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Discussion
Layout of the Wallenstein Palace complex in Prague
Jarmila âiháková - Martin Müller1)

The article dedicated to the Great Grotto of the Wallenstein Incorporation of the grotto into the palace grounds
Palace published in the previous issues of this issue, in the The placement of the geometrically sophisticated oval grotto
Materials section, opened up further possibilities for looking at structure in the irregular southwest corner of the Waldstein area
the spatial arrangement of the palace complex (Fig. 1). Detailed measurements
so that the entrance would be exactly in the north
and the evaluation brought forth a number of unexpected in the axis of one of the main paths of the Wallenstein Garden,
connections involved in the initial composition. The following was probably not an easy task. We found the key to the solution used
contribution attempts to describe these connections and suggest theirinpossible
the geometric analysis of the adjacent part of the Wallenstein Garden
interpretation.
We emphasize that this is primarily a geometer's view,
of course supplemented by other relevant facts.

Fig. 1: The area of the Wallenstein Palace and its surroundings at the time of construction. (Based on Technical Map 1:500 Geodesy Prague 1969–1979 supplemented with the current
state of the garden according to the orthophoto map of Geodis Brno, s.r.o.; M. Müller, M. ÿurica).
Explanations to the picture (division of the palace according to Fidler 2002, 80 fig. I.45): S2 – originally square Neptune fountain; S3, S4 – fountains; S5 – middle of the piscina; 1 – panel house –
Trÿkovský palace; 2 – northern Trÿkovský house; 3 – ducal court; 4 – count’s palace; 5 – Feldovský house; 6 – count’s court; 7 – Small grotto; 8 –
loggia (sala terrena); 9 – stables; 10 – Pages’ building; 11 – Pages’ yard; 12 – farm wing with apartments of the manorial officials; 13 – winter riding school; 14 – aviary; 15 – Great grotto; 16 –
Khynigovsky house – today no. 33; 17 – monastery brewery building, today part of no. 33; 18 – fountain with fish; 19 – grotto
wall; 20 – Palace of William of Lobkowicz No. 154 (Renaissance construction, SÚRPMO passport); 21 – No. 18; 22 – research by the National Museum of Natural History-Prague No. 2006/12, Letenská No. 29–33,
areas C+P; 23 – research NPÚ-Praha No. 31/05, Letenská ppÿ. 1031, probe TŠ3; 24 – research NPÚ-Praha No. 2007/10, Letenská ÿp. 594; 1+2+3+7+8 – Prague residence of Albrecht von Wallenstein
(ducal part); 4+5+6 – house of the duke's nephew and heir (count's part).

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Fig. 2: Structural design of the garden parterre in front of the loggia and grotto. (Based on Technical Map 1:500. Author M. Müller, digital version by M. ÿurica.)
Explanation to Figure 2: The
depth axis of the western part of the garden is considered to be the line W–E passing through the center of the loggia and the geometric centers of both larger fountains (Kuÿa 1980,
220), hereinafter referred to as o1 . At a distance of 40.5 cubits to the north, there is a line parallel to it passing through the southeast corner of the ducal court – axis o2 . The circle k1
with the center on axis o1 in the square fountain of Neptune and a radius equal to the distance between both axes (o1 o2 ) of 40.5 cubits intersects axis o1 east of the square fountain,
thus determining point X1 . The intersection (X1 ) is passed by the north-south line o3 pointing to the center of the fountain with the fish in the southern part of the garden. The line o3
is not exactly perpendicular to the axes o1 and o2 (it makes an angle of 89° with them), but it is identical to the minor axis of the oval and the important points I, G, S, H and J lie on it.
The circle k2 with the center at X1 , also with a radius of 40.5 cubits, intersects the axis o1 and the line o3 at the points X2 and X3 . By simply developing the network of circles, it was
unexpectedly demonstrated how ingenious the placement of the fountains was. By constructing two more parallels o4 and o5 with the line o3 , where the axis o4 is drawn through the
intersection of the axis o2 with the western face of the Pages Building and the axis o5 through the center of the square fountain, it was shown that the distance between the axis o4 and o3 is equal to 9

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and in the discovery of several axes

running across the site (Fig. 2).2)
The starting point turned out to be the
location of 3 fountains in the western
part of the garden.3) We watched with
surprise how the starting parameters
The grotto's construction finds an echo
in the arrangement of the garden and its
northern perimeter buildings. Gradual
discovery of further and further
geometric connections,
dependencies and inference resulted
to unraveling some moments from the
solution of the concept of the whole
of the Prague Wallenstein complex.4)
We will not present here
a long sequence of combinatorially
demanding actions leading to the
revelation of the construction scheme,
but only the result – our idea of the
designer's process.
Project design analysis
the palace grounds cannot be avoided
without respecting the initial state of
the construction site at the time of its assignment.
Therefore, when determining the main
structural axes, we also take into account Fig. 3: Discussion of the possible extent of the northern Trÿkovský House (blue floor plan), identified by a building-historical survey
(Horyna – Líÿeníková 1997, taken from here) in connection with the medieval fortification. (Author J. ÿiháková, digital version by M.
the existing knowledge of the original surrounding area.
ÿurica).
buildings, often supported Explanation of Figure 3: A house built after the collapse of the early Gothic fortification, from which it survived until the beginning of the 17th century
own archaeological research, and only the gate (3) – its area hypothetical. The extent of the ditch (1) together with the existence and extent of the fence (2) are preliminary

published results and are based on the analysis of radar measurements (ÿiháková 2001, 20–23, fig. 19+20). The course of the wall (4) is archaeologically
verified (black sections in the palace area and the exact direction to the north – ÿiháková 2000, 16–19, 33–34, 38;
architectural historical survey
Dragoun – Omelka 1997). In green (5) the extent (precisely known from the market of 1597) of the neighboring Helmovský house bought
Wallenstein Palace (Horyna – by Albrecht von Wallenstein, the location is hypothetical. A – a prominent break on the facade of the palace, used as a point
Líÿeníková 1997; Horyna 2002). And for the 1st step of the construction solution of the area (cf. Fig. 4).

History
The Wallenstein Palace complex is located on the border of two The construction of the Wallenstein complex took place on the area
different environments. While the western, palace part lies properties purchased by Albrecht von Wallenstein between 1621 and
in the urban area of the medieval city near the walls, the garden including 1626. The starting point for understanding property tenure,
the grotto was established outside the walls, separating its changes, and thus the localization of objects, is the article by M. Vilímková
The city is separated from the lower Vltava floodplain. Part of the garden (1968), in which the works of C. Merhout (1934) are corrected,
rests above the early Gothic moat, the rest above the floodplain (Fig. 3). and which was followed up by M. Horyna (1997; 2002). In 1621, Albrecht
From the 14th century, the floodplain and ditch were gradually filled in. von Wallenstein purchased the garden belonging to the Khynigov House
and today the significant height difference between the city and the (No. 33/III) and the paneled Trÿkovský House
floodplain is no longer noticeable. Even in the second half of the 16th (Fig. 1). At the time of sale, it included 4 houses in the municipal
century, the original threshold of the Renaissance Velíkovský house at jurisdiction and two houses and one garden in the St. Thomas jurisdiction,
No. 33 was located in the former floodplain at the level 187.68, i.e. almost 3 m below the surface.
from which (all) rent was paid. In 1622, the limestone at the eastern end
(190.6 m above sea level/Balt) of today's sidewalk (ÿiháková in press). of the site was purchased. According to the latest research, it was for a
After one of the floods, the terrain was raised and the lower part of the entrance
Carthusian monastery. However, the builder soon changed his mind and
bricked up, with the crown of the brickwork at elevation 188.54 decided to build a Carthusian monastery.
corresponding to the surface level considered for the 1st half He incorporated the monastery in Jiÿín and the limestone quarry into the
17th century. palace complex (Fidler – Uliÿný 2009, 112).

of the grotto's real space. At the same time, the o4 axis passes through the points U, O, B, Q and W, which are important for the construction of the oval. At point U, which is one of the vertices
of the isosceles triangle UVW, the o4 axis intersects the circle k4 with its center in the fountain with the fish. The o5 axis, which runs through the center of the square Neptune fountain, intersects
the circle k5 at point Y, one of the most important points of the entire concept. First, it lies on the line connecting the centers of the two remaining fountains and the center of the square piscina in front of the riding s
o6 ), but what we consider more important, it also lies exactly on the border line separating the Wallenstein complex from the land of the Augustinian monastery.
as well as point V, the second of the vertices of the already mentioned isosceles triangle UVW. As can be seen, the important points did not lie only on the intersecting circles, but also on
lines. The interlacing of the lines indicated that the layout of the garden is closely connected with the standing buildings. Line o7 parallel to axis o6 through the center
of the square fountain passes through the corner where the stable wing meets the Pages' Building and also through the corner of the passage of the west wing of this building. If we draw a line
o8 parallel to the axis o4 through the latter corner of the passage of the Pages' Building, we find that it passes through point Z in the enclosure wall before its bend. Line o9, drawn through the
southeast corner of the ducal court and the easternmost bend of the grotto wall, passes through the center of the small fountain with the fish. Line o10 , also drawn
from the southeast corner of the ducal court, this time to point W, intersects the line o3 exactly in the center of the oval of the grotto S.

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Fig. 4: The first steps of the structural design of the Wallenstein complex – see paragraphs a–i of the relevant chapters of the text. For the floor plan of the palace, the interpretation of the
development according to the SHP of the ground floor of Horyna – Líÿeníková 1997 was used. (Authors J. ÿiháková and M. Müller, digital version by M. ÿurica.)

