VISWABHARATHY PUBLIC SCHOOL

NEYYATTINKARA
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

CLASS XII. B
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
IN
BIOLOGY
SUBMITTED BY
NIKHIL ALBIN

CLASS : XII B
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that NIKHIL ALBIN OF Class
XII B. Viswabharathy Public School has
successfully completed the BIOLOGY
PROJECT , THE ART OF ROSE GRAFTING in the
accademic session 2021-2022 under the
guide line of CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION.

INTERNAL IN CHARGE EXTERNAL INCHARGE

The Art
Of
Rose
Graft ing
 Acknowledgment
I gratefully thank my teachers Mrs. P.R Ushas &
Mrs. K.S Soumya for giving useful suggestions for
the improvements of my project. I thank, my parents
for their suggestions. I have a great pleasure to thank
all .
NIKHIL ALBIN
 CONTENT
❖ Acknowledgement
❖ Introduction 6-8
❖ Types of grafting 9 - 11
❖ Aim 12
❖ Requirements 13
❖ Procedure 14 - 18
❖ Result 19
❖ What is Grafting? 20
❖ Grafting tools 21 - 23
❖ What is Rootstock? 24
❖ What is Scion? 25
❖ Advantages 26
❖ Disadvantages 27
❖ Reasons for Grafting 28 - 32
❖ Conclusion 33
❖ Reference 34
 INTRODUCTION
Grafting or graftage is a horticulture technique whereby tissues
from one plants are inserted into those of another so that the
two sets of vascular tissues may join together. The vascular
joining is called inosculation. The technique is most commonly
used in asexual propagation. The technique is most commonly
used in asexual propagation of commercially grown plants for
the horticultural and agricultural trades.

In most cases, one plant is selected for its root and this is
called the stock or rootstock. The other plant is selected for
its stems, leaves, flowers, or fruits and is called the scion or
cion. The scion contains the desired genes to be duplicated in
future production by the stock/scion plant.
In stem grafting, a common grafting method, a shoot of a
selected, desired plant cultivar is grafted onto the stock of
another type. In another common form called bud grafting, a
dormant side bud is grafted onto the stem of another stock
plant, and when it hasinosculated successfully, it is
 encouraged to grow by pruning off stem of the stock plant
just above the newly grafted bud.

For successful grafting to take place, the vascular cambium

tissues of the stock and scion plants must be placed in contact
with each other. Both tissues must be kept alive until the graft
has “taken”, usually a period of a few weeks. Successful
grafting only requires that a vascular connection take place
between the grafted tissues. Joints formed by grafting are not
as strong as naturally formed joints, so a physical weak point
often still occurs at the graft because only the newly formed
tissues inosculate with each other. The existing structural tissue
(or wood) of the stock plant does not fuse. Grafting is a
method of asexual plant propagation that joins plant parts
from different plants together so they will heal and grow as one
plant. This technique is used to propagate plants that do not
root well from cuttings, to utilize superior root systems, or to
maintain clonal production.
Nursery workers and fruit tree producers must know how to
graft. Hobbyists also can learn this useful technique. This
publication discusses the basic techniques used to graft fruit
trees and other plants that cannot be propagated by cuttings or
seeds.
The part of the vegetative wood, usually the stem or other
aboveground plant part, from the desired variety to be
propagated is called the scion. It consists of a shoot with
several dormant buds that will produce the new stem and
branches. The rootstock is the part of a plant that becomes the
root system of a grafted or budded tree. In order to be a
successful graft or bud, the cambium layer of cells located on
both plant parts must align and grow together. This cambium
region is between the xylem and phloem and is where all new
plant growth occurs.
 TYPES OF GRAFTING
Depending on size & position of scion stem & the type of cut is
made on stock & scion; there are different types of grafting viz.

