IEPR module 1

1. India economy rank by GDP

a. Key Insights:
i. India is the 5th largest economy by nominal GDP, surpassing the UK and France.
ii. By Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), India ranks 3rd, behind China and the USA.
iii. The high ranking in PPP reflects India’s cost-adjusted economic size.
iv. Rapid economic growth and reforms have helped India climb global GDP rankings.
v. Projections suggest India could surpass Japan and Germany by 2030 to become the
third-largest economy in nominal terms.

2. India rank by purchasing power parity

a. Key Insights:
i. India ranks 3rd globally in GDP (PPP), after China (1st) and the USA (2nd).
ii. PPP adjusts GDP based on the cost of living and local purchasing power, making it a
better indicator of economic strength for developing countries.
iii. Despite being 5th in nominal GDP, India's economic output is larger in PPP terms
due to lower prices of goods and services domestically.
iv. India’s share in the world economy (PPP) is around 8%, reflecting its growing
economic influence.

3. Share of Indian GDP compared to world

4. India GDP growth rate

a. 2023-24: India experienced robust growth at 8.2%, positioning itself as one of the
fastest-growing major economies.
b. 2024-25: Growth moderated to 6.4%, influenced by global economic uncertainties
and domestic factors such as a slowdown in manufacturing and reduced corporate
investments.
 c. 2025-26 Projections: The Economic Survey anticipates growth between 6.3% and
6.8%, contingent on factors like global economic conditions, domestic policy
measures, and investment trends.

5. Top 10 country by GDP

6. Economic survey of India

Previous
Statistic
Category Year Description / Inference
(FY 2024-25)
(FY 2023-24)
India continues to be one of the
6.4%
GDP Growth Rate 8.20% fastest-growing economies despite
(estimated)
global challenges.
Growth is expected to stabilize due to
Projected GDP Growth
6.3% - 6.8% - structural reforms and rising
(FY 2025-26)
investments.
Fiscal consolidation efforts have
Fiscal Deficit (as % of
5.80% 6.40% reduced the deficit, improving
GDP)
macroeconomic stability.
Higher spending on infrastructure
₹11.11 lakh ₹10.01 lakh
Capital Expenditure and manufacturing to boost long-
crore crore
term growth.
4.9% (April- Inflation is under control due to
Inflation Rate (CPI) 5.40%
Dec 2024) prudent monetary policies by RBI.
Favorable monsoon and government
Agriculture Sector
3.80% 3.50% support have improved agricultural
Growth
output.
330 million 324 million Record foodgrain production ensures
Foodgrain Production
tonnes tonnes food security and stabilizes prices.
Growth driven by Make in India,
Industry Sector Growth 6.20% 4.50% manufacturing incentives, and
infrastructure projects.
IT, telecom, finance, and real estate
Services Sector Growth 7.20% 8.10%
are key drivers of services growth.
A declining trend shows improvement
Unemployment Rate 3.20% 3.80% in job creation through policy
interventions.
 Strong credit growth supports
Bank Credit Growth 15.50% 14.30%
business expansion and investment.
Gross Non-Performing Banking sector reforms and better
3.20% 4.20%
Assets (GNPA) asset quality have reduced bad loans.
IT and digital services exports have
Services Exports
12.80% 9.50% significantly boosted foreign exchange
Growth
earnings.
Foreign Direct
Stable FDI inflows show continued
Investment (FDI) $83.5 billion $84.8 billion
investor confidence in India.
Inflows
Adequate reserves provide financial
Forex Reserves $617 billion $609 billion stability and cushion against external
shocks.
Digital Economy Size The digital economy is expected to
$1 trillion -
(Projection 2025) drive economic transformation.
Renewable Energy 1.02 million 0.95 million Green energy initiatives are creating
Employment jobs jobs new employment opportunities.

