A student who believes that their performance on a math test is influenced by wearing a lucky shirt is

using the following method:

Tenacity, authority, faith, empiricism

Ans: Faith

After you have scanned through a list of titles to determine which articles might be relevant to your
research question, you should then read the _____.

results section of each article to learn about the author’s conclusions

discussion section of each article to learn about the related literature that was reviewed

introduction of each article to learn details about the researcher’s methods

abstract of each article to determine whether to keep it in your literature review

ANS: abstract of each article to determine whether to keep it in your literature review

When you identify a gap in the literature, you _____.

have found a potential research idea

have found a poorly conceived study

are wise to switch topics

are dealing with a topic that cannot be studied

Ans: have found a potential research idea

What does the statement "science is objective" imply?

based on logical reasoning

not influenced by researcher bias

based on direct observation

made available for evaluation by others

Ans: not influenced by researcher bias

Which of the following would be the first step for a psychologist embarking on a research study?

Decide which individuals should participate and how they should be recruited.
Form a testable, refutable hypothesis based on current theories.

Select a general idea and search the literature to form the research question.

Select a research and analytic strategy based on what is typically used.

Ans: Select a general idea and search the literature to form the research question.

Which of the following is a drawback of using the method of empiricism?

while perception is typically accurate, sensation is not

the process can be time-consuming and often risky

there is no mechanism for validating conclusions

people are generally not very good at reasoning

Ans: the process can be time-consuming and often risky

Which section of a research article is most likely to provide a complete list of all the publications cited in
the article?

discussion

citation list

reference

bibliography

Ans: reference

Which type of source summarizes information from sources of original research reports?

germinal

secondary

primary

premier

Ans: A secondary source summarizes, analyzes, or interprets information from original research (primary
sources). Secondary sources include reviews, meta-analyses, or articles that discuss and summarize
findings from primary research articles.
Which of the following describes a hypothesis?

specific statement, and a prediction is a general statement

general statement, and a prediction is a general statement

specific statement, and a prediction is a specific statement

general statement, and a prediction is a specific statement

Ans: general statement, and a prediction is a specific statement.

A hypothesis is a general, testable statement that proposes a potential explanation or relationship

between variables. A prediction, on the other hand, is more specific and typically outlines what will
happen in a particular study based on the hypothesis. For example, if your hypothesis is that exercise
improves mood, a prediction would be something like, "People who exercise for 30 minutes a day will
report better moods than those who do not exercise."

What is a critical evaluation question you should ask when reading the method section of a research
article?

Are the conclusions that the researchers arrived at justified by the results?

Were the appropriate statistics used to analyze the findings?

Are the effects of the treatment large enough to be meaningful?

Are the participants representative of the population being considered?

Ans: Are the participants representative of the population being considered?

When reading the method section of a research article, it's crucial to assess whether the participants in
the study are representative of the broader population to ensure the findings can be generalized. If the
sample isn't representative, the conclusions may not apply to the larger group you're interested in.

Repeating a previously conducted scientific study in public is:

replication

tenacity

empiricism

control

Ans: replication

When you “know” that you do not want to eat chocolate-covered raisins, even when everyone around
you says that they taste great, your decision is based on the method of ____.
tenacity

faith

authority

empiricism

Ans: tenacity

Which of the following states one limitation of the method of authority?

An expert may be biased in giving opinions or advice.

An expert can be accessed by going to a library or a website.

Consulting an expert is often the quickest way to obtain answers.

Consulting an expert is often the easiest way to obtain answers.

Ans: An expert may be biased in giving opinions or advice.

A researcher is intrigued by an explanation of children’s problem-solving strategies found in a journal

article and develops a research study to determine whether the article’s ideas are correct. This study can
be classified as _____.

necessary research

basic research

systematic research

applied research

Ans: applied research

Which statement is the best example of a hypothesis?

Smaller class size is related to better academic performance.

There is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time.

Level of sugar consumption is not related to level of activity.

Self-esteem does not affect persistence on a difficult task.

Ans: Smaller class size is related to better academic performance.

This is a testable statement that predicts a relationship between two variables (class size and academic
performance).
A potential drawback of secondary sources is that they _____.

offer no statistical analysis in support of their conclusions

provide detailed information about research methods but little about results

typically do not contain detailed information about any specific study

often cover a decade or more of research in a given area

Ans: typically do not contain detailed information about any specific study.

Secondary sources often summarize or synthesize multiple studies, which means they might lack the
depth or specific details that primary sources provide.

Jean Piaget formed his theory of Cognitive Development by observing children's behavior. This is an
example of:

inductive reasoning

practical reasoning

predictive reasoning

deductive reasoning

Ans: inductive reasoning.

Piaget observed children's behavior and from those observations, he formed a general theory of
cognitive development, which is a hallmark of inductive reasoning—drawing broad conclusions from
specific observations.

A college student is learning about a topic from her professor and the course textbook. Which method
of acquiring knowledge is she using?

empiricism

scientific method

rationalism

method of authority

Ans: The college student is using the method of authority.

She's acquiring knowledge from her professor and the course textbook, both of which are sources of
expert authority on the subject.

Which of the following is pseudoscience based on?

subjective evidence

refutable hypotheses

objective evidence

testable hypotheses

Ans: Pseudoscience is based on subjective evidence.

Unlike science, which relies on objective, testable, and refutable evidence, pseudoscience often depends
on personal opinions, anecdotes, and non-empirical claims.

A good hypothesis should _____.

be the logical conclusion of a logical argument

leave some variables unobserved

only allow for data that support it

involve a description of a hypothetical situation

Ans: A good hypothesis should be the logical conclusion of a logical argument.

It should be based on prior knowledge or observations and lead to a testable prediction, grounded in
reasoning that can be evaluated through data.