1. Approach grafting: Allamanda sp.

2. Side grafting: Roses.
3. Splice grafting: Some cacti
4. Saddle grafting: Rhododendron & Lilac.
5. Flat grafting: All cacti
6. Cleft grafting: Fruiting trees.
Grafting is a form of plant propagation
that consists of joining two separate plant parts together to
create a new plant. The two parts to a graft include the scion,
or the top branch, and the understock, also called the
rootstock, which is the bottom portion with the roots. Grafting
is common on trees, but also works on shrubs, perennials and
even some vegetables.
Whip and Tongue Graft
The whip and tongue graft is performed on deciduous trees,
but works on any woody plant. This graft produces a new
plant by joining a single, straight scion on top of a cut-off
rootstock. The rootstock and scion need to be the same size,
optimally less than 1 inch in diameter. Each piece is cut at a
matching 45-degree angle. A second, vertical cut in each
piece creates notches or tabs. The scion fits against the
rootstock with their corresponding notches interlocking together.
Wrapping the graft with grafting tape holds the pieces in
place while they grow together.
Cleft Graft
Cleft grafting attaches a less hardy scion variety to a hardy
rootstock, changing the variety of the plant. Cleft grafts are
common on fruit trees and performed during the winter while
the trees are dormant. Proper scions must contain 2 to 3 buds
and have a diameter of one-quarter inch. Rootstocks need to
be straight with a 1- to 4-inch diameter. Preparation of the
rootstock includes a horizontal topping cut and a 2- to 3-inch
deep vertical cut down its center. The scion, sporting two
angled cuts on either side of its bottom end, fits inside the
vertical cut on the rootstock with the exposed wood touching the
inside walls of the rootstock. Grafting wax painted over the
rootstock's top seals the cuts and stabilizes the graft.
Side Veneer Graft
Side veneer grafts work well on conifers, rhododendrons and
camellias. This graft joins a scion to a dormant, potted
rootstock to create a new plant or replace an existing branch.
Removal of a 1-inch section of bark on the side of the rootstock
or branch creates the graft's location. The bottom of the scion
undergoes a 45-degree angle cut to create a surface that
matches the cut on the rootstock. Pressing the scion to the
exposed wood of the rootstock and wrapping around the two
pieces with grafting tape completes the graft.
Bark Graft
Bark grafting, performed on flowering and fruiting trees,
joins multiple scions to a single rootstock. Rootstocks may be
4 to 12 inches in diameter. Bark grafts work best when
performed in the spring, when the plant is no longer dormant
and the bark is green and slippery. This grafting technique
joins multiple scions to a single rootstock. The rootstock
undergoes a horizontal heading in preparation. A knife pushed
between the rootstock’s bark and wood creates 2-inch-long and
one-quarter-inch-wide strips of loose bark. A scion with a
one-quarter-inch diameter sporting a 2-inch long point on its
bottom end fits nicely between the bark strip and rootstock’s
wood. Covering the rootstock’s top surface and grafting points
with wax finishes the process.
 AIM
To demonstrate grafting with two different rose
plants.
 REQUIREMENTS
I. Rose bushwith strong, sturdy roots
II. Rose to be grafted
III. Sharp scissors or cutter
IV. A razor blade or craft knife
V. A glass of water
VI. Honey/Rootex powder
VII. Grafting tape or rubber band
 PROCEDURE
1
Select a rose bush that has strong, sturdy roots.
This will be the stock plant. Select the rose, the
“scion” that you want to graft onto the stock plant.

2
Prune the stock plant heavily
3
Cut a piece of the new rose variety that you
want to graft onto the stock plant. Cut a portion of
stem witj several new buds, leaf or swelling forming
on it.

4
Place the rose cutting in water to prevent
dryness
5
Scrap the skin using a razor blade gently.
Only cut the skin of the stem, not the cambium
layer.

6
Pluck the wood part of the cut rose stem
away from the back of the bud slice using the tip of
the blade. The oozy layer, called the “cambium”,
that carries the water and nutrients along the stem
will be exposed behind the outer stem layer and the
bud layer
7
Place the rose bud inside the slit with the bud
facing upwards. The rose bud should come into
contact with two cambium layers. Pull the peeled
corners back over the bud graft and press them into
place

8
Dip the scion plant in honey. Honey
contains glucose which encourages fast grafting
process
9
Use grafting tape to wrap the graft slit to the
hold pieces in place untill they fuse together. The
bud graft should appear swollen and start to grow
within 7 to 10 days. The grafted area should heal
within the next few days.

10
Prune back the top foilage on the stock plant
to just above the new growth, but not untill the bud
has been firmly estabished. Cut away any new
growth sprouting below the newly grafted bud. After
wrapping sprinkle some water immediately and
keep the plant in a shady place untill the new
foilage comes out of the grafted stem.
In the way we can graft different colors in one rose bush
 RESULT
In this way we can graft different variety of roses by
human selection.
 What Is Grafting?
Grafting is a technique that joins two plants into one. In
general, a wound is created on one of the plants, and the other
is inserted into that wound so each plant's tissues can grow
together.
Most fruit trees today are grafted onto rootstock. Besides
imparting specific characteristics to the resulting plant, it is a
quick and reliable means of reproducing plants that do not
grow true to type from seed. Unfortunately for the backyard
gardener, that means we cannot save seed and grow more
plants. In fact, many grafted plants are patented
 GRAFTING TOOLS
Grafting has been practiced for thousands of years. Concepts
remain the same, but tools have evolved. This publication
focuses on basic tools that the average gardener can easily
obtain.
There are numerous types of grafting/budding knives available
Grafting knives are characterized by being flat on one side of
the blade. Sharpen the blade frequently to get clean cuts. Be
sure to clean any sharpening oil off the blade before using it. A
good alternative to a grafting knife is a box cutter. The blade is
thin and can be easily replaced when it becomes dull. The
disadvantage is that, on larger diameter wood, the blade is too
flimsy and may break. Various grafting tools have been
developed to speed the grafting process and make more precise,
matching cuts .These tools work best with scion and rootstocks
very closely matched in size.