7. Sectors in Indian economy and their performance

Contribution
Employment Description /
Sector to GDP Key Industries
Share Inference
(FY 2024-25)
Despite employing the
largest workforce, its
contribution to GDP is
Agriculture & Crops, dairy, relatively low,
18.10% 43%
Allied Activities fisheries, forestry highlighting the need for
modernization and
productivity
improvements.
Industry Government initiatives
Steel, cement,
(Manufacturing, like "Make in India" and
automobiles,
Construction, 26.30% 25% infrastructure
chemicals, textiles,
Mining, development are driving
construction
Electricity) industrial growth.
The largest contributor
IT, banking, to GDP, driven by IT,
telecommunications, finance, and emerging
Services Sector 55.60% 32%
real estate, tourism, digital services, making
healthcare India a global service
hub.

8. Sectors performance in Indian economic

Growth Previous
Rate Year
Sector Description / Inference
(FY 2024- (FY 2023-
25) 24)
Growth is supported by good monsoon, increased
Agriculture & MSPs, and government schemes like PM-KISAN.
3.80% 3.50%
Allied Activities However, rural distress and climate risks remain
concerns.
Industry
(Manufacturing, Manufacturing is driven by PLI schemes, while
Construction, 6.20% 4.50% construction is benefiting from increased
Mining, infrastructure spending.
Electricity)
Growth is fueled by domestic demand and
Manufacturing 5.90% 4.20% government incentives under "Make in India" and
"Atmanirbhar Bharat".
Increased capital expenditure and real estate boom
Construction 7.30% 5.80%
are driving the sector.
Mining & Coal, iron ore, and mineral production have
4.80% 3.60%
Quarrying improved, supported by policy reforms.
Electricity & Growth is due to rising demand and renewable
5.20% 4.70%
Utilities energy investments.
Continues to be the highest contributor to GDP,
Services Sector 7.20% 8.10%
driven by IT, banking, and real estate.
Financial
Banking sector stability and high real estate
Services & Real 7.50% 7.90%
demand support growth.
Estate
India's IT sector remains strong, with rising global
IT & Telecom 8.30% 9.10%
outsourcing demand.
Tourism & Recovery continues post-pandemic, supported by
7.00% 6.20%
Hospitality domestic and international travel.

9. India economic growth trajectory

Growth
Time
Phase Rate Key Developments Description / Inference
Period
(%)
Post- Growth remained low due
Focus on self-reliance, state-led
Independence 1947- to protectionist policies
~3.5% industrialization, Five-Year
(Planned 1991 and limited global trade
Plans
Economy) participation.
Market-oriented reforms
LPG Reforms (Liberalization,
Economic 1991- led to increased foreign
~5.5% Privatization, Globalization),
Liberalization 2000 investment and
FDI inflows, IT boom
industrial growth.
India's GDP growth
IT sector expansion, peaked, driven by rising
High Growth 2000-
~7.5% infrastructure boom, services exports and
Phase 2010
demographic dividend global economic
integration.
Growth slowed
Global financial crisis, GST,
Slowdown & 2010- temporarily but remained
~6.5% Demonetization, banking sector
Recovery 2020 resilient due to structural
reforms
reforms.
India's economy
Atmanirbhar Bharat, PLI
Post- rebounded strongly after
2020- schemes, focus on
Pandemic ~8.2% COVID-19, positioning
2023 manufacturing and digital
Recovery itself for sustained
economy
growth.
 India is expected to
Future become the third-largest
2024- ~6.3% - Digital economy, green energy,
Outlook economy by 2030,
2030 6.8% infrastructure expansion
(Projected) surpassing Japan and
Germany.

10. Indian colonialism

a. Indian colonialism refers to the period when India was under British rule,
significantly impacting its economy, society, and governance. The British established
control over India primarily through the East India Company (1757-1857) and later
under British Crown rule (1858-1947).