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The points and lines that the builder had to respect as uncrossable Construction scheme of the premises
barriers when designing his area belonged to The construction scheme of the Wallenstein complex is so
the main roads of Lesser Town, although only to a certain distance complex that we were unable to identify a clear sequence of steps and
from the city gates, and the properties of the Augustinian monastery their degree of importance, but in rough outlines
– a powerful and uncompromising neighbor. The we will summarize a few of the most important ones. While the subsequent
we have unraveled the procedures, revealing the "deepest layers"
immediately after 1620 tried to take advantage of the circumstances and parts of his
original property, alienated from possession by persons of nobility The construction of the project is complicated. It is necessary to presume
status, often canceling the emphyteutic lease, to be firmly attached to the that the open solution is so consistent and interconnected that
monastery again. Such was the case of the Khynigovsky house,5) we are not sure whether we have succeeded in making an indisputable and unambiguous
whose garden was given to Anna Khynigová-de Bois before emigration the starting point of the strictly geometrically organized structure of the
in March 1621 it was sold to Albrecht of Wallenstein (Wallenstein's first composition of the Wallenstein Palace complex is revealed. a) (Fig. 4)
purchase).6) Of the two main roads limiting the extent of the area, the We assume that the project author's starting point was the boundaries
more important was the northern road to the Písecká Gate (today of the area. At the southernmost point of the area, there was
Wallenstein Street), largely lined inside the city by manor houses, which at the corner of the Khynigovsky House, point W,10) was selected on
had been the western break of the northern facade of the Trÿek Palace, point
In the 16th century, they began to expand into the original, lower-lying A. An isosceles triangle WAS0 is created , the base of which was
forecourt. Care was certainly taken to preserve its passability. The second given by the distance WA and the height is exact
– southern road led from Tomášská half of WA. Thus, one of the most important points of the structure
fortny through the suburbs to the church of St. Peter and Paul. She had was obtained – S0 . Although we interpret the designer's progress
various names, in the period under review it is listed as Fortenská from points A, W on the (then) existing structures, but
(today Letenská).7) Among the points on the border line unconditionally the initial composition parameters could have been set in another
respected by the project were the large brick Khyni-gov house in the south way and the WAS0 triangle could have been a subsequent step.
(no. 33), the building of the (later?) brewery in the southwest (rear wing of
no. 33),8) the western facade of the Trÿkov Palace in the west and the b) The chosen axis o2 passes through point S0 and the southeast
preservation of the street's trafficability. corner of the ducal court, where he respects the standing southern
To Písek in the northwest and north. A fixed demarcation on the eastern the southern wing of the Trÿkovský Palace (age of brick structures
side is not expected. according to Horyn – Líÿeníková 1997).
In addition to the plot lines defining the area, the author had to c) (Fig. 2, 4) The axis o4 passes through point W in a northerly direction .
The project also respects the standing structures within its framework, However, it is not exactly perpendicular to the o2 axis , but makes an angle of 89° with it.
intended to be preserved and incorporated into the area. According to the They pass the eastern corner of the recently confiscated palace
non-historical survey of buildings (Horyna – Líÿeníková 1997; Horyna William of Lobkowicz (currently no. 154/III) at the same distance as
1998), both Trÿkov houses were used in this way, as the panel house (the the line of the eastern facade of the Trÿek Palace is from the western
southern one of the two Trÿkov houses, from which later corner of the Lobkowicz Palace.
the western wing of the palace was built), so the house in front of the gate on Axis o4 intersects axis o2 exactly on the future western facade of the
municipal jurisdiction (identified by M. Horyna with the present-day Pages Building.
northern wing of the palace). The finds of painted friezes in the attics d) Parallel to axis o4 , at a distance of 50 cubits to the west, is axis
11)
in the areas of the northern, western and southern wings of the ducal palace o5 , which intersects axis o2 at point S1 .
parts of the palace M. Horyna interprets as the remains of an older, e) (Fig. 4) The segment S0S1 is divided into thirds, obtained
Renaissance building, preserved in the structures of the Wallenstein distance 40.5 elbows measured from point S1 on axis o5
Palace up to the height of the roof. This is how Mrs. and a square grid is created (slight rhombuses are created
Maria Magdalena Trÿková and her husband Jan Rudolf Trÿka of Lípa as given by the mentioned deviation of one degree).
generous builders who, with significantly smaller means, realized a layout f) On the axis o5 at a distance of 40.5 elbows from point S1 there is
of the residential northern wing that was able to satisfy the taste of even point S2 , the center of the square Neptune Fountain. This point
such a demanding nobleman as Albrecht of Wallenstein. Somewhat the directed line o1 , parallel to the axis o2 , is simultaneously
the axis of the loggia and point S3 lies on it – the center of the fountain
However, the fact that the built-up area is in front of the Palace of Pages (smaller square – thicker red).
The residential wing, with which the Duke was satisfied, does not differ in g) A circle with radius S2A centered at point S2 intersects a line drawn
any way from the built-up area of the house inhabited by Petr Pokorný and to the south in the direction of the western facade of the Trÿkovský
his wife Rozyna between the years Palace at point D (Fig. 4 – yellow triangle). h) We have not
1610–1611, before the house without a garden was bought by MM Trÿková been able to discover the way in which the important point Y was chosen.
and rebuilt it into a house sold to the Duke. From the market list It is in a mathematical or geometric connection with point W – it forms
According to M. Vilímková (1968), it follows that the Trÿeks did not own an isosceles triangle
any neighboring property that they could have used to rent the Pokorný house. WS3Y with arm length WS3 , YS3 exactly 170 cubits; simultaneously
expand. The northern Trÿkovský house, or rather the residential wing of lies on the axis o5 from point S1 at a distance corresponding to
Duke Albrecht of Wallenstein, would therefore be a rebuilt house 4/3 of the length S1S0 ; also lies on the axis o6 in the line of the centers of the two fountains

The humble, without its scope being enlarged; they could be and piscine; lies on the WD line and as we have already mentioned on
only the layout of the rooms and the number of floors have been in another place, it is exactly on the border separating the Wallenstein
complex
changed.9) Despite this reservation, we respect the conclusion of Prof. M. Horyna and from the land of the Augustinian monastery.
calculate
with the affected structures as already standing at the time of creation ch) Through point Y through S3 , a line o6 is drawn in a northeasterly
palace project. direction . A circle with center S0 and radius S0K (K is the point
in the future loggia – intersection of axis o1 with the extended line

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Fig. 5: Structural design of the Wallenstein complex corresponding to the complete description of the procedure according to paragraphs a–o of the relevant chapter of the text. For the floor plan of the palace
interpretation of development according to the SHP of the ground floor of Horyna 1997 was used. (Authors J. ÿiháková and M. Müller, digital version by M. ÿurica.)
Explanation of Figure 5:
Diagram of circles needed for the final construction of the project. Circles of the same radius have identical colors, other circles are not shown for clarity. By connecting the intersections and
tangent points of the circles, on which all important points of the project (corners, corners, passages, boundaries) lie, it is possible to construct
the entire ground plan of the area. These important intersections and points are marked by arrows that lie on hidden circles. Sometimes, so that the arrow does not cover an important place, it is
also outside the circle line, usually perpendicular to it. The colors of the arrows correspond to the color of the circle around the center from which the respective circle was constructed. By reducing
the number of circles, the clarity of the derivation, which can be verified with a compass, was suppressed. The analysis shows the basic direction of the construction process by means of gradual
derivation from west to east.

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Fig. 6: Derivation of the basic parameters of the eastern part of the site by transferring it from the western part by circles centered at point S0 . (Author M. Müller,
digital version by M. ÿurica.)

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DISCUSSION

eastern facade of the northern wing of the Trÿkovský Palace, mu derived from the SW corner of the Count's Palace; it is determined by
on which the axis of the columns will later be placed) intersects the axis o6 the intersection of a circle with radius S0D and center S0 and at the
exactly in the center of the square piscina S5 . previous point (k) by the just derived northeast line
i) The WS5 line is exactly perpendicular to the WD line (they intersect (Fig. 6 – orange lines).
angle 90.2°; measured on lines 215 and 130 m long). m) Along the line of the former southern facade of the Trÿkovský Palace
The square constructed over the line WD (thin red) has a straight line defining the southern face of the Pages Building, which is not
the third peak exactly in the middle of the only entrance in the south parallel to the main axis of the site o2 . n)
the enclosure walls of the area, the fourth peak surprisingly lies on the axis Corners of yards, corners of buildings, widths of tracts, breaks of
o5 (!) walls, passages and entrances can be derived from existing
The next step is clear in Figures 5 and 6: proportions using the intersections of circles, the centers of which
j) The position of point S4 – the center of the fountain – is derived in a sophisticated way lie at the points already constructed – S0 , S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , W and
lying on the connecting line S0S5 . This requires constructing a total of 3 Y. The cardinal question is to distinguish which points the author of the project t
circles of the same radius, equal to the distance from point S2 to the as the default and which ones he derived from the default. If they were not
intersection of axes o4 and o2 (in Figure 5 constructed simultaneously, for example, he safely derived the Building
circles shown in purple). One circle of the Pages from the parameters of the Ducal Palace, and from the center
of this radius has its center in S3 , the second in S0 , the third has of the S2 fountain , he determined the dimensions of the stables and the
center at the intersection of the first two circles in front of the entrance eastern face of the Count's Court with a "green" circle based on the
into the garden, only then will this circle intersect the connecting line S0S5 southeast corner of the Ducal Court. Another example is the "yellow"
at point S4 . circle, which defines the outer width of the loggia and at the same time
k) The direction of the north-eastern boundary of the area (the line of the southwest corner of the Building of the Pages, the architect determined
outer face of the wall) is determined in a similarly refined way. This time it the exact position and dimensions of the swimming pool with a circle of the same radius
is enough to construct 2 circles with radius S4S0 , one in front of the riding school.

with the center in S4 , the other in S5 (in Figure 5 they are orange). By o) With the line of the southern facade of the Trÿkovský Palace (see paragraph m)
connecting their northern intersection with point S1 The southern wall of the Duke's Court and the courtyard of the Pages'
it is possible to determine the line. Building are also parallel. The following lines are absolutely precisely
l) Point G – the northern corner of the riding arena, is in our proposed system oriented to the main axis of the complex - o2 : the western, northern and
eastern sides of the Duke's Court, the
eastern
wall of the palace and loggia
(west side of the garden), south
and north walls of the stables,
east side of the count's court
(rear wall of the sala terrena)
and aviary. Line with deviation
within 0.5 degrees from the main axis
o2 : western wall of the Pages'
Building, western and eastern
sides of the courtyard of the
Pages' Building, western and
northern sides of the Count's
Courtyard, western facade of the Feldovsky Hou
The fountain and the oval of the
grotto are precisely oriented according
to the north-south main axis o4 (deviation from
axis o2 by 1 degree).
Detailed technical description
We have chosen to present a procedure
that could have led to the layout of the
position of the Wallenstein masses.
area, and in which the most important
The tool was a compass. They are
However, there are 3 key operations that
we cannot derive geometrically:
a) deviation of axis o4 from the starting axis o2
by 1 degree, b) determination of the point
Fig. 7: Geometric layout of fountains in the western part and its connection through the triangle module with the key point
Y so that the length YS3 is
S0 . The orange construction axis of the eastern part S0–S6 (see Fig. 5) originates from it , but it is not
geometric axis of the rectangle of the eastern part and the riding school. (Author M. Müller, digital version M. ÿurica.) and WS3 gave exactly 170 cubits, c)
Explanation of Figure 7: determining the measure of 50 cubits for
Refined placement of fountains on an isosceles triangle. Square centers (S2 – Neptune) and fountains
setting out the axis o5 .
near the Pages Building (S3 ) are at its vertices, the third vertex of the triangle (Y) lies on the boundary of the plot, while
the smallest of the fountains in front of the grotto – the fountain with the fish, is located at one third of its base. On the extension The presented contribution does not
From this base, at the opposite end of the garden in front of the riding school, lies the center of the square pool. aim to be exhaustive.

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Fig. 8: Co-print of the ground floor plan of the Wallenstein complex by Anselm Lurago from 1753 (grey, green) with the outline of the Wallenstein complex
from the Technical Map 1:500 (black lines) and with the color scheme of the basic structural design of the complex. (Author M. Müller, digital version by M. ÿurica.)

