Lighting Application

Lighting Design
 Lighting Design
Lighting Design Process
• Analysis of the Lighting Functions
• Determination of Lighting Quality
parameters & values
• Choice of lighting & control system
• Choice of lamp and luminaire types
• Determination of number and
positions of luminaires
 Lighting Design
Lighting Design Process
Analysis of the lighting functions
• Architect & Lighting designer discussion -
• Scientific, Technical, Aesthetical & Artistic Aspects
• Lighting control requirements, wishes &
possibilities
• Positions of windows and doors
• Mounting possibilities
• Style and Aesthetics preferences
• Leisure Factor for restaurant, bar & lounge
• Energy, sustainability aspects & Budget
 Lighting Design
Lighting Design Process
Determination of Lighting Quality
• Circadian Rhythm
• pRGCs
• Photobiological Effects
• Non-visual biological effects of lighting
 Lighting Design
Lighting Design Process
Choice of Lighting and Control System
• General / General + Local / Local Lighting
• Direct / Indirect / Combined Lighting
• High-bay / Low-bay (Industrial)
• Attractiveness, Atmosphere or Status
• Restaurants, Shops and Museums
• Should not interact negatively
 Lighting Design
Lighting Design Process
Choice of Lamp, Luminaire & Control
 Lighting Design
Lighting Design Process
Number and Positions of Luminaires
 Lighting Design
Application-Specific Aspects
Office Lighting
 Lighting Design
Application-Specific Aspects
Office Lighting (Functional Lighting)

• General lighting
• General plus localised lighting
• Fully localised lighting

Executed as
• Direct lighting
• Indirect lighting
• Combination of Direct & Indirect lighting
 Lighting Design
Application-Specific Aspects
Office Lighting (Functional Lighting)
• General lighting
– Luminaires in regular pattern
– Provides required lighting level and uniformity
– Total area = task area.
– Unnecessary high lighting levels,
– High energy consumption
 Lighting Design
Application-Specific Aspects
Office Lighting (Functional Lighting)
• General lighting
– Smart Control system can control the lighting of
workstations based on occupancy, daylight contribution &
task being carried out.
– Electric lighting should not be switched off when the
daylight level reaches untill around 1.5 times the specified
lighting level
– Colour and dynamic light-level systems are suitable to fulfill
non-visual biological needs to positively influence health,
wellbeing and performance of the office workers.
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Office Lighting (Functional Lighting)
• General lighting
– Smart
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Office Lighting (Functional Lighting)
• General lighting
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Office Lighting (Functional Lighting)

• General + Localised lighting

– Local lighting at workstations for critical tasks (task area)
remaining area (immediate surrounding)
– high lighting and CCT levels to fulfil non-visual biological
needs
– Local lighting could be dimmed or switched off to save
energy
– Smart lighting control is best solution
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Office Lighting (Functional Lighting)

• Fully Localised lighting

– Luminaires arranged entirely with respect to the
workstations.
– Smart control system for lighting
– Luminaires must provide enough “spill light” for immediate
surrounds
– Rearranging the workstations may result insufficient light in
immediate surroundings
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Office Lighting (Functional Lighting)
• Direct lighting
– Efficient
– Ceiling-surface mounted, Ceiling-recessed-mounted and
Ceiling-suspended (pendant) luminaires
– Easier Modelling with high pr & pc
– Indirect light also contributes
– sudden light transitions are avoided
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Office Lighting (Functional Lighting)
• Direct lighting
Rows of linear luminaires
should run parallel to the
windows and parallel to the
viewing direction