Period Key Events

Early British Expansion (1757- Battle of Plassey (1757), Battle of Buxar (1764),
1857) Permanent Settlement (1793)
Establishment of British monopoly over trade, Doctrine
Company Rule (1757-1857)
of Lapse
British Crown Rule (1858-1947) Revolt of 1857, Railways, Industrial Decline
Economic Drain (1757-1947) Drain of Wealth Theory by Dadabhai Naoroji
English education, Indian Councils Act (1861),
Social & Political Changes
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919)
Indian Resistance & Swadeshi Movement (1905), Non-Cooperation
Independence Struggle Movement (1920), Quit India Movement (1942)

11. Characteristics of Indian colonialism

Characteristic Description / Inference
Economic British drained Indian wealth through high taxation, trade
Exploitation monopoly, and resource extraction.
Traditional industries, especially textiles, declined due to British
Deindustrialization
imports and unfair policies.
High land taxes and forced cash crop farming led to rural poverty
Agrarian Distress
and famines.
Monopoly over British-controlled trade, restricting Indian businesses and global
Trade market access.
Infrastructure for Railways and roads were built mainly for British economic and
British Benefit military interests.
Western Education English education and British laws replaced traditional Indian
& Legal System systems, creating an educated middle class.
Divide and Rule Communal divisions were deepened through policies like separate
Policy electorates and Bengal Partition (1905).
Political Acts like the Rowlatt Act (1919) curtailed freedoms and increased
Suppression British control.
Famine & Colonial policies led to major famines (e.g., Bengal Famine of 1943),
Starvation worsening food insecurity.
Exploitation fueled resistance, leading to movements like Swadeshi,
Rise of Nationalism
Non-Cooperation, and Quit India.

12. Economic impact of Indian colonialism

Impact Description / Inference
British extracted India's wealth through high taxes, trade surplus,
Drain of Wealth
and remittances to Britain, weakening the economy.
 Indian industries, especially textiles, collapsed due to British trade
Deindustrialization
policies, leading to large-scale unemployment.
Heavy taxation and forced cash crop farming (indigo, opium)
Agricultural Decline
caused rural poverty and frequent famines.
India became a raw material supplier and a consumer of British
Trade Imbalance
goods, with no industrial growth.
Infrastructure for Railways, roads, and ports were developed mainly to facilitate
Exploitation British trade and military control, not for Indian development.
Famine & Millions died due to food shortages caused by colonial policies that
Starvation prioritized cash crops over food grains.
Stagnation of Indian Economic policies hindered capital accumulation, preventing
Economy industrialization and technological advancement.
British policies led to a decline in per capita income and widespread
Increase in Poverty
poverty, which persisted even after independence.
Land revenue policies like Permanent Settlement (1793) made
Rise in Landlessness
farmers tenant cultivators, increasing rural indebtedness.
Foreign Control of British banks and companies controlled capital flow, limiting
Finance Indian entrepreneurship and business growth.

13. Development in Indian colonialism

a. Railways & Transport – Built for British trade and military movement but later
boosted Indian connectivity.
b. Modern Education System – Introduced English education, leading to the rise of a
nationalist middle class.
c. Legal & Administrative Reforms – Established the Indian Penal Code (1860) and civil
services for governance.
d. Irrigation & Agriculture – Some irrigation projects improved farming, but policies
largely harmed farmers.
e. Urbanization & New Cities – Kolkata, Mumbai, and Chennai grew as major
administrative and trade centers.

14. Pre vs post Indian colonialism

Aspect Pre-Colonial India (Before 1757) Post-Colonial India (After 1947)
Transition to a planned economy with
Economic Self-sufficient economy with strong
focus on industrialization and
Structure agriculture, trade, and handicrafts.
modernization.
Deindustrialized by British rule; post-
Industrial Thriving textile, metal, and handicraft
independence efforts to rebuild
Development industries.
industries.
Mainly subsistence farming with a Land reforms, Green Revolution, and
Agriculture
strong village economy. modernization efforts.
Trade restricted under British; post-
Trade & India was a global trading hub,
1947, policies encouraged self-
Commerce exporting textiles and spices.
reliance.
British-built railways, roads, and
Indigenous roads, irrigation, and water
Infrastructure ports; post-independence expansion of
systems.
infrastructure.
Introduction of modern education
Indigenous learning systems
Education system; post-1947 expansion of higher
(Gurukuls, Madrasas).
education.
Political Regional kingdoms and empires like Independent democracy with federal
Structure Mughal, Maratha, and Vijayanagara. governance.
Poverty & Widespread poverty post-colonial rule,
Lower inequality, with strong local
Living but improvement through economic
economies.
Standards reforms.