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DISCUSSION

analysis of the architect's floor plan of the garden and the grounds. The grotto is 9.5 cubits further east and 5 cubits further north than
However, we consider it necessary to emphasize that the form of the Great in fact. It does not seem likely that this is a bad orientation. If the author of
The grotto, the gardens and the southern part of the palace were conceived the plan was able to admirably accurately measure, draw and prepare such
simultaneously and so thoughtfully that, despite all its extremely a large area for implementation (Anselm Lurago's plan from 1753 is less
complicated construction ingenuity, it appears as a whole, intricately accurate,
The geometrically designed composition of the area at first glance gives a especially in the angles – Fig. 8), he could not have made so many fatal
very natural, harmonious and compact impression. So natural that it was mistakes in a single section. We did not rule out that the author could have
criticized for its irregularity by contemporaries – for example, by the chosen only a schematic representation and not drawn
Swedish royal architect Nicodemus Tessin Jr. (Dobalová – Muchka 2007, the southern section precisely because there were no interiors in this place
120). This, to the solution and the position of the boundary wall must have been
what was considered in the past at the Wallenstein Garden perfectly designed already on the ground floor plan. However, there is also the possibility
for the deficiency, namely its seemingly irregular disposition, that the differences compared to the current state are the original intention
It seems to us rather to be a plus, because it allowed the author of the and that there was a relatively extensive change in the layout of the project
design to fully develop all his abilities to surprise. It is deliberately in the southern part of the area. The latter variant is supported by the
complicated and at first glance asymmetrical observation that the straight line drawn through the outer face of the
The solution is the result of a very well thought-out plan, subordinated to southern part of the enclosure wall of the Florentine plan points to
a strictly geometric point of view, but so refined that point W at the northeast corner of the Renaissance Khynigovsky House,
hidden, that the visitor cannot detect it and it seems that one of the pivotal points for solving the entire
A 21st century person cannot understand and appreciate its meaning. The grotto building is further east on the plan and the centre of the oval of
Symmetry is not the primary goal here, but only a means, the central space in this case lies directly on the main axis of the
often very inconspicuous, to achieve the overall effect Wallenstein complex (o4 ), passing through point W (Fig. 10).17) The break
and harmony,12) as evidenced by the circles of identical radii (marked with in the grotto wall at the north-eastern corner of the grotto should have
the same colors in Figure 5) and positions been on a straight line parallel to the axis
fountains, each of which has its own geometrically precisely defined o4 and is aligned with the western facade of the courtyard of the Pages'
place.13) Only then can we say with certainty that the two main axes,14) Building. The correlation of the axial scheme of the implementation and
which are described as an unprecedented compositional phenomenon in the Florentine plan is more than eloquent. As a result of the location of the center of the o
the garden, arranged in a flat and clear manner because they are not The main axis o4 is projected onto the street with its southern corner
approximately
dependent on each other (Novák 2002, 272), are precisely geometrically given and are 6.5 cubits on the plan of the grotto. In the implementation, it
connected together by the arm S0S3 of the module of a periodically would not adjoin the Khynigovsky House, but a gap of about 6 cubits wide
repeating isosceles triangle (see Fig. 7). In contrast to the analysis of the would remain between the two buildings. As a result of such an urban
road network (Kuÿa 1980, 220; Novák 2002, 272), design solution, indicating the possibility of the so-far
Our knowledge is based on the geometric design of the area as a whole. unknown gaps (alley?), may be visible on the map
The structural axes of the area play a decisive role in it. placing the spiral staircase in the corner of the grotto interior, because
important for the distribution of masses, the axes from which everything It did not fit into the strength of one of the building's perimeter walls. The real
else, including the position of fountains, depends, and yet they do not have but the state closed the gap, added the grotto directly to the neighboring
to be reflected at all in the route of the main roads (Fig. 8). building and the staircase was inserted into the width of the two connected
of the perimeter walls. It is questionable whether the incisions preserved
Florence Plan No. 4517 on the Florentine plan (Fidler 2002, 187 note 17) could contribute to a better
We used the possibilities of current technology to compare understanding of the plan and the architect's procedure.
plan of the 1st floor of the Wallenstein complex (Florence, Uffizi, Gabinetto Contrary to previous opinions18), we present a hypothesis, supported
Disegni e Stampe, 4517, author G. Pieroni) with the realized state.15) By by the above facts, that the plan
enlarging it and placing it according to the courtyards and stables on the 1st floor of the Wallenstein Palace, stored in the Uffizi Gallery under
outline of the Wallenstein complex taken from the technical map of scale number 4517 is the original, unrealized project. We can assume that it was
1: 50016) without any corrections, not realized due to the excessive extension to Fortenská Street, for which
showed that the Florentine drawing corresponds surprisingly accurately to the builder did not obtain
today's realities, among other things, it matches very well in angles consent, because it disrupted the continuity of the street line. The ordered
and the position of points D and G (Fig. 9). It is demonstrably not possible change in the design of the southern part of the site caused a number of
to show all parts in their definitive state (the opposite view is held by Horyn non-standard solutions in the geometric scheme of the site,
2002, 111). If the northern line of the palace, especially at the site of the only become clear by comparing the Florentine plan with the final
northern Trÿek House in the section between points A and F, shows some construction. From the above it follows that the Florentine plan had to
insignificant deviations, at the eastern end of the area the eastern face of must have been completed some time before the start of construction of
the riding hall and the course of the northern wall between the riding hall the aviary, grotto and enclosure walls in the south of the site, all of which
and the Pages' Building are completely accurately drawn. were affected by the change in the project. It must have been completed before the constr
However, the western wall of the riding hall is shifted, so that compared to of all objects geometrically designed by deriving from the existing
the plan, the riding hall is actually 3 cubits wider, and this change is structures of the ducal part of the palace. It probably served as a basis for
symmetrically matched by the extension of the northeastern Economic the "construction management" and after a negative decision had to be
Wing by the same distance. According to the Florentine reworked, both of which required
According to the plan, this wing was to have the same length as the stables. time. The depiction of the Feldovsky House on the plan may not conflict
It shows much more significant deviations in the Florentine with the estimate that the plan was created between 1622–1624; the
property rights of a minor nobleman were not important to Albrecht.
southern part of the site on the plan. The course of the boundary wall has a different direction,
the wall breaks in different places and at different angles, from Wallenstein such an obstacle that he couldn't count ahead

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Fig. 9: Copy of the Florentine plan of the 1st floor of the Wallenstein complex Uffizi 4517 (in grey) with the outline of the Wallenstein complex from the Technical Map
1:500 (black lines), with the colour scheme of the basic structural design of the complex and with the oval of the central space of the Great Grotto shown according
to the implementation – in the existing location. (Author M. Müller, digital version by M. ÿurica.)

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with the result that he achieves what he wants.19) Moreover, the Project author
freehand sketch of the Feldovsky House on the Bologna plan may also The analogy of the ground plan of the grotto with the Italian Chapel points out
be a manifestation of another consideration of the author of the plan the author of the grotto as an Italian, inspired by an Italian structure
than just the generally assumed one, that the Feldovsky House is not built on Czech territory, significantly professionally deformed (even
yet included in the Bologna project.20) during the service he did not stop thinking about the work task), with
such a position that he could take the relevant
Borders of the palace complex to measure the dimensions in the church, but especially with enough experience
By purchasing a number of properties, the developer acquired an and self-confidence, so that he can construct and build in that
area that he could dispose of at will and into which he could invest. a unique, admired and valued architectural formation at the time. The
geometrically designed palace complex. From the regular, precisely structure of the project of the complex then presents him as a man
rectangular eastern boundary of the complex with an extraordinary spatial imagination, accustomed to conceptual
(already mentioned Dobalová – Muchka 2007, 114) clearly work in large open spaces.
it follows that its current borders are not identical to the border The geometrically compact composition, as evidence of the
of the redeemed space, which could not have such precisely simultaneously constructed design of the palace and garden,
geometrically determined shapes. The eastern part of the space does complements the current view of the roles of individual architects in
not copy the course of the communications.21) Otherwise, they would haveWallenstein's
had to service during the construction of the palace (Fidler
The sections of streets parallel to Písecká brána and Fortenská must 2002, 146–148). The implemented concept of the Wallenstein Palace
be specially urbanized, which cannot be assumed in the area of an complex is a brilliant solution, which also included the construction of the central
undivided suburb with a given type of development. the grotto space on an elliptical floor plan – unprecedented in our
countries in terms of function, shape and monumentality. The oval construction
If we accept that for the eastern rectangular part buildings with an elliptical plan and geometrically complicated
the designer did not use all the purchased land for the complex, The structure of the entire complex, including their harmonious
We find an analogous situation on the southern border of the area. That interconnection, required an exceptionally gifted person. Although it
here the Khynigovsky House (street wing) had to be respected might seem that each of the Wallensteins
No. 33) in the monastery property and that the brewery building (a builders "could design architecture equal to
parallel building deep in the plot of house No. "Wallenstein Palace and perhaps even better" (Vlÿek
33), already mentioned. However, the builder here had at his disposal – Havlová 1998, 43), the method of creating a project belongs to the personality
the back garden of the Khynigovsky house, purchased from Anna with an absolutely unique intellectual and creative invention. We have
Khynigové-de Bois on 5 March 1621, the area of which was recorded no direct evidence for this, but through the philosophy of his
at the market in 1585 as land "next to the garden of Mr. projects23) and his "manners", the versatile personality of Giovanni
Burian Trÿka from Lípa and behind the house of Vít Slavín from Battista Pieroni (5. 3. 1586 Florence -
Rottenfeld (No. 32)” (Vilímková 1966, 5). When compared with today’s turn of October/November 1654 probably Vienna) is the only one that
It is clear from the state of the art that the Duke, for an unknown directly offers itself. After Jarmila Krÿálová (1988), the person of the
aforementioned Italian humanist – imperial fortification engineer,
reason, added only a part of the Khynigovská Garden to his garden. The southwestern
The boundary of the Wallenstein complex was most likely newly defined architect, mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, doctor of both laws
and founder of
by the author of the project, perhaps for compactness and to maintain the composition.
The architect's determination of the new plot boundary explains the the first "Central European predecessor of the Academy of Sciences",
unusual interplay of conditions, where points V and Y, intricately is discussed by Prof. Fidler (2002; 2007).
involved in the geometric concept of the palace complex, Giovanni Pieroni, in addition to his "main employment" with
at the same time it also lies on the boundary of the land, because, on Emperor Ferdinand II, to whose court he arrived from Florence in 1622,
the contrary – the boundary was probably newly defined by these points. The worked for the highest post-White Mountain
proof that
Before the construction of the grotto, there was no plot wall around its nobility in Bohemia. For Albrecht of Wallenstein safely
from
perimeter. The position of pillar no. 5 of the grotto, standing on an archaeological 1623
site, is in a recorded role as an advisor in choosing the subject of
discovered in the vault of the former semi-basement of a small the ceiling fresco of the great hall of the palace (e.g. Muchka – Kÿížová
building, its front end connected to the sloping northern end of the 1996, 40) and as the author of the monumental loggia (last
Khynigovsky House. Further evidence is the expert opinion Fidler 2007, 100). Details captured on the Florentine
commission in the dispute between the council of the Lesser Town of Prague
plan – division of the interior of the loggia and drawing of stalactites on
and the convent of St. Thomas from 1770, when, after an expert enclosure walls, once led to the hypothesis that Pieroni was the author
examination carried out by Ignác Palliardi and Matÿj of the design of this garden part of the palace (Krÿálová 1988, 528 to
Hummel stated that the wall of the grotto is one with the wall 530).24) He was undoubtedly involved in the construction of the oval,
Wallenstein Gardens and that the grotto, as part of the Wallenstein as evidenced by the unique staircase of the Valdice casino (Uliÿný
Gardens, is the property of the board (Vilímková 1966, 11). The 2007a, 7sq.; same 2007b, 235) and the plan of a concrete oval preserved
archaeological findings and the discovered structural solution of the in Bologna with calculations and dimensions (Krÿálová 1988, 531). It
area lead to the unequivocal conclusion that the present-day would be interesting to compare the Bologna plan with the oval used
southwestern border of the area was newly demarcated based on the projectin the grotto.
of the Wallenstein Palace, does not respect the older arrangement, According to P. Fidler (2002, 148–149; 2007, 89–91), Giovanni
and the oldest boundary wall in the new line was the perimeter wall of Pieroni was a new type of architect and not a builder. He divided his
the grotto building. The manner, time and eventual conditions by time between several fields, of which astronomy was the most
which the rest of the Khynigovská Garden outside the new plot boundary passed
important. He practiced it actively and successfully – his results were
back into the property of the monastery, where it became part of the praised by his friend Galileo Galilei (Fidler 2007, 94), and with Johann
land of house no. 33, are not recorded in written sources.22) Kepler in early 1628

