping phase the trees are
pruned and leaves and twigs are used as
mulch on the cropped alleys in order to Plate 3.3 Alley cropping
reduce evaporation from the soil surface,
suppress weeds and/or add nutrients and
• organic matter topurpose
The primary the top soil.
of alley cropping is to maintain or increase crop yields by
improvement of the soil and microclimate and weed control. Farmers may also obtain tree
products from the hedgerows, including fuelwood, building poles, food, medicine and
fodder, etc.
 Layout of Alley:
 The position and spacing of hedgerow
and crop plants in an alley cropping
system depend on plant species,
climate, slope, soil conditions and the
space required for the movement of
people.
Plate 3.4 (a) Alley cropping  Ideally, hedgerows should be positioned
in an east to west direction so that
plants on both sides receive full sunlight
during the day.
 The spacing used in fields is usually 4
to 8 meters between rows and 25 cm to
2 meters between trees within rows.
The closer spacing is generally used in
humid areas and the wider spacing in
Plate 3.4 (b) Alley cropping sub-humid or semi-arid regions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIES FOR HEDGEROW INTERCROPPING:

 Alley cropping usually includes leguminous trees to improve soil fertility

through nitrogen fixation; hence an ideal alley cropping tree or shrub species
should have following characteristics:
 It should have a sparse, small crown to permit sunlight penetration into the
cropped area it should re-sprout rapidly after pruning, coppicing, pollarding or
lopping.
 It should form a deep taproot system so that it takes moisture and nutrient from
deeper layers and will not compete with agricultural crops.
 It should have shallow lateral roots that are easily ‘pruned’ by ploughing along
the hedgerow, without serious damage to the plants.
 Fast decomposition rate of leaf litter.
 Ideally, trees and shrubs used for alley cropping should fix nitrogen.
 Trees/shrubs should be non-exacting in nature.
PROMISING SPECIES

Gliricidia sepium, Flemingia macrophylla,

Leucaena, Calliandra calothyrsus, Erythrina
subumbrans, Albizia saman, Pithecellobium
dulce, Paraserianthes falcataria, Acacia spp.,
Paraserianthes falcataria and Cajanus cajan.

ADVANTAGES Plate 3.5 Hedgerow intercropping

 Improved crop performance due to the addition of nutrients and organic
matter into the soil/plant system,
 Reduction of the use of chemical fertilizers,
 Improvement in the physical nature of the soil environment.
 Reductions in erosion losses.
 Provision of additional products such as forage, firewood or stakes when a
multipurpose tree legume is used as the hedgerow, and
 Improvement in weed control.
MULTIPURPOSE TREES AND SHRUBS ON FARMLANDS:

 In this system various multipurpose tree species are scattered haphazardly or

according to some systematic patterns on bunds.
 The major components of this system are multipurpose trees and other fruit
trees and common agricultural crops.
 The primary role of this system is production of various trees products and the
protective function is fencing and plot demarcation. Examples of multipurpose
trees employed in agroforestry are: Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia albida,
Cassia siamea, Casuarina equisetifolia, Azadirachta indica, Acacia senegal,
Cocos nucifera, etc.
CROP COMBINATIONS WITH PLANTATION CROPS:

Perennial trees and shrubs such as coffee, tea, coconut and cocoa are
combined into intercropping systems in numerous ways, including:
 Integrated multistory mixture of plantation crops;
 Mixture of plantation crops in alternate or other crop arrangement;
 Shade trees for plantation crops
 Intercropping with agricultural crops.
 Tea (Camilia sinensis) is grown under shade of A. chinensis, A.
odoratissim, A. lebbek, A. procera, Acacia lenticularis, Derris robusta,
Grevillea robusta, Acacia spp., Erythrina lithosperma, Indigofera
tesmanii.
 Coffee (Coffea arabica) is grown under the shade of Erythrina
lithosperma as temporary shade while, permanent shade trees include
Ficus glomerata, F. nervosa, Albizia chinensis, A. lebbek, A moluccana, A.
sumatrana, Dalbergia latifolia, Artocarpus integrifolius, Bischofia
javanica, Grevillea robusta.
• Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is grown under the shade of coconut and areca nut,
and Dipterocarpus macrocarpa (in forest).

• Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is grown with support from Erithrina indica,
Garuga pinnata, Spondias, Mangifera, Gliricidia maculate and Grevillea
robusta.

• Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and large cardamom (Ammomum

subulatum; A. aromaticum) grow in forests under temporary shade tree of
Mesopsis emini..

• Large cardamom is grown under the shade of natural forest as well under
planted shade treesviz., Alnus nepalensis, Schima wallichii; Cinchona spp.;
Lagerstroemia spp., Albizia lebbek; Castanopsis tribuloides; C. hystrix; C.
indica; Terminalia myriocarpa; Bischofia javanica.
Agroforestry for fuelwood production:
 In this system, various multipurpose fuelwood/firewood species

are inter-planted on or around agricultural lands.

 The protective role is to act as fencing, shelter belts and boundary

demarcation.
 Tree species commonly used as fuelwood are: Acacia nilotica,

Albizia lebbek, Cassia siamea, Casuarina equisetifolia, Dalbergia

sissoo, Prosopis juliflora, Eucalyptus tereticornis, etc.
Shelterbelt:
 Shelterbelt is a wide belt of trees, shrubs and grasses, planted in rows
which goes right across the land at right-angle to the direction of the
prevailing winds to deflect air current, to reduce wind velocity and to give
general protection to cultivated areas against wind erosion and desiccating
effect of the hot winds in lee-ward side.
 A typical shelterbelt has a triangular cross-section which can be achieved
by planting tall trees in the centre, flanked on both sides successively by
shorter trees, tall shrubs and then low spreading shrubs and grasses.
 A certain amount of penetrability is desirable in shelterbelts as a result of
which the zone of influence is very much greater and the velocity curve
shows a smooth, slowly declining trend.
 The width of shelterbelt depends upon local climatic conditions, wind
velocity, and the soil type.
 Shelterbelt should be oriented as nearly as possible, at right angles to the
prevailing wind In case, where winds blow from different directions,
shelterbelt should be raised in quadrangles.
Height and spacing—

 Height of shelterbelt is very important

 As it affects the distance to which protection will be afforded on the lee-ward
side.
 Higher the trees forming the shelterbelt, the greater is the zone of influence
on the leeward side.
 This affects the spacing of the shelterbelts also. If wind erosion has to be
completely controlled, the second belt should be located a little before the
place where the wind on the lee-ward side often first shelterbelt assumes
damaging velocity.
 Taking 20% reduction in wind velocity as the basis of usefulness of a
shelterbelt, effective protection zone extends up to 15 to 20 times the height
of the belt.
 In Rajasthan, taking the height of shelterbelt to be about 7.5 m, spacing
recommended is 10 times the height, i.e., 75 meters.
Length—

 The length of shelterbelt is an important consideration because at the ends of

the shelterbelt eddies are produced resulting in increasing the wind velocity at
these places.
 It is because of this that road is not ordinarily allowed to cross a shelterbelt.
 In some of the western countries, shelterbelts have been raised right across the
country for the protection they afford
 For shorter shelterbelt, the minimum length of shelterbelt to be most effective
is 24 times its height.

Soil Preparation—

 Soil preparation should be done at least a year in advance to build up sufficient

reserve of soil moisture
 It may be done either mechanically or by manual labour depending
 Leguminous crops may be raised for the first few years in between the rows of
trees and shrubs for improving the fertility of the soil.
CHOICE OF SPECIES—
 The choice of species to be raised in shelterbelt is governed by the climate, soil and topography of the area.
 It is better to raise local species because of their easy establishment.
 But suitable and properly tried
 Exotics may also be used to improve the efficiency of the shelterbelts.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TREE SPP. USED FOR SHELTERBELT: -

