Law Enforcement Administration

LEA1: Law Enforcement Administration

I. DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Law Enforcement:
The function of enforcing laws, maintaining public order, and protecting life and property
through police or peace officers.
 Administration:
The process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling human and material resources
to achieve organizational goals.
 Law Enforcement Administration:
The systematic process of managing police departments or law enforcement agencies,
ensuring efficiency, discipline, and proper service delivery.

II. OBJECTIVES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

1. Maintain Peace and Order
2. Prevent and Control Crime
3. Protect Life and Property
4. Enforce Laws Equitably
5. Promote Public Safety and Trust

III. LEVELS OF ADMINISTRATION

1. Top-Level Management:
Responsible for strategic planning and policy-making (e.g., Chief of Police).
2. Middle-Level Management:
Tactical planning and coordination (e.g., Inspectors, Superintendents).
3. Lower-Level Management:
Operational supervision and implementation (e.g., Police Officers, Team Leaders).

IV. PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION

POSDCORB by Luther Gulick:
1. Planning – Setting goals and identifying how to achieve them.
2. Organizing – Structuring the agency; assigning roles and responsibilities.
3. Staffing – Recruitment, selection, training, and development of personnel.
4. Directing – Leading and motivating personnel.
5. Coordinating – Ensuring activities are aligned and synchronized.
6. Reporting – Keeping authorities informed through records and communication.
7. Budgeting – Allocating and managing financial resources.

V. ELEMENTS OF ORGANIZATION
1. Hierarchy – System of ranking positions and authority.
2. Chain of Command – Line of authority from top to bottom.
 3. Unity of Command – Each officer reports to only one superior.
4. Span of Control – Number of subordinates under one supervisor
5. Delegation of Authority – Assigning responsibility with authority to act.

VI. POLICE ORGANIZATION

Functional Units:
 Line Units: Direct services like patrol, investigation.
 Staff Units: Support services like HR, planning.
 Auxiliary Units: Technical services like communication, records.

VII. MANAGEMENT STYLES IN LEA

1. Autocratic:
Leader makes decisions alone; effective in crises but may lower morale.
2. Democratic:
Participation of subordinates; encourages teamwork and morale.
3. Laissez-faire:
Minimal supervision; relies on staff initiative but can lead to disorder.

VIII. TYPES OF POLICE LEADERSHIP

1. Transformational Leadership:
Inspires and motivates followers to exceed expectations.
2. Transactional Leadership:
Based on rewards and punishments.
3. Servant Leadership:
Leader prioritizes the needs of the team and the public.

IX. PHILIPPINE LAW ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM

Key Legislation:
 RA 6975 (DILG Act of 1990):
Created the PNP, BJMP, and BFP under the DILG.
 RA 8551 (PNP Reform Act of 1998):
Professionalized the PNP; community and human rights-oriented.
Major Law Enforcement Agencies:
 Philippine National Police (PNP)
 National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
 Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)
 Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)
 Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)
 Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG)

X. FUNCTIONS OF THE PNP

1. Enforce laws and ordinances.
 2. Prevent crimes.
3. Maintain peace and order.
4. Investigate crimes.
5. Arrest offenders.
6. Maintain traffic safety.
7. Assist in emergencies and disasters.

XI. POLICE ETHICS & DISCIPLINE

Code of Ethics:
 Serve the community.
 Protect life and property.
 Be honest and just.
 Respect constitutional rights.
Core Values of PNP (as per PNP Ethical Doctrine):
 Maka-Diyos (God-fearing)
 Makabayan (Patriotic)
 Makatao (Humane)
 Makakalikasan (Environmentally aware)

LEA2 – COMPARATIVE MODELS IN FORMS OF POLICING

Here is a complete and comprehensive reviewer for LEA2 – Comparative Models in Forms of
Policing, designed to help you understand and remember key concepts, models, and systems in
global and local policing.

LEA2 – Comparative Models in Forms of Policing

Complete Reviewer with Definitions and Explanations

I. SUBJECT OVERVIEW
LEA2 explores different policing systems and models around the world. It compares the structure,
philosophy, organization, and function of various law enforcement agencies globally and how they
affect governance and civil liberties.

II. KEY DEFINITION

 Comparative Policing:
The study of how different countries organize and manage their police forces. It analyzes
similarities and differences in policing methods, structures, accountability, and outcomes.
 Police System:
The arrangement and manner in which a country organizes, controls, and operates its law
enforcement services.

III. COMMON MODELS OF POLICING

1. Continental (Centralized) Model
Countries: France, Germany, Italy, Spain
Features:
 National or federal control of police.
 Military-like structure.
 Chain of command is strict.
 Emphasis on state authority.
 Less local autonomy.
Example: French Gendarmerie – a military force with police functions under the Ministry of Interior
and Defense.

2. Anglo-American (Decentralized) Model

Countries: USA, UK, Canada, Australia
Features:
 Localized police forces.
 Civilian-oriented structure.
 Focus on community needs and service.
 Greater autonomy of units.
 Emphasis on civil liberties and accountability.
Example: United States Police – multiple independent agencies (local, state, federal), each with its
own jurisdiction.

3. Mixed or Hybrid Model

Countries: Philippines, Japan, India
Features:
 Combination of centralized and decentralized features.
 National police force with regional structures.
 Local government may have some say, but the national government retains control.
 Balances law enforcement and community engagement.
Example: Philippine National Police (PNP) – a national force organized into regional, provincial, and
municipal units.

IV. KEY COMPARATIVE CRITERIA

1. Structure – Centralized vs. Decentralized
2. Jurisdiction – National, Federal, or Local
3. Control – Civilian vs. Military
4. Orientation – Authoritarian vs. Democratic
5. Public Participation – Community-based vs. State-controlled

V. POLICING STYLES
1. Watchman Style
 Emphasis on order maintenance.
  Found in working-class communities.
 Officers may use discretion, overlook minor violations.
2. Legalistic Style
 Strict enforcement of laws.
 Emphasis on professionalism and legal procedure.
 Minimal officer discretion.
3. Service Style
 Emphasis on community service.
 More common in suburban, middle-class areas.
 Officers help resolve disputes without arrest.

VI. TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEMS (By Jurisdiction)

1. National Police System
o Controlled by the central government.

o Examples: PNP (Philippines), Gendarmerie (France)

2. Federal Police System

o Separate police forces at national, state, and local levels.

o Examples: FBI, State Police, Municipal Police (USA)

3. Municipal Police System

o Local police departments operate independently.

o Found in countries with strong local governance.

VII. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF EACH MODEL

Centralized Model:
Advantages:
 Uniformity in law enforcement
 Strong national control
Disadvantages:
 Less community participation
 Slow adaptation to local needs
Decentralized Model:
Advantages:
 Responsive to local issues
 Encourages public trust
Disadvantages:
 Inconsistent enforcement
 Duplication of efforts
Hybrid Model:
Advantages:
  Balance of national authority and local relevance
Disadvantages:
 Confusion in roles/jurisdictions
 Bureaucratic inefficiencies

VIII. PHILIPPINE SETTING: HYBRID POLICING MODEL

 PNP (Philippine National Police) is a centralized organization with regional deployment.
 Supervised by the DILG (Department of the Interior and Local Government).
 Local Chief Executives (Mayors/Governors) have limited operational supervision over local
police stations.

IX. GLOBAL TRENDS IN POLICING

1. Community Policing
2. Intelligence-Led Policing
3. Technology-Driven Policing (CCTV, Bodycams, AI)
4. International Cooperation (e.g., INTERPOL, ASEANAPOL)
5. Human Rights-Oriented Policing
6. Counter-Terrorism Policing

X. FACTORS AFFECTING POLICING SYSTEMS

 Political System (democracy, monarchy, authoritarian)
 Legal System (civil law, common law, Islamic law)
 Cultural Norms and Values
 Socioeconomic Conditions
 Historical Background (colonialism, war, civil unrest)

LEA3 – INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL SECURITY CONCEPTS

Here's a complete reviewer for LEA3 – Introduction to Industrial Security Concepts, with well-
defined terms, key topics, and principles that are essential for understanding the subject. This is
especially useful for Criminology students or professionals preparing for licensure or internal security
roles.

LEA3 – Introduction to Industrial Security Concepts

Complete Reviewer with Definitions and Key Concepts

I. DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Industrial Security:
The application of security measures to protect industrial assets, personnel, facilities, and
information from threats such as theft, sabotage, espionage, terrorism, and natural disasters.
 Security:
The state of being free from danger or threat; includes both physical and non-physical
protection systems.
  Loss Prevention:
Strategies and practices aimed at minimizing or eliminating the risk of loss to a company,
especially due to theft, fraud, accidents, or disasters.

II. OBJECTIVES OF INDUSTRIAL SECURITY

1. Protect life and property
2. Prevent loss, damage, or disruption
3. Detect and deter unauthorized access
4. Maintain order and discipline in the workplace
5. Support the overall goals of the organization

III. COMPONENTS OF INDUSTRIAL SECURITY

1. Physical Security
 Protection of personnel, property, and data from physical actions and events (e.g., intrusions,
theft, vandalism).
 Involves guards, locks, CCTV, alarms, fencing, and access control.
2. Personnel Security
 Measures to ensure employees and contractors are trustworthy and reliable.
 Includes background checks, screening, ID verification, and training.
3. Information Security
 Protection of data and communication from unauthorized access or leaks.
 Covers cybersecurity, confidentiality agreements, and access permissions.
4. Document Security
 Safeguarding classified or sensitive documents through proper storage, marking, and disposal
methods.
5. Emergency Planning and Crisis Management
 Plans and procedures for responding to emergencies such as fire, bomb threats, natural
disasters, or workplace violence.

IV. SECURITY PERSONNEL AND ORGANIZATION

Types of Security Personnel:
1. Proprietary Security – In-house security team employed directly by the company.
2. Contractual Security – Private security agencies providing services under a contract.
3. Private Detective Agencies – Conduct investigations and surveillance (regulated by law).
Roles and Duties:
 Access control
 Monitoring CCTV and alarm systems
 Patrolling and inspections
 Incident reporting
 Conflict resolution and emergency response
V. LEGAL BASIS OF INDUSTRIAL SECURITY IN THE PHILIPPINES
 RA 5487 – Private Security Agency Law
o Governs the organization and operation of private security agencies and personnel.

o Enforced by the PNP-Supervisory Office for Security and Investigation Agencies

(PNP-SOSIA).
Key Provisions:
 Licensing of security personnel and agencies
 Regulation of firearms use
 Uniform and badge requirements
 Code of conduct and discipline

VI. SECURITY SURVEYS AND RISK ASSESSMENTS

 Security Survey:
A comprehensive on-site examination of security measures and procedures to identify
vulnerabilities.
 Risk Assessment:
Evaluation of potential threats, the likelihood of their occurrence, and the severity of their
impact.
Steps:
1. Identify threats
2. Analyze vulnerabilities
3. Evaluate likelihood and impact
4. Recommend security controls

VII. SECURITY PLANNING AND POLICIES

 Security Plan:
A written document that outlines security procedures, resources, and emergency responses.
 Security Policy:
A set of guidelines or rules governing security behavior and expectations.

VIII. ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS

Purpose: Limit entry to authorized persons only.
Types:
1. Mechanical (e.g., locks, turnstiles)
2. Electronic (e.g., key cards, biometric scanners)
3. Human (e.g., guards and receptionists)
Techniques:
 Badge systems
 Visitor logbooks
 Escort policies
 Time-restricted access
IX. TYPES OF THREATS TO INDUSTRIAL SECURITY
1. Internal Threats:
o Employee theft

o Sabotage

o Negligence

2. External Threats:
o Burglary

o Espionage

o Terrorism

o Natural disasters

X. FIRE AND SAFETY SECURITY

Fire Protection Systems:
 Fire extinguishers
 Sprinkler systems
 Fire alarms
 Emergency exits
 Evacuation plans
Regular fire drills and safety training are essential.

LEA4 – Law Enforcement Operation with Crime Mapping

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Crime Mapping:

LEA4 – Law Enforcement Operation with Crime Mapping

Law Enforcement Operation
The coordinated activities undertaken by law enforcement agencies to enforce laws, prevent crime,
maintain order, and protect the public.

Crime Mapping
The use of geographic information systems (GIS) to collect, display, and analyze spatial data about
crimes to identify patterns and trends for better decision-making in policing.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A computer-based tool that captures, stores, analyzes, and presents geographic or spatial data.

Crime Hotspot
A specific geographic area identified through crime mapping as having a higher-than-average
concentration of criminal activities.
Patrol Operation
A routine activity where law enforcement officers monitor assigned areas to deter crime, maintain
visibility, and respond to incidents.

Spatial Analysis
The process of examining the locations, attributes, and relationships of crime data using maps to
identify patterns and trends.

Geocoding
The process of converting addresses or location descriptions into geographic coordinates for
mapping purposes.

Predictive Policing
A proactive policing strategy that uses data analytics and crime mapping to forecast where crimes are
likely to occur in the future.

Resource Allocation
The strategic distribution and deployment of personnel, equipment, and other assets to areas based
on crime data and operational needs.

Crime Trend
The pattern or direction of criminal activity over a period of time within a specific area.

Investigation Operation
The process of gathering evidence and information to solve crimes and apprehend suspects.

Special Operations
Targeted law enforcement activities focused on specific issues such as drug enforcement, terrorism,
or tactical responses.

Crime Data
Information collected about criminal incidents including location, time, type of crime, and involved
parties.

Hotspot Policing
A policing strategy that focuses on high-crime areas identified through crime mapping for
concentrated law enforcement efforts.

Public Safety
The welfare and protection of the general public, typically ensured through law enforcement efforts.
Real-Time Crime Monitoring
The continuous and immediate collection and analysis of crime data to respond quickly to emerging
situations.

LEA5 – CHARACTER FORMATION1 (NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM)

I. Basic Concepts of Character Formation

Foundation of ethical behavior and personality development important for law enforcement
Character Formation
The ongoing process of developing moral virtues, values, and attitudes that guide an individual’s
behavior, especially in professional settings such as law enforcement.
Integrity
Being honest and consistent in moral principles, crucial for law enforcement officers to gain public
trust.
Values
Guiding beliefs such as respect, responsibility, and fairness that influence ethical decision-making.
Moral Courage
The bravery to stand for justice and truth despite risks or pressure, vital in policing roles.
Discipline
Self-control and adherence to laws and rules, essential for maintaining professionalism.
Social Justice
Fair and equal treatment under the law, a core principle guiding criminology and law enforcement.

II. Nationalism and Patriotism

Promotes loyalty, respect, and service to the nation, essential for maintaining order and social
cohesion
Nationalism
Devotion to one’s country emphasizing sovereignty and cultural pride; motivates officers to protect
national interests.
Sovereignty
The state’s supreme power and independence, which law enforcement helps defend.
National Identity
Shared cultural and historical traits that unify citizens and strengthen social order.
Patriotism
Love and loyalty to the country, expressed through public service, law obedience, and defense of
rights.
Patriotism in Action
Practical expressions such as voting, volunteering, obeying laws, and participating in civic duties.
Civic Responsibility
Obligations of citizens to engage in nation-building, including crime prevention and reporting.
National Heroes
Individuals celebrated for defending and developing the nation, serving as models for officers’
dedication.

III. Ethics and Professionalism in Criminology

Ethical principles and professionalism are emphasized in board exams and daily law enforcement
duties
Ethical Leadership
Leading by example with fairness, honesty, and respect for human rights.
Rule of Law
The principle that everyone, including law enforcement, must abide by the law to ensure justice.
Accountability
Responsibility for one’s actions, especially for officers in upholding law and ethical standards.
Social Responsibility
The duty to act in the public’s interest, reinforcing trust between police and communities.
Human Rights
Universal rights protecting individuals’ freedoms, a vital consideration for ethical policing.

IV. Nation-Building and Social Order

Understanding the role of law enforcement in maintaining peace, justice, and national development
Good Governance
Efficient and transparent administration of laws and resources, supported by ethical officers.
Social Cohesion
The unity of diverse groups within a nation, which law enforcement helps sustain through fair policing.
Volunteerism
Offering time to help communities, showing commitment beyond official duties.
Public Service
Serving the public interest as the primary goal of law enforcement and criminologists.
Civic Consciousness
Awareness of one’s role in supporting community safety and national well-being.

V. Cultural Awareness and Global Perspectives

Promotes respect for diversity and international cooperation, essential in modern law enforcement
Multiculturalism
Appreciation and respect for cultural diversity, helping officers serve diverse communities fairly.
Global Citizenship
Recognizing global responsibilities such as human rights protection and environmental stewardship.
Environmental Stewardship
Protecting the nation’s natural resources as a patriotic and ethical duty.
VI. Historical and Symbolic Foundations
Provides context for patriotism and motivates ethical conduct through understanding history and
symbols
Cultural Heritage
Traditions and values inherited from previous generations that influence national pride.
National Symbols
The flag, anthem, and monuments that embody national identity and inspire loyalty.
Historical Struggles
Key events shaping the nation’s independence and laws, giving context to law enforcement’s role.
Founding Fathers
Pioneers of national independence and democracy, serving as ethical role models.
Commemoration
Honoring past sacrifices, fostering respect and motivation to uphold national values.
Ethics and Professionalism Section:
Concepts like integrity, moral courage, accountability, and human rights are core topics tested in
ethics-related questions.
Law Enforcement Administration:
Patriotism and nationalism tie into understanding the officer’s role in nation-building, public service,
and social order.
Criminal Justice System:
The rule of law, social justice, and good governance principles help shape candidates’ understanding
of fair law enforcement.
Community Policing and Crime Prevention:
Civic responsibility, social cohesion, volunteerism, and multiculturalism relate directly to community
relations and crime prevention strategies.
Cultural Competency:
Multiculturalism and global citizenship prepare officers for respectful interaction in diverse societies, a
growing concern in criminology.

LEA6 – CHARACTER FORMATION 2 (DECISION MAKING, MANAGEMENT, AND

ADMINISTRATION

I. Decision Making
Decision Making
The process of identifying and choosing the best course of action among alternatives to solve a
problem or achieve objectives.
Problem Solving
Systematic approach to find solutions for issues encountered in management or operations.
Critical Thinking
Analyzing facts objectively to make reasoned judgments and decisions.
Ethical Decision Making
Choosing actions based on moral principles, ensuring fairness and respect for rights.
Risk Assessment
Evaluating potential negative outcomes before making a decision.
Consensus Building
Process of reaching an agreement acceptable to all members of a group or team.
II. Management
Management
The process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve organizational
goals.
Planning
Setting objectives and determining strategies to achieve them.
Organizing
Arranging tasks, people, and resources to implement plans efficiently.
Leading
Motivating and guiding individuals or teams toward organizational goals.
Controlling
Monitoring activities to ensure they meet the standards and taking corrective action when needed.
Delegation
Assigning authority and responsibility to others to complete specific tasks.
Motivation
The internal drive that stimulates individuals to take action toward goals.

III. Administration
Administration
The execution of policies and management of an organization’s operations and resources.
Policy Making
Formulating guidelines or rules to govern organizational activities.
Supervision
Overseeing the work of subordinates to ensure standards are met.
Communication
The exchange of information within an organization to coordinate efforts.
Time Management
Effectively planning and exercising control over time spent on activities to increase efficiency.
Conflict Resolution
Techniques used to resolve disagreements and maintain harmony.

IV. Leadership in Law Enforcement

Leadership
The ability to influence and direct others toward achieving goals, especially important in policing.
Transformational Leadership
A leadership style that inspires and motivates followers to exceed expectations.
Situational Leadership
Adapting leadership style based on the maturity and competence of team members.
Accountability
Being responsible for one’s actions and decisions, critical in law enforcement roles.

V. Ethical and Professional Conduct

Ethics
Principles that govern right and wrong behavior.
Professionalism
Conduct, aims, and qualities that characterize a profession or professional person.
Integrity
Upholding honesty and strong moral principles in all duties.
Transparency
Open communication and actions that allow others to see decisions and processes clearly.
Responsibility
Being answerable for one’s duties and decisions.