15. Economic transformation from independence to Amritkaal

Time
Phase Key Features Description / Inference
Period
Post- Five-Year Plans, Focused on self-reliance, agriculture, and
1947-
Independence Public Sector industrialization, but had slow growth
1991
Planned Economy Dominance (Hindu Growth Rate ~3.5%).
LPG Reforms
Opened markets, boosted FDI, IT sector
Economic 1991- (Liberalization,
growth, and led to rapid GDP expansion
Liberalization 2000 Privatization,
(~6-7%).
Globalization)
IT & Services Boom, India became a global IT hub, high
2000-
High Growth Era Infrastructure economic growth (~7-9%), but faced global
2010
Growth financial crisis impact.
GST, Strengthened tax system, boosted
Structural
2010- Demonetization, manufacturing, and increased digital
Reforms & Digital
2020 Make in India, penetration. Growth fluctuated due to
Economy
Digital India global trends.
Atmanirbhar
Focus on self-reliance, infrastructure, and
Post-Pandemic 2020- Bharat, Green
technology-driven economy. India among
Recovery 2025 Energy, PLI
fastest-growing economies (~6.4-8%).
Schemes
Goal to become a developed economy with
Viksit Bharat, AI &
2025- $30-35 trillion GDP by 2047, driven by
Amrit Kaal Vision Green Economy,
2047 sustainability, innovation, and inclusive
Global Power
growth.

16. Poverty in India with key statics

a. Poverty is the condition where people are unable to afford the minimum standard of
living due to low income and lack of access to essential services.
i. Absolute Poverty – Measured using a fixed income threshold, below which
individuals cannot afford basic necessities.
ii. Relative Poverty – Compares income levels within a society, identifying
economic disparity.
Poverty Line
Committee / Poverty
Criteria (Rural Remarks
Estimation Year Rate (%)
& Urban)
Rural:
Shifted focus from calorie-based to
Tendulkar Committee ₹27/day, 21.9%
expenditure-based poverty
(2009-10) Urban: (2011-12)
measurement.
₹33/day
Rural:
Rangarajan Committee ₹32/day, 29.5% Suggested a higher threshold than
(2014) Urban: (2011-12) the Tendulkar Committee.
₹47/day
 $2.15/day
World Bank Poverty
(Extreme 12.92% Used for global comparisons.
Line (2021)
Poverty)
Based on
education, Multidimensional approach
NITI Aayog’s MPI 15%
health, and considering non-monetary aspects of
(2023) (2023)
standard of poverty.
living

Method Description Challenges

Based on minimum daily calorie Ignores non-food
Calorie Intake Method consumption: 2400 kcal (rural) and essentials like healthcare
2100 kcal (urban). and education.
Defines a poverty line based on Varies across regions;
Income/Expenditure
minimum consumption expenditure doesn’t account for
Method
required for basic needs. changing lifestyles.
Measures poverty using indicators like Complex calculations;
Multidimensional
nutrition, education, sanitation, and difficult to implement
Poverty Index (MPI)
access to electricity. uniformly.
World Bank’s Uses $2.15 per day for extreme poverty
Doesn’t consider India’s
International Poverty and $3.65 per day for lower-middle-
regional cost variations
Line income economies.

Indicator Value (2022-23)

Overall Poverty Rate 4.5% - 5%
Rural Poverty Rate 7.20%
Urban Poverty Rate 4.60%
Extreme Poverty (<$2.15/day) 12.92%
People Lifted Out of Poverty
135 million
(2015-2021)

17. Factors contributing to poverty

a. Historical Exploitation – Colonial rule drained wealth and hindered industrial
development.
b. Unemployment & Underemployment – Limited job opportunities, especially in rural
areas.
c. Low Agricultural Productivity – Dependence on outdated farming methods and
unpredictable monsoons.
d. Population Growth – High population increases demand for resources and
employment.
e. Inflation & Rising Costs – High food and fuel prices reduce purchasing power.
f. Social Inequality – Caste, gender, and regional disparities limit economic
opportunities.
g. Lack of Education & Skills – Poor literacy and vocational skills prevent higher income
jobs.
h. Insufficient Industrialization – Slow growth of the manufacturing sector limits
employment.
i. Weak Healthcare & Nutrition – Poor health reduces productivity and income
potential.
j. Poor Infrastructure – Lack of roads, electricity, and digital access in rural areas
restricts economic growth.
 18. Government initiatives towards poverty
Scheme Objective Key Benefit
100 days of rural wage Reduces rural unemployment &
MGNREGA
employment provides income security
Free food grains for poor
PMGKAY Ensures food security for 800M+ people
households
NFSA Subsidized food grains via PDS Reduces hunger & malnutrition
PMAY Affordable housing for poor Improves living conditions
DAY-NRLM & Skill development & self-
Enhances livelihood opportunities
NULM employment
PMJAY
₹5 lakh health insurance per
(Ayushman Improves healthcare access for poor
family
Bharat)
Financial inclusion for unbanked
Jan Dhan Yojana Increases banking & credit access
citizens
Free LPG connections for poor Reduces indoor pollution & improves
Ujjwala Yojana
households health
Skill India & Job-oriented skill development &
Boosts employment & self-reliance
Startup India entrepreneurship
Mid-Day Meal Improves child nutrition & school
Free meals for school children
Scheme attendance

19. Achievements towards reducing poverty in India

Achievement Key Impact
Reduced from 21.9% (2011-12) to ~4.5%-5%
Poverty Rate Decline
(2023-24).
Only 12.92% of Indians live below $2.15/day
Extreme Poverty Reduction
(World Bank, 2021).
135 Million Lifted from From 2015-2021, major improvements in health,
Multidimensional Poverty education, and living standards.
Provided over 3 billion person-days of work in
MGNREGA & Employment Schemes
2022-23.
Over 500M+ Jan Dhan accounts opened,
Financial Inclusion Growth
increasing banking access.
800M+ people covered under NFSA & PMGKAY for
Food Security Expansion
free/subsidized food grains.
99% rural electrification & 3 crore+ houses built
Rural Electrification & Housing
under PMAY.
50 crore+ people covered under PMJAY
Healthcare Access
(Ayushman Bharat) for free healthcare.

20. Inequality in India with key statics

 21. Cause of inequality
Cause Description / Inference
Colonial rule drained wealth, weakened industries, and created lasting
Historical Factors
economic disparities.
Unequal Access to Quality education is expensive and inaccessible for many, leading to
Education skill gaps and income disparity.
The richest 1% own 40% of India’s wealth, limiting opportunities for
Wealth Concentration
lower-income groups.
Unemployment & Many work in low-paying, unregulated jobs with no job security,
Informal Economy widening the income gap.
Women earn less than men and have lower workforce participation
Gender Discrimination
(~33%), reducing economic independence.
Caste & Social Marginalized communities (SC/ST/OBC) face systemic barriers to
Discrimination education, jobs, and wealth creation.
Rural areas have fewer job opportunities, weaker infrastructure, and
Regional Disparities
lower economic growth than urban centers.
Taxation & Fiscal Indirect taxes (GST, fuel taxes) burden the poor more than direct taxes,
Policies favoring the rich.
Healthcare & Nutrition Poor healthcare access and malnutrition affect productivity and
Gaps economic mobility.
Technology & Digital Limited internet access in rural areas restricts opportunities for
Divide education and employment.