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Fig. 10: Overprint of the Florentine plan of the 1st floor of the Wallenstein complex Uffizi 4517 (grey) with the outline of the Wallenstein complex from the Technical
Map 1:500 (black lines), with the colour scheme of the basic structural design of the complex. In contrast to Fig. 9, the oval of the Great Grotto is inserted into the
outline of the grotto on the Florentine plan. The result is the finding that in this position the centre of the oval lies exactly on the main axis o4 , which leads to the
hypothesis that the Uffizi plan No. 4517 is an older, unrealised project, later revised. (Authors J. ÿiháková M. Müller, digital version by M. ÿurica.)

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Fig. 11: Incorporation of the basic outline of the area (in red) into the urban landscape on the Technical Map 1:1000 with the directions of some lines
marked. (J. ÿihá-ková, digital version by M. ÿurica)

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Fig. 12: Incorporation of the basic outline of the area (in red) into the urban landscape on the orthophotomap of Geodis Brno, sro. White marks the comparison of
the greatest length of the area with the distance of its extreme point D from the presbytery of St. Vitus Cathedral. (J. ÿiháková, digital version by M. ÿurica)

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He made several observations with a sextant in the Belvedere garden. moments of the project of the Prague Wallenstein Palace complex. In
(Horský 1980, 232). When Kepler discovered in Prague in 1605, the passage dedicated to the construction scheme of the palace
that the planets move in ellipses, at the common focus of which is the complex, we have proposed the architect's approach based on
sun, the Italian Chapel had already stood for several years (by coincidence of the project at points A and W situated on the then standing
circumstances directly opposite Kepler's later residence in Karlova Renaissance structures. However, the initial parameters could
Street). Zdenÿk Horský (1980, 188–189) suggested that this can also be set in another way, such as by integrating it into the urban
It could have been this structure that led Kepler to the idea of replacing landscape.28) By incorporating the Wallenstein Palace into the Lesser
the previously considered oval orbit of the planets. Town area (Fig. 11,
precisely the ellipse. For astronomers, Kepler's discovery was a 12) by means of the orientation of the diagonally built square29 ) (with
turning point. The use of the ellipse was certainly for Pieroni, the the inscribed outline for the construction of the initial – western part
astronomer, a natural reflection of Kepler's discovery in his main work. of the area) it can be stated that the south-eastern wall of the square
the profession of a creative architect. Therefore, it is possible to lies on the line of points S5–S3–Y and points towards the present-day
dome of the church of St. Thomas.30) The line in the direction of the
perceive the ellipse in the ground plan of the grotto building not only as a mannerist
a shape highly appreciated, but in connection with the then new opposite parallel north-western wall of this square points to the place where
scientific knowledge25) also as a symbol of the effort to achieve according to iconographic sources, assume its intersection
harmony with the laws of the universe. Encoding other astronomical with the former facade or the tower of the then Gothic church of St.
postulates into the construction of the grotto, which would be Nicholas, until 1625 the parish church of the Lesser Town (its exact
in accordance with the latest discoveries, we have not been able to ground plan is still unknown, so our consideration can only be
prove. The number 7 for the number of pillars supporting the vault of hypothetical). When observing the relationship of the key parameters
the grotto could be one of them, in the Astrological Corridor of the of the area to the dominant features of the Prague city
Wallenstein Palace the seven depicted planets correspond to the landscape is the striking fact that the greatest length of the palace
number of seven windows in the room (Hadravová – Hadrava 2007, complex, between point D (the corner of the newly designed
149). However, the obstacle is the fact that, unlike the ellipse, the number 7 the
is Count's Palace) and the northernmost point of the area (northern
due to the standard geocentric Ptolemaic corner of the riding yard) is identical to the distance of the same point
model.26) If we consider G. Pieroni as the author D from the presbytery of St. Vitus Cathedral (Fig. 12).31)
grotty, we will have a hard time finding reasons why a friend of Galileo If our observations are not just coincidences, then
and Kepler, and therefore most likely a heliocentrist, would apply a with new street lines along the eastern part of the garden to
geocentric planetary scheme to the plan of an elliptical orbit. urban planning of Prague's Lesser Town could hardly have written down at that time
Geocentric ordering none other than mathematician and astronomer Giovanni Battista
The individual depictions of the planets in the Astrological Corridor of Pieroni. His active cartographic activity results from his correspondence
the palace can be justified by the pragmatism of the builder, who (Carrai 2007, 312 note 4). An indelible trace in the Lesser Town plan
could not afford to ostentatiously incite the bearers of the newly as a consequence of the overall
established counter-reformation power. However, can such a reason geometric design of the Wallenstein complex, in which everything is
also be adequate for the mere choice of the number of pillars in the composed by a kind of geometric-mathematical magic into an
grotto? After all, the number 7 in this case represents 6 planets with the moon
incredibly precise interplay, perfectly connected to
Earth (the pair could be represented by pillars 6 and 7 connected by a surrounding urban landscape, presents the author of the solution as
cave) supporting the vault – the Sun? Or is there a reason for a completely exceptional creative personality. Therefore, the concepts
the choice of an unusual odd number of pillars is completely different? presented here for solving the ground plan of the Wallenstein complex
Knowledge of astronomy and experience from observations and would also be an unambiguous proof of Pieroni's authorship.32) Who
calculations were incorporated into Pieroni's architectural work in some designed the appearance of the individual buildings and created the
aspects have been safely projected. Without a doubt, they are in direct implementation projects is another question.
connection with his essential need for order, as a result of which he
became the "protagonist of the geometrization trend" (Vlÿek The coherence of the strictly geometrically organized composition
– Havlová 1998, 52). When looking at the strictly geometrically of the Wallenstein Garden, the Great Grotto and the entire palace complex
restricted concept of the Wallenstein complex, Kepler's effort to define of the complex is, in our opinion, evidence of the current design
the principle of the arrangement of the solar system comes to mind as a parallel.
(southern part) of the palace, other buildings and gardens. Above
systems through a model with five "pure" embedded Today, we can only be dumbfounded by the precision with which such
(perfect) bodies between the individual planets (Mountain a complex project was laid out so precisely over such a vast area.
1980, 88–92, pictorial supplement between pages 80–81), later replaced The interconnectedness of the individual points of the composition
by the basis of the planetary system still valid today. As one of the and their connections create such a perfectly interconnected system that we can no
first creators of Baroque landscapes, newly, step by step, construct. The discovered elements are
Without his abilities in the given field, Pieroni could not directly apply combined into a remarkably sophisticated whole, the interpretation of which
astronomy in solving the landscape composition between Jiÿín, the we tried. In the overall concept of the Wallenstein complex, the central
Valdice game reserve and the Carthusian monastery. importance of the Great Grotto is surprising. It is necessary to state
in Valdice (Uliÿný 2007b, 237 note 50 there source literature, 237 – fig. that by its separation, the complex lost
II.28, 227 – fig. II.19). For the local linden with one of its harmonic peaks and clarity
alej27) established the axis between the sunset over Velíš Castle and clarity. However, the original layout of the materials in the area
at the winter solstice and between the place of the rising sun at the fortunately preserved to this day and the authors are
summer solstice (ibid.). Demonstrable connection of Pieroni's projects grateful to the coincidence of circumstances for the unique opportunity to touch
with the landscape around Valdštejnová Jiÿínská the way of solving its composition.
The residency is an incentive that puts some of the

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Fig. 13: Evidence of the regular layout of the central space of the grotto.
The system of placement of the pillars of the grotto is shown by the connecting lines of their corners, which are guided by the geometric center of the oval. Opposite the southern pillar 4 lies the same size
(4.5 cubits) the gap between pillars 7 and 1, which is the opening of the original entrance. The width of pillar 1 corresponds to the size of the gap between pillars 4 and
5, as well as the two opposite pillars 3 and 6 are of the same dimensions. If the gap between the adjacent pillar 6 (the cave) is added to the width of pillar 7, the resulting dimension is the s
(again 4.5 cubits), as the gap between pillars 3 and 4. A significant anomaly occurs only on the western side of the central space. Against the gap between
pillars 1 and 2 are also 4.5 cubits wide, there is the most massive pillar 5, 6.5 cubits long, whose eastern edge is in the corresponding position, but its western edge is
part deviates from the oval shape. The northern face of the pillar copies the line of the inner oval only to point T4 (cf. Fig. 33 on p. 131), where it leaves it
and it faces northwest in the extension of the line connecting points W and T4 up to half the width of the foundation ring, where the pillar ends. Opposite pillar 2
connected to the gap between pillars 2 and 3 is the largest gap. It lies between pillars 5 and 6, 6.5 cubits wide, the same as the neighboring (largest)
pillar 5 (author M. Müller, digital version M. ÿurica).