One of the more critical steps to successful grafting is to

prevent air from getting into the graft site and drying it out.
Traditionally, this has been done by tying the grafted area
with twine or rubber bands and coating with wax, orange
shellac, or tar.
Newer methods involve using a stretchable, plastic film
(parafilm). The film holds the scion and rootstock snuggly
together and provides an airtight seal around the area. The
film breaks down gradually, eliminating the need for cutting it
out as the graft grows. The film comes in various widths

Box cutter, grafting knife, and budding knife

Common grafting tools that can make numerous cut
types

Different widths of stretchable film

 What Is a Rootstock?
The lower plant portion used in grafting is called the rootstock.
This is usually a healthy root system and some portion of the
stem. You've probably seen a nubby bump at the base of rose
bushes or fruit trees, like the one in the photo. This is where the
graft was made; the graft union. Everything below the bump is
rootstock.
The characteristics of rootstocks can make it possible to grow
plants faster and in less than desirable conditions. One of the
most common uses for rootstocks is creating dwarf fruit trees.
Most fruit trees are not only too large for the average backyard;
they also take years to mature to a size that is capable of
bearing fruit. By grafting a favorite fruit tree onto a rootstock
that produces dwarf trees, we are able to create a tree as short
as only 6 ft. tall. This is an easy height for a gardener to
maintain and pick from and it helps the commercial orchards get
up and producing sooner.
Besides dwarfing, rootstocks can contribute traits to improve
yield, cold or drought hardiness, and even disease resistance.
Many European wine grapes are grown on a North American
rootstock that was discovered to have a resistance to phylloxera,
an insect that was threatening the vines in the 19th centuary.
 What Is a Scion?
. The portion above the graft is called the scion. It is a young
shoot or bud from a plant with beneficial characteristics like
great flavor, color, or disease resistance. All of the top growth
of a grafted plant, leaves, flowers, fruits, etc., comes from the
scion. By combining the rootstock and the Scion you can be
reasonably assured you will wind up with a reliably hardy and
productive plant.
The rootstock and scion do not have to be from the same species,
but they should be closely related, for instance grafting a plum
tree onto a peach rootstock. It is also possible to graft several
scions onto one rootstock, as they do for apple trees that produce
multiple varieties on different
 Advantages
❖ Grafting is the fastest way of growing popular, desirable
varieties of fruiting trees & flowering shrubs on a large
scale. Buy fruiting tree seeds online.
❖ Many commercially valuable plants are difficult to grow
by other propagation methods like cutting & layering, but
they respond well to grafting.
❖ Scions are highly precious varieties, but the usually have
poor rooting system, less vigor & weak defence against
pathogens. All these flaws can be overcome by grafting
them on the stock, which is usually a hardy, wild relative
of a scion.
❖ Grafting is a way of cloning a scion variety to maintain
the consistency of characters such as size, color, flavours,
etc.
❖ With gardener’s curiosity, multiple varieties of different
scions can be grafted on single stock plant; trees can be
given ornamental shapes, etc.
 DISADVANTAGES
❖ New varieties cannot be developed
❖ These are extensive methods of propagation. They
require specialized skill.
❖ The life span of grafted and budded plants is short
as compared to seed propagated plants.
❖ Spread of viral diseases may occur through this
method.
REASONS FOR GRAFTING
Grafting may increase the productivity of certain horticultural
crops because it makes it possible to do the following things:
Change varieties or cultivars. An older established orchard of
fruiting trees may become obsolete as newer varieties or cultivars
are developed. The newer varieties may offer improved insect or
disease resistance, better drought tolerance, or higher yields.
As long as the scion is compatible with the rootstock, the older
orchard may be top worked using the improved variety or
cultivar.
Optimize cross-pollination and pollination. Certain fruit trees
are not self-pollinating; they require pollination by a second
fruit tree, usually of another variety. This process is known as
cross-pollination. Portions of a tree or entire trees may be
pollinated with the second variety to ensure fruit set. For
example, some hollies are dioecious, meaning that a given plant
has either male or female flowers but not both. To ensure good
fruit set on the female (pistillate) plant, a male (staminate)
plant must be growing nearby. Where this is not possible, the
chances that cross-pollination will occur can be increased by
grafting a scion from a male plant onto the female plant.
Take advantage of particular rootstocks. Compared to the
selected scion, certain rootstocks have superior growth habits,
disease and insect resistance, and drought tolerance. For
example, when used as rootstock for commercial apple varieties,
the French crabapple (Malus sylvestris, Mill.) can increase
resistance to crown gall and hairy root. Malling VIII and
Malling IX are used as dwarfing rootstocks for apple trees