22. Steps to achieve inclusiveness or equality

Step Description / Inference
Improve access to quality education, vocational training, and digital
Education for All
literacy for marginalized groups.
Job Creation & Skill Expand employment opportunities through industrial growth,
Development entrepreneurship, and skill-based programs.
Reduce indirect taxes on essential goods and ensure the wealthy
Progressive Taxation
contribute more through direct taxation.
Gender Equality Close the gender pay gap, promote women’s workforce participation,
Initiatives and ensure workplace safety.
Invest in rural infrastructure, agriculture, and MSMEs to bridge the
Rural Development
urban-rural divide.
Expand banking, credit access, and digital payments to empower
Financial Inclusion
lower-income groups.
Strengthen healthcare, housing, and food security programs for
Social Welfare Expansion
vulnerable populations.
Technology & Digital Provide affordable internet and digital infrastructure to bridge the
Access digital divide.

23. Unemployment in India with key statics

 24. Types of unemployment
Type Description
Disguised
More people are employed than required, leading to low productivity.
Unemployment
Seasonal Jobs are available only during certain seasons, leaving workers
Unemployment jobless for part of the year.
Structural Unemployment due to a mismatch between workers’ skills and job
Unemployment requirements.
Cyclical Unemployment Job losses caused by economic slowdowns or recessions.
Frictional
Short-term unemployment while individuals transition between jobs.
Unemployment
Technological Jobs lost due to automation and new technologies replacing human
Unemployment labor.
Educated Graduates or degree holders remain jobless due to lack of demand or
Unemployment overqualification.
Unemployment caused by rapid urbanization, leading to excess labor
Urban Unemployment
supply.
Lack of employment opportunities in villages due to dependence on
Rural Unemployment
agriculture.
Workers are employed below their skill level or work fewer hours than
Underemployment
desired.

25. Government initiatives to improve employment

a. Atmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY): Incentivizes employers to create new jobs
by providing subsidies for provident fund contributions.
b. Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Encourages domestic manufacturing
across various sectors to boost employment.
c. Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): Offers collateral-free loans to small
businesses and entrepreneurs to promote self-employment.
d. Skill India Mission: Aims to equip youth with industry-relevant skills to enhance
employability.

26. Flagship programs to increase employment

Program Objective
Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural
Provides 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to rural
Employment
households.
Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA)
Enhances vocational training and industry-relevant skill
Skill India Mission
development.
Make in India Encourages domestic manufacturing to boost job creation.
Supports entrepreneurship and innovation through funding and ease
Startup India
of doing business.
Pradhan Mantri Provides collateral-free loans to small businesses and self-employed
Mudra Yojana (PMMY) individuals.
Atmanirbhar Bharat Incentivizes new job creation by subsidizing employer EPF
Rojgar Yojana (ABRY) contributions.
Production-Linked
Provides incentives to manufacturing sectors to boost production
Incentive (PLI)
and jobs.
Scheme
Digital India Expands IT and digital services to create job opportunities in tech
Initiative sectors.
Deen Dayal
Upadhyaya Grameen
Provides skill training and placement support for rural youth.
Kaushalya Yojana
(DDU-GKY)
National
Apprenticeship
Encourages on-the-job training through apprenticeships.
Promotion Scheme
(NAPS)

27. Key challenges to track unemployment

a. Lack of Real-Time Data – Surveys like PLFS are conducted periodically, causing
delays in accurate unemployment statistics.
b. Informal Sector Dominance – Over 80% of workers are in the informal sector, making
employment tracking difficult.
c. Underemployment Issues – Many people work below their skill level or fewer hours
than needed, but this is not fully captured in official data.
d. Inconsistent Survey Methods – Different agencies (CMIE, PLFS, NSSO) use varied
methodologies, leading to conflicting unemployment figures.
e. Hidden Youth & Educated Unemployment – Many graduates remain jobless but are
not counted as unemployed if they are still in education or skill training.
f. Rural vs Urban Disparity – Tracking employment in rural areas is harder due to
seasonal work and lack of formal job records.
g. Gig & Platform Economy Growth – New-age jobs (Zomato, Uber) are temporary and
not well-integrated into traditional unemployment data.
h. Gender Employment Gaps – Many women are engaged in unpaid domestic work,
making female unemployment harder to measure.
28. Steps to reduce unemployment
a. Skill Development – Expand vocational training under Skill India & PMKVY.
b. Support MSMEs & Startups – Provide easier loans via Mudra Yojana & Startup India.
c. Boost Manufacturing – Create jobs through Make in India & PLI schemes.
d. Expand Rural Employment – Strengthen MGNREGA and skill-based rural jobs.
e. Encourage Digital & Gig Economy – Promote freelancing, e-commerce, and gig jobs.
f. Increase Public Sector Jobs – Recruit in government & PSU sectors.
g. Invest in Infrastructure – Job creation via roads, railways, and housing projects.
h. Align Education with Industry Needs – Reduce educated unemployment.
i. Promote Women’s Workforce Participation – Ensure workplace safety & training.
j. Enhance Apprenticeships & Internships – Expand NAPS for hands-on training.
 29. Economic growth vs development
Aspect Economic Growth Economic Development
Increase in a country's output of goods Improvement in living standards,
Definition
& services (GDP growth). income, education, and health.
Measured by HDI, Literacy Rate,
Measured by GDP, GNP, Per Capita
Measurement Life Expectancy, Poverty
Income.
Reduction.
Quantitative – focuses on increased Qualitative – includes social progress
Scope
production & income. and overall well-being.
Short to medium-term focus on higher Long-term, sustainable
Time Frame
output. improvements in human life.
Improvement in literacy rates,
India’s GDP growing at 6.4% (2024-
Example healthcare, and employment
25).
opportunities.
Can happen without development
Requires growth + policies for
Dependency (e.g., high GDP but poor social
inclusive welfare.
conditions).

30. Qualitative indices of a developing country with key statis

Indicator Description India’s Status (Latest Data)
Governance Efficiency & transparency in
Moderate (-0.20 World Bank Index, 2022)
Quality public services
Corruption Level of public sector Ranked 85th (Transparency
Perception corruption International, 2022)
Risk of unrest & government
Political Stability Weak (-0.96 Stability Index, 2022)
stability
Strength of community
Social Cohesion Varies across regions (survey-based)
bonds
Environmental Management of natural
Ranked 168th (EPI, 2022)
Sustainability resources

31. Quantitative indices of a developing country with key statis

Indicator Description India’s Status (Latest Data)
GDP per Capita Economic output per person $2,388 (2022)
Human Development
Health, education & living standards 0.633 (Medium HDI) (2022)
Index (HDI)
Population above 15 years who can
Literacy Rate 77.7% (2022)
read & write
Life Expectancy Average lifespan at birth 70.8 years (2022)
Poverty Rate % of population below poverty line 4.5% (2022)

32. G20 Presidency

Aspect Description
Presidency Period 1st December 2022 – 30th November 2023
"Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" or "One Earth, One Family,
Theme
One Future", emphasizing global unity and sustainability.
- Promote inclusive, sustainable, and resilient economic
growth.
Objective
- Strengthen global cooperation on trade, climate, and
technology.
 - Address global challenges like debt relief, digital economy,
and geopolitical issues.
- Green Development & Climate Finance – Advocating for
sustainable policies & renewable energy.
- Digital Transformation – Strengthening AI, fintech, and
Key Priorities Under digital inclusion.
India’s Presidency - Women-Led Development – Promoting gender equality &
women empowerment.
- Multilateralism & Reforms – Strengthening global
governance institutions like the UN & WTO.
- G20 Leaders’ Summit (New Delhi, September 2023) –
Hosted world leaders, including US, EU, China, and
emerging economies.
Major Summits & Events - G20 Finance & Trade Meetings – Addressed economic
recovery, inflation, and supply chain resilience.
- G20 Digital Economy Working Group – Focused on
global fintech innovation & digital public infrastructure.
- African Union (AU) became a permanent G20 member
(historic inclusion).
- Launch of Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA) to boost green
energy.
Key Achievements
- India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)
announced, strengthening global trade routes.
- Consensus on global debt restructuring for developing
nations.
- Geopolitical tensions (Russia-Ukraine war, China-US
trade issues) made negotiations complex.
- Climate commitments needed stronger financial
Challenges & Criticism
backing from developed nations.
- Global inflation & economic recovery required more
concrete resolutions.