1) The species selected should be non-exacting;
2) Fast-growing;
3) Wind-firm;
4) Drought-resistant;
5) Unpalatable to animals;
6) It should have a dense crown and low branching habit; Fig. 3.5 A cross section of 10-row shelterbelts
7) It should not be leafless at a time when protection is required;
8) It should be economically a multipurpose species, i.e., fit for firewood, timber and fodder.
The following species are recommended for creation of shelter belt:
 Grasses— Cenchrus barbatus, Saccharum spontaneum, Saccharum munja, Panicum turgidum, Panicum antidotale.
 Shrubs— Calotropis procera, Crotolaria burhia, Calligonum polygonoides, Clerodendron phlomoides, Cassia auriculata,
Dodonaea viscosa, Jatropha curcas, Leptadenia spartivm, Agave spp. , Sesbania aculeata.
 Small trees— Acacia jacquemontii, Acacia leucophloea, Balanites aegyptiaca, Capparis aphylla, Salvadora oleoides.
 Trees— Acacia arabica, Acacia senegal, Acacia cyanophylla, Albizzia lebbek, Azadirachta indica, Dalbergia sissoo,
Lannea coromendelica, Parkinsonia aculeata, Prosopis cineraria, Prosopis juliflora, Pongamia pinnata, Tecoma undulata,
Tamarix articulatat Eucalyptus spp., Acacia tortilis.
• Method of raising the plants—
• It is better to sow the seeds in polythene bags and plant out the
plants so raised.
• For this purpose nurseries should be maintained at site.
• The plant should be regularly watered for one or two years.
• Properly fenced to protect them from browsing cattle.
ADVANTAGES OF SHELTERBELTS—
 Very little research work has been done in our country.
 To find out the benefits of the shelter-belts on yields of agricultural crops,
horticultural crops and grasses.
 However, on the basis of research work done in CAZRI, TNAU and abroad,
the following advantages of the shelterbelts may be mentioned:
 Fig. 11 Shelterbelt
Moderating effect on temperature—
 Shelterbelt has a moderating effect on air and soil temperature by lowering the
maximum and raising the minimum.
 Temperature during day time inside the forest is lower evaporation.
 Temperature during night is higher inside the forest than open.
Increase in humidity—
 Shelterbelts increase relative humidity from 1 to 50%.
 There is distinctly perceptible increase in the average relative humidity in the
agricultural land protected by shelterbelts
Reduction in evapo-transpiration—
 Shelterbelts reduce evapo-transpiration sufficiently in the zone of their
influence.
Increase in soil moisture—
 Shelterbelts increase the moisture content of the soil on the leeward side
and delay it’s drying up during summer.
 They also increase the underground water supplies by promoting infiltration
in the soil.
Reduction in wind velocity and wind erosion—
 Shelterbelts deflect the wind upwards
 Cause considerable reduction in the wind velocity on the leeward side upto
a distance of 15 to 20 times the height of the trees forming the shelterbelt.
 As there is considerable reduction in the wind velocity on the leeward side
of a shelterbelt, wind erosion is very much reduced.
Increase in agricultural and horticultural crops—
 Shelterbelts increase production of agricultural and horticultural crops.
 Study made in 8 cotton fields in distinctly semi-arid areas of U.S.A.
revealed an increase of 17.4% in cotton yield when protection against hot
winds was provided by shelterbelts.
 Similar increase in crop yields has been reported from Russia where a
shelterbelt of 5 rows increased the oat yield by 25% to 28%.
 Protection of orchards by shelterbelt reduces wind damage and increases
fruit yield.
 Studies revealed that even if 0.4 hectare out of 4 hectare orchard is devoted
to creation of shelterbelt, the remaining protected 3.6 hectare of orchard
yielded about 13.00% more than the unprotected 4 Hectare orchard.
 Similarly, the increase in fodder yield is reported to be as high as 300 -
400%.
Protection of damage to public and private property—
 The shelterbelts hold up the movement of shifting sand
 Save the roads and railway tracks from being covered and otherwise
damaged by moving sand dunes.
 They prevent deposition of silt in canals and agricultural fields.
Windbreaks:
 Wind break is a protective planting
around a garden, a farm or a field
to protect it against strong winds.
 It usually consists of 2-3 rows of
trees or shrubs, spaced at 0.5 m to
2.5 m apart, depending on the
species.

Plate 3.6 Windbreak

Soil conservation hedges:
• In this system, the major groups of components are: multipurpose and/or fruit
trees and common agricultural species.

• The primary role of multipurpose fruit trees and agricultural species is soil
conservation and provision of various tree products.

• The following tree species are used for soil conservation: Grevillea robusta,
Acacia catechu, Pinus roxburghii, Acacia modesta, Prosopis juliflora, Alnus
nepalensis, Leucaena leucocephala, etc.
SIMPLE QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:
1) Shifting cultivation is also known as:
a) Sweden cultivation c) Jhum cultivation
b) Podu cultivation d) All of the above
2) Taungya is.….. word
3) Taungya was introduced into India by ……
4) Integration of poultry/piggery/grasses along with tree gives rise to
a) Agrisilviculture system c) Silvipastoral system
b) Agrihorticulture system d) None of these
5) Alley cropping is also known as:
a) Home garden c) Hedge row intercropping
b) Homestead plantation d) All of these
KEY FOR THE OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1) d
2) Burmese
3) Brandis
4) d
5) c