Prepared within the framework of the research project MK 0750323 in the complex solution of the project, she gradually moved between the mentioned
lines.
3303 Expert knowledge, scientific evaluation, documentation and
3) We used the Technical Map 1:500 (Geodesy of Prague 1969–1979) as a basis,
registration of immovable cultural heritage, identification
supplemented by the current state of the garden according to the orthophoto map.
of assets that can be protected, sub-task 307 Professional (Geodis Brno, sro, available at www.mapy.cz).
processing and scientific evaluation of rescue archaeological 4) The exception is the riding yard east of the riding hall, which remained outside the area
we analyzed for technical reasons.
research of immovable cultural monuments and monument areas
5) Originally the 16th century Velíkovský House, today part of the house structure
as new sources for the history of the territory of the Czech Republic. No. 33, specifically the wing in the street front.
6) The house is no longer owned, it was repossessed by the monastery. Get it back too
Despite a legal dispute, the monastery was unable to maintain the garden.
COMMENT 7) The name Fortenská is mentioned in a contemporary treatise written in 1615
1) The author dedicates this article to the unexpired 80th birthday of his aunt, PhDr. Jar- (Vilímková 1968, 23), it is also respected by the author duo Hlavsa – Vanÿura (1983, 76,
mila Krÿálová, CSc. (1928–1993). fig. 17). In contrast, Lastÿovka et al. (1997, 399) mention the name Fortnová. The street
2) For simplicity, we call the axes here the straight lines important for the design passed the monastery with the church of St. Thomas
solutions, they are numbered regardless of their hierarchy. The axis functions are and left the city by the fort, behind which on the left side lay the monastery grounds.

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tera. Along the road, a number of houses were built on monastery land in emphyteutic lease (No. 29– 18) Until now, the Florentine plan was considered to be a drawing made after the purchase of
33). The last of them was the house built by Velík of Šonov (hence often called Velíkovský), which in the Feldovsky House (1626) and roughly dated around the year
1620 was owned by Jan Jakub Khynig, court chamberlain of Emperor Rudolf II. His land adjoined the 1628. It was considered to be younger than the ground plan of the first floor of the palace
Trÿkov Garden. kept in Bologna, which shows the Feldovsky House only in rough outlines and does not
have an aviary (which, however, is missing for the design of the first floor of the palace).
8) The oldest mention of a monastery brewery at this location dates back to 1656. It is not importance). For the comparison of the Florentine and Bologna plans (according to P.
known whether the building, which already stood there at the time of the grotto's Fidler's conclusions, both by G. Pieroni), the absence of parts of the area was mentioned
construction, was already used as a brewery at that time. A functional brewery with a – Feldovsky House and Aviary, the reason for assuming a greater age
malt house was operating in the immediate vicinity of the grotto from 1656 at the latest. the Bologna plan, which at the same time contains a more up-to-date solution for window
and with all the consequences that accompany such traffic. openings and partitions (the only exception where the Florentine plan is more up-to-date
9) The extent of the Pokorný house, or rather the northern Trÿkovský house, according to is the heating method of the Knights' Hall). The contradiction that the older (Bologna)
authors of the SHP see Fig. 3. The Pokorny house was located inside the city, the last house plan contains a solution closer to the actual implementation than the later (Florentine)
in front of the gate. In the years 1511–1530 it was connected with its western neighbor plan was resolved by assuming that the architect copied and partly redrawn older
(to the city) by the joint owner (Šimon the carpenter), who first sold the house next to documentation from memory and expanded it
the gate in 1518 and then permanently in 1530 - it was therefore o newly designed loggia and count's courtyard buildings (e.g. Fidler
within the common town site, a separate unit in terms of floor plan. From the town site 2002, 143; 2007, 100). The solution we have proposed is presented by the Florentine plan
of the remaining house, the second piece was sold in 1597 – the town site for as older and the Bologna plan as younger, closer to the time of construction.
Helmovský house (Fig. 3: 5), with an area (8 fathoms and a half cubits in length 19) Jan z Feld died at the end of 1621. According to the literature, he thus avoided
= 14.5 m and 2 fathoms wide = 3.55 m – Vilímková 1968, 30) mentioned in the market great difficulty, as he failed to protect the precious paintings in
record as well as the situation “at the house ... adjacent to the gate”. On St. Vitus Cathedral during the iconoclastic plundering. It can be speculated that the
The remaining township remained the house of Andres Salzpurger. The houses of Helm expected difficulties may have been part of Wallenstein's calculations.
and Salzpurger were bought by Albrecht von Wallenstein. Property transfers of the fourth 20) The question may not be "whether the Feldovsky House is there anymore", but "what else
object – a house behind the gate (in March 1621 he bought it from Mates is there to do with it", for which G. Pieroni did not know the answer at the time of the Bologna Plan
and Wolpry Wachterová Mrs. MM Trÿková) are quite clear, but its localization is not clear. the builder's definitive decision. In 1623, he bought some
In the market of 1524 it is characterized lands around the Ryneÿek. One of them remained until 1637 as
"a house with a town square behind the Písecká Gate, by itself and next to the gate itself" a desolate place (probably after the demolition of the Small Šmigrobner House
(ibid., 27). From this it can be concluded that the seller is afraid of creating the wrong with an area of 28 × 4 m), which according to a contemporary record "he once wanted to attach to
impression that the house is structurally connected to the gate. The mention of the gate Prince Frýdlantský to his house, but this did not happen. " It lies in the place
keeper Matÿj from 1515 probably refers to the same house, today's No. 522/III (Vilímková 1966b, 6). The outlines on the southern side of the palace
father of Simon the carpenter. In our opinion, the house was most likely located in the area on the Bologna plan appear as a cursory sketch made during the interview. We cannot
of the former fence, the edge of which, according to radar measurements, would be rule out that the absence of a detailed ground plan of the Feld House in the form we see
identical to the eastern facade of the northern Trÿkovský house. It would not lie outside, on the Florentine plan may be an expression of the postponement of the solution of the
above the ditch, where it is shown on the diagram by M. Horynou (2002, 92), form of the southern extension. This
but within the ground plan of the northern Trÿkovský house. Because the object could be obtained by acquiring additional land compared to the time of the Florentine plan
the northern (Trÿkovský) house would, based on our analysis, be even bigger than just the Feldovsky House, the lines outside the sketch would also indicate this
M. Vilímková was located on the ground plan of two houses purchased in 1611 and 1621, Feldovsky House. The absence could thus indicate that the solution to the affected
could not have been created by simply rebuilding the Pokorný house in space could have been postponed until a time when the Duke's ideas and real possibilities
1611. SH analysis of the northern wing of the palace and archival reports apparently could be clearly specified.
will request a revision. We cannot deduce the builder's intentions, M. Vilímková expressed
10) The northeastern corner of the Khynigovsky House bears clear traces of the cutting away The opinion is that the prince wanted to buy up all the houses around Tomášský ryneÿek,
but that he did not achieve this goal (Vilímková 1966c, 5). Therefore, the final
of a significant mass of masonry during the construction of the grotto – the traces were discovered after
partial chipping of the plaster in 2007 (see Fig. 19 of the article about the grotto). implementation (after slight modification) remained with the Florentine plan. The plan
11) The measure of 50 cubits appears twice more in the design of the western part of the garden: The Bologna would thus have been acquired in connection with the purchase of land
distance from point S2 to the stable, internal width of the loggia. around Tomášský ryneÿek, at a time when a different idea of the palace than we know it
12) For example, the parterre in front of the sala terrena has the same parameters as the space today was perhaps developing in the minds of the builder and his architect.
with a swimming pool in front of the riding school (also Muchka – Kÿížová 1996, 14; Novák 2002,21) The opposite opinion was held by O. Kuÿa (1980, 220).
272). A similar combination of a parterre and a water reservoir of identical dimensions at 22) If the difference in the route of the planned suspended "gallery" between the palace
opposite ends of the garden was also used by the garden designer Vilém and the oratory in the church of St. Thomas on the plans from Bologna and Florence is
from Rožmberk in ÿeský Krumlov from the second half of the 16th century, known indeed tied to the ownership of the lands on which it is located (Fidler 2002, 187 note 19),
from the plan from 1750 (Novák 2002, fig. on p. 265). this finding will contribute to the interpretation of archaeologically determined find
13) And as we have already noted, it is only thanks to the fact that the fountains remained in situations and subsequent historical conclusions.
these places that we have been able to deduce from their position the system in which From the published translation of the testimony of the Duke's former secretary from
the architect most likely worked. In professional circles, there is a debate over the original position on 12 June 1634 (Zahradník 2002, 54), however, such a connection does not emerge.
fountains in the duke's period raise doubts given the absence of primary iconographic 23) For example, a proposal for an ideal city, perhaps prepared for Jiÿín (Krÿálová
material and several reconstructions of the garden, however, the presented absolute 1988, 523 fig. 12) presents a perfectly designed floor plan, where everything is
correspondence of the position of the fountains with the very subordinated to a geometrically precise order. What is hidden in the Waldstein Palace
due to the complex geometric structure of the area, it would not be possible to achieve complex is obvious at first glance in the Ideal City.
this if the fountains were relocated. Also for economic reasons, due to the costs of Nothing is left to chance.
changing the water supply and drainage, the relocation of the fountains is 24) The fact that Pieroni was a student of the famous
unlikely. Florentine architect Bernardo Buontalenti, according to new research, among others.
14) In the literature (Novák 2002, 272) the following are considered to be the main axes of the garden: the author of the design of the oval staircase of the Kunstkammer of Rudolf II at Prague
The axis of the western part – a line in the direction S2 S3, the axis of the eastern part – Castle from 1587, built in 1602–1603 (Uliÿný 2007a, 7).
according to Lu-rag's plan in the route of the main road in the geometric axis of the 25) For a summary of the factors leading to the popularity of the oval in the second half of the 16th century, see
eastern rectangular part of the garden. However, in our analysis, the eastern construction axis Krÿálová 1976, 62–63 et seq.
part is not a geometric axis, it is not an axis of the riding arena, but has a different course 26) From ancient times to the early modern period, 7 planets were recognized – Moon,
– on the S0J line. Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. The Earth – the center of the universe – was
15) For comparison purposes, the plan (Fidler 2002, 142) was used, which is better not counted among the planets (Hadravová – Hadrava 2007, 149). In the heliocentric
reproduction of the plan published by J. Krÿálová (1988, 526; the author of the image is model, at the time of the Grotty Planets project, 6 +
mentioned in the image caption). According to the information in the catalogue (Fuÿíková Moon + 4 satellites (moons) of Jupiter, discovered and published by Galileo
– ÿepiÿka 2007, 486 cat. no. 12.1.) with the note scan, according to the quality in 1610 (ibid.).
This is probably a scanned negative of a plan photographed a year ago. 27) After the linden alley to the royal game reserve in Prague, the second (known) landscape-
1988. On the authorship of the plan, see Fidler 2002, 140. forming alley in Bohemia (Novák 2002, 268; there is also a broader comparison).
16) Technical map 1 : 500, map sheets 243/1, 243/2 and 215/3, Geodesy 28) The connection of the Wallenstein Garden with the dominant features of the Prague basin
Prague 1969–1979. on the basis of paths in the garden was addressed by Z. Novák. He sees the axis of the
17) Today, the eastern end of the longer axis of the oval lies on the main axis o4 . The center western part of the garden in the line of our axis o1 and notes its continuation to the
of the oval, including the entrance, had to be shifted westward by the length of the semi- highest point of Vítkov Hill, "which, however, is not visible today through the enclosure wall" (Novák
axis to an insignificant straight line (for comparison, Fig. 33 of the article about the grotto in the section
2002, 270). He sees the axis of the eastern part in the geometric axis of the regular
Materials). the eastern rectangular part, facing Petÿín (ibid., 272); as already mentioned,

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As mentioned, such an axis is not included in the design presented by us. Havrda, J. 2008: Find report on the rescue archaeological research 2007/10 Prague 1–Malá
does not appear in the schema. Strana, Letenská No. 594/III. Filed: Archives of the ARÚ AVÿR Prague, ref. 3390/08.
29) In our proposed procedure for solving the area, the construction of this
squares (Y–S3–intersection with axis o5–intersection with axis o1 ) to one of the Hegi, G. 1924: Wistaria in: Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleurope, IV/3:
subsequent steps, which is not point i) of the paragraph construction diagram 1386–1387.
The mentioned point i refers to another – larger square above the connecting line WD. Hlaváÿek, I. – Kašpar, J. – Nový, R. 2002: Vademecum of auxiliary historical sciences.
30) The line of points S5–S3–Y is identical to the route of one of the roads, the orientation of which is Jinoÿany.
The dome of the church of St. Thomas was already mentioned by Novák 2002, description of the photo on p. 281.Hlavsa, V. – Vanÿura, J. 1983: Lesser Town of Prague. Prague.
31) If the length of the palace were given by this derivation, the irregular shape of the Horský, Z. 1980: Kepler in Prague. Prague.
riding court would be explained. Length of the complex 340.7 meters Horyna, M. 1998: Prague–Malá Strana, Wallenstein Palace No. 17/III, building C. Updating
(measured on the connected 3 sheets of the Technical Map 1:1000) corresponds to a of the SHP for the purpose of evaluating the previous restoration surveys in building
length of 576 cubits, which is 192 fathoms. Pieroni used both units – the Prague C including the sala terrena. Unpublished manuscript, Prague.
cubit and fathom (1 fathom = 3 cubits), as is clear from the graphic scale of Pierroni's
plan stored in the Uffizi no. 4525 (see Krÿálová 1988, 529 fig. 17). Horyna, M. (ed.) 2002: Wallenstein Palace in Prague. Prague.
32) It is a question why no contemporary written records have survived about Pieroni's Horyna, M. 2002b: Construction development of the Wallenstein Palace. In: Horyna, M.
civil architectural work for the highest aristocratic circles, why (ed.), Wallenstein Palace in Prague. Prague, 91–128.
essentially remained secret and fell into oblivion for several centuries. He played Horyna, M. – Líÿeníková, M. 1997: Prague–Mala Strana, Wallenstein Palace
their role fear of being accused of neglecting the main work duties assigned by the No. 17/III, building C. Update of the architectural-historical survey. Unpublished
emperor? We do not know whether the design of noble manuscript, Prague.
For Pieroni, the construction of the palace was a question of existence (due to the Hrdliÿka, L. 2003: Prague 1 – Kolovrat Palace. Assessment of the influence of historical
poor payment morale of the imperial court chamber), a question of architectural floods on the Vltava River on the stratigraphic development of the area. Unpublished
creative passion, whether he found satisfaction in the militaristic environment (as a manuscript, Prague.
builder of fortresses), or whether he was driving away the Hyzler, J. 1966: Architectural analysis of the house Letenská No. 33/III. Passporting by
longing for the cultural environment of his native Florence, which so depressingly SÚRPMO, May 1966, unpublished typescript, 13–18, Prague.
it is evident from his correspondence. Krÿálová, J. 1976: Central buildings of the Czech Renaissance. Prague.
Krÿálová, J. 1988: Giovanni Pieroni – architect? Art 34, 511–542.
Kuÿa, O. 1980: The Garden Courtyard of the Wallenstein Riding School. Centuries-old Prague 10,
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Archeologické rozhledy 51, 1999, 653–687. of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University, Department of Theory and

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to their architecture. Bulletin UHS 19/2007, No. 2, 12–15. Streit, J. 1960: Wonders of Old Prague. Prague.

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ryna, M. (ed.), Wallenstein Palace in Prague, Prague, 131–190. Vilímková, M. 1966: History of the building of the house Letenská No. 33/III. Passportization

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DISCUSSION

Einteilung des Areals des Waldsteinpalastes gewerfen haben. Die Symmetrie ist hier nicht das primaire Ziel, aber nur
in Prague/Prague ein Mittel, manchmal sehr unauffällig, für die Erreichung der gesamten
Wirkung und Harmonie, wie auch die Kreise mit deckungsgleichen Radius
Der Artikel, der Großen Grotte des Waldsteinpalastes in Prag gewidmet bezeugen (mit gleichen Farben auf der Abbildung 5 bezeichnet).
ist, publiziert auf prigeräten Seiten dieser Nummer, in der Rub-rik Materialien, Die heutige Technik hat ermöglicht, den Plan des 1. Stockes des
hat weitere Möglichkeiten der Auffassung der Raumgestaltung des bekannten Waldstein-Areas mit dem realized Zustand auf der heutigen Katas-terkare zu
Prager Palastkomplexes geöffnet. Die ausführli-che Ausmessung und vergleichen (Florence, Uffizi, Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe, 4517,
Auswertung hat eine Reihe von unerwarteten Zu-samenhängen gebracht, die By G. Pieroni). Es hat sich gegeizt, dass die Zeichnug aus Florenz der
sich an der primären Komposition beteiligen. heutigen Realität überraschend genau entsprecht, ua entsprecht sie in
Der folgende Beitrag versucht diese Bindungen zu beschreiben und den Anglen und der Lage der Punkte D und G sehr gut. Sie erfahrt er-weisbar
ihre mögliche Auslegung vorzuschlagen. Wir betonen, dass es sich in der nicht alle Teile in dem definitiven Zustand (Abb. 9). Die mar-kantesten
ersten Reihe um die Ansicht des Geometers handelt, einfachte durch wei-tere Abweichungen weist auf dem Plan aus Florenz der südliche
relevante Fakten. Teil des Areals auf. Der Verlauf der Einfriedungsmauer hat eine andere
Eine Anregung fur das Studium der inneren Struktur des Areals des Richtung, die Mauer krüpft in anderen Stellen und in unterschiedli-chen
Waldsteinpalastes (Abb. 1) war die Bemühung die Art festzustellen, mit Winkeln, die Grotte liegt um 9.5 Ellen mehr nach Osten und um
der der der der anspruchsvoll durchdachte Bau des zentralen Saales der Grot- 5 Ellen nördlicher als in Wirklichkeit. Hinsichtlich des großen Maß der
te auf dem mit der Ellipse identischen Grundriss (Abb. 1:15), in den Unterschiede, zeigt sich die schlechte Vermessung nicht als wahrsche-inlich.
unregelmäßigen Teil des Gartens einkomponiert wurde. Durch die Analyse der Es hat sich bewiesen, dass auch der Plan aus Florenz im Eink-lang mit dem
Grundrisse des Saales der Grotte und des Parterres vor der fundamentaln geometrischen Schema des Areals ist (Abb.
Loggia in dem an die Grotte anliegenden Teil des Gartens hat sich eine 9, 10) and among other things, dass die Mitte des ovalen Grund-risses des
gemesina geometrische Komposition mit dem System einiger Achsen Saales der Grotte auf dem Plan aus Florenz direkt auf die Haup-tachse des
shown (Abb. 2). Mit ihrer folgenden Entfaltung und Abwechslung Areals o4 situiert ist (Abb. 10). In der Literatur wird bisher an-geführt, dass der
der Ach-sen haben sich weitere geometrische Zusammenhänge, geometrischeten
Florenz-Plan eine Abbildung des schon stehenden Zu-standes ex post aus der
und Ableitung der Maß und Formen geschönigt. Ihre fortschreitende En- Zeit um 1629 ist. Infolge der fealtetten geo-metrischen Tatsachen legen wir
deckung ist in die Erkenntnis einiger Momente aus der Lösung der Kon-zeption eine Hypothesis vor, dass der Plan des
des ganzen Areals des Prager Waldsteinpalastes und in die Erken-ntnis der 1. Stockes des Waldsteinpalastes, hinterlegt in der Galerie Uffizi unter
Art, mit der die fundamental Grundrisse der Massen fest-gestellt werden der Nummer 4517 im Gegenteil das ursprungsling nicht realizede Pro-jekt ist,
konnten ausgegangen. Wir legen eine Rahneufung der in die Verschiedenheiten dem heutigen Zustand gegenüber, der
den Punkten an beschriebenen Schritte vor, mit deren Abbildung man ursprungliche Plan ist, und dass vor dem Aufbau in der südlichen Par-tie des
den Grundriss des Waldsteinpalastes Schrit für Schritt reconstructieren Areals zu einer verhältnismäßig extensive Dispositiondän-derung des Projektes
can Am Anfang der vorgelegten Methode ist die Kenntnis der Objek-te, die in gekommen ist.
der Zeit des Schaffens des Projektes standen. Sowohl Gebäu-de auf den Aus der von uns prolegungen Konstruktionslösung des Areals
Nechbarparzellen, als auch wertvollen Renaissancegebäude geht ein einteigeniger Schluss hervor, dass einige Grenzen des Waldste-in-
in the Areal des Palastes, die zu seinem Entanglement werden sollten Palastkomplexes künstlich sind und keine städtebauliche Tradition
(die Discussion über dem damaligen möglichen Ausmaß des Trcka- haben Neben der auffallenden regularegen Grenze des östlichen Teils
Hauses beg-leitet die Abb. 3). des Areals ist es auch die heutige südwestliche Grenze, wo auch die arch-
Von den Punken A+W auf den stehenden Konstruktionen wurde als chäologische Fundsituation belegt, dass sie auf Grund des Projekts
der Gipfel des Dreiecks der Punkt S0 abgeleitet (Punkt a des Textes; des Waldsteinpalastes neu ausgesteckt wurde, dass sie die ältere Ord-nung
Abb. 4). nicht respekirt und dass die ältste Mauer der Parzelle in der neu-en Linie die
Umfassungsmauer des Gebäudes der Grotte war.
Durch die Verbindung S0 und des südlichen stehenden Gebäude des Die Struktur der von uns geschwefenen Rekonstruktion des Projek-tes
Renaissancepalastes wurde die Achse o2 festgesetzt (Punkt b des Textes).stellt seines Autors als einen Menschen mit der extraordinaryen
Das basic Achsenkreuz mit der Achse o2 bildet die Achse o4 , die Raumvorstellungskraft vor, der gewöhnt war in großen Maßstäben der
vom Punkt bei der Ecke des altertümlichen Nachbarhauses – Punkt W, freien Räume konzeptionell zu arbeiten. Er hat gleichzeitung geschäft den
ausgeht. Das Achsenkreuz schließt jedoch den Winkel 90° nicht ein, Bau des centralen Saales der Grotte auf dem Grundriss identisch mit der
sondern 89°, ein Grund dafür kann außer anderem auch die Symmet-rie dem Ellipse aufzustellen und ihn mit der Struktur des Areals harmonisch
stehenden nördlichen Nachbar über die Straße gegenben sein durchzuschalten Wir haben keine direkten Beweise dafür, aber durch
(Point c des Texts). Aus einem unbekannten Grund ist in der Entfer-nung 50 die Vermittlung der Philosophie seiner Projekte und nach P. Fidler auch
Ellen von der Achse o4 die Achse o5 situiert, die eine Diagona-le des gäfferen als der Autor des Florenz- und Bologna-Planes des Waldsteinpalastes,
Quadrats ist (Verschiebung um den ervächsten 1°) über bietet sich als der Autor des Projektes der primären Komposition des
Y-S3 . Die Teilung des südwestlichen Teiles dieses gäfferen Quadrats Waldsteinkomplexes in Prag die universale Persönlichkeit Giovanni Battista
in Drittel wird dann zur Unterlage für die Platierung der Brunnen im Pieroni (1586 Florence – 1654 probably Wien). Er hat sich
westlichen Teil des Gartens (Punkte d, e, f des Textes; Abb. 4, 7), die bis mit der Konstruktion des Ovals zweifellos bestabligt, was abeuchers der
heute überdauerte In der Mitte des gäfferen Quadrats liegt der Punkt unikaten Treppe des Casino in Valdice (Uliÿný 2007a; 2007b) auch der
S2 , von dem der Punkt D abgleitet ist, der die südwestliche Ecke des neu in Bologna erhaltene Plan des concreten Ovals mit den Ausrechnungen
projectierten Teils des Palastes bildet (Punkt g des Textes). Bei der aus-führlichen und Ausmaßen beweist. Von OG Pieroni ist bekannt, dass er nicht nur
Solution der Einteilung der Massen kombina-tion mit gerade Linien die Kreise reich zur ein Architekt und Festungsingenieur war, sondern auch ein ausgeze-ichneter
Geltung (Abb. 5, 6), mit Mit-ten in schon zusammengestellten Punkten – S0 , S2 , S3 , Astronome und Mathematiker. In der letzten Zeit wurde eine Er-kenntnis darberüber
S4 , S5 , W und Y. published, dass G. Pieroni für die Lösung der Tras-se der monumentalen Lindenalee
Mit Hilfe der Linien und Schnittpunkte dieser Kreise kann die Corners der Höfe, auf der Waldstein Friedland-Herrs-chaft in Valdice die Astronomie verwendet hat
Ecken der Gebäude, Breiten der Trakte, Mauerbrüche, (Uliÿný 2007b). Come on
Hausflure und Enfahrten abzuleiten. Eine Frage ist es festzusetzen, Versuch die Struktur der geometrischen Solution des Waldsteinpalastes
welche Punkte der Autor des Projektes als Ausgangspunkte genommen durch die Vermittlung des approximativen Quadrats über Y–S3 in die Pra-ger
hat und welche mit Hilfe der Kreise durch das Übertragen abgleitet hat. Stadtlandschaft einzuschalten (Abb. 11, rot), haben wir die Überein-stimmung
Der vorgelegte Beitrag stelt es sich nicht zum Ziel eine erschöpfen-de seiner zwei gegenüberliegenden Wände mit den Linien con-statiert, die zu
Analyze des Grundrissplans des Gartens und des Areals zu werden. wichtigen sakralen Bauten der Kleinseite – Stadtpfarrkirche
Wir halten aber für nötig zu concreten, dass die Gestalt der Großen Grot-te, des hl. Nikolaus and the Klosterkirche des hl. Thomas, wo der Fürst sein
des Gartens und des südlichen Teil des Palastes nach dem von us eigenes Oratorium haben wolle, zielen. Bei beider Bauten haben die
vorgelegenen Entwurf gegleichzeitung und sehr planmäßig konzept wur-de. Linien zu den Stellen zieltung, wo den iconographischen Quellen nach, Tür-me
Bei aller ihren komplizierten Konstruktionserfindungsgabe macht und Türmchen, die der Kleinseitner Dachlandschaft dominierten, si-tuiert
die kompliziert geometrich geolüste Komposition des Areals auf den ersten
werden konnten. (Es ist nicht excluded, dass diese Linien
Blick einen very natural, harmonious and compact impression. für die Lösung des Areals des Palastes primare und Ausgangslinien sein
Insoweit natürlich, dass ihr die Zeitgenossen die Unregelmäßigkeit vor- könnten). Hinsichtlich des gänzlichen Umbaus der Kirche des hl. no-

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laus kann man die Bindung zwischen der südlichen Abgrenzung des wähnten gleichschenkligen Dreiecks UVW. Wie man sieht, die importanten
öst-lichen Teils des Palastkomplexes und der damaligen gotischen Gestalt Punkte lagen nicht nur auf den Schnittpunkten der Kreise, sondern auch auf
der Pfarrkirche nicht beurteilen (Abb. 11, green). Bei der Verfolgung der den geraden Linien. Das Einschalten der gerade Linien hat angedeutet, dass
Beziehung der Schlüsselparameter des Waldstein-Areals zu Dominan- die Einteilung des Gartens mit den stehenden Gebäuden eng verbunden ist.
ten der Prager Stadtlandschaft ist die Tatsache bestürzend, dass die Die gerade Linie o7 parallel mit der Achse o6 durch die Mitte des quadratis-chen

größte Länge des Palastkomplexes, zwischen dem Punkt D (Ecke des neu Brunnens gelitet, geht durch die Ecke an dem Stoß des Flügel des
Pferdestalles mit dem Gebäude der Pagen und auch durch die Ecke des
projectierten Grafenpalastes) und dem northerlysten Punkt des Areals
Hausflurs des westlichen Flügel dieses Gebäudes. Wenn wir die gerade Li-nie o8
(nördliche Ecke des Hofes der Reithalle), die 192 Klafter macht, identisch
parallel mit der Achse o4 durch die zültzent mentioned Ecke des Hausf-lurs des
mit der Entfernung desselben Punktes D vom Presbyterium der St.
Gebäude der Pagen führen, stellen wir fest dass sie durch den
Veits-kathedrale ist (Abb. 12). Moreover, Pieroni auch die kartographische Punkt Z in der Einfriedungsmauer vor ihrer Verkröpfung geht. Die gerade Li-nie o9
Tätigkeit aktiv praktikierte, sagt seine Korrespondenz aus. durchgelegt mit der südöstlichen Ecke des Herzogshofes und dem öst-lichsten
Hinsichtlich aller höher angeführten Tatsachen kann man schwer als Bruch der Grottenmauer geht durch die Mitte des kleinen Brun-nens mit dem Fisch.
den Author of the fundamental streng geometrically organized Kompo- Die gerade Linie o10 gleichfalls von der südöstlichen Ec-ke des Herzogshofes
sition des Waldsteingartens, der Großen Grotte und des ganzen Palast- güfter, diezmal zum Punkt W, kreuzt die gerade Li-nie o3 genau in der Mitte des
komplexes einen anderen als GB Pieroni bezeichnen. Wer das Ausse- Ovals der Grotte S.
hen einzeler Bauten des Komplexes des Waldsteinpalastes eskepfen hat Abb. 3: Zur Diskussion über den möglichen Ausmaß des nördlichen Trÿ-kovský-
und die Ausführungsprojekte geschaffen hat, ist eine andere Frage. Hauses (bluer Grundriss), identified by die baugeschichtli-che Untersuchung
(Horyna – Líÿeniková 1997, davon oberdoben) in der
illustrations Anknüpfung an die mittelalterliche Befestigung. (Author J. ÿiháková, digita-le
Abb. 1: Areal des Waldsteinpalastes und der hehen Umgebung in der Zeit Ausführung M. ÿurica).
des Aufbaus. (Unterlage die Technische Karte 1:500 Geodesy Prague Erläuterung zur Abbildung 3: Das Haus wurde nach dem Untergang der früh-
1969–1979 supplemented by the current state of the gardens according to Geodis gotischen Fortifikation erbaut, von der bis zum Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts
Brno, GmbH orthophoto map; M. Müller, M. ÿurica). nur ein Tor überlebte (3) – seine Fläche ist hypothetisch. Der Ausmaß des
Erläuterungen zur Abbildung (Gliederung des Palastes nach Fidler 2002, 80 Grabens (1) zusammen mit der Existenz und dem Ausmaß des Zwingers (2)
Abb. I.45): S2 - quadratischer, originally Neptun-Brunnen; S3 , S4 – Brun-nen; S5 – sind vorläufig und stützen an die Analyze der Radar-Messung (ÿiháková
Mitte der Piscina; landtäfliches Haus – Trÿkovský-Palast; 2 – nörd-liches Trÿkovský- 2001, 20–23, Figs. 19+20). Der Verlauf der Mauer (4) ist archäologisch ve-rifiziert
Haus; 3 – Herzogshof; 4 – Grafenpalast; 5 – Feldovsky-Haus; 6 – Grafenhof; 7 – (schwarze Abschnitte im Areal des Palastes und die genaue Rich-tung nach Norden
Kleine Grotte; 8 – Loggia (Sala terrena); 9 – Pfer-destall; 10 – Gebäude der Pagen; – ÿiháková 2000, 16–19, 33–34, 38; Dragoun – Omelka
11 – Pagenhof; 12 – Wirtschaftsflügel mit 1997). Grün (5) Ausmaß (genau bekannt aus dem Markt 1597) des bena-chbarten
Wohnungen der Herrenstaffen; 13 – Winterreithalle; 14 – Aviary; 15 – Gro-ße Grotte; Helmovský-Hauses, das Albrecht von Waldstein kaufte, Platzierung
16 – Khynigovský-Haus – heutzutage Konskr.-Nr. 33; 17 – Buildings hypothetically. A – markunter Bruch an der Fassade des Palastes, benützt
der Klosterbrauerei, heutzutage ein Konskr.-Nr. 33; 18 -– als der Punkt A für den 1. Schritt der Konstruktionslösung des Areals (cf. Abb.
Brunnen mit dem Fisch; 19 – Grottenmauer; 20 – Palast Wilhelm von Lob-kowitz Konskr.-Nr. 4).
154 (Renaissance Konstruktion Dokumentation SÚRP-MO); 21 – Conskr.-Nr. 18; 22 – Abb. 4: Erste Schritte der Konstruktionslösung des Waldstein-Areals – sie-he
Erforschung NPÚ-Prague Nr. 2006/12, Letenská Str. Conskr.-Nr. 29–33, Flächen C + P; 23 – Absätze a–i des corresponding Kapitels des Textes. Für den Grundriss
Erforschung NPÚ-Prague Nr. des Palastes wurde die Interpretation der Entwicklung nach der bauges-chichtlichen
31/05, Letenská Str. Conskr.-Nr.1031, Sonde TS3; 24 – Erforschung NPÚ-Prague Nr. Untersuchung Horyna – Líÿeniková 1997 benützt. (Author
2007/10, Letenská Str. Conskr.-Nr. 594; 1+2+3+7+8 – Prager Re-sidenz Albrecht von J. ÿiháková und M. Müller, digital Ausführung M. ÿurica).
Waldstein (Herzogsteil); 4+5+6 – Haus des Herzogs Abb. 5: Konstruktionslösung des Waldstein-Areals corresponding to der kom-
Neffen und Erben (Grafenteil). plexen Beschreibung der Methode nach Absätzen a–o des corresponding
Abb 2: Konstruktionslösung des Gartenparterres vor der Loggia und Grot-te. Kapitels des Textes. Für den Grundriss des Palastes wurde die Interpreta-tion der
(Unterlage Technische Karte 1:500. Author M. Müller, digitale Ausführung Entwicklung nach der baugeschichtlichen Untersuchung des Erd-geschosses
M. ÿurica). Horyna 1997. (Author J. ÿiháková und M. Müller, digitale Aus-führung M. ÿurica).
Erläuterung zur Abbildung 2: Für die Tiefenachse des westlichen Teils des Erläuterung zur Abbildung 5: Schema der Kreise, die zur
Gartens wird die Line Z–V gehalten, die durch die Mitte der Loggia und finalen Konstruktion des Projektes nötig sind. Kreise von gleichen Radien ha-ben
durch geometrische Mitten beider größeren Brunnen geht (Kuÿa 1980, 220), gleiche Farben, übrige Kreise sind grau. Durch die Verbindung der
further mit o1 bezeichnet. In der Entfernung 40.5 Ellen nördlich ist mit ihr Schnittpunkte und tangentiale Punkte der Kreise, auf denen meistens wi-chtige
die Linie, die durch die südöstliche Ecke des Herzogshofes geht parallel – Stellen des Projektes liegen (Ecken, Hausflure, Grenzen), ist es mög-lich den
Ahh o2 . Der Kreis k1 mit der Mitte auf der Achse o1 im quadratischen Ne-ptun- ganzen Grundriss des Areals zusammenzustellungen. Diese wichti-gen Stellen der
Brunnen und dem Radius, der der Entfernung beider Achsen (o1 o2 ) 40.5 Schnittpunkte und Punkte sind mit Arrows auf den Kreisen
Ellen gleicht, kreuzt die Achse o1 östlich vom quadratischen Brunnen, wo-durch er den bezeichnet. Sometimes, damit der Pfeil eine importante Stelle nicht bedeckte,
Punkt X1 bestimt. Durch den Schnittpunkt (X1 ) geht die nord-südliche gerade Linie o3 , ist er auch auch aucher der Linie des Kreises, meistens senkrecht auf ihn