when full-sized trees are not desired, such as in the home
garden.
Benefit from interstocks. An interstock can be particularly
valuable when the scion and rootstock are incompatible. In such
cases, an interstock that is compatible with both rootstock and
scion is used. An interstock could increase the disease
resistance or cold hardiness of the scion. Plants also may be
double worked to impart dwarfness or influence flowering and
fruiting of a scion.
Perpetuate clones. Clones of numerous species of conifers
cannot be economically reproduced from vegetative cuttings
because the percentage of cuttings that root successfully is low.
Many can be grafted, however, onto seedling rootstocks.
Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens, Engelm), Koster blue
spruce (Picea pungens var. Kosteriana, Henry), and
Moerheim spruce (Picea pungens var. Moerheimii, Rujis) are
commonly grafted onto Norway spruce (Picea abies, Karst.) or
Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis, Carr.) rootstock to perpetuate
desirable clones. Numerous clones of Japanese maple (Acer
palmatum, Thunb.) that either root poorly or lack an extensive
root system are grafted onto seedling Acer palmatum rootstock.
Produce certain plant forms. Numerous horticultural plants
owe their beauty to the fact that they are grafted onto a
standard, especially those that have a weeping or cascading
form. Examples include weeping hemlock (Tsuga canadensi.3,
Carr. var. pendula, Beissn.), which is grafted onto seedling
hemlock rootstock (Tsuga canadensis, Carr.); weeping
flowering cherry (Prunus subhietella var. pendula, Tanaka),
which is grafted onto Mazzard cherry rootstock (Prunus
avium, L.); and weeping dogwood (Cornus florida, L. var.
pendula, Dipp.), which is grafted onto flowering dogwood
rootstock (Cornus florida, L.). In most cases, multiple scions
are grafted 3 feet or higher on the main stem of the rootstock.
When used this way, the rootstock is referred to as a standard.
It may require staking for several years until the standard is
large enough to support the cascading or weeping top.
Repair damaged plants. Large trees or specimen plants can
be damaged easily at or slightly above the soil line. The
damage may be caused by maintenance equipment (such as
lawn mowers, trenchers, or construction equipment), or by
disease, rodents, or winter storms. The damage can often be
repaired by planting several seedlings of the same species
around the injured tree and grafting them above the injury.
This procedure is referred to as inarching, approach grafting,
or bridge grafting.
Increase the growth rate of seedlings. The seedling progeny of
many fruit and nut breeding programs, if left to develop
naturally, may require 8 to 12 years to become fruitful.
However, if these progeny are grafted onto established plants,
the time required for them to flower and fruit is reduced
dramatically. Another way to increase the growth rate of
seedlings is to graft more than one seedling onto a mature
plant. Using this procedure as a breeding tool saves time,
space, and money.
 Indexviruses. Many plants carry viruses, although the
symptoms may not always be obvious or even visible. The
presence or absence of the virus in the suspect plant can be
confirmed by grafting scions from the plant onto another plant
that is highly susceptible and will display prominent
symptoms.
Simply the reasons for grafting usually are:
To perpetuate a variety.
To increase the ease and speed of multiplication.
To produce some radical change in the size, nature, habit,
adaptation, or disease resistance of rootstock or scionG
 CONCLUSION
Grafting techniques combine the science and the art of
horticulture. The scientific aspects include comparability,
timing, disease and insect resistance, drought, tolerance, and
hardiness. Information on these topics may be found in have a
broad working knowledge of a variety of texts and pamphlets.
Acquiring practical skills in the art of grafting and budding,
on the other hand, requires hours and even years of practice to
perfect. Usually the careful supervision of a trained propagator
is required for the serious student of budding and grafting to
learn this art.
From this publication it should be clear that many types of
budding and grafting techniques are available. Individual
propagators usually have a broad working knowledge of all of
these techniques but a high degree of skill in only two or three.
These budding and grafting techniques can be used
successfully, especially on a commercial basis, to propagate
clonal plant materials. In fact, perpetuating many of our
horticultural clones depends on the successful application of
these techniques.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Hartmann, Hudsun T., Plant Propagation: Principles
and Practices. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2002.
Kruckaberg, Artheur R., Gardening with Native Plants of
the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington
Press, 1996.
http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/propagation/asexu
al.html http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/hil-
8701.html
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/grafting.html
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/ag396.html
http://www.homeorchardsociety.org/article/3/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting