BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R.ROAD, V.V PURA BANGALORE-560004
TECHNICAL SEMINAR (21CVS81)
“WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT”
NITIN GOWDA J 1BI21CV038
Under the guidance of
S POORNA CHANDRA THEJASWI
Assistant professor
Department of civil engineering
• Introduction
• Key aspects of water conservation
• Challenges in water conservation and
management
CONTENTS • Case study 1
• Case study 2
• Conclusions
• References
INTRODUCTION
Water is one of the most essential resources for life on
Earth, playing a critical role in agriculture, industry, and
sustaining ecosystems. However, despite its abundance,
fresh and clean water is a limited resource. With the
global population increasing and climate change affecting
water availability, the need for effective water
conservation and management has never been more
important.
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INTRODUCTION
Water Conservation refers to the practice of using water efficiently and reducing unnecessary
water use. It aims to ensure that there is enough fresh water to meet the needs of all living
beings, now and in the future. It includes simple measures like reducing water wastage, fixing
leaks, and using water-efficient appliances, as well as larger-scale strategies like rainwater
harvesting and reusing wastewater.
Water Management, on the other hand, focuses on the planning, developing, distributing, and
managing the optimum use of water resources. Effective water management involves policies
and practices that ensure water is used sustainably, ensuring that it is available for different
sectors such as drinking, agriculture, energy production, and industry, without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
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KEY ASPECTS OF WATER CONSERVATION
WATER EFFICIENCY WATER RECYCLING
WATER HARVESTING
• Fixing leaks promptly • Treating wastewater for reuse
• Using rain barrels or cisterns
• Using dual flush toilets in industrial, agricultural, and
• Collecting, storing rainwater
• Using water efficient municipal applications.
for non-potable uses
appliances and fixtures • Using grey water systems to
• Installing green roofs to
• Installing low-flow reuse water from sinks,
reduce stormwater runoff
showerheads and toilets showers, and washing
machine.
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CHALLENGES IN WATER CONSERVATION AND
MANAGEMENT
1.Water scarcity 2.Water pollution 3.Aging infrastructure
4. Climate changes 5. Population growth 6. Lack of public awareness
and urbanisation and education
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BENEFITS IN WATER CONSERVATION AND
MANAGEMENT
The benefits of water conservation are:
• Preserves water sources
• Protects ecosystems
• Reduce pollution
• Maintain biodiversity
• Saves money
• Increases water security
• Supports agriculture
• Create jobs
• Supports sustainable development
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STEPS TO WATER
SAVING
1. Indoor water saving
2. Outdoor water saving
3. Monitor your water usage
4. Check for leaks
5. Harvest rainwater
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CASE STUDY 1
Water Conservation and Management in Singapore
Singapore, a small island nation with limited natural freshwater resources,
presents an exemplary case of successful water conservation and management.
Despite its water scarcity, the country has developed a comprehensive and
innovative approach to managing its water resources, transforming from a water-
stressed nation to one of the world’s leading models of sustainable water
management. This case study explores the strategies and initiatives implemented
by Singapore to address water scarcity, enhance water conservation, and ensure
long-term water sustainability.
Water Challenges in Singapore
Singapore’s primary water challenge stems from its limited land area and lack of
natural freshwater sources. The country’s reliance on imported water from
neighboring Malaysia has historically been a vulnerability. Furthermore, with an
increasing population and a rapidly growing urban landscape, the demand for
water has also surged. This situation, coupled with climate change and the
uncertainty of rainfall patterns, posed a significant challenge for the nation's
water security.
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Innovative Water Management Strategies
In response to these challenges, Singapore developed the Four National Taps strategy, which integrates four
main sources of water:
1.Imported Water: Historically, Singapore imported water from Malaysia under the 1962 Water Agreement.
However, the country has been working towards reducing its dependency on this source.
2.Local Catchment Water: The government has significantly enhanced its rainwater collection and storage
systems. Over two-thirds of the island’s land area is now used as water catchment for reservoirs, effectively
expanding its freshwater supply.
3.Newater: One of the most innovative solutions introduced by Singapore is the development of NEWater,
which involves the recycling of treated wastewater. Through a multi-step purification process that includes
microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet disinfection, wastewater is converted into high-grade reclaimed
water suitable for industrial use and, in some cases, potable water. NEWater now contributes about 40% of
Singapore's total water supply and is expected to meet up to 55% of demand by 2060.
4.Desalinated Water: Recognizing the potential of seawater as a resource, Singapore invested in desalination
technology to convert seawater into potable water. Desalinated water currently contributes approximately 25%
of the nation's water supply, and its capacity is expected to increase significantly in the coming decades.
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Water Conservation Initiatives
In addition to diversifying its water sources, Singapore has implemented several initiatives aimed at
promoting water conservation. Public education campaigns, such as the “Every Drop Counts” program,
encourage citizens to adopt water-saving habits. These campaigns focus on raising awareness about the
value of water and the importance of reducing wastage. The government has also introduced water
pricing policies that incentivize efficient water usage, with a tiered pricing system that charges higher
rates for increased consumption.
Furthermore, Singapore promotes water-efficient technologies in households and industries. The
installation of water-saving devices such as low-flow faucets and water-efficient appliances is
widespread, and the government provides incentives for businesses to implement water-saving
measures. In addition, industries are encouraged to adopt water recycling practices, and many
companies in Singapore have implemented their own internal water management strategies.
Conclusion
Singapore’s experience demonstrates how a country with limited water resources can achieve water
security through a combination of innovative technology, sound policy, and public engagement. By
diversifying its water supply sources, embracing wastewater recycling and desalination, and promoting
water conservation at all levels of society, Singapore has built a resilient water management system. As
water scarcity becomes an increasingly pressing global issue, Singapore’s strategies offer valuable
lessons in achieving sustainability and ensuring water availability for future generations.
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CASE STUDY 2
Case Study on Water Conservation and Management in India
Water scarcity is a critical issue in India, with the country being home to over
1.4 billion people, many of whom face difficulties accessing clean and
sufficient water. Water conservation and management are vital for ensuring
sustainable development, food security, and economic growth. India, with its
varied climate and diverse geographical features, has adopted several
innovative and traditional methods to address the growing water crisis.
Historical Water Management Systems
India has a rich history of water conservation practices. Traditional water
management systems like Stepwells, Baolis, and Johads were designed to
harvest rainwater and manage water resources in rural and urban areas. These
systems, particularly in Rajasthan and Gujarat, are excellent examples of
integrating indigenous knowledge with environmental needs. They helped
communities maintain a steady supply of water, even in arid regions, by
collecting and storing rainwater.
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Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): Launched in 2015, this initiative focuses on enhancing water use
efficiency in agriculture. It aims to ensure 'Har Khet Ko Pani' (Water to Every Field) by promoting micro-irrigation
techniques like drip irrigation and sprinkler systems. This helps reduce water wastage in agriculture, which consumes the
highest share of water in India.
National Water Mission: Part of India's National Action Plan on Climate Change, this mission focuses on improving
water use efficiency, ensuring equitable distribution of water resources, and promoting conservation at the community
level. It emphasizes the need for integrated water resources management (IWRM) across sectors like agriculture, industry,
and urban development.
Rainwater Harvesting: Encouraging rainwater harvesting has gained momentum in urban areas. Many states, such as
Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan, have made it mandatory for new buildings to install rainwater harvesting systems. In Tamil
Nadu, the government made it compulsory for every household to have rainwater harvesting systems in 2003, significantly
reducing the urban water shortage.
Wastewater Recycling and Reuse: The reuse of wastewater is another innovative step toward water conservation. Several
cities, including Delhi, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad, have started recycling treated sewage water for non-potable purposes,
including landscaping, industrial use, and toilet flushing, thus reducing the pressure on fresh water resources.
Water Budgeting: In some states like Gujarat, water budgeting practices have been implemented. The idea is to allocate
water resources efficiently and ensure that every sector, including domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses, receives
adequate but sustainable amounts of water.
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Challenges
Despite these efforts, India still faces significant challenges. Rapid population growth, urbanization,
and industrialization have led to increased water demand, which is often exacerbated by inefficient
management and climate change-induced variability in rainfall patterns. Over-extraction of
groundwater, particularly in states like Punjab and Rajasthan, is causing the water table to decline at
alarming rates.
To overcome these challenges, India needs to adopt a multi-pronged approach. This includes
improving water-use efficiency across sectors, increasing public awareness on conservation
practices, and investing in water infrastructure. Furthermore, better groundwater management
policies, such as the introduction of water pricing and metering, could encourage sustainable use.
Conclusion
Water conservation and management in India require a blend of modern technology, traditional
knowledge, and sustainable practices. While significant progress has been made, continued efforts
are necessary to ensure water security for future generations. By leveraging both contemporary and
indigenous methods, India can address its water challenges and build a resilient future for all its
citizens.
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CONCLUSION
• Water conservation and management are essential to ensuring sustainable and equitable access to freshwater
resources for future generations. With the growing pressures of climate change, population growth, and
urbanization, effective water management practices are crucial in addressing water scarcity and protecting
ecosystems.
• Water conservation involves reducing waste, improving efficiency, and promoting the responsible use of water in
both urban and rural areas. Strategies such as rainwater harvesting, wastewater recycling, and the adoption of
water-efficient technologies in agriculture, industry, and domestic use play a significant role in reducing the
strain on freshwater resources.
• On the management side, integrated water resources management (IWRM) provides a comprehensive framework
for coordinating the development and management of water, land, and related resources. It considers the social,
economic, and environmental dimensions of water use and aims to balance competing demands while protecting
ecosystems. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work collaboratively to ensure that water resources
are managed in a way that supports both human development and environmental sustainability.
• Ultimately, the future of water conservation and management lies in continued innovation, better policy-making,
and a global commitment to safeguarding this vital resource. Public awareness and education will be key in
fostering a culture of conservation, helping individuals and communities understand the importance of protecting
water for the well-being of people and the planet.
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REFERENCES
1. International Water Management Institute (2021, March 15) “Water management for sustainable development”.
International Water Management Institute. https://www.iwmi.org
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2020, September 23) “Water management in agriculture: Strategies for
sustainable water use”. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/water
3. World Resources Institute. (2020, July 15) “Water management and conservation: A key to sustainability” World
Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org
4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2020, June 17) “Water use and management in
agriculture” FAO http://www.fao.org/water
5. Global Water Partnership (2020, December 5) “Integrated water resources management: Building resilience
through water” Global Water Partnership https://www.gwp.org
6. United Nations Water (2021, March 22) “Water and sustainable development: The importance of water in global
sustainability goals”. UN-Water. https://www.unwater.org
7. Water.org. (2021, April 1) “Access to safe water: A global challenge” https://www.water.org
8. The Nature Conservancy (2021, February 10) “Protecting freshwater ecosystems for future water security”. The
Nature Conservancy https://www.nature.org
9. International Institute for Environment and Development. (2020, November 12). “Water governance and the future
of urban water management” IIED. https://www.iied.org
10. World Bank. (2020, May 20) “Managing water resources for sustainable growth” World Bank.
https://www.worldbank.org
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