NAME: ROHAN SAWANT
ROLL. NO.: 22203B0017
BATCH 1
Practical no.: 8
AIM: Execute text processing commands.
Program Code:
Write the commands for:
1. Counting number of words in the ‘data.txt’
Command: wc -w data.txt
2. Counting number of lines in ‘data.txt’
Command: wc -l data.txt
3. Counting all Characters in the ‘data.txt’
Command: wc -m data.txt
Practical related Questions:
1. Give Applications of Paste Command.
a. Combine Files Horizontally: Merges lines from multiple files side by side. For
example, paste file1.txt file2.txt combines lines from both files into a single line per
output line.
b. Create Tabular Output: Useful for creating tabular data from multiple files or
commands. For example, combining a list of names with corresponding phone numbers.
c. Merge Data Streams: Combining the output of different commands, such as
command1 | paste - file2.txt, where - represents the standard input.
2. How to move cursor to end of a line.
a. In vi or vim: Press Shift + $ to move to the end of the line.
b. In nano: Press Ctrl + _ (underscore) then Ctrl + V and End to jump to the end of the line.
3. What are the options of wc command?
Options of the wc Command:
-l : Count the number of lines.
-w : Count the number of words.
-c : Count the number of bytes (characters).
NAME: ROHAN SAWANT
ROLL. NO.: 22203B0017
BATCH 1
-m : Count the number of characters (in multi-byte encodings).
4. What are different types of filters used in Linux?
Different Types of Filters Used in Linux:
Text Filters: grep (search text), sed (stream editor), awk (pattern scanning and processing).
Sorting Filters: sort (sort lines of text files).
Formatting Filters: fmt (simple text formatting), pr (prepare text files for printing).
Transformation Filters: tr (translate or delete characters), cut (remove sections from lines
of files).
5. What is difference between $cat abc and $cat|more (File abc shall consists of more
than 25 lines in it )
Command Description Behavior
$ cat abc Displays the entire Shows all lines of the file at once,
content of the file abc. which can quickly scroll past if
the file is long.
`$ cat abc more` Uses more to paginate the output
of cat.
Exercise:
1. Write the significance of following.
i. Only one character is specified
$ paste -d "" number state capital
1| Arunachal Pradesh|Itanagar
2|Assam|Dispur
3|Andra Pradesh| Hyderabad
4|Bihar|Patna
5|Chhattisgrah|Raipur
a. No Delimiter: By specifying an empty delimiter (-d ""), the output directly
concatenates the columns without adding any spaces or other characters between
them. This can be useful when you want to create a compact, delimited output without
any extra characters.
b. Concatenation: This approach concatenates data from different sources into a
single line for each row. This is useful when the format of the output needs to be
NAME: ROHAN SAWANT
ROLL. NO.: 22203B0017
BATCH 1
customized, and the absence of a delimiter can help in creating specific formats or
structures.
ii. More than one character is specified
$paste -d “|,” number state capital
1| Arunachal Pradesh,Itanagar
2|Assam,Dispur
3|Andra Pradesh,Hyderabad
4|Bihar,Patna
5|Chhattisgrah,Raipur
Significance:
Cyclic Delimiter Usage: By specifying more than one delimiter, paste alternates
between the delimiters. In this case, | is used to separate the first column from the
second, and , is used to separate the second column from the third.
Formatted Output: This approach allows for more complex formatting of the output.
For example, using | to separate different types of information and , to separate sub-
items can make the data easier to read or fit specific formatting requirements.
In the output:
The | delimiter separates the number column from the state column.
The , delimiter separates the state column from the capital column.
iii. -s (serial), Combination of -d and -s, -version (write its syntax and example)
1. Create a new file and practice executing shell commands from within the editor. Capture
the results of some shell commands into the file.
2. How to get help?
NAME: ROHAN SAWANT
ROLL. NO.: 22203B0017
BATCH 1
2. Try the commands and write output with its meaning
i. tr “[a-f]” “[0-5]” < employee (employee is name of file)
ii. tr -s “ “ <employee
iii. tr -d “f” < employee