silhouette
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Office Lighting (Functional Lighting)
• Indirect lighting
– Efficient
– Suspended and Freestanding (desktop) luminaires.
– Disadvantages like light only after reflection from ceiling
and upper parts of the walls. Even for pr & pc of 0.70, a loss
of 30% occurs.
– Inherently diffuse and hardly creates shadows.
– Modelling, therefore, is poor.
– Monotone and dull lighting character with shadow-free
lighting like situation outdoors on a cloudy day.
– Advantage: Disturbing reflections from lighting elements
and display units are limited
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Office Lighting (Functional Lighting)
• Indirect lighting
– Shape and Design of the luminaire play a role in
the ambience of the space and creates typical
character appropriate for a particular target group
– Visual obstruction to people sitting or working by
Luminaires in the space
– Power supply cables for freestanding luminaires
needs to be found out
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Office Lighting (Functional Lighting)
• Direct + Indirect lighting
– only freestanding / only suspended luminaires Facilitates
flexibility
– Disadvantages of fully indirect system can be largely
avoided.
– High ceiling and wall luminances can be obtained
– Modelling will be better than with the fully direct system
(Veitch et al. 1996; Boyce et al. 2006)
– Best results obtained with >50% direct lighting contributes
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Office Lighting (Functional Lighting)
• Direct + Indirect lighting
– Energy efficiency lies proportionally, according to the direct
and indirect contribution, between Full direct & Full Indirect
system.
– Visually more pleasing than the other systems.
– Lighting installation’s products become part of the interior
design & attention should be paid to avoid visual obstruction
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Office Lighting (Ambient Lighting)
• Enhances the room decor by Secondary lighting
• Achieved by accent lighting, effect lighting and
architectural lighting.
• Accent lighting used to emphasize particular
objects / features
• Effect lighting by itself is an attractive feature,
(specific light patterns on a wall / Dynamic lighting)
• Architectural lighting emphasizes interior
architecture of a space.
• Usually, equipped with a smart dimming control to
enable a multipurpose use of the space
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Industrial Lighting (Work Area)
• General Lighting
• General + Localised Lighting

– Fully localised lighting in larger areas not

recommended
– Makes gloomy and chaotic.
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Industrial Lighting (Work Area)
General Lighting
• Regular array of overhead luminaires over
whole working area with Eav & u0 that fulfils
critical tasks carried out
• Provides freedom of machinery placement
• Type of light depends on task types & height
of space
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Industrial Lighting (Work Area)
General Lighting
• Two main groups:

– Low-bay interiors < 7 m

– High-bay interiors > 7 m (industrial halls)

 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Industrial Lighting (Work Area)
General Lighting
Low-bay interiors, two versions:

– < 3 m, often housed in multistorey buildings &

having office type of character,

– > 3m Single-storey, factory type of character.

 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Industrial Lighting (Work Area)
General Lighting
• Low-bay lighting:
Low-bay interiors < 3–4 m common with office
buildings: white ceilings & high reflective
walls.
Often ceiling mounted
Often rows of linear luminaires parallel to
windows & viewing direction
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Industrial Lighting (Work Area)
General Lighting
• Low-bay lighting:

Interiors > 4 m; continuous rows of interconnected linear

luminaires, (battens)

Often suspended from roof to hang

> 6 m, small floodlight types in regular or working station

orientated pattern.

Harsh, disturbing shadows may occur for high spacing

Avoiding that the installation would be economical in terms of

 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Industrial Lighting (Work Area)
General Lighting
• High-bay lighting:
– Height > 7 m HID floodlights, mounted on rail system suspended
from the roof.
– Far away from lines of sight (restricted glare)
– Shielding required for upward-directed lines of view
– General plus localised lighting: Work positions are permanent,
– Lower level general lighting + localised lighting have economic
advantages
– General lighting illuminates the entire area & critical tasks
illuminated by Local lighting at workstations
– Divided as task area & immediate surrounding
– Local luminaires should not form visual obstructions for the
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Industrial Lighting (Work Area)
General + Localised lighting:
• Work positions are permanent,
• Economic advantages
• General lighting illuminates the entire area +
critical tasks illuminated by Local lighting at
workstations
• Divided as task area & immediate surrounding
• Local luminaires should not form visual
obstructions for the workers.
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Classroom Lighting (Goals)
• Visual performance and comfort are needs of pupils
and students.
• Same as those of office workers.
• Crucial difference: carrying out visual task easier for
young age children and students as functions
physiologically better & better eyesight at shorter
distances
• Lower lighting levels (standard).
• Not suitable for adult training and education in evening
• Influences night-time sleep quality, daytime alertness,
relaxation and emotional state of pupils and students.
• Influence learning performance
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Classroom Lighting (Goals)
Two Routs
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Classroom Lighting (Goals)
For school pupils and students, a third route can be distinguished
Three order effects (Novotny and Plischke 2014)
• Route 1 (first-order effects): immediate, direct effects of light that
directly influence alertness, attention, concentration and mood

• Route 2 (second-order effects): long-term circadian effects of the

light-dark rhythm which affect in particular the night-time sleeping
quality, which, in turn, affects alertness, attention, concentration
and mood of the pupil the day after that night

• Route 3 (third-order effects): lighting that has positive first- and

second-order effects may reduce the disruptive behaviour of some
of the pupils, having, in turn, a positive effect on the entire
classroom population.
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Classroom Lighting (Goals)
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Classroom Lighting (Goals)
• Increase in lighting level Eh 300 -> 500 lux especially in the
morning hours, increases learning performance and mood

• Increase in learning performance and mood coincides with an

increase in colour temperature in both the morning and
afternoon hours (very effective during winter days)

• In the learning process, moments of concentration and focus

(cooler light) have to be alternated with moments of
relaxation (Warmer).