die zur Mitte des Brunnens mit dem Fisch im süd-lichen teil des Gartens zielt. Die gerade placed The colors of the arrows correspond to the colors of the circles around the middle,
Linie o3 ist auf die Achsen o1 und o2 von der the corresponding Kreis konstruiert wurde. Für die Erhaltung der
nicht genau senkrecht zieltung (sie schließt mit ihnen den Winkel 89° ein), da-für ist sie Übersichtlichkeit der Abbildung mussten die Kreise von einigen Mitten, be-sonders
mit der Nebenachse des Ovals identisch und es ligen auf ihr wi-chtige Punkte I, G, S, H aus dem Punkt S0 (rote Pfeile) und W, nur auf kurze Bogen in der
und J. Der Kreis k2 mit der Mitte in X1 , auch mit dem Stelle des Schnittpunkts reduced (see e.g. die Ecke des Feldovský-Haus-ses),
Radius 40.4 Ellen, schneidet die Achse o1 und die gerade Linie o3 in Punk-ten X2 whereby aber die Anschaulichkeit der Ableitung, die der Leser mit ei-nem Zirkel
und X3 . Durch die einfache Abwicklung des Netzes der Kreise hat sich veränken kann verdrängt wurde. Aus der Analyze geht die
unerwartet nachgewiesen, wie die Platierung der Brunnen war. Durch die fundamental Richtung der Methode der Konstruktion hervor, auf die Art der
Composition of weiterer zwei parallelen o4 und o5 with the straight line fortschreitenden Ableitung vom Westen nach Osten.
da wir die Achse o4 durch den Schnittpunkt der Achse o2 mit der west- o3 , lichen Abb. 6: Ableitung der fundamentalen Parameter des östlichen Teils des Are-als
Stirnseite des Gebäudes der Pagen und die Achse o5 durch die Mit-te des quadratischen durch die Übertragung vom westlichen Teil mit Kreisen mit der Mitte im
Brunnens führen, hat sich gegenzt, dass die Entfernung Point S0 . (Author M. Müller, digital Ausführung M. ÿurica).
der Achse o4 von o3 genau 9.5 Ellen macht, wass ein identischer Ausmaß Abb. 7: Geometrische Anordnungung der Brunnen im westlichen Teil und ih-re
mit der Größe der längeren Halbachse des inneren Ovals des zentralen Durchschaltung durch die Vermittlung des Moduls des Dreiecks mit dem
Raumes der Grotte ist. At the same time, Axis o4 runs through Points U, Key point S0 . Aus ihm geht die orangefärbige Konstruktionsachse des
O, B, Q und W, die wichtig für die Konstruktion des Ovals sind. Im Punkt U östlichen Teils S0–S6 (siehe Abb. 5) hervor, die jedoch keine geometrische Ach-se
der einer der Gipfel des gleichschenkligen Dreiecks UVW ist, schneidet die des Rechtecks des östlichen Teils und der Reithalle ist. (By M. Müller,
Achse o4 der Kreis k4 mit der Mitte im Brunnen mit dem Fisch. Die Achse o5 digitale Ausführung M. ÿurica).
gelitet durch die Mitte des quadratischen Neptun-Brunnen schneidet den Erläuterung zur Abbildung 7: Raffinierte Anordnung der Brunnen auf dem
Kreis k5 im Punkt Y, one of the most important points of the ganzen Konzeption. gleichschenkligen Triangle. Mitten des quadratischen (S2 -Neptune-Brunnens)
Er liegt auf der Verbindungslinie der Mitten zwei ugrieben Brunnen und der und des Brunnens in der Nähe des Gebäudes der Pagen (S3 ) befinden sich
Mitte der quadratischen Piscina vor der Reithalle (Achse o6 ), aber was wir in seiner Gipfel, der dritte Gipfel des Dreiecks (Y) liegt an der Grenze des
für mehr wichtig holden ist dass er gleichzeiten genau auf der Grenzli-nie liegt die Grundstückes, während der kleinste von den Brunnen vor der Grotte - der
das Waldstein-Areal von dem Grundstück des Augustinerklosters Brunnen mit dem Fisch, sich in einem Drittel seiner Basis befindet. Auf der
trennt, gleich wie der Punkt V, der zweite von den Gipfeln des already er- Verlengerung dieser Basis, auf dem gegenüberliegenden Ende des Gartens

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DISCUSSION

vor der Reithalle, liegt dann die Mitte der quadratischen Piscina. punktes D vom Presbyterium der St. Veitskathedrale bezeichnet (J. ÿiháková,
Abb. 8: Zusammendruck des Planes des Erdgeschosses im Waldstein-Are-al digital execution. M. ÿurica).
von Anselmo Lurago aus dem Jahre 1753 (grau, grün) mit dem Umriss der Abb. 13: Beleg der regulare Ausmessung des Grundrisses des zentralen
Massen des Waldstein-Areals aus der Technischen Karte 1:500 (schwarze The room of the cave.
Linien) und mit dem colored Schema der basic Konstruktionen-lösung des Das System der Platzierung der Pfeiler der Grotte ist durch Verbindungsli-
Areals. (Author M. Müller, digital Ausführung M. ÿurica). nien ihrer Ecken dargestellt, die durch die geometrische Mitte des Ovals
Abb. 9: Zusammendruck des Florenz-Planes des 1. Stockes des Waldstein-Areals Uffizi lead Gegenüber dem südlichen Pfeiler 4 liegt die gleich große (4.5 Ellen)
4517 (grau) mit dem Umriss der Massen des Waldstein-Areals Lücke zwischen den Pfeilern 7 und 1, was die Öffnung des ursprünglichen
aus der Technischen Karte 1:500 (schwarze Linien), mit dem farbigen Sche- Entry ist. The width of the pillars 1 corresponds to the size of the gap between
ma der basic Konstruktionslösung des Areals und mit dem Oval the pillars 4 and 5, and the opposite pillars 3 and 6 are of the same size. Wenn
des zentralen Raumes der Großen Grotte abgebildet laut der Realisierung man der Breite des Pfeilers 7 die
– auf der existingen Stelle. (Author M. Müller, digitale Ausführung M. ÿu-rica). Lücke zwischen dem benachbarten Pfeiler 6 (kleine Höhle) zurechnet, ist das
erwerbene Maß von der gleichen Größe (again 4.5 Ellen), wie die Lücke zwi-
Abb. 10: Zusammendruck des Florenz-Planes des 1. Stockes des Waldstein-Areals Uffizi schen den Pfeilern 3 und 4. Eine markante Anomalie kommt nur auf der west-
4517 (grau), mit dem farbigen Schema der fundamental Kon-strukzionslösung des lichen Seite des zentralen Raumes vor. Gegenüber der Lücke zwischen den
Areals. Der Abb. 9 opposite ist das Oval der Großen Pfeilern 1 und 2, auch 4.5 Ellen breit, liegt der gewaltigste Pfeiler, 6.5 Ellen
Grotte in den Umriss der Grotte auf dem Florenz-Plan eingelegt. Das Ergeb- lang, dessen östliche Kante zwar in der corresponding Position ist, aber
nis ist die Feststellung, dass in dieser Position die Mitte des Ovals genau sein westlicher Teil von der ovalen Form abweicht. Die nördliche Stirnseite
auf der Hauptachse o4 liegt, was zu der Hypothesis führt, dass der Plan Uffi- des Pfeilers kopiert nämich die Linie des inneren Ovals nur zum Punkt T4
zi Nr. 4517 ein älteres nicht realizedes, später umgearbeitetes Projekt ist. (cf. Abb. 33 auf der Seite 131), dort verlässt sie sie und steert in der nord-
(Author J. ÿiháková, M. Müller, digital Ausführung M. ÿurica). westlichen Richtung in der Extension der Verbindungslinie der Punkte
Abb. 11: Einkomponierung des fundamental Systems des Areals (rot) in W und T4 bis zur Hälfte der Breite des Fundamentkranzes, wo der Pfeiler
die Stadtlandschaft auf der Technischen Karte 1:1000 mit der Bezeichnung abgeschlossen ist Gegenüber dem Pfeiler 2, der mit der Lücke zwischen den
der Richtungen einiger Linien (J. ÿiháková, digital Ausführungen M. ÿurica). Pfeilern 2 und 3 verbunden ist, befindet sich dann die größte Lücke. Sia
Abb. 12: Einkomponierung des fundamental Systems des Areals (rot) in liegt zwischen den Pfeilern 5 und 6, 6.5 Ellen breit, genauso wie der bena-
the city landscape on the orthophoto map Geodis Brno, GmbH. Weiß ist chbarte (größte) Pfeiler 5 (Author M. Müller, digital Ausführung M. ÿurica).
der Vergleich der größten Länge des Areas mit der Entfernung ihres Rand-
(Translation by J. Kroupová)

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