• Tuning of lighting by teacher indeed positively impacts the

engagement and mood of the students
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Classroom Lighting (Recommendation)
• Dynamic lighting (E & CCT) is effective in classroom

• During darker periods of year and with poor daylight

penetration, increase Eh 300 -> 500 lx, 6500 K for first 2 h of the
morning.

• For adult education -> 750 lux

• At least two dedicated scenes control should be made available

to the teacher, “relaxation” and “concentration scene”

• Automatic daylight-dependent lighting control should be

incorporated in a smart, dynamic lighting installation.
 Lighting Design (Application-Specific)
Classroom Lighting (Recommendation)
 Lighting Design (Application Specific)
Lighting for Healthcare (Wardrooms)
Requirements differ widely for medical staff & patients

Daytime lighting:

• Patients may be in recumbent, semi-recumbent or sitting positions.

• Glare free.

• Indirect lighting, good solution for general lighting

Disadvantage: Patients look bad

• Low-luminance direct lighting is better

• Standard general lighting 50 - 100 lux with 150–300 lux local

illuminance (<350cd/m2) at bed head covering width of the bed
(reading), controllable by patient w/o disturbing other patients
 Lighting Design (Application Specific)
Lighting for Healthcare (Wardrooms)

Daytime lighting:

• Plays robust and regular circadian rhythm

• Morning light has positive effects on sleep and mood of
patients, leads to less pain medication & shorter stay in hospital
• Until the above have been considered, dynamic lighting
recommended
• Early morning with 750 lux Eh ~ 6500 K
• After 2.5–3 h, to ~ 100 lux, 3000–4000 K w/o any after-lunch
change
• Light (morning) blue component / colour on ceiling and upper
walls can strengthen the desired effect as shown
• Electric lighting should be daylight linked
Lighting Design (Application Specific)
Lighting for Healthcare
 Lighting Design (Application Specific)
Lighting for Healthcare (Wardrooms)
Night-time lighting:
• Minimal as possible for circadian rhythm

• ≥1 lux for nurses and patients to find their way about

• Corridor dimmed to ~ 5–10 lux to avoid adaptation problems for

staffs

• Dimmed Corridor lighting prevents disturbing light at each visit

of staff member

Examination lighting:

• Supplementary lighting needed examination purpose

 Lighting Design (Application Specific)
Lighting for Healthcare (ICU)

• Circadian system.

• Light-dark rhythm: the 24-h rhythm.

 Lighting Design (Application Specific)
Lighting for Healthcare (Nursing Home)

• Less light reaches the retinas of elderly and less effective

visual and non-visual effects
• More sensitive for glare, slow adaptation to different
lighting levels
• In interior design, reflectances and colours of objects, doors
and stairs should be chosen to provide high contrasts
• Glossy surface materials should not be used
• Large light transitions should be avoided
• Low-luminance luminaires should be applied, and
positioned to limit glare
• Large windows for daylight penetration & visual connection
with outside world with auto controlled sunscreens
 Lighting Design (Application Specific)
Lighting for Healthcare (Nursing Home)
Living rooms:
• Similar to wardrooms & increase with a factor of 2,
i.e. general lighting 100–200 lux with 300–500 lux for
reading and other hobby activities
• Circadian rhythm
• Fully indirect lighting not recommended
• Smart, auto daylight control saves energy & avoids
residents sitting in too low lighting levels w/o
realising the negative consequences
• Night-time (1 lx) complete darkness is preferable
• Auto control wash room light best solution
 Lighting Design (Application Specific)
Lighting for Healthcare (Nursing Home)
Communal Living rooms:

• Dynamic lighting evokes robust circadian rhythms

• Morning lighting of 1000 lux H,

• Reduce after 2.5–3h to